CN101223208B - 含氮芳香族化合物及其制造方法、聚合物以及质子传导膜 - Google Patents
含氮芳香族化合物及其制造方法、聚合物以及质子传导膜 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101223208B CN101223208B CN2006800255381A CN200680025538A CN101223208B CN 101223208 B CN101223208 B CN 101223208B CN 2006800255381 A CN2006800255381 A CN 2006800255381A CN 200680025538 A CN200680025538 A CN 200680025538A CN 101223208 B CN101223208 B CN 101223208B
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- 0 O=Cc1ccc(*2C=*C=C2)cc1 Chemical compound O=Cc1ccc(*2C=*C=C2)cc1 0.000 description 2
- MGNZXYYWBUKAII-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1C=CC=CC1 Chemical compound C1C=CC=CC1 MGNZXYYWBUKAII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ANGTXHZUFHSGDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C)C(C)(C)C(C)(C)c(cc1)ccc1C(c1ccc(C(C)(C)I)cc1)=O Chemical compound CC(C)C(C)(C)C(C)(C)c(cc1)ccc1C(c1ccc(C(C)(C)I)cc1)=O ANGTXHZUFHSGDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及改良热稳定性的聚合物,更详细为在高温条件下的磺酸基的稳定性高,使用于燃料电池的质子传导膜时的高温发电耐久性高的聚合物以及制造该聚合物的单体化合物。
背景技术
燃料电池是,使将氢气或各种烃类燃料(天然气,甲烷等)改质而得的氢和空气中的氧电化学反应来直接发电的发电装置,作为可以高效率地将燃料持有的化学能直接转换为电能的无公害的发电方式而倍受瞩目。
所述的燃料电池是由承载有催化剂的一对电极膜(燃料极和空气极)和在该电极膜中被夹持的质子传导性的电解质膜(称质子传导膜)形成。其设计是通过燃料极的催化剂,分离出氢离子和电子,氢离子通过质子传导膜,在空气极与氧反应而生成水。
近年来这类燃料电池被要求高的发电性能。为了提高发电能力,发电时需要在高温下使用,为此使用于燃料电池的质子传导膜要求其在各种环境下,特别是在高温下显示高质子传导性。
作为所述的质子传导膜,通常使用具有磺酸基的聚合物。另外,本发明人也在特开2004-345997号公报(专利文献1)、特开2004-346163号公报(专利文献2)、特开2004-346164号公报(专利文献3)提出了作为具有高质子传导性的质子传导膜的具有磺酸基的特定的聚合物。
专利文献1:特开2004-345997号公报
专利文献2:特开2004-346163号公报
专利文献3:特开2004-346164号公报
发明的揭示
但是,一直以来使用的由含有磺酸基的聚合物形成的质子传导膜中,在高温下,有时发生磺酸基的可逆消去反应或磺酸参与的交联反应。因此,质子传导率下降或发生膜的脆化,由燃料电池的发电能力的下降或膜的破裂导致不能发电的问题。另外,为了尽量避免发生所述的问题,目前是限定燃料电池发电时的上限温度来使用,对发电能力有限制。
因此,期望可以提供与以前一样具备质子传导性的同时,耐热性良好的质子传导膜的聚合物,为此要求开发作为所述聚合物原料的单体。
本发明人鉴于上述问题认真研究的结果发现了采用在含有磺酸基的聚合物上引入含氮杂环式芳香族基的方法,提高了在高温条件下的磺酸基的稳定性且可以解决上述技术问题。且发现了作为形成如所述的聚合物的原料的单体,使用特定的化合物均可以解决上述技术问题的同时,还与其它单体的共聚容易,另外质子传导性也不降低的事实,从而完成了本发明。
本发明如下所述构成。
〔1-1〕下述通式(1)所示的含氮芳香族化合物。
(式中,X表示选自除氟以外的卤素原子,-OSO2Rb(其中,Rb表示烷基,氟取代烷基或芳基)的原子或基团;Y表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-CONH-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-(1是1~10的整数)、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构;Z表示直接结合或选自-O-、-S-的至少一种结构;R20表示含氮杂环基。q表示1~5的整数,p表示0~4的整数。)
〔1-2〕,含氮杂环基为选自包括吡咯、噻唑、异噻唑、唑、异唑、吡啶、咪唑、咪唑啉、吡唑、1,3,5-三嗪、嘧啶、哒嗪、吡嗪、吲哚、喹啉、异喹啉、嘌呤、苯并咪唑、苯并唑、苯并噻唑、四唑、四嗪、三唑、咔唑、吖啶、喹喔啉、喹唑啉的含氮杂环化合物以及它们的衍生物的化合物所衍生的至少一种基团的〔1-1〕的含氮芳香族化合物,。
〔1-3〕以使下述通式(2)所示的化合物和含氮杂环化合物反应为特征的〔1-1〕的含氮芳香族化合物的制造方法。
(式中,X表示选自除氟以外的卤素原子、-OSO2Rb(其中,Rb表示烷基,氟取代烷基或芳基)的原子或基团;Y表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-CONH-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-(1是1~10的整数)、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构;q表示1~5的整数,p表示0~4的整数;X’表示卤素原子。)
〔2-1〕主链是聚亚苯基结构,包含具有含磺酸基的侧链和含有含氮杂环基的侧链的结构为特征的聚合物。
〔2-2〕〔2-1〕的聚合物,含有含氮杂环基的侧链为下述通式(D)表示的结构。
(式中,Z表示直接结合或选自-O-、-S-的至少一种结构;Y表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-CONH-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-(1是1~10的整数)、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构;R20表示含氮杂环基;q表示1~5的整数,p表示0~4的整数。)
〔2-3〕前述含氮杂环基为选自包括吡咯、噻唑、异噻唑、唑、异唑、吡啶、咪唑、咪唑啉、吡唑、1,3,5-三嗪、嘧啶、哒嗪、吡嗪、吲哚、喹啉、异喹啉、嘌呤、苯并咪唑、苯并唑、苯并噻唑、四唑、四嗪、三唑、咔唑、吖啶、喹喔啉、喹唑啉的含氮杂环化合物以及它们的衍生物的化合物所衍生的至少一种基团的〔2-1〕或〔2-2〕聚合物。
〔2-4〕含有磺酸基的侧链为下述通式(E)表示的〔2-1〕的聚合物。
(式中,Y1表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-CONH-、-COO-、-(CF2)i(i是1~10的整数)-、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构;Z1表示直接结合或选自-(CH2)I(I是1~10的整数)-、-C(CH3)2-、-O-、-S-的至少一种结构;Ar表示含有由-SO3H或-O(CH2)hSO3H或-O(CF2)hSO3H表示的取代基(h是1~12的整数)的芳香族基。m表示0~10的整数,n表示0~10的整数,k表示1~4的整数。)
〔2-5〕包含下述通式(C)所示的重复结构单元以及下述通式(A)所示的重复单元的〔2-1〕的聚合物。
(式中,Z表示直接结合或选自-O-、-S-的至少一种结构;Y表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-CONH-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-(1是1~10的整数)、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构;R20表示含氮杂环基。q表示1~5的整数,p表示0~4的整数。)
(式中,Y1表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-CONH-、-COO-、-(CF2)1(1是1~10的整数)-、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构;Z1表示直接结合或者是选自-(CH2)1(1是1~10的整数)-、-C(CH3)2-、-O-、-S-的至少一种结构;Ar表示含有由-SO3H或-O(CH2)hSO3H或-O(CF2)hSO3H表示的取代基(h是1~12的整数)的芳香族基。m表示0~10整数,n表示0~10的整数,k表示1~4的整数。)
〔2-6〕以再包含下述通式(B)所示结构为特征的〔2-5〕的聚合物。
(式中,A、D独立表示直接结合或选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-CONH-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-(1是1~10的整数)、-(CH2)1-(1是1~10的整数)、-CR’2-(R’表示脂肪族烃基、芳香族烃基以及卤代烃基)、亚环己基、亚芴基、-O-、-S-的至少1种结构;B独立为氧原子或硫原子;R1~R16可相互相同或不同,表示选自氢原子、氟原子、烷基、一部分或全部被卤代的卤代烷基,烯丙基、芳基、硝基、腈基的至少一种原子或基团。s、t表示0~4的整数,r表示0或1以上的整数。)
〔2-7〕由〔2-1〕~〔2-6〕的聚合物形成的质子传导膜。
利用本发明,可以有效地在作为质子传导膜来使用的含有磺酸基的聚亚芳香基上引入含氮杂环式芳香族基。
利用本发明,通过在原本耐热水性高、具有高磺酸基浓度且显示良好的质子传导性的聚合物中引入含氮杂环式芳香族基,得到不损害质子传导性、在高温下具有高的磺酸稳定性的质子传导膜。为此,使用于燃料电池用的质子传导膜时,可以在广范围的温度、湿度,特别是在高温下发电,可以提高发电能力。另外,从磺酸基具有高稳定性考虑,可以得到即使是在高温下使用,也能使电池寿命大幅度增加的燃料电池。
附图的简单说明
〔图1〕图1表示由实施例1获得的化合物的1H-NMR图谱。
实施发明的最佳方式
有关本发明的含氮芳香族化合物由下述通式(1)所示。
X表示选自除氟以外的卤素原子,-OSO2Rb(其中,Rb表示烷基,氟取代烷基或芳基)的原子或基团。
Y表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-CONH-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-(1是1~10的整数)、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构。优选-CO-、-SO2-,更加优选-CO-。Z表示直接结合或选自-O-、-S-的至少一种结构。优选直接结合或-O-。
R20表示含氮杂环基。具体是由吡咯、噻唑、异噻唑、唑、异唑、吡啶、咪唑、咪唑啉、吡唑、1,3,5-三嗪、嘧啶、哒嗪、吡嗪、吲哚、喹啉、异喹啉、嘌呤、苯并咪唑、苯并唑、苯并噻唑、四唑、四嗪、四嗪、连三唑、咔唑、吖啶、喹喔啉、喹唑啉等含氮杂环化合物以及它们的衍生物的除去结合于碳或氮的氢原子而形成的结构的基团。
这些含氮杂环基还可以具有甲基、乙基、丙基等烷基,苯基、甲苯酰基、萘基等芳基,氰基、氟原子等取代基。
q表示1~5的整数,优选1或2。
p表示0~4的整数,优选0或1。
作为通式(1)所示的含氮芳香族化合物的具体例可例举下述化合物。
本发明的化合物还可例举氯原子被溴原子取代的化合物、氯原子或溴原子的结合位置不同的异构体。另外,可例举-CO-键被-SO2-键取代的化合物。
作为合成本发明含氮化合物的方法,可例举如下所述的方法。
使由下述通式(2)所示的化合物和含氮杂环化合物进行亲核取代反应。
其中,X、Y、p以及q与由通式(1)表示的定义相同。
X’表示卤素原子。优选氟原子或氯原子,更加优选氟原子。
作为通式(2)所示的化合物的具体例可例举2,4-二氯-4’-氟二苯甲酮、2,5-二氯-4’-氟二苯甲酮,2,6-二氯-4’-氟二苯甲酮、2,4-二氯-2’-氟二苯甲酮、2,5-二氯-2’-氟二苯甲酮、2,6-二氯-2’-氟二苯甲酮、2,4-二氯苯基-4’-氟苯基砜、2,5-二氯苯基-4’-氟苯基砜、2,6-二氯苯基-4’-氟苯基砜、2,4-二氯苯基-2’-氟苯基砜、2,4-二氯苯基-2’-氟苯基砜、2,4-二氯苯基-4’-氟苯基砜等。
这些化合物中优选2,5-二氯-4’-氟二苯甲酮。
含氮杂环化合物具有活性氢,可使该活性氢和通式(2)所示的化合物的由X’表示的基团进行取代反应。
作为含有活性氢的含氮杂环化合物可例举吡咯、噻唑、异噻唑、唑、异唑、吡啶、咪唑、咪唑啉、吡唑、1,3,5-三嗪、嘧啶、哒嗪、吡嗪、吲哚、喹啉、异喹啉、嘌呤、苯并咪唑、苯并唑、苯并噻唑、四唑、四嗪、三唑、咔唑、吖啶、喹喔啉、喹唑啉、2-羟基吡啶、3-羟基吡啶、4-羟基吡啶、3-羟基喹啉、8-羟基喹啉、2-羟基嘧啶、2-巯基吡啶、3-巯基吡啶、4-巯基吡啶、2-巯基嘧啶、2-巯基苯并噻唑。
例如,含有羟基、巯基的化合物的结合于氧、硫原子的氢成为活性氢,故可通过-O-、-S-键引入含氮杂环。另外,结合于含氮杂环的氮原子的氢原子和结合于除杂环的氮以外的原子的氢原子也可以成为活性氢,因此在这种情况下含氮杂环之间可产生直接结合来引入含氮杂环。
通式(1)所示的化合物和含有活性氢的含氮杂环化合物的反应优选在有机溶剂中进行。使用N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、环丁砜、二苯砜、二甲基亚砜等极性溶剂。为了促进反应使用碱金属,氢化碱金属、氢氧化碱金属、碱金属碳酸盐等。通式(2)所示的化合物和含有活性氢的含氮杂环化合物的比例是等摩尔或过量添加含有活性氢的含氮杂环化合物来反应。具体来说,含有活性氢的含氮杂环化合物优选使用通式(2)所示的化合物的1~3倍摩尔,特别优选使用1~1.5倍摩尔。
反应温度为0℃~300℃,优选10℃~200℃。反应时间为15分钟~100小时,优选1小时~24小时。
生成物优选以再结晶方法提纯后使用。
本发明的含氮芳香族化合物可以作为单体之一的成分进行聚合,具体适用的作为单体的有聚亚苯基、聚亚芳基、聚醚、聚醚酮、聚醚砜等。
聚合物
本发明的聚合物为主链是聚亚苯基结构,包含具有含磺酸基的侧链和具有含氮杂环基的侧链的结构的聚合物。
成为主链的聚亚苯基结构如下述所示的结构表示,侧链以下述结构的取代基R2表示。
侧链
在本发明中,具有含氮杂环基的侧链由下述通式(D)表示。
式中,Z、Y、R20、p与式(1)相同。即,D表示直接结合或选自-O-、-S-的至少一种结构;Y表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-CONH-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-(1是1~10的整数)、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构,优选-CO-直接结合。
R20表示含氮杂环基。作为含氮杂环基,是吡咯、噻唑、异噻唑、唑、异唑、吡啶、咪唑、咪唑啉、吡唑、1,3,5-三嗪、嘧啶、哒嗪、吡嗪、吲哚、喹啉、异喹啉、嘌呤、苯并咪唑、苯并唑、苯并噻唑、四唑、四嗪、四嗪、连三唑、咔唑、吖啶、喹喔啉、喹唑啉等含氮杂环化合物以及它们的衍生物的结合于碳或氮的氢原子被去除后形成的结构的基团。
这些含氮杂环基也可以具有甲基、乙基、丙基等烷基,苯基、甲苯酰基、萘基等芳基,氰基、氟原子等取代基。
q表示1~5的整数,优选1或2。
p表示0~4的整数,优选0或1。
另外,含有磺酸基的侧链由下述通式(E)表示。
在通式(E)中,Y1表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-CONH-、-COO-、-(CF2)I(I是1~10的整数)-、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构。其中,优选-CO-、-SO2-。
Z1表示直接结合或选自-(CH2)1(1是1~10的整数)-、-C(CH3)2-、-O-、-S-的至少一种结构。其中,优选直接结合、-O-。
Ar表示含有由-SO3H或-O(CH2)hSO3H或-O(CF2)hSO3H表示的取代基(h是1~12的整数)的芳香族基。作为芳香族基具体可例举苯基、萘基、蒽基、菲基等。这些基团中优选苯基、萘基。芳香族基必须被由前述的-SO3H或-O(CH2)hSO3H或-O(CF2)hSO3H-表示的取代基中的至少1个所取代,萘基时优选2个以上所取代。
m表示0~10,优选0~2的整数,n表示0~10,优选0~2的整数,k表示1~4的整数。
作为m、n值和Y、Z、Ar的结构的优选组合可例举,
(1)m=0、n=0,Y1是-CO-,Ar是含有作为取代基的-SO3H的苯基结构。
(2)m=1、n=0,Y1是-CO-,Z1是-O-,Ar是含有作为取代基的-SO3H的苯基结构。
(3)m=1、n=1、k=1,Y1是-CO-,Z1是-O-,Ar是含有作为取代基的-SO3H的苯基结构。
(4)m=1、n=0,Y1是-CO-,Z1是-O-,Ar是含有作为取代基的2个-SO3H的苯基结构。
(5)m=1、n=0,Y1是-CO-,Z1是-O-,Ar是作为取代基含有-O(CH2)hSO3H的苯基结构。
侧链(D)以及(E)的Y1和Z1可以相同或不同。
聚合物
本发明的聚合物包含如下述通式(C)和(A)所示的重复单元。
在通式(C)中,Y、Z、R20、q、p与在通式(D)中说明的相同。
在通式(A)中,Y1、Z1、Ar、m、n、k与前述式(E)相同。聚合物还可含有下述通式(B)所示的重复单元。
在通式(B)中,A、D独立表示直接结合或选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-CONH-、-COO-、-(CF2)I-(I是1~10的整数)、-(CH2)I-(I是1~10的整数)-CR’2-(R’表示脂肪族烃基、芳香族烃基以及卤代烃基)、亚环己基、亚芴基、-O-、-S-的至少1种结构。在这里,作为以-CR’2-表示的结构的具体例可例举甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、t-丁基、丙基、辛基、癸基、十八烷基、苯基、三氟甲基等。
其中,优选直接结合或-CO-、-SO2-、-CR’2-(R’表示脂肪族烃基、芳香族烃基以及卤代烃基)、亚环己基、亚芴基、-O-。
B独立为氧原子或硫原子,优选氧原子。R1~R16可相互相同或不同,选自氢原子、氟原子、烷基、一部分或全部被卤代的卤代烷基,烯丙基、芳基、硝基、腈基的至少一种原子或基团。
作为烷基可例举甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、环己基、辛基等。作为卤代烷基可例举三氟甲基、五氟乙基、全氟丙基、全氟丁基、全氟戊基、全氟己基等。作为烯丙基可例举丙烯基等。作为芳基可例举苯基、五氟苯基等。
s、t表示0~4的整数。r表示0或1以上的整数,上限通常是100,优选1~80。对于s、t的值和A、B、D、R1~R16的结构优选组合可例举,
(1)s=1、t=1,A为-CR’2-(R’表示脂肪族烃基、芳香族烃基以及卤代烃基)、亚环己基、亚芴基;B是氧原子;D是-CO-或-SO2-;R1~R16为氢原子或氟原子的结构。
(2)s=1、t=0,B是氧原子;D是-CO-或-SO2-;R1~R16为氢原子或氟原子的结构。
(3)s=0、t=1,A为-CR’2-(R’表示脂肪族羰基、芳香族羰基以及卤代羰基)、环亚乙基、亚芴基;B是氧原子;R1~R16为氢原子或氟原子或腈基的结构。
使用于本发明的聚合物的特征是包含上述通式(A)所示的含有磺酸基的重复单元(磺酸单元)和上述通式(B)所示的不含磺酸基的重复单元(疏水性单元)和上述通式(C)所示的含氮杂环基(含氮杂环芳香族单元)的是下述通式(F)表示的聚合物。
在通式(F)中,A、B、D、Y、Z、Y1、Z1、Ar、k、m、n、p、q、r、s、t、R20以及R1~R16分别与上述通式(A)、(B)、(C)中的A、B、D、Y、Z、Y1、Z1、Ar、k、m、n、p、q、r、s、t、R20以及R1~R16相同。x、y、z表示x+y+z=100摩尔%时的摩尔比。
本发明的聚合物包含式(A)所示的重复结构单元即x的单元0.5~99.9摩尔%、优选10~99.5摩尔%的比例和式(C)所示的重复结构单元即z的单元0.1~99.5摩尔%、优选0.5~89.5摩尔%。式(B)所示的重复结构单元即y单元为任意的,(A)、(C)以外的残余相当于(B),包含时可以是99.4~0.01摩尔%,优选89.5~0.5摩尔%的比例。
另外,相对于式(A)所示的重复结构单元即x单元,式(C)所示的重复结构单元即z单元的比例是0.001摩尔%~50摩尔%,优选0.1摩尔%~30摩尔%,更加优选1摩尔%~25摩尔%。
本发明的聚合物的离子交换容量通常为0.3~5meq/g,优选0.5~3meq/g,更加优选0.8~2.8meq/g。如果小于0.3meq/g,则质子传导率低且发电性能低。另一方面,大于5meq/g,则耐水性会大幅度降低而不适宜。
上述离子交换容量可以通过改变结构单元(A)、结构单元(B)以及结构单元(C)的种类、使用比例和组合来调整。因此,改变聚合时衍生结构单元(A)~(C)的前体(单体·寡聚物)的添加量比和种类,就可以加以调整。
一般,结构单元(A)多时离子交换容量增加且质子传导性提高,但耐水性降低。另一方面,结构单元(A)少时离子交换容量减少且耐水性增加,但质子传导性降低。
如果包含结构单元(C),则在高温条件下的磺酸基的稳定性提高,其结果是耐热性提高。含氮杂环式芳香族化合物的氮原子具有碱性,从而与磺酸基之间形成离子相互作用。因此,提高了磺酸基的稳定性,在高温条件下磺酸基的消去被抑制。另外,可以抑制在同样的高温条件下的来自磺酸基的聚合物分子之间的交联反应。含氮杂环式芳香族化合物是具有不损害质子传导性且可以体现这些效果的具有适当强度的碱性的化合物。
结构单元(B)为任何一种成分,除聚合物中的(A)以及(C)成分以外的残余相当于结构单元(B)的量。另外,也可以不包含(B)。如果包含该构成单元(B),则分子量的调整或上述各个重复单元的含量的调整等会变得容易的同时,可以得到热、化学性稳定的聚合物。
本发明的聚合物的分子量,采用凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)的聚苯乙烯换算的重均分子量计为1万~100万,优选2万~80万。
<聚合物的制造方法>
含有磺酸基的聚合物的制造方法,例如可以采用下述表示的A法、B法以及C法的3种方法。
(A法)
例如,如特开2004-137444号公报记载的方法一样,可以通过将下述通式(A’)表示的单体、下述通式(B’)表示的单体以及下述通式(C’)表示的单体共聚来制造含有磺酸酯基的聚合物,将该磺酸酯基脱酯化,磺酸酯基改为磺酸基而合成。
单体(A’)
X表示选自氯原子、溴原子以及-OSO2Rb(其中,Rb表示烷基,氟取代烷基或芳基)的原子或基团。Y1、Z1、Ar、m、n、k与通式(A)相同,R表示碳数4~12的烷基。
作为(A’)所示的化合物的具体例可例举下述通式所示的化合物、记载于特开2004-137444号公报、特开2004-345997号公报以及特开2004-346163号公报的磺酸酯类。
在通式(A’)所示的化合物中,磺酸酯结构通常结合于芳香族环的间位。
单体(B’)
R’以及R”表示选自氯原子、溴原子以及-OSO2Rb(其中,Rb表示烷基,氟取代烷基或芳基)的原子或基团。R1~R16、A、B、D、s、t以及r与前述的通式(B)相同。
作为单体(B’)的具体例,通式(B’)的r为0时,可例举4,4’-二氯二苯甲酮、4,4’-二氯-N-苯甲酰苯胺、2,2-双(4-氯苯基)二氟甲烷、2,2-双(4-氯苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷、4-氯安息香酸-4-氯苯酯、双(4-氯苯基)亚砜、双(4-氯苯基)砜、2,6二氯苄腈。可例举这些化合物中氯原子被溴原子或碘原子取代的化合物等。
另外,通式(B’)中的r为1时,可例举下述化合物以及在特开2003-113136号公报中记载的化合物。
通式(B’)中,r≥2时,可例举下述所示结构的化合物。
单体(C’)
X表示选自氯原子、溴原子以及-OSO2Rb(其中,Rb表示烷基,氟取代烷基或芳基)的原子或基团。Y、Z、R20、p以及q与通式(C)相同。
作为单体(C)的具体例可例举前述式(1)所示的含氮芳香族化合物。
聚合
为了获得本发明的聚合物首先使单体(A’)、单体(C’)以及根据需要单体(B’)共聚而获得前体。
该共聚在催化剂的存在下进行,这时使用的催化剂是含有过渡金属化合物的催化体系,作为该催化体系为(1)由过渡金属盐和配位体形成的化合物〔以下,称(配位体成分)〕、或配位体配位了的过渡金属配合物(含铜盐),和(2)还原剂作为必要成分,且为了提高聚合速度也可以添加〔盐〕。
作为这些催化成分的具体例、各成分的使用比例、反应溶剂、浓度、温度以及时间等聚合条件,可以采用在特开2001-342241号公报记载的化合物以及条件。
例如,作为过渡金属盐适合使用氯化镍、溴化镍等。另外,作为成为配位体的化合物适合使用三苯膦、三邻甲苯膦、三间甲苯膦、三对甲苯膦、三丁膦、三-叔丁膦、三辛膦、2,2’-联吡啶等。作为预先以配位体配位的过渡金属(盐)适合使用氯化·双(三苯膦)合镍、氯化·(2,2’-联吡啶)合镍。作为还原剂可例举铁、锌、锰、铝、镁、钠、钙等,优选锌、镁、锰。作为〔盐〕优选溴化钠、碘化钠、溴化钾、溴化四乙基铵、碘化四乙基铵。反应可使用聚合溶剂,具体适合使用四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮等。
有关催化体系的各种成分的使用比例,相对于总计1摩尔的单体,过渡金属或配位体配位了的过渡金属(盐)通常是0.0001~10摩尔,优选0.01~0.5摩尔。在这范围之内,则有可能催化活性高且分子量高地聚合。催化体系中使用〔盐〕时,相对于总计1摩尔的单体,其使用比例通常为0.001~100摩尔,优选0.01~1摩尔。在此范围内,则提高聚合速度的效果良好。聚合溶剂中的单体的总计浓度通常是1~90重量%,优选5~40重量%。另外,聚合本发明的聚合物时的聚合温度通常是0~200℃,优选50~100℃。另外,聚合时间通常是0.5~100小时,优选1~40小时。
然后,将得到的聚合物水解,将结构单元中的磺酸酯基(-SO3R)转换为磺酸基(-SO3H).
水解可以通过以下方法进行:(1)在含有少量盐酸的过量的水或醇中加入上述含有磺酸酯基的聚合物,且搅拌5分钟以上的方法,(2)在三氟乙酸中,使上述含有磺酸酯基的聚合物在80~120℃左右的温度下反应约5~10小时的方法,(3)在如N-甲基吡咯烷酮等的溶液中,即在相对于聚合物中的磺酸酯基(-SO3R)1摩尔含有1~3倍的溴化锂的该溶液中,使含有上述磺酸酯基的聚合物在80~150℃左右的的温度下反应约3~10小时之后,添加盐酸的方法。
(B法)
可以通过如记载于特开2001-342241号公报的方法同样地合成。使具有上述通式(A’)所示的骨架且不具有磺酸基、磺酸酯基的单体和上述单体(B’)以及上述单体(C’)共聚,且将该聚合物利用磺化剂进行磺化。
作为可以在B法中使用,且能够形成上述通式(A)所示的结构单元的不具有磺酸基、或磺酸酯基的单体的具体例可例举记载于特开2001-342241号公报、特开2002-293889号公报中的二卤代物。
(C法)
在通式(A)中,Ar为含有-O(CH2)hSO3H或-O(CF2)hSO3H所示的取代基的芳香族基时,也可以通过如记载于特开2005-606254号公报中的方法同样地合成,将能够形成上述通式(A)所示的结构单元的前体单体、能够形成上述通式(B)所示的结构单元的单体或寡聚物以及能够形成上述通式(C)所示的结构单元的单体共聚之后,引入烷基磺酸或被氟取代的烷基磺酸的方法加以合成。
作为可以在(C法)中使用的,能够形成上述通式(A)所示的结构单元的前体的单体的具体例可例举记载于特开2005-36125号公报中的二卤代物。具体可例举2,5-二氯-4’-羟基二苯甲酮、2,4-二氯-4’-羟基二苯甲酮、2,6-二氯-4’-羟基二苯甲酮、2,5-二氯-2’,4’-二羟基二苯甲酮、2,4-二氯-2’,4’-二羟基二苯甲酮等。另外也可例举将这些化合物的羟基用四氢吡喃基等保护了的化合物。还可例举羟基被硫基替换的化合物,氯原子被溴原子和碘原子替换的化合物。
在(C法)中,在前体聚合物(不含有磺酸基)上,采用特开2005-60625号公报中记载的方法来引入烷基磺酸基的方法。例如,通过使前体聚合物的羟基与丙磺酸内酯、丁磺酸内酯等反应来引入的方法。
<质子传导膜>
本发明的质子传导膜由含有上述磺酸基和上述含氮杂环基的聚合物形成。
作为制造本发明的质子传导膜的方法无特别限制,主要使用的方法为将上述本发明的聚合物溶解于能溶解的有机溶剂中,浇铸于基体上,去除溶剂并加以干燥的浇铸法。
作为在所述的制膜方法中使用的基体为用于一般的溶液浇铸法的基体即可,无特别限制,如塑料制或金属制的基体等,优选由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄膜等热塑性树脂形成的基体。
作为用于这些方法中的溶剂具体可例举N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、γ-丁内酯、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜、二甲基尿素、二甲基咪唑烷酮等非质子类极性溶剂。其中,从溶解性以及溶液粘度考虑,特别优选N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(以下,称〔NMP〕)。上述非质子类极性溶剂可以单独使用一种,也可以组合使用2种以上。
另外,作为上述溶剂可以使用上述非质子极性溶剂和醇的混合物。作为该醇可例举甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、仲丁醇、叔丁醇等。其中,从能以宽广的组成范围降低溶液粘度的效果考虑,特别优选甲醇。醇可以单独使用1种,也可以组合使用2种以上。
使用上述非质子类极性溶剂和醇的混合物时,非质子类极性溶剂为95~25重量%、优选90~25重量%,醇为5~75重量%、优选10~75重量%(但,合计是100重量%)。通过醇的量在上述范围之内,降低溶液粘度的效果良好。
另外,上述醇以外也可以并用硫酸、磷酸等无机酸,含有羧酸的有机酸以及适量的水等。
制膜时溶液的聚合物的浓度通常是5~40重量%,优选7~25重量%。如果聚合物浓度小于5重量%,则具有厚膜化难且容易生成针孔的倾向,另一方面,如果聚合物的浓度大于40重量%,则有时溶液粘度过高而膜化难且表面的平滑性欠缺。
溶液粘度通常是2,000~100,000mPa·s,优选3,000~50,000mPa·s。如果溶液粘度小于2,000mPa·s,则有时成膜中的溶液滞留性差而从基体流掉。另一方面,如果溶液粘度大于100,000mPa·s,则粘度过高而不能从模口挤出,通过流延法的薄膜化困难。
如上所述制膜之后,将得到的未干燥的薄膜浸渍于水,则水可以将薄膜中的有机溶剂置换,可以降低得到的质子传导膜的残余溶剂量。还有,将未干燥的薄膜浸渍于水之前,也可以将未干燥薄膜预干燥。预干燥是通过将未干燥薄膜在50~150℃的温度下保持0.1~10小时来进行。
将未干燥薄膜(包含预干燥之后的薄膜,以下相同)浸渍于水时,可以采用将每张浸渍于水的分批法,也可以采用使在基板薄膜上(例如,PET)成膜状态原封不动的积层薄膜或从基板分离的膜浸渍于水后进行卷取的连续方法。另外,分批法时,为了抑制在处理后的薄膜表面形成褶皱,优选采用将未干燥的薄膜夹于框等方法来浸渍于水的方法。
相对于未干燥薄膜1重量份,将未干燥的薄膜浸渍于水时水的使用量为10重量份以上,优选30重量份以上,更加优选50重量份以上的比例。如果水的使用量在于上述范围内,则可以减少获得的质子传导膜的残余溶剂量。另外,通过替换或溢流使用于浸渍的水,将水中的有机溶剂的浓度维持在一定浓度以下的方法,对于减少获得的质子传导膜残余溶剂量是有效的。还有,为了控制质子传导膜中残留的有机溶剂量的面内分布得少,通过搅拌使水中的有机溶剂浓度均匀化的方法是有效的。
从取代速度以及方面使用考虑,将未干燥的薄膜浸渍于水时水的温度通常是5~80℃,优选在10~60℃的范围。越是高温,越是加快有机溶剂和水的取代速度,但由于薄膜的吸水量也增加,因此有时干燥后获得的质子传导膜的表面状态会恶化。另外,薄膜的浸渍时间也与初期的残余溶剂量,水的使用量以及处理温度有关,通常为10分钟~240小时,优选在30分钟~100小时的范围内。
将如上所述的未干燥薄膜浸渍于水之后,通过将薄膜在30~100℃、优选50~80℃,10~180分钟、优选15~60分钟干燥之后,再在50~150℃、优选在500mmHg~0.1mmHg的减压下真空干燥0.5~24小时则可获得质子传导膜。
如上所述获得的质子传导膜的残余溶剂量通常可以降低至5重量%以下,优选1重量%以下。
通过本发明的方法而得的质子传导膜,其干燥膜厚通常为10~100μm,优选20~80μm。
〔实施例〕
以下通过实施例,对本发明进行具体说明,但本发明不受限于以下实施例。
〔实施例1-1〕2,5-二氯-4’-(1-咪唑基)二苯甲酮的合成
在装有搅拌机、温度计、冷凝管和氮导入管的2L三口烧瓶中,称取150.7g(0.560mol)的2,5-二氯-4’-氟二苯甲酮,114.4g(1.68mol)的咪唑,100.6g(0.728mol)的碳酸钾,840ml的N,N’-二甲基乙酰胺。在氮气氛下利用油浴在110℃下,将反应溶液加热2小时。通过薄层色谱确认原料的消失之后,将反应液放置冷却至室温。然后,将反应液缓慢加入至3L的水中,使生成物凝固并且过滤。通过过滤获得的生成物用THF(1.2L)溶解,加入甲苯(4L)之后,用盐水洗至水层呈中性。用硫酸镁使有机层干燥之后,通过蒸发器蒸馏去除溶剂。粗收量为180g,使用加热至80℃的1L甲苯和20ml甲醇的混合溶剂进行再结晶离析操作,以87%的回收率得到155g的白色固体。得到的化合物1H-NMR图谱示于图1。
〔实施例1-2〕2,5-二氯-4’-(1-吡咯基)二苯甲酮的合成
在装有搅拌机、温度计、冷凝管和氮导入管的2L三口瓶中,称取134.6g(0.500mol)的2,5-二氯-4’-氟二苯甲酮,50.3g(0.750mol)的吡咯,76.0g(0.550mol)的碳酸钾,840ml的无水N,N’-二甲基乙酰胺。在氮气氛下利用油浴在100℃下,将反应溶液加热3小时。通过薄层色谱确认原料的消失之后,将反应液放置冷却至室温。然后,将反应液缓慢加入至3L的水中,将生成物凝固,过滤。通过过滤获得的生成物溶解于2.5L的甲苯,利用分液漏斗,用盐水洗至水层呈中性。用硫酸镁将有机层干燥之后,通过蒸发器蒸馏去除溶剂。粗收量为133.3g,用己烷和乙酸乙酯的混合溶剂进行再结晶离析操作,以79.3%的回收率获得125.3g(0.396mol)的目标的精制产物。
〔实施例1-3〕2,5-二氯-4’-(2-苯并噻唑基硫基)二苯甲酮的合成
在装设有搅拌机、温度计、冷凝管和氮导入管的2L三口烧瓶中,称取269.1g(1.000mol)的2,5-二氯-4’-氟二苯甲酮,175.6g(1.050mol)的2-巯基苯并噻唑,152.0g(1.100mol)的碳酸钾,1500ml的无水N,N’-二甲基乙酰胺。在氮气氛下利用油浴在110℃下,将反应溶液加热2小时。通过薄层色谱确认原料的消失之后,将反应液放置冷却至室温。然后,将反应液缓慢加入至3L的水中,将生成物凝固,过滤。通过过滤而得到的生成物溶解于4L的甲苯中,该有机层用食盐水洗至中性。用硫酸镁干燥有机层之后,通过蒸发器蒸馏去除溶剂。粗收量为350.3g,利用加热至80℃的1.5L的甲苯进行再结晶离析操作,以78.2%的收率获得了325.4g(0.782mol)的目标精制产物。
然后,对聚合物的实施例进行说明,评价用的膜的调制、磺酸当量、分子量以及质子传导率的测定按照以下记载进行。
<膜的调制>
由得到的磺酸化聚合物的15重量%溶液(溶剂是甲醇/NMP=50/50(容量比)的混合溶剂)调制浇铸薄膜。将该浇铸薄膜在大量的蒸馏水中浸渍一晚,通过稀释去除膜中残余NMP之后,干燥而获得膜(膜厚为40μm)。
另外,由实施例中记载的含氮杂环芳香族化合物和磺化聚合物形成的质子传导膜的调制时,利用甲醇/NMP=50/50(容量比),将一定量的含氮杂环芳香族化合物和得到的磺化聚亚芳基溶解至在溶液中达15重量%,且调制清漆。该清漆如上所述采用流延法调制为流延薄膜,通过浸渍于大量的蒸馏水,通过稀释去除膜中的残余NMP而得到目的膜(40μm)。
磺酸当量
将得到的含有磺酸基的聚合物充分水洗至洗涤水呈中性,洗至不再有残存的酸,干燥之后,称取一定量且将溶解于THF/水的混合溶剂的酚酞作为指示剂,使用NaOH标准溶液进行滴定,从中和点求得磺酸当量。
<分子量的测定>
不含磺酸基的聚合物的重均分子量是用利用四氢呋喃(THE)作为溶剂,用GPC法求得的聚苯乙烯换算的分子量。
含有磺酸基的聚合物的分子量或耐热试验后的含有磺酸基的聚合物的分子量是采用GPC法求得的聚苯乙烯换算的分子量,利用由7.83g溴化锂和3.3ml磷酸和2L的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)形成的混合溶液作为洗提液来使用。
电阻率的测定
在5mm宽的长方形膜样品的表面上压住白金线(φ=0.5mm),在恒温恒湿装置中保持试样,通过白金线之间的交流阻抗求得交流电阻,即,在85℃、相对湿度为90%的环境下,测定了10kHz交流的阻抗。作为电阻测定装置,使用(株)NF回路设计block制造的化学阻抗测定系统,恒温恒湿装置使用了(株)山都科学制造的JW241。白金线是以5mm间隔压住5条,使线之间的距离在5~20mm变化,测定交流电阻。由线之间的距离和电阻的斜率求得膜的电阻率。
电阻率R(Ω·cm)=0.5(cm)×膜厚(cm)×电阻线之间的斜度(Ω/cm)
<耐热性的评价>
在160℃的烘箱中,将膜厚约为40μm的各个薄膜放置24小时。相对于上述NMP类的GPC洗提液99.8重量份,将耐热试验前后的样品的0.2重量份的质子传导膜浸渍且溶解后,去除不溶成分并且进行了GPC测定。由耐热试验前后的GPC的洗提面积之比求得不溶成分。
实施例2-1
(1)含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物A-N1的合成
将185.3g(0.540mol)的2,5-二氯-4’-苯氧基二苯甲酮、15.1g(0.060mol)的4,4’-二氯二苯甲酮、由实施例1-2获得的7.1g(0.024mol)2,5-二氯-4’-(1-吡咯基)二苯甲酮、11.7g(0.078mol)的碘化钠,11.8g(0.018mol)的双(三苯膦)二氯合镍、63.0g(0.240mol)的三苯膦、94.1g(1.440mol)的锌放入装有冷凝管和三通活塞的三口烧瓶中,在70℃的油浴中用氮置换之后在氮的气氛中加入1000ml的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,开始反应。反应20小时后用500ml的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮稀释,将聚合反应液注入至1∶10盐酸/甲醇溶液中,使聚合物析出,洗涤之后,过滤、真空干燥后得到白色粉末。收量为148g。另外,重量平均分子量为154,000。相对于该聚合物150g,加入1500ml的浓硫酸,在室温搅拌24小时进行磺化反应。反应之后,注入至大量的纯水中,析出磺化聚合物。将聚合物用纯水洗至PH为7,过滤后回收磺化聚合物,在90℃真空干燥。磺化聚合物的收量为159g。该聚合物的离子交换容量为2.3meq/g,重量平均分子量为185,000。按此得到的聚合物由结构式(A-N1)表示。具有磺酸基的聚合物为聚合物A-N1。
结构式A-N1
(2)含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物A-N1的评价
将如上获得的含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物A-N1溶解于甲醇/NMP=50/50的混合溶剂中至15重量%,调制清漆。该清漆采用浇铸法调制为浇铸薄膜,通过浸渍于大量的蒸馏水中,稀释去除膜中的残余NMP而得到目的膜(40μm)。使用得到的膜进行电阻率、耐热性评价。结果示于表1。
[实施例2-2]
(1)疏水性单元B的合成
装有搅拌机、温度计、Dean-stark管、氮导入管、冷凝管的1L的三角烧瓶中,称取29.8g(0.104mol)的4,4’-二氯二苯砜、37.4g(0.111mol)的2,2-双(4-羟基苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷、20.0g(0.145mol)的碳酸钾。用氮置换之后,将168ml的环丁砜和84ml的甲苯加入搅拌。在油浴中以150℃使反应液加热回流。将反应生成的水截留在Dean-stark管中。3小时后,几乎不能确认水的生成时,将甲苯从Dean-stark管去除于体系外。缓缓将反应温度上升至200℃,继续搅拌5小时后加入7.5g(0.030mol)的4,4’-二氯二苯甲酮,再反应8小时。将反应液放冷之后加入100ml的甲苯稀释。将反应液中不溶的无机盐过滤,将滤液注入至2L的甲醇中沉淀生成物。将沉淀了的生成物过滤、干燥之后溶解于250ml的四氢呋喃,将该溶解液注入至2L的甲醇中再次沉淀,将沉淀的白色粉末过滤、干燥获得56g的疏水性单元B。采用GPC测得其数均分子量(Mn)为10,500。获得的化合物由式(B-1)表示。
结构式B-1
(2)含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物B-N1的合成
在装有搅拌机、温度计、氮导入管的1L的三口烧瓶中,称取141.6g(0.338mol)的3-(2,5-二氯苯甲酰基)苯磺酸新戊酯,由上述得到的Mn10,500的44.5g(4.2mmol)的疏水性单元B、由实施例1-1得到的5.4g(16.9mmol)的2,5-二氯-4’-(1-咪唑基)二苯甲酮、6.71g(10.3mmol)的二氯双(三苯膦)合镍、1.54g(10.3mmol)的溴化钠、35.9g(137mmol)的三苯膦、53.7g(820mmol)的锌,用干燥氮置换。在这里加入430ml的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc),反应温度保持在80℃的同时,持续搅拌3小时之后,加入730ml的DMAc稀释,且过滤出不溶物质。
将得到的溶液加入至装有搅拌机、温度计、氮导入管的2L的三口烧瓶,加热至115℃且搅拌,加入44g(506mmol)的溴化锂。搅拌7小时之后,注入至5L的丙酮中沉淀生成物。然后,以1N盐酸、纯水依次洗涤之后,干燥,获得124g的目标磺化聚合物。获得的聚合物的重均分子量(Mw)为166,000。获得的聚合物推定为式(II)所示的磺化聚合物。该聚合物的离子交换容量为2.3mwq/g。如所述获得含有磺酸基的聚合物由结构式B-N1表示,作为聚合物B-N1。
结构式B-N1
(3)含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物B-N1的物性评价
将由上述获得的含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物A-N1溶解于甲醇/NMP=50/50的混合溶剂中至15重量%,调制清漆。该清漆采用浇铸法调制为浇铸薄膜,通过浸渍于大量的蒸馏水中,稀释去除膜中的残余NMP而得到目标膜(40μm)。利用得到的膜进行电阻率、耐热性评价。结果示于表1。
〔实施例2-3〕
(1)疏水性单元C的合成
在装有搅拌机、温度计、Dean-stark管、氮导入管、冷凝管的1L的三口烧瓶中,称取67.3g(0.200mol)的2,2-双(4-羟基苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷、60.3g(0.240mol)的4,4’-二氯二苯甲酮(4,4’-DCBP)、71.9g(0.520mol)的碳酸钾、300ml的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)、150ml的甲苯。在油浴中,在氮气氛下加热搅拌,在130℃反应。使通过反应生成的水和甲苯共沸,边利用Dean-stark管除去水至体系外边进行反应,约3小时就几乎不能确认水的生成。将反应温度从130℃缓缓上升至150℃。然后,将反应温度缓缓上升至150℃去除大部分的甲苯,且在150℃继续反应10小时之后,加入10.0g(0.040mol)的4,4’-DCBP,再反应5小时。将得到的反应液放置冷却之后过滤除去副生的无机化合物的沉淀物,将滤液投入至4L的甲醇中。沉淀的生成物过滤回收且干燥后,溶解于300ml的四氢呋喃。在4L的甲醇中再沉淀该溶解液,得到95g(收率85%)的目标化合物。
由得到的化合物采用GPC法(THF溶剂)求得的聚苯乙烯换算的数均分子量为11,200。得到的化合物为由结构式C-1表示的寡聚物。
结构式C-1
(2)含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物C-N1的合成
将干燥了的100ml的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)在氮气氛下加入至由下述结构式C-2表示的27.21g(0.039mol)的化合物单体C、由(1)合成的16.13g(1.44mmol)的疏水性单元、由实施例1-3得到的0.80g(1.93mmol)的2,5-二氯-4’-(2-苯并噻唑基硫基)二苯甲酮、0.79g(1.2mmol)的二氯双(三苯膦)合镍、4.20g(0.016mol)的三苯膦、0.18g(1.20mmol)的碘化钠以及6.28g(96.1mmol)的锌的混合物中。
将反应体系在搅拌下加热(最终加温至79℃)且反应3小时。在反应中可以观察到体系中的粘度上升。将聚合反应溶液用425ml的DMAc稀释,搅拌30分钟,以硅藻土作为助滤剂过滤。
将滤液的一部分注入至甲醇中凝固。采用由新戊基保护的磺酸衍生物形成的共聚物的GPC求得的分子量为Mn=57,500、Mw=175,300。
通过蒸发器将上述滤液浓缩至344g,滤液中加入10.1g(0.116mol)的溴化锂,在110℃温度和氮气氛下,反应7小时。反应后,冷却至室温,注入至4L的丙酮中凝固。将凝固物过滤收集、风干之后,利用混合器粉碎,利用1500ml的1N盐酸边搅拌边洗。过滤后,用离子交换水洗至生成物的洗液的PH为5以上之后,利用离子交换水洗净之后,在80℃干燥一晚,得到23.0g的目标磺化聚合物。该脱保护后的磺化聚合物的分子量为Mn=63,000、Mw=194.000。该聚合物的离子交换容量为2.0meq/g。得到的含有磺酸基的聚合物C为结构式F所示的化合物(聚合物CN-1)。
结构式C-2
结构式C-N1
(3)含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物C-N1的物性评价
将由上述获得的含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物C-N1溶解于甲醇/NMP=50/50的混合溶剂中至15重量%,调制清漆。该清漆采用浇铸法调制为浇铸薄膜,通过浸渍于大量的蒸馏水中,稀释去除膜中的残余NMP而得到目的膜(40μm)。利用得到的膜进行电阻率、耐热性评价。结果示于表1。
实施例2-4
(1)疏水性单元D的合成
在装有搅拌机、温度计、冷凝管、Dean-stark管、氮导入管的1L的三口烧瓶中,称取49.4g(0.29mol)的2,6-二氯苯基氰,88.4g(0.26mol)的2,2-双(4-羟基苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷、47.3g(0.34mol)的碳酸钾。用氮置换后,将346ml的环丁砜和173ml的甲苯加入搅拌。将烧瓶置于油浴中,在150℃加热回流。使由反应生成的水与甲苯共沸,边利用Dean-stark管除去水至体系外边进行反应,约经过3小时则几乎不能确认水的生成。将反应温度缓缓上升的同时去除大部分的甲苯之后,在200℃下继续反应3小时。然后加入12.3g(0.072mol)的2,6-二氯苯基氰,再反应5小时。
将得到的反应液放置冷却之后,加入100ml的甲苯稀释。过滤去除副生的无机化合物的沉淀物,将滤液投入至2L的甲醇中。将沉淀的生成物过滤回收且干燥之后,溶解于250ml的四氢呋喃。在4L的甲醇中再沉淀该溶解液,得到107g的目标化合物。
得到的目的化合物采用GPC(THF溶剂)法求得的聚苯乙烯换算的数均分子量为7300。得到的化合物为由结构式D-1表示的寡聚物。
结构式D-1
(2)含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物D-N1的合成
将干燥了的540ml的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)在氮气氛下加入至135.0g(0.336mol)的3-(2,5-二氯苯甲酰基)苯磺酸新戊酯、由(1)合成的40.7g(5.6mmol)的疏水性单元D、由实施1-2得到的6.71g(16.8mmol)的2,5-二氯-4’-(1-咪唑基)二苯甲酮、6.71g(10.3mmol)的二氯双(三苯膦)合镍、35.9g(0.137mol)的三苯膦、1.54g(10.3mmol)的碘化钠以及53.7g(0.821mol)的锌的混合物中。
搅拌下,将反应体系加热(最终加温至79℃)且反应3小时。在反应中可以观察到体系中的粘度上升。将聚合反应溶液用730ml的DMAc稀释,搅拌30分钟,以硅藻土作为助滤剂过滤。
将滤液的一部分注入至甲醇中凝固。通过以新戊基保护的磺酸衍生物形成的共聚物的采用GPC法求得的分子量为Mn=58,500、Mw=135,300。
通过蒸发器将上述滤液浓缩,滤液中加入43.8g(0.505mol)的溴化锂,在内温110℃和氮气氛下,反应7小时。反应后,冷却至室温,注入至4L的丙酮中凝固。将凝固物过滤收集、风干后,利用混合器粉碎,用1500ml的1N盐酸边搅拌边洗。过滤后,用离子交换水洗至洗涤液的PH至5以上,洗涤后,在80℃干燥一晚,得到23.0g的目标磺化聚合物。该脱保护后的磺化聚合物的分子量为Mn=60,000、Mw=175.000。该聚合物的离子交换容量为2.4meq/g。得到的含有磺酸基的聚合物D-N1为结构式D-2表示的化合物。
结构式D-2
(3)含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物D-N1的物性评价
将由上述获得的含有含氮杂环基的磺化聚合物D-N1溶解于甲醇/NMP=50/50的混合溶剂中至15重量%,调制清漆。该清漆采用浇铸法调制为浇铸薄膜,通过浸渍于大量的蒸馏水中,通过稀释膜中的残余NMP来去除而得到40μm的目标膜。利用得到的膜进行电阻率、耐热性评价。结果示于表1。
比较例2-1
(1)磺化聚合物RA的合成
将185.3g(540mmol)的2,5-二氯-4’-苯氧基二苯甲酮、15.1g(60mmol)4,4’-二氯二苯甲酮、11.7g(78mmol)的碘化钠、11.8g(18mmol)的双(三苯膦)二氯化镍、63.0g(240mmol)的三苯膦、94.1g(1.44mol)锌放入装有冷凝管和三通活塞的三角烧瓶中,在70℃的油浴中用氮置换后,在氮气氛中加入1000ml的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,开始反应。反应20小时后用500ml的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮稀释,在1/10重量比的盐酸/甲醇溶液中注入聚合反应液,将聚合物析出,洗净后,过滤、真空干燥后得到白色粉末。收量为153g。另外,重均分子量为159000。相对于该聚合物150g,加入1500ml的浓硫酸在室温搅拌24小时进行磺化反应。反应之后,注入至大量的纯水中,析出磺化聚合物。用纯水将聚合物洗至PH为7,过滤回收磺化聚合物,在90℃真空干燥。磺化聚合物的收量为179g。该聚合物的离子交换容量为2.3meq/g,重均分子量为183,000。所述得到的聚合物由结构式(E)表示。含有磺酸基的聚合物优为聚合物RA。
结构式E
(2)磺化聚合物RA的物性评价
将由上述获得的磺化聚合物RA溶解于甲醇/NMP=50/50的混合溶剂中至15重量%,调制清漆。该清漆采用浇铸法调制为浇铸薄膜,通过浸渍于大量的蒸馏水中,通过稀释膜中的残余NMP将其去除,得到40μm的目标膜。利用得到的膜进行电阻率、耐热性评价。结果示于表1。
比较例2-2
(1)磺化聚合物RB的合成
在装有搅拌机、温度计、氮导入管的1L的三口烧瓶中,称取141.5g(337mmol)的3-(2,5-二氯苯甲酰基)苯磺酸新戊酯,由〔实施例2-2〕(1)得到的Mn10,500的48.5g(4.6mmol)的疏水性单元B、6.71g(10.3mmol)的二氯双(三苯膦)合镍、1.54g(10.3mmol)的溴化钠、35.9g(137mmol)的三苯膦、53.7g(821mmol)的锌,用干燥氮置换。在这里加入430ml的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc),反应温度保持在80℃的同时,持续搅拌3小时之后,加入730ml的DMAc稀释,过滤不溶物质。
将得到的溶液加入至装有搅拌机、温度计、氮导入管的2L的三口烧瓶中,在115℃加热搅拌,加入44g(506mmol)的溴化锂。搅拌7小时之后,注入至5L的丙酮中使生成物沉淀。然后,以1N盐酸、纯水依次洗净之后,干燥而获得了124g的目标磺化聚合物。获得的聚合物的重均分子量(Mw)为170,000。获得的聚合物推定为式(II)所示的磺化聚合物。该聚合物的离子交换容量为2.3meq/g。所述获得的含有磺酸基的聚合物的结构由F表示,作为聚合物RB。
结构式F
(2)磺化聚合RB的物性评价
将由上述获得的磺化聚合物RB溶解于甲醇/NMP=50/50的混合溶剂中至15重量%,调制清漆。该清漆采用浇铸法调制为浇铸薄膜,通过浸渍于大量的蒸馏水中,通过稀释膜中的残余NMP将其去除,得到40μm的目的膜。利用得到的膜进行了电阻率、耐热性评价。结果示于表1。
〔比较例2-3〕
(1)磺化聚合物RC的合成
将干燥的100ml的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)在氮气氛下加入至27.18g(38.5mmol)的由上述结构式C-2所示的化合物单体C、由〔实施例2-3〕(1)合成的16.58g(1.48mmol)的疏水性单元、0.79g(1.2mmol)的二氯双(三苯膦)合镍、4.20g(16.0mmol)的三苯膦、0.18g(1.20mmol)的碘化钠以及6.28g(96.1mmol)的锌的混合物中。
搅拌下,将反应体系加热(最终加温至79℃)使其反应3小时。在反应中观察到体系中的粘度上升。将聚合反应溶液用425ml的DMAc稀释,搅拌30分钟,以硅藻土作为助滤剂过滤。
将滤液的一部分注入至甲醇中凝固。通过以新戊基保护的磺酸衍生物形成的共聚物的采用GPC法求得的分子量为Mn=59,400、Mw=178,300。
通过蒸发器将上述滤液浓缩至344g,滤液中加入10.0g(0.116mol)的溴化锂,在内温110℃和氮气氛下,反应7小时。反应后,冷却至室温,注入在4L的丙酮中凝固。将凝固物过滤收集、风干后,利用混合器粉碎,用1500ml的1N盐酸边搅拌边洗。过滤后,用离子交换水洗至生成物的洗液的PH为5以上,用离子交换水洗后在80℃干燥一晚,得到23.0g的目的磺化聚合物。该脱保护后的磺化聚合物的分子量为Mn=65,500、Mw=197.000。该聚合物的离子交换容量为2.0meq/g。得到的含有磺酸基的聚合物RC为结构式G所示的化合物。
结构式G
(2)磺化聚合RC的物理评价
将由上述获得的磺化聚合物RC溶解于甲醇/NMP=50/50的混合溶剂中至15重量%,调制清漆。该清漆采用浇铸法调制为浇铸薄膜,通过浸渍于大量的蒸馏水中,通过稀释膜中的残余NMP将其去除,得到40μm的目的膜。利用得到的膜进行了电阻率、耐热性评价。结果示于表1。
[比较例2-4]
(1)磺化聚合物RD的合成
在装有搅拌机、温度计、氮导入管的1L的三口烧瓶中,称取134.6g(336mmol)的3-(2,5-二氯苯甲酰基)苯磺酸新戊酯,由〔实施例2-4〕(1)合成的47.4g(6.5mmol)的疏水性单元D、6.71g(10.3mmol)的二氯双(三苯膦)合镍、35.9g(136mmol)的三苯膦、1.54g(10.3mmol)的碘化钠、53.7g(820mmol)的锌。在氮气氛下,在这里加入430ml的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)。
在搅拌下,将反应体系加热(最终加温至79℃),反应3小时。在反应中观察到了体系中的粘度上升。将聚合反应溶液用730ml的DMAc稀释,搅拌30分钟,以硅藻土作为助滤剂过滤。
将滤液的一部分注入至甲醇中使凝固。由以新戊基保护的磺酸衍生物形成的共聚物的通过GPC法求得的分子量为Mn=59,400、Mw=138,000。
通过蒸发器将上述滤液浓缩,在这里加入44.0g(506mmol)的溴化锂,在内温110℃和氮气氛下,反应7小时。反应后,冷却至室温,向5L的丙酮中注入使凝固。将凝固物过滤收集、风干后,利用混合器粉碎,用1N盐酸边搅拌边洗。过滤后,用离子交换水洗至生成物的洗液的PH为5以上,在80℃干燥一晚,得到122g的目标磺化聚合物。该脱保护后的磺化聚合物的分子量为Mn=68,000、Mw=140.000。该聚合物的离子交换容量为2.4meq/g。得到的含有磺酸基的聚合物RD为结构式H所示的化合物。
结构式H
(磺化聚合物RD的物性评价)
将由上述获得的磺化聚合物RD溶解于甲醇/NMP=50/50的混合溶剂中至15重量%,调制清漆。该清漆采用浇铸法调制为浇铸薄膜,通过浸渍于大量的蒸馏水中,通过稀释膜中的残余NMP将其去除,得到40μm的目标膜。利用得到的膜进行电阻率、耐热性评价。结果示于表1。
表1
磺化聚合物种类 | 含氮杂环芳香族基(-Ar) | 电阻率(Ω·cm) | 耐热性160℃×24h不溶分量(wt%) | |
实施例2-1 | 聚合物A-N1 | 吡咯 | 3.6 | 0 |
实施例2-2 | 聚合物B-N1 | 咪唑 | 3.0 | 0 |
实施例2-3 | 聚合物C-N1 | 苯并噻唑 | 3.0 | 0 |
实施例2-4 | 聚合物D-N1 | 咪唑 | 2.7 | 0 |
比较例2-1 | 聚合物RA | - | 3.6 | 80 |
比较例2-2 | 聚合物RB | - | 3.1 | 35 |
比较例2-3 | 聚合物RC | - | 3.0 | 15 |
比较例2-4 | 聚合物RD | - | 2.6 | 20 |
通过表1判明了含有含氮杂环芳香族基的化合物的质子传导性高且耐热性高的事实。
Claims (9)
1.含氮芳香族化合物,其特征在于,由下述通式(1)表示,
式中,X表示选自除氟以外的卤素原子、-OSO2Rb的原子或基团,其中,Rb表示烷基、氟取代烷基或芳基;Y表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构,其中,l是1~10的整数;Z表示直接结合或选自-O-、-S-的至少一种结构;R20表示含氮杂环基;q表示1~5的整数,p表示1。
3.如权利要求1所述的含氮芳香族化合物的制造方法,其特征在于,使下述通式(2)所示的化合物和含氮杂环化合物反应,
式中,X表示选自除氟以外的卤素原子、-OSO2Rb的原子或基团,其中,Rb表示烷基、氟取代烷基或芳基;Y表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构,其中,l是1~10的整数;q表示1~5的整数,p表示1;X’表示氟。
4.聚合物,其特征在于,该聚合物包含主链为聚亚苯基结构的结构,所述聚亚苯基结构为具有含磺酸基的侧链和含氮杂环基的侧链的结构,含有所述含氮杂环基的侧链的下述通式(D)表示的结构,
式中,Z表示直接结合或选自-O-、-S-的至少一种结构;Y表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构,其中,l是1~10的整数;R20表示含氮杂环基;q表示1~5的整数,p表示0~4的整数。
7.如权利要求4所述的聚合物,其特征在于,包含下述通式(C)所示的重复结构单元以及下述通式(A)所示的重复单元,
式中,Z表示直接结合或选自-O-、-S-的至少一种结构;Y表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构,其中,l是1~10的整数;R20表示含氮杂环基;q表示1~5的整数,p表示0~4的整数,
式中,Y1表示选自-CO-、-SO2-、-SO-、-COO-、-(CF2)1-、-C(CF3)2-的至少一种结构,其中,l是1~10的整数;Z1表示直接结合或者是选自-(CH2)1-、-C(CH3)2-、-O-、-S-的至少一种结构,其中,l是1~10的整数;Ar表示含有由-SO3H或-O(CH2)hSO3H或-O(CF2)hSO3H表示的取代基的芳香族基,其中,h是1~12的整数;m表示0~10整数,n表示0~10的整数,k表示1~4的整数。
9.质子传导膜,其特征在于,由权利要求4~8中任一项所述的聚合物形成。
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