CN100409552C - 电压转换装置及方法，驱动系统和装有该驱动系统的车辆 - Google Patents

电压转换装置及方法，驱动系统和装有该驱动系统的车辆 Download PDF

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CN100409552C
CN100409552C CNB03802277XA CN03802277A CN100409552C CN 100409552 C CN100409552 C CN 100409552C CN B03802277X A CNB03802277X A CN B03802277XA CN 03802277 A CN03802277 A CN 03802277A CN 100409552 C CN100409552 C CN 100409552C
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voltage
power supply
switch element
state
load
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CN1615574A (zh
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冈村贤树
佐藤荣次
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Toyota Motor Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
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    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2045—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for optimising the use of energy
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Abstract

使用与一DC/DC转换器的输出侧连接的电容器的目标电压Vc*和与该DC/DC转换器的输入侧连接的电池的电压Vb算出作为DC/DC转换器的驱动指令的负载比D(Vb/Vc*)(S100、S102)。用电池的电压Vb、电动势Vbo和电池的充/放电电流Ib算出内阻Rb((Vbo-Vb)/Ib)(S104)。按照内阻Rb和电动势Vbo，把电池输出变成最大时的电流值(Vbo/2Rb)设为最佳电流范围IR的上限值(S106)，通过限制负载比D来驱动/控制DC/DC转换器以使得电流Ib在最佳电流范围IR的范围内(S108、S110、S112)。这样可恰当地转换电池输入电压。

Description

电压转换装置及方法，驱动系统和装有该驱动系统的车辆
技术领域
本发明涉及一电压转换装置的一种控制装置和一种电压转换方法、一记录介质、一程序、一驱动系统和一装有该驱动系统的车辆。本发明特别涉及一种具有一根据来自电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器的、把使用该电抗器输入的该电源的电压通过开关元件的开关转换成所需电压后输出的装置。
背景技术
一种上述类型的现有驱动系统包括例如一用作该驱动系统的电源的电池、一对从该电池的输入电压进行DC/DC转换的DC/DC转换器，一具有一把该DC/DC转换器的输出转换成多相AC电流的逆变器和一在从该逆变器接收多相AC电流时进行转动驱动的电动机的负载，以及一设置在该DC/DC转换器与该负载之间并与该逆变器电路的正负母线(电线)连接的电容器。在该系统中，DC/DC转换器对来自电池的输入电压进行DC/DC转换，然后该经转换的电压被存储在电容器中，从而使用此时作为一DC电源的存储电力的电容器驱动负载。
在该系统中，在对DC/DC转换器进行驱动控制以从电池获得与负载需要的输出或“负载所需输出”相对应的一定量的电力时，存储在电容器中的电压可以保持在稳定的状态而同时驱动系统可实现稳定驱动。一般地电池设计成可以提供与负载所需输出相对应的电力。但是，有时根据电池的状态、例如电池内阻由于电池温度低而增加时电池无法提供与负载所需输出对应的一定数量的电力。如果此时只对DC/DC转换器进行驱动控制以便把与负载所需输出对应的一定数量的电力提供给负载，则由电池内阻造成的电力消耗会增加，造成供应给负载的电力下降。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题在于提供一种电压转换装置、电压转换方法，使用该电压转换装置的驱动系统和装有该驱动系统的车辆，其中，通过所述电压转换装置进行的控制，可根据电源的状态更恰当地转换从一电源输入的电压。
具体地说，通过按照本发明的一个方面的一电压转换装置的控制，一电流范围设定装置根据与由一状态检测装置确定的一电源的状态对应的该电源的输出特性设定该电源的电流范围，并且一控制装置控制一开关元件的开关以使得电源电流保持在由该电流范围设定装置设定的电流范围内。这一设置使得可根据与电源状态对应的电源的输出特性更恰当地获得电源的输出。在这里，“电源的输出特性”指该电源的输出与电流之间的关系。
具体地，按照本发明的一个方面，提供一种有一根据来自电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器的、用于把使用该电抗器时输入的该电源的电压通过开关元件的开关转换成所需电压而输出的电压转换装置，其包括：一检测作为该电源的状态的该电源的电动势和内阻的状态检测电路；以及一由一电流范围设定电路根据与所检测的电源的状态对应的该电源的输出特性设定该电源的电流范围、对该开关元件进行开关控制、以使得该电源的电流保持在所述电流范围内的控制电路，其中该电源可充电和可放电，以及将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
通过按照本发明的另一个方面的一电压转换装置的控制，一比值范围设定装置根据与由该状态检测装置确定的该电源的状态对应的该电源的输出特性设定一上部开关元件保持接通状态的时间与一下部开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值的一范围或一比值范围，并且一控制装置控制各开关元件保持在接通状态下的时间之比值从而将其保持在由该比值范围设定装置设定的比值范围内。这一设置使得可根据基于电源状态的电源的输出特性更恰当地获得电源的输出。在这里，“电源的输出特性”指该电源的输出与各开关元件保持在接通状态下的时间之比值之间的关系。
具体地，提供一种电压转换装置，其中，一上部开关元件和一下部开关元件串联，一根据来自电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器与两开关元件的连接点连接，该电压转换装置把使用该电抗器时输入的电源电压通过开关元件的开关转换成所需电压，该电压转换装置包括：一检测该电源的状态的状态检测电路，所述电源的状态包括该电源电动势和该电压转换装置一输出侧的电压；以及一根据与所检测的电源的状态对应的该电源的输出特性设定一比值范围的控制电路，该比值范围为上部开关元件保持接通状态的时间与下部开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值的范围，该控制电路控制各开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值以将其保持在所设定的比值范围内，其中该电源可充电和可放电，以及将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
通过按照本发明的又一个方面的一电压转换装置的控制，该控制装置控制一开关元件的开关以使得由该电压检测装置检测的电源电压保持在一预定范围内。通过监测电源电压来监测电源状态使得可更恰当地从电源获得输出。
具体地，提供有一根据来自电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器、用于将使用该电抗器时输入的该电源的电压通过开关元件的开关转换成所需电压而输出的电压转换装置，其包括：一检测该电源电压的电压检测电路；以及一对该开关元件进行开关控制、以使得所检测的电压保持在一根据该电源的电动势确定的预定范围内的控制电路，其中所述开关元件包括串联连接的上部开关元件和下部开关元件，并且该上部开关元件和下部开关元件的连接点与所述电抗器相连；该电源可充电和可放电，以及将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
此外，根据本发明的另一方面，还提供一种用于把一电源的电压转换成所需输出电压的电压转换装置，其包括：其一端与该电源的一端连接的一电抗器；一开关电路，其具有位于该电抗器的另一端与一输出端之间的第一开关元件和位于该电抗器的另一端与电源的另一端之间的第二开关元件；以及一控制该开关电路的第一和第二开关元件的开关的控制电路，其中该电源可充电和可放电，以及将该所需输出电压供应给一负载，和该控制电路通过进行控制以使得该第一和第二开关元件任一个保持接通状态的时间与该第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之和的比值等于或小于(Vbo-Rb×Ibmax)/Vc，其中Vbo为该电源的一输出电压，Rb为该电源的内阻，Ibmax为该开关元件的一容许电流容量，以及Vc为所需输出电压，从而根据第一和第二开关元件的容许电流容量限制第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值以使其保持在一预定范围内。
此外，根据本发明的另一方面，还提供一种用于把一电源的电压转换成所需输出电压的电压转换装置，其包括：其一端与该电源的一端连接的一电抗器；一开关电路，其具有位于该电抗器的另一端与一输出端之间的第一开关元件和位于该电抗器的另一端与电源的另一端之间的第二开关元件；一用于控制该开关电路的第一和第二开关元件的开关的控制电路，以及一检测流经该第一或第二开关元件的电流的电流检测器，其中该电源可充电和可放电，将该所需输出电压供应给一负载，以及该控制电路通过进行控制以使得该第一和第二开关元件任一个保持接通状态的时间与该第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之和的比值等于或小于(Vbo-Rb×Ibmax)/Vc，其中Vbo为该电源的一输出电压，Rb为该电源的内阻，Ibmax为该电源的一电流最大值，以及Vc为所需输出电压，从而根据所检测的电流值限制第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值以使其保持在一预定范围内。
此外，根据本发明的另一方面，还提供一种用于把在使用一根据来自一电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器时输入的该电源电压通过开关元件的开关转换成所需电压而输出的电压转换方法，其包括：检测作为该电源的状态的该电源的电动势和内阻；根据与所检测的电源的状态对应的该电源的输出特性设定该电源的电流范围；以及对该开关元件进行开关控制以使得电源电流保持在所设定的电流范围内，其中该电源可充电和可放电，以及将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
此外，根据本发明的另一方面，还提供一种使用一电压转换装置将一电源的电压转换成所需电压的方法，在该电压转换装置中，一上部开关元件和一下部开关元件串联，一根据来自电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器与两开关元件的连接点连接，该电压转换方法是：将使用该电抗器时输入的电源电压，通过开关元件的开关而转换为所需电压的方法，该电压转换方法包括：检测该电源的状态，该电源的状态包括该电源的电动势和该电压转换装置一输出侧的电压；根据与所检测的电源的状态对应的该电源的输出特性设定一比值范围，该比值范围为上部开关元件保持接通状态的时间与下部开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值的范围；以及控制各开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值以将其保持在所设定比值范围内，其中该电源可充电和可放电，以及将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
此外，根据本发明的另一方面，还提供一种用于把使用一根据来自一电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器时输入的该电源的电压通过开关元件的开关转换成所需电压而输出的电压转换方法，其包括：检测该电源电压；以及对该开关元件进行开关控制以使得所检测的电压保持在一根据该电源的电动势确定的预定范围内，其中所述开关元件包括串联连接的上部开关元件和下部开关元件，并且该上部开关元件和下部开关元件的连接点与所述电抗器相连；该电源可充电和可放电，以及将经转换成该所需电压而获得的输出供应给一负载。
此外，根据本发明的另一方面，还提供一种把一电源的电压转换成所需输出电压的电压转换方法，包括其一端与该电源的一端连接的一电抗器和一开关电路，该开关电路具有位于该电抗器的另一端与一输出端之间的第一开关元件和位于该电抗器的另一端与电源的另一端之间的第二开关元件；其中通过进行控制以使得该第一和第二开关元件任一个保持接通状态的时间与该第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之和的比值等于或小于(Vbo-Rb×Ibmax)/Vc，其中Vbo为该电源的一输出电压，Rb为该电源的内阻，Ibmax为该开关元件的一容许电流容量，以及Vc为所需输出电压，从而根据该第一和第二开关元件的容许电流容量限制该第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值以使其保持在一预定范围内，该电源可充电和可放电，以及将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
此外，根据本发明的另一方面，还提供一种把一电源的电压转换成所需输出电压的电压转换方法，包括其一端与该电源的一端连接的一电抗器和一开关电路，该开关电路具有位于该电抗器的另一端与一输出端之间的第一开关元件和位于该电抗器的另一端与该电源的另一端之间的第二开关元件，其中通过进行控制以使得该第一和第二开关元件任一个保持接通状态的时间与该第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之和的比值等于或小于(Vbo-Rb×Ibmax)/Vc，其中Vbo为该电源的一输出电压，Rb为该电源的内阻，Ibmax为该电源电流的一最大值，以及Vc为所需输出电压，从而根据流过第一或第二开关元件的电流大小把第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值限制在一预定范围内，该电源可充电和可放电，以及将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
附图说明
图1为本发明一实施例的驱动系统20的示意性结构方框图；
图2示出该驱动系统20的一个示例；
图3为由该实施例的驱动系统20的一电子控制装置40执行的一示例性DC/DC转换器驱动控制例程的流程图；
图4示出一电池22的内阻Rb与温度之间的关系；
图5示出电池22的输出特性的一个示例；
图6示出电池22内阻Rb值为R0时电池22的输出特性和内阻Rb值为R1(R1＞R0)时电池22的输出特性；
图7示出由该驱动系统20的该电子控制装置40执行的一示例性负载驱动控制例程；
图8示意性地示出本发明第二实施例的驱动系统120的结构；
图9示出由第二实施例的驱动系统120的一电子控制装置140执行的一示例性DC/DC转换器驱动控制例程；
图10示出电池122的输出特性的一示例；
图11示出一最佳负载比(负荷比，duty ratio)DR的设定；
图12为一变型示例中一驱动系统的电子控制装置执行的一示例性DC/DC转换器驱动控制例程的流程图；
图13为该实施例的该驱动系统的一电子控制装置40执行的一示例性DC/DC转换器驱动控制例程的流程图；以及
图14为该实施例的该驱动系统的该电子控制装置40执行的一示例性DC/DC转换器驱动控制例程的流程图。
具体实施方式
下面说明本发明各实施例。
图1示意性地示出本发明一实施例的驱动系统20的结构。该实施例的驱动系统20如图所示包括一电池22、一用作把来自电池22的输入电压进行DC/DC转换而输出的电压转换装置的DC/DC转换器24、一适于存储从DC/DC转换器24输出的电流的电容器26、一适于由电容器26中存储的电流驱动的负载28和一控制该整个装置的电子控制装置40。
电池22可制备成例如镍氢或锂离子二次电池。
DC/DC转换器24包括两串联的晶体管T1、T2；两二极管D1、D2和一电抗器L，其中，两晶体管T1、T2分别与正线和负线连接并位于负载28的正负两侧(source and sink sides)上；两二极管D1、D2分别反向与晶体管T1、T2并联；电抗器L连接到晶体管T1、T2的连接点处。
在DC/DC转换器24中，当晶体管T2导通时，在电池22、电抗器L和晶体管T2之间形成短路，从而对应于从电池22流出的DC电流将能量存储在电抗器L中。然后当晶体管T2切断时存储在电抗器L中的能量经二极管D1存储在电容器26中。此时，电容器26的电压可变得比电池22供给的电压高。在该DC/DC转换器24中，还可使用存储在电容器26中的电荷对电池22充电。在此意义上，DC/DC转换器24构成一可通过晶体管T1、T2的导通/切断对电容器26充电和使用存储在电容器26中的电荷对电池充电的升/降电压斩波电路。应该指出，DC/DC转换器24的电抗器可使用线圈。
如图2所示，负载28的结构例如可包括一逆变器和一装在一电动和/或混合动力型车辆中的发电机或电动机(见图2(a))，也可包括两分别与一电动机和一发电机连接的并联的逆变器(见图2(b))，但是装在电动或混合动力型车辆上的电动机或发电机并不是唯一的示例，可由电池22的电力驱动的任何电气装置都是适用的。
如图1所示，电子控制装置40构造成一具有一主要部件CPU42的微处理器，并包括一存储一处理程序的ROM44、一临时存储数据的RAM46和输入/输出接口(未示出)。电子控制装置40经由一输入接口从装在电池22上的电压传感器30接收电池电压Vb、从装在连接电池22与DC/DC转换器24的电线上的电流传感器32接收电池电流Ib、从装在电容器26上的电压传感器34接收电容器电压Vc，以及接收关于负载28的驱动的指令值。同时，电子控制装置40经一输出接口向DC/DC转换器24的晶体管T1、T2输出一开关控制信号和向负载28输出一驱动控制信号。
下面说明如此结构的该实施例的驱动系统20的工作情况、特别是DC/DC转换器24的驱动控制。
图3为由该实施例的驱动系统20的电子控制装置40执行的一DC/DC转换器驱动控制例程的一个示例的流程图。该例程以预定时间间隔(例如0.2msec)反复进行。
具体地说，DC/DC转换器驱动控制例程开始时，电子控制装置40的CPU42读取与电池22状态有关的信息，包括电容目标电压Vc＊、来自电压传感器30的电池电压Vb、来自电流传感器32的电池电流Ib，和电池电动势Vbo(S100)。在这里，电容目标电压Vc＊根据用作与负载28的驱动有关的指令值的所需输出P确定，换句话说，确定为使用等于所需输出P的一定量的输出来驱动负载28所需的电容器26的电压。电池电动势Vbo为即使电池22的温度或电流变动也基本不变的一电压值，且在该实施例中预先设定为一常量。应该指出，作为电池电动势Vbo的在电池电流Ib为0时的电池电压Vb可用电压传感器测得并存储在RAM46等中。
在读取电池22的状态信息后，根据读取的电容目标电压Vc＊和电池电压Vb用下式(1)算出上部晶体管T1保持接通状态的时间(T1on)与下部晶体管T2保持接通状态的时间(T2on)之比值或负载比D：“T1on/(T1on+T2on)”，在式(1)中，α表示对负载比D所作修正。
D＝Vb/Vc＊+α          ......(1)
然后，根据读取的电池电压Vb、电池电动势Vbo和电池电流Ib算出电池内阻Rb(S104)。
Rb＝(Vbo-Vb)/Ib        ......(2)
尽管在该实施例中用上式(2)得出电池22内阻Rb，但也可根据电池22的温度得出内阻。例如，可用实验预先得出电池22的内阻Rb与温度的相互关系并以图的形式存储在ROM44中，从而可从该图得出给定电池22温度T下相应的内阻Rb。图4示出表示电池22内阻Rb与温度之间关系的图的一示例。
得出内阻Rb后，根据内阻Rb和在步骤S100读取的电池电动势Vbo确定最佳电流范围IR(步骤S106)。在这里，最佳电流范围IR为一与可通过驱动DC/DC转换器24从电池22获得的输出相对应的电池电流Ib的范围。具体地说，最佳电流范围IR的上限由一与可从电池22获得的最大输出BPmax对应的电流确定。下面说明最佳电流范围IR。
可从电池22获得的输出BP用电池电压Vb和电池电流Ib表示为式(3)。
BP＝Vb×Ib        ......(3)
电池电压Vb用电池22的内阻Rb和电动势Vbo表示为式(4)。
Vb＝Vbo-Ib×Rb    ......(4)
把式(4)代入式(3)得出式(5)。
BP＝(Vbo-Ib×Rb)×Ib＝-Rb(Ib-Vbo/2Rb)2+Vbo2/4Rb  (5)
如图5所示，式(5)示出有关电池输出BP与电池电流Ib之间的关系的电池22的输出特性。如图5所示，为从电池22获得最大输出Vbo2/4Rb，可对DC/DC转换器24进行驱动控制，使得电池电流Ib变成等于值Vb/2Rb。此时，如果对DC/DC转换器24进行驱动控制使得电池电流Ib超过值Vb/2Rb，则由电池22内阻Rb造成的电力消耗增加，导致由电池22获得的输出BP下降。
图6示出电池22内阻Rb等于值R0和R1(R1＞R0)时的电池22的输出特性。如图6所示，内阻Rb等于R0时可使用从电池22获得的输出BP提供与负载所需输出P对应的输出量。另一方面，内阻Rb等于R1时从电池22获得的输出BP无法提供负载所需输出量。当使用电池22的输出BP无法提供这一电力(输出)量时，如果对DC/DC转换器24进行驱动控制以便把电池电流Ib增加到值Vb/2Rb以上(即提高升压率)，则只能从电池22获得数量减小的输出BP。随着从电池22获得的输出BP的下降，使用存储在电容器26中的电力补偿缺少的输出电压，因此电容器26的电压大大下降。
因此，在这种情况下，当对DC/DC转换器24进行驱动控制使得电池电流Ib保持在其上限为值Vb/2Rb的一电流范围内时，即使使用电池22的输出BP不能提供与负载28所需输出P对应的电力(输出)量，也可在尽量减小电容器26的电压降的同时从电池22可靠地获得最大输出BPmax。
在这里，应该指出，最佳电流范围IR的上限不必限定为与电池22最大输出BPmax对应的电流值Vb/2Rb。可选择地，只要在容许范围内，最佳电流范围IR的上限值也可限定为稍小于或稍大于电流值Vb/2Rb。
在如上所述设定最佳电流范围IR后，确定电池电流Ib是否在最佳电流范围IR内(步骤S108)。当确定电池电流Ib保持在最佳电流范围IR内时，得出无需限制在步骤S102算出的负载比D的结论。因此，使用该负载比D对DC/DC转换器24进行驱动控制(步骤S110)，并在当前例程完成前关闭限制标记F(步骤S112)。
同时，当确定电池电流Ib不在最佳电流范围IR内时，限制在步骤S102算出的负载比D使得电池电流Ib保持在最佳电流范围IR内。然后使用被如此限制的负载比D对DC/DC转换器24进行驱动控制(步骤S114)，并在当前例程完成前打开限制标记F(步骤S116)。应该指出，限制标记F表示当前负载比D是否受限制并如下所述使用在对负载28的驱动控制中。
下面说明对负载28的驱动控制。
图7为由该实施例驱动系统20的电子控制装置40执行的一负载驱动控制例程的一示例的流程图。该例程以预定时间间隔(例如每0.2msec)反复进行。
负载驱动控制例程开始时，电子控制装置40的CPU42读取要用作关于负载28的驱动的指令值的负载所需输出P(步骤S150)。然后确定由在步骤S112和S116的操作设定的限制标记F是否保持打开(ON)状态(步骤S152)。如果确定限制标记F保持关闭(OFF)状态，换句话说如果DC/DC转换器24的负载比D在图3例程的步骤S110中不受限制，则对负载28进行驱动控制，从而在当前例程完成前使用与负载所需输出P对应的输出来驱动负载(步骤S154)。
同时，如果确定限制标记F保持打开状态，换句话说如果DC/DC转换器24的负载比D在图3例程的步骤S114中受限制，则限制负载所需输出(或使用受限制的输出LP)而对负载28进行驱动控制。考虑到在DC/DC转换器24的负载比D受限制时不能从电池22获得与负载所需输出P相应的输出BP，因而使用这一限制来减小负载28的输出。该处理可通过使电池22的输出与负载28的输出互相接近而把电容器26的电压Vc保持在稳定状态(接近目标电压Vc＊的状态)下。
应该指出，例如可通过从负载所需输出P中减去一偏差能量对负载所需输出P进行限制(受限制的输出LP)，该偏差能量为当前例程和上一次例程中与由电压传感器34确定的电容电压Vc对应的电容器26的能量之差(偏差)。即，可用下式(6)得到对负载所需输出P的限制，其中C表示为电容器26的电容。
LP＝P-C×(当前Vc2-上一次Vc2)/2    (6)
也可使用把预先减去一预定值得出的一受限制输出LB作为负载所需输出P而对负载所需输出P进行限制，或使用在上一次例程中读取的负载所需输出P作为受限制输出LP而对负载所需输出P进行限制。
在步骤S156驱动负载28后，读取电容器目标电压Vc＊和使用电压传感器34检测的电容器电压Vc(步骤S158)，然后确定电容器目标电压Vc＊与电容器电压Vc之偏差是否超过一阈值ΔVref(步骤S160)。如果确定该偏差超过阈值ΔVref，则在当前例程完成前结束该驱动系统20的操作(步骤S162)。
具体地说，一偏差超过阈值Δvref时表明即使负载28的输出受限制电压Vc也大大偏离电容器26的目标电压Vc＊，这被认为是驱动系统20的工作不正常，因此结束驱动系统20的操作。通过停止DC/DC转换器24的晶体管T1、T2的转换操作或停止对负载28的驱动即可停止驱动系统20的操作。
同时，如果确定电容目标电压Vc＊与电容电压Vc之偏差小于或等于阈值ΔVref，则认为驱动系统20的工作正常，并完成当前例程。
在如上所述该实施例的驱动系统20中，调节负载比D使得电池电流Ib保持在其上限由一与电池22的最大输出BPmax对应的电流值限定的最佳电流范围IR内并使用如此调节的负载比D对DC/DC转换器24进行驱动控制。这一做法确保可以从电池22输出最大电力BPmax，从而即使无法从电池22获得与负载28所需输出P对应的电力，也可在稳定状态下驱动负载28的同时抑制电容器26的电压降。
此外，由于在负载比D受到限制时负载28的输出受到限制，因此使用目标电压Vc＊可把电容器26的电压Vc保持在更稳定状态下。从而可使用任何具有较小电容的电容器26。此外，由于不管负载28的输出所受限制如何，如果电容器26的电压Vc不稳定就停止该系统的运行，因此系统安全性得到保证。
下面说明根据本发明第二实施例的驱动系统120。
图8示意性地示出本发明第二实施例的驱动系统120的结构。该第二实施例的驱动系统120的硬件结构与第一实施例的驱动系统20的硬件结构相同，只是驱动系统120没有驱动系统20中的电流传感器32。因此，第二实施例的驱动系统120中与第一实施例的驱动系统20相同的结构部件用加100的类似标号表示，不再说明。
图9为由第二实施例的驱动系统120的电子控制装置140执行的一DC/DC转换器驱动控制例程的一示例的流程图。即，第二实施例的驱动系统120执行图9的例程而不是图3的例程。该图9的例程以预定时间间隔(例如0.2msec)反复执行。
具体地说，在DC/DC转换器驱动控制例程开始时，电子控制装置140的CPU142读取电容器目标电压Vc＊、电容器电压Vc、电池电压Vb和电池电动势Vbo(步骤S200)。然后，CPU142使用上述式(1)根据读取的电容器目标电压Vc＊和电池电压Vb算出负载比D(步骤S202)然后根据读取的电容器电压Vc和电池电动势Vbo确定最佳负载范围(duty range)DR(步骤S204)。在这里，最佳负载范围DR为与通过驱动DC/DC转换器可从电池22获得的输出对应的负载比D的范围。具体地说，最佳负载范围DR的下限由与可从电池122获得的最大输出BPmax对应的负载比D所限定。
下面详细说明最佳负载范围DR。
当从负载128侧看驱动系统120时的输出BP根据负载比D、电容器电压Vc、和电池电流Ib使用下式(7)表达。
BP＝Vc×Ib×D    ......(7)
电池电流Ib用下式(8)表达。
Ib＝(Vbo-D×Vc)/Rb    ......(8)
把式(8)代入式(7)得出式(9)。
BP＝-Vc2/Rb(D-Vbo/2Vc)2+Vbo2/4Rb    ......(9)
式(9)示出如图10所示有关输出BP与负载比D之间的关系的电池122的输出特性。如图10所示，为从电池122获得最大输出Vbo2/4Rb，可对DC/DC转换器124进行驱动控制以使得负载比D变成等于值Vbo/2Vc。因此，如果对DC/DC转换器124进行驱动控制使得负载比D小于值Vbo/2Vc(即提高升压率)，则由电池22获得的输出BP将下降。
因此，当对DC/DC转换器124进行驱动控制使得负载比D保持在其下限为值Vbo/2Vc的范围内时，可在稳定状态下驱动负载128的同时确保从电池122获得最大输出BPmax。
在这里，应该指出，最佳负载范围DR的下限不必由与电池122的最大输出BPmax对应的负载比Vbo/2Vc所限定。也可把一稍小于电池122的最大输出的输出值设为输出上限同时还设定一再生上限，从而把一由与该输出上限对应的较低负载比Dlow和与该再生上限对应的较高负载比Dhi界定的范围用作最佳负载范围DR。可选择地，只要在容许范围内，也可将稍大于或稍小于负载比Vbo/2Vc的值用作上限值。
在如上所述设定最佳负载范围DR后，确定在步骤S202算出的负载比D是否在最佳负载范围DR内(步骤S206)。当确定负载比D保持在最佳负载范围DR内时，使用该负载比D对DC/DC转换器124进行驱动控制(步骤S208)，然后在当前例程完成前关闭限制标记F(步骤S210)。
同时，当确定在步骤S202算出的负载比D不在最佳负载范围DR内时，限制该负载比D使其保持在最佳负载范围DR内，然后使用如此限制的负载比D对DC/DC转换器124进行驱动控制(步骤S212)。此外，在当前例程完成前打开限制标记F(步骤S214)。
如上所述，由于对DC/DC转换器124进行驱动控制使得负载比D保持在最佳负载范围DR内，因此第二实施例的驱动系统120可确保从电池122获得最大输出BPmax，从而产生与第一实施例的驱动系统20相同的优点。特别是，由于不把无法容易地精确算出的驱动系统122的内阻用作DC/DC转换器124的控制参数，因此可提高对DC/DC转换器124的控制性。但是，通过图7的负载驱动例程，对负载128的驱动可获得与第一实施例的驱动系统20相同的优点。
下面说明本发明第三实施例的驱动系统。第三实施例的驱动系统的硬件结构与第二实施例的驱动系统120的硬件结构相同。因此，该变型/第三实施例的驱动系统中与第二实施例的驱动系统120相同的结构部件不再说明。
该第三(实施例的)驱动系统执行图12、而不是图3或图9所示的DC/DC转换器驱动控制例程。具体地说，该例程开始时，电子控制装置的CPU读取电容器目标电压Vc＊、电池电压Vb和电池电动势Vbo(步骤S300)。然后，CPU使用上述式(1)根据读取的电容器目标电压Vc＊和电池电压Vb算出负载比D(步骤S302)，然后确定在步骤S300读取的电池电压Vb是否大于或等于一值Vbo/2(步骤S304)。如果确定电池电压Vb大于或等于值Vbo/2，则使用在步骤S302算出的负载比D对DC/DC转换器进行驱动控制(步骤S306)，然后在当前例程完成前关闭限制标记F(步骤S308)。
同时，如果确定电池电压Vb小于值Vbo/2，则限制负载比D使得电池电压Vb变成大于或等于值Vbo/2(即提高升压率)。然后，使用如此限制的负载比D驱动DC/DC转换器124(S310)，然后在当前例程完成前打开限制标记F(步骤S314)。
下面说明在S304确定电池电压Vb是否大于或等于值Vbo/2的意义。
可使用下式(10)根据电池电动势Vbo、电池电流Ib和内阻Rb算出电池电压Vb。
Vb＝Vbo-Ib×Rb    ......(10)
同时，由于如以上参照第一实施例的驱动系统20所述从一电池获得最大输出BPmax时的电池电流Ib等于值Vbo/2Rb，因此此时电池电压Vb可表示为下式(11)。
Vb＝Vbo/2    ......(11)
从第一实施例的驱动系统10中对DC/DC转换器24进行驱动控制使得电池电流Ib变得小于或等于值Vbo/2Rb可知，在第三实施例的驱动系统中必须对DC/DC转换器进行驱动控制使得电池电压Vb等于或大于Vbo/2，换句话说，由电池内阻造成的电压降等于或小于值Vbo/2。这就是确定电池电压Vb是否大于或等于值Vbo/2的意义。因此，第三实施例的驱动系统也能产生与第一和第二实施例的驱动系统20和120相同的优点。通过图7的负载驱动例程，对负载128的驱动也能获得与第一实施例的驱动系统20所能获得的(优点)相同的优点。
应该指出，尽管在电池电压Vb小于值Vbo/2时使用受限制的负载比D对DC/DC转换器进行驱动控制，但在电池电压Vb小于一稍大于值Vbo/2的值时也可使用受限制的负载比D对DC/DC转换器进行驱动控制。只要在容许范围内，在电池电压Vb小于一稍小于值Vbo/2的值时也可使用受限制的负载比D对DC/DC转换器进行驱动控制。
下面说明本发明第四实施例。该第四实施例的硬件结构与图1的第一实施例的硬件结构相同。
在第四实施例中，与上述实施例类似，确定电池22的电池电压Vb、电池电流Ib和电池电动势Vbo，并使用上式(2)得出电池22内阻Rb。此外，根据可供应给用作DC/DC转换器24的开关元件的晶体管T1、T2的电流容量或可供应给电池22的电流容量中至少之一确定最大容许电流Ibmax，并例如存储在电子控制装置40中的ROM44等中。即，通过选择可供应给晶体管T1、T2的电流容量或可供应给电池22的电流容量中的一个电流容量或较大电流容量而确定最大容许电流Ibmax。应该指出，可使用任何非易失性存储器作为ROM44，优选使用可擦写EEPROM或闪存。
根据最大容许电流Ibmax、电池22的内阻Rb、电池22的电动势Vbo和电容器26的电压Vdc确定开关晶体管T1、T2开关时的负载比D的上限和下限，并限制DC/DC转换器24的开关使得负载比D保持在该范围内。
即，如上式(8)所示，电池22的电流Ib表示为Ib＝(Vbo-D×Vc)/Rb，负载比D表示为D＝(Vbo-Rb×Ib)/Vc。然后控制负载比D使其保持在范围(Vbo-Rb×Ibmax)/Vc≤D≤(Vbo-Rb×(-Ibmax)/Vc内，其中，Ibmax对应于电池22放电的方向取正号，对应于充电的方向取负号。
下面参照图13说明第四实施例的工作情况。
在开始时接收关于电容器26的目标电压Vc＊的指令和最大容许电流Ibmax(S400)。应该指出，还接收电池电压Vb、电池电流Ib、电池电动势Vbo和内阻Rb。
根据收到的目标电压Vc＊计算负载比指令D(S402)。与以上类似，该计算依据式D＝(Vbo-Vb)/Ib进行。
然后，计算负载比D的下限Dmin＝(Vbo-Rb×Ibmax)/Vc和上限Dmax＝(Vbo-Rb×(-Ibmax))/Vc(S404)。
然后确定在S402算出的负载比D是否在由该下限Dmin和上限Dmax限定的范围内(S406)。当在S406确定为是时，使用算出的负载比D驱动DC/DC转换器24(S408)。同时，当在S406确定为否时，在负载比D小于值Dmin时使用负载比Dmin或在负载比D大于值Dmax时使用负载比Dmax驱动DC/DC转换器24，使得负载比D保持在范围Dmin≤D≤Dmax中(S410)。
如上所述，通过控制晶体管T1、T2的负载比D使其保持在一预定范围内，可以限制电流Ib以不超过用作DC/DC转换器24的开关元件的晶体管T1、T2的最大容许电流或电池22的最大容许电流。
下面说明本发明第五实施例。在第四实施例中确定负载比D是否在预定范围中并控制负载比使得电池电流Ib保持在预定范围内；而在第五实施例中，确定电池电流Ib是否在一预定范围内，如果不是，则调节负载比使得电池电流Ib保持在该预定范围内。
在开始时接收有关电容器26的目标电压Vc＊的指令和最大容许电流Imax(S500)。此外还接收电池电压Vb、电池电流Ib、电池电动势Vbo和内阻Rb。根据收到的目标电压Vc＊计算负载比指令D(S502)。与以上类似该算式为D＝(Vbo-Vb)/Ib。S500和S502的处理过程与S400、S402中相同。
然后，接收电池电流Ib(S504)并确定该收到的电池电流Ib是否大于或等于0(S506)。
在S506确定为是表明电流Ib处于放电方向。然后，确定电流Ib是否超过最大容许电流Ibmax(S508)。此时，如果在S508确定为是，则表明电流Ib保持在一预定范围之外，并设定变量X＝α(S510)。同时，在S508确定为否表明电流Ib保持在一预定范围中，并设定变量X＝0(S512)。
在S506确定为否表明电流Ib处于充电方向，然后，确定电流Ib是否小于最大容许电流-Ibmax(S514)。在S514确定为是表明电流Ib保持在一预定范围之外，并设定变量X＝-α(S516)。同时，在S514确定为否表明电流Ib保持在一预定范围中，并设定变量X＝0(S518)。
然后，把变量X加到在S502算出的负载比D上，从而限制负载比，然后根据该受限制的负载比D对DC/DC转换器24进行驱动控制(S520)。即，当电流Ib在放电方向上并超过Ibmax时，把α加到算出的负载比D上，从而增加上部晶体管T1保持在接通(ON)状态下的时间而减小电流Ib。另一方面，当电流Ib在充电方向上并小于Ibmax时，把-α加到算出的负载比D上，从而增加下部晶体管T2保持在接通状态下的时间而减小充电电流Ib。
在第五实施例中，与第四实施例类似，通过控制晶体管T1、T2的负载比D可限制电流Ib以不超过用作DC/DC转换器24的开关元件的晶体管T1、T2的最大容许电流或电池22的最大容许电流。
应该指出，第四和第五实施例的驱动系统可与上述第一、第二和第三实施例的驱动系统的任何组合组合使用。
还应该指出，尽管在第一到第五实施例的驱动系统20、120中电子控制装置40、140对DC/DC转换器24、124和负载28、128都进行驱动控制，但也可使用通过通信交换信息的独立的电子控制装置对DC/DC转换器24、124和负载28、128进行驱动控制。
还应该指出，尽管在第一到第五实施例的驱动系统20、120中在DC/DC转换器24、124和负载28、128之间设置电容器26、126，但也可设计成不设置电容器26、126。
按照一个方面，优选提供一使计算机用作一控制系统的程序来对一DC/DC转换器和/或一负载进行驱动控制。按照另一方面，优选提供一存储该程序的计算机可读记录介质。该介质可包括多种记录介质中的任一种如CD-ROM、DVD-ROM、软盘或类似介质。把这样一个程序装入一计算机中后运行该计算机同样可获得本发明的优点。
以上举例说明了本发明的实施例。但是本发明不限于这些例子。并可在不偏离本发明的范围内以各种方式实施。

Claims (20)

1. 一种有一根据来自电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器的、用于把使用该电抗器时输入的该电源的电压通过开关元件的开关转换成所需电压而输出的电压转换装置，包括：
一检测作为该电源的状态的该电源的电动势和内阻的状态检测电路；以及
一由一电流范围设定电路根据与所检测的电源的状态对应的该电源的输出特性设定该电源的电流范围、对该开关元件进行开关控制、以使得该电源的电流保持在所述电流范围内的控制电路，
其中
该电源可充电和可放电，以及
将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
2. 按权利要求1所述的电压转换装置，其特征在于，该电流范围的上限为一与该电源的输出特性中的最大功率输出对应的电流。
3. 按权利要求1所述的电压转换装置，其特征在于，该电源的输出特性为以包括一个为该电源的电流的变量的二次函数的形式表达的特性。
4. 一种电压转换装置，其中，一上部开关元件和一下部开关元件串联，一根据来自电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器与两开关元件的连接点连接，该电压转换装置把使用该电抗器时输入的电源电压通过开关元件的开关转换成所需电压，该电压转换装置包括：
一检测该电源的状态的状态检测电路，所述电源的状态包括该电源电动势和该电压转换装置一输出侧的电压；以及
一根据与所检测的电源的状态对应的该电源的输出特性设定一比值范围的控制电路，该比值范围为上部开关元件保持接通状态的时间与下部开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值的范围，该控制电路控制各开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值以将其保持在所设定的比值范围内，
其中
该电源可充电和可放电，以及
将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
5. 按权利要求4所述的电压转换装置，其特征在于，该比值范围的下限为一与该电源的输出特性中的最大功率输出对应的比值。
6. 按权利要求4所述的电压转换装置，其特征在于，该电源的输出特性为以二次函数的形式表达的特性，该二次函数包括一个为各开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值的变量。
7. 一种有一根据来自电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器、用于将使用该电抗器时输入的该电源的电压通过开关元件的开关转换成所需电压而输出的电压转换装置，包括：
一检测该电源电压的电压检测电路；以及
一对该开关元件进行开关控制、以使得所检测的电压保持在一根据该电源的电动势确定的预定范围内的控制电路，
其中
所述开关元件包括串联连接的上部开关元件和下部开关元件，并且该上部开关元件和下部开关元件的连接点与所述电抗器相连；
该电源可充电和可放电，以及
将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
8. 按权利要求7所述的电压转换装置，其特征在于，该预定范围的下限为该电源电动势的一半。
9. 一种用于把一电源的电压转换成所需输出电压的电压转换装置，包括：
其一端与该电源的一端连接的一电抗器；
一开关电路，其具有位于该电抗器的另一端与一输出端之间的第一开关元件和位于该电抗器的另一端与电源的另一端之间的第二开关元件；以及
一控制该开关电路的第一和第二开关元件的开关的控制电路，
其中
该电源可充电和可放电，以及
将该所需输出电压供应给一负载，和
该控制电路通过进行控制以使得该第一和第二开关元件任一个保持接通状态的时间与该第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之和的比值等于或小于(Vbo-Rb×Ibmax)/Vc，其中Vbo为该电源的一输出电压，Rb为该电源的内阻，Ibmax为该开关元件的一容许电流容量，以及Vc为所需输出电压，从而根据第一和第二开关元件的容许电流容量限制第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值以使其保持在一预定范围内。
10. 一种用于把一电源的电压转换成所需输出电压的电压转换装置，包括：
其一端与该电源的一端连接的一电抗器；
一开关电路，其具有位于该电抗器的另一端与一输出端之间的第一开关元件和位于该电抗器的另一端与电源的另一端之间的第二开关元件；
一用于控制该开关电路的第一和第二开关元件的开关的控制电路，以及
一检测流经该第一或第二开关元件的电流的电流检测器，
其中
该电源可充电和可放电，
将该所需输出电压供应给一负载，以及
该控制电路通过进行控制以使得该第一和第二开关元件任一个保持接通状态的时间与该第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之和的比值等于或小于(Vbo-Rb×Ibmax)/Vc，其中Vbo为该电源的一输出电压，Rb为该电源的内阻，Ibmax为该电源的一电流最大值，以及Vc为所需输出电压，从而根据所检测的电流值限制第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值以使其保持在一预定范围内。
11. 一种使用从一用于把一电源的电压转换成所需输出电压的电压转换装置输出的电力驱动一负载的驱动系统，
其中，
按权利要求1-8中任一项所述的电压转换装置用作该电压转换装置，以及
该驱动系统包括一在接收从该电压转换装置输出的电压时控制该负载的输出的负载驱动控制电路，
该电源可充电和可放电，以及
将该所需输出电压供应给一负载。
12. 按权利要求11所述的驱动系统，其特征在于还包括：
一位于该电压转换装置与该负载之间、用于临时存储该电压转换装置的输出的存储电路，
其中
该负载驱动控制电路有一按照该存储电路所存储的电压限制该负载的输出的电路。
13. 按权利要求12所述的驱动系统，其特征在于，该负载驱动控制电路在该存储电路的存储电压与一目标电压之偏差等于或大于一预定值时不管该负载驱动控制电路的控制如何都停止对负载的驱动。
14. 按权利要求11所述的驱动系统，其特征在于，该负载有一在接收电力时转动驱动的电动机和一把该电压转换装置输出的电力调节成适合于驱动该电动机的电力并供应给该电动机的电力调节电路。
15. 一种装有按权利要求14所述的驱动系统的车辆，其特征在于，该电动机为一用于该车辆的电动机。
16. 一种用于把在使用一根据来自一电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器时输入的该电源电压通过开关元件的开关转换成所需电压而输出的电压转换方法，包括：
检测作为该电源的状态的该电源的电动势和内阻；
根据与所检测的电源的状态对应的该电源的输出特性设定该电源的电流范围；以及
对该开关元件进行开关控制以使得电源电流保持在所设定的电流范围内，
其中
该电源可充电和可放电，以及
将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
17. 一种使用一电压转换装置将一电源的电压转换成所需电压的方法，在该电压转换装置中，一上部开关元件和一下部开关元件串联，一根据来自电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器与两开关元件的连接点连接，该电压转换方法是：将使用该电抗器时输入的电源电压，通过开关元件的开关而转换为所需电压的方法，该电压转换方法包括：
检测该电源的状态，该电源的状态包括该电源的电动势和该电压转换装置一输出侧的电压；
根据与所检测的电源的状态对应的该电源的输出特性设定一比值范围，该比值范围为上部开关元件保持接通状态的时间与下部开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值的范围；以及
控制各开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值以将其保持在所设定比值范围内，
其中
该电源可充电和可放电，以及
将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
18. 一种用于把使用一根据来自一电源的电流临时存储能量的电抗器时输入的该电源的电压通过开关元件的开关转换成所需电压而输出的电压转换方法，包括：
检测该电源电压；以及
对该开关元件进行开关控制以使得所检测的电压保持在一根据该电源的电动势确定的预定范围内，
其中
所述开关元件包括串联连接的上部开关元件和下部开关元件，并且该上部开关元件和下部开关元件的连接点与所述电抗器相连；
该电源可充电和可放电，以及
将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
19. 一种把一电源的电压转换成所需输出电压的电压转换方法，包括其一端与该电源的一端连接的一电抗器和一开关电路，该开关电路具有位于该电抗器的另一端与一输出端之间的第一开关元件和位于该电抗器的另一端与电源的另一端之间的第二开关元件；
其中
通过进行控制以使得该第一和第二开关元件任一个保持接通状态的时间与该第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之和的比值等于或小于(Vbo-Rb×Ibmax)/Vc，其中Vbo为该电源的一输出电压，Rb为该电源的内阻，Ibmax为该开关元件的一容许电流容量，以及Vc为所需输出电压，从而根据该第一和第二开关元件的容许电流容量限制该第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值以使其保持在一预定范围内，
该电源可充电和可放电，以及
将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
20. 一种把一电源的电压转换成所需输出电压的电压转换方法，包括其一端与该电源的一端连接的一电抗器和一开关电路，该开关电路具有位于该电抗器的另一端与一输出端之间的第一开关元件和位于该电抗器的另一端与该电源的另一端之间的第二开关元件，
其中
通过进行控制以使得该第一和第二开关元件任一个保持接通状态的时间与该第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之和的比值等于或小于(Vbo-Rb×Ibmax)/Vc，其中Vbo为该电源的一输出电压，Rb为该电源的内阻，Ibmax为该电源电流的一最大值，以及Vc为所需输出电压，从而根据流过第一或第二开关元件的电流大小把第一和第二开关元件保持接通状态的时间之比值限制在一预定范围内，
该电源可充电和可放电，以及
将经转换而成的该所需电压供应给一负载。
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