CA2288647C - Process for the removal of heavy metals - Google Patents
Process for the removal of heavy metals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2288647C CA2288647C CA002288647A CA2288647A CA2288647C CA 2288647 C CA2288647 C CA 2288647C CA 002288647 A CA002288647 A CA 002288647A CA 2288647 A CA2288647 A CA 2288647A CA 2288647 C CA2288647 C CA 2288647C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- process according
- heavy metals
- aqueous solution
- palladium
- compound
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- PWKSKIMOESPYIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-N-acetyl-Cysteine Chemical compound CC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=O PWKSKIMOESPYIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229960004308 acetylcysteine Drugs 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001944 cysteine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 3
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003236 benzoyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims 1
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cysteine Natural products SCC(N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 235000018417 cysteine Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 17
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 11
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- -1 benzovl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- QJPJQTDYNZXKQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-bromoanisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(Br)C=C1 QJPJQTDYNZXKQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- FCLBWSIAKJLFMP-VIFPVBQESA-N (2s)-2-formamido-3-(4-iodophenyl)propanoic acid Chemical compound O=CN[C@H](C(=O)O)CC1=CC=C(I)C=C1 FCLBWSIAKJLFMP-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAAZPARNPHGIKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dibromoethane Chemical compound BrCCBr PAAZPARNPHGIKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MGHBDQZXPCTTIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromo-2,4-difluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=C(Br)C(F)=C1 MGHBDQZXPCTTIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LJWSDBHOEIBWJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzamido-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(CS)NC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LJWSDBHOEIBWJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RXNZFHIEDZEUQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromo-1,3-thiazole Chemical compound BrC1=NC=CS1 RXNZFHIEDZEUQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTNCFLDRKBDHSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[[4-[2-(2-tert-butyl-1,3-dihydrotetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-5,6-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one Chemical compound C12=NC(C)=NC(C)=C2CCC(=O)N1CC(C=C1)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NN(C(C)(C)C)NN1 BTNCFLDRKBDHSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical class OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- RDHPKYGYEGBMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoethane Chemical compound CCBr RDHPKYGYEGBMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- HUPFGZXOMWLGNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diflunisal Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(C(=O)O)=CC(C=2C(=CC(F)=CC=2)F)=C1 HUPFGZXOMWLGNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000616 diflunisal Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001760 dimethyl sulfoxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007529 inorganic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HQDXNTRZJRNPLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-[5-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl]-n-methylbutan-2-amine Chemical compound C=1C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=1CCN(C)C(C)CCC1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C#CC1=CC=CC=C1 HQDXNTRZJRNPLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical compound C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002993 phenylalanine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000011182 sodium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ADXGNEYLLLSOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tasosartan Chemical compound C12=NC(C)=NC(C)=C2CCC(=O)N1CC(C=C1)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C=1N=NNN=1 ADXGNEYLLLSOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B63/00—Purification; Separation; Stabilisation; Use of additives
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Removal Of Specific Substances (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT97MI001108A IT1291356B1 (it) | 1997-05-13 | 1997-05-13 | Processo per la rimozione di metalli pesanti |
| ITMI97A001108 | 1997-05-13 | ||
| PCT/EP1998/002628 WO1998051646A1 (en) | 1997-05-13 | 1998-05-04 | Process for the removal of heavy metals |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2288647A1 CA2288647A1 (en) | 1998-11-19 |
| CA2288647C true CA2288647C (en) | 2006-07-18 |
Family
ID=11377119
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002288647A Expired - Fee Related CA2288647C (en) | 1997-05-13 | 1998-05-04 | Process for the removal of heavy metals |
Country Status (25)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6239301B1 (en, 2012) |
| EP (1) | EP0981507B1 (en, 2012) |
| JP (1) | JP2001524977A (en, 2012) |
| CN (1) | CN1092624C (en, 2012) |
| AT (1) | ATE273944T1 (en, 2012) |
| AU (1) | AU739778B2 (en, 2012) |
| BG (1) | BG64772B1 (en, 2012) |
| BR (1) | BR9808795A (en, 2012) |
| CA (1) | CA2288647C (en, 2012) |
| CZ (1) | CZ294236B6 (en, 2012) |
| DE (1) | DE69825745T2 (en, 2012) |
| EA (1) | EA002285B1 (en, 2012) |
| ES (1) | ES2227832T3 (en, 2012) |
| HU (1) | HU222599B1 (en, 2012) |
| IL (1) | IL132561A (en, 2012) |
| IN (1) | IN183465B (en, 2012) |
| IT (1) | IT1291356B1 (en, 2012) |
| NO (1) | NO312509B1 (en, 2012) |
| NZ (1) | NZ500565A (en, 2012) |
| PL (1) | PL188425B1 (en, 2012) |
| PT (1) | PT981507E (en, 2012) |
| RO (1) | RO119714B1 (en, 2012) |
| SK (1) | SK282370B6 (en, 2012) |
| WO (1) | WO1998051646A1 (en, 2012) |
| ZA (1) | ZA984039B (en, 2012) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6746966B1 (en) * | 2003-01-28 | 2004-06-08 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company | Method to solve alignment mark blinded issues and a technology for application of semiconductor etching at a tiny area |
| US20040157316A1 (en) * | 2003-02-07 | 2004-08-12 | Farone William A. | Sulfhydral containing compounds and methods of using same |
| WO2006048746A2 (en) * | 2004-11-02 | 2006-05-11 | Pfizer Inc. | Methods for the removal of heavy metals |
| CA3041360A1 (en) * | 2016-10-20 | 2018-04-26 | Newsouth Innovations Pty Limited | Method for removing heavy metals from an aqueous solution |
| EA202190643A1 (ru) * | 2018-09-11 | 2021-07-09 | Астразенека Аб | УЛУЧШЕННЫЙ СПОСОБ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА 3-[(1S)-1-ИМИДАЗО[1,2-a]ПИРИДИН-6-ИЛЭТИЛ]-5-(1-МЕТИЛПИРАЗОЛ-4-ИЛ)ТРИАЗОЛО[4,5-b]ПИРАЗИНА И ЕГО ПОЛИМОРФНЫХ ФОРМ |
| CN113960023B (zh) * | 2021-09-27 | 2023-11-14 | 西南大学 | 一种利用凝胶实现水样中重金属离子浓度快速检测的方法 |
| CN114524508A (zh) * | 2022-03-15 | 2022-05-24 | 江西理工大学 | 一种促进生物滤池中微生物挂膜的强化剂及方法 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2953554A (en) * | 1956-08-07 | 1960-09-20 | Goodrich Gulf Chem Inc | Method of removing heavy metal catalyst from olefinic polymers by treatment with an aqueous solution of a complexing agent |
| JPH029890A (ja) | 1988-03-31 | 1990-01-12 | Yoshitomi Pharmaceut Ind Ltd | 有機錫化合物の除去法 |
| IL100353A (en) * | 1991-01-08 | 1997-06-10 | Zambon Spa | Preparation of 5-(2, 4-difluorophenyl)-salicylic acid and novel 2,4-difluorophenyl-boronic acid derivatives being intermediates therefor |
| US5427247A (en) | 1993-05-25 | 1995-06-27 | Lockheed Idaho Technologies Company | Method for mobilization of hazardous metal ions in soils |
| HUP9900871A3 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2000-07-28 | Wyeth Corp | Process for preparation of biphenyl derivatives |
| US5760220A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1998-06-02 | American Home Products Corporation | Process for preparation of biphenyl derivatives |
-
1997
- 1997-05-13 IT IT97MI001108A patent/IT1291356B1/it active IP Right Grant
-
1998
- 1998-05-04 EA EA199900892A patent/EA002285B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-04 AU AU75302/98A patent/AU739778B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-05-04 BR BR9808795-9A patent/BR9808795A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-05-04 WO PCT/EP1998/002628 patent/WO1998051646A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-05-04 ES ES98922798T patent/ES2227832T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-04 PL PL98336475A patent/PL188425B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-04 US US09/423,315 patent/US6239301B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-04 EP EP98922798A patent/EP0981507B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1998-05-04 AT AT98922798T patent/ATE273944T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-04 PT PT98922798T patent/PT981507E/pt unknown
- 1998-05-04 NZ NZ500565A patent/NZ500565A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-04 JP JP54875398A patent/JP2001524977A/ja active Pending
- 1998-05-04 IL IL13256198A patent/IL132561A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-04 CA CA002288647A patent/CA2288647C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-04 HU HU0002119A patent/HU222599B1/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-04 SK SK1539-99A patent/SK282370B6/sk not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-04 CN CN98805030A patent/CN1092624C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-04 DE DE69825745T patent/DE69825745T2/de not_active Revoked
- 1998-05-04 CZ CZ19994013A patent/CZ294236B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-05-04 RO RO99-01211A patent/RO119714B1/ro unknown
- 1998-05-13 ZA ZA984039A patent/ZA984039B/xx unknown
- 1998-05-13 IN IN858CA1998 patent/IN183465B/en unknown
-
1999
- 1999-11-04 BG BG103858A patent/BG64772B1/bg unknown
- 1999-11-12 NO NO19995528A patent/NO312509B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20150504 |