WO2022114043A1 - 組織状蛋白素材及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
組織状蛋白素材及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/22—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/04—Animal proteins
- A23J3/08—Dairy proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/14—Vegetable proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/22—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising
- A23J3/225—Texturised simulated foods with high protein content
- A23J3/227—Meat-like textured foods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/22—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising
- A23J3/26—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by texturising using extrusion or expansion
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a tissue protein material having an appropriate hardness and a dense fiber structure, but having a good melting in the mouth, and a tissue protein material.
- the textured protein material obtained by expanding the structure of the raw material kneaded material with an extruder using plant-derived protein raw materials such as soybeans and wheat as the main raw material has traditionally been the elasticity of livestock meat as a kind of "structured protein material". Finished to a quality close to the feeling, it is widely used as a raw material for manufacturing processed foods using livestock meat such as hamburger, meat ball, gyoza, meat bun, shumai, minced meat cutlet, croquette, and soybean.
- livestock meat such as hamburger, meat ball, gyoza, meat bun, shumai, minced meat cutlet, croquette, and soybean.
- the tissue protein material itself is often cooked directly and used as a substitute meat such as fried chicken and char siu.
- soybean puffs having a light texture have been increasingly used for cereal bars and granola.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a technique capable of realizing a textured protein material having a meat-like texture with more appropriate hardness and a meat-like looseness.
- powder raw materials such as protein raw materials and raw materials containing water are usually introduced into an extruder, kneaded and heated under pressure, and the raw materials are extruded under normal pressure from a die installed at the outlet of the extruder.
- Most of the structured soybean proteins have a grain shape, and the grain shape is roughly classified into two types. There are granule shapes that use what is extruded from the die as it is, and fine shapes that are extruded from the die and then processed using a crusher.
- the former is used to give the final product a chewy texture, and the latter is mainly used to give a soft and juicy feel.
- a jacket-cooled die called a cooling die is used to process the tissue into a film or fibrous form, which is a new type of protein that has a texture and texture similar to meat and adductor muscles. Many organized foods have been developed and are on the market.
- This manufacturing method has an advantage that finer and longer fibers can be produced as compared with the above-mentioned swollen structure.
- the swelling tissue is subjected to high temperature and high pressure at the die part to swell, if the hole diameter of the die is large, it cannot withstand the expansion of the tissue due to the volatilization of water and the pressure applied from the screw of the extruder. It is difficult to make a large shape because the tissue pops apart. In this manufacturing method, it is cooled and the pressure is low, so it is easy to make a large shape such as steak meat, and this part is also an advantage.
- oils and fats as a method to solve the problems of melting the mouth and passing through the throat.
- the fats and oils do not enter the tissue, so they are more likely to remain in the mouth than the latter method in which the fats and oils enter the tissue.
- Patent Document 2 reports a method for developing a tissue-like protein material having a meaty texture by kneading fats and oils at the time of organization.
- Patent Document 3 soybean flour containing fats and oils is organized by a jacket with an extruder and a cooling tube. We report a manufacturing method that suppresses pressure changes during operation by adding sucrose fatty acid ester and enables stable operation. However, in Patent Document 3, it has a very small hole diameter of 2.5 cm2, and it is difficult to organize it. Similar to the organization of Patent Document 2, it is difficult to organize soybean flour with a hard texture.
- an oil-in-water emulsion containing water and fat preferably a protein raw material, and a raw material containing a powdery or granular protein material into an extruder.
- the textured protein material obtained by introducing, kneading and heating under pressure and extruding the raw material under normal pressure from the cooling die installed at the outlet of the extruder to organize it is a dense meat with moderate hardness. We have found that it has a similar fiber structure and good melting in the mouth, and have completed the present invention.
- the present invention (1) Tissue protein material having the following characteristics (A) to (C), (A) In the tissue protein material, water content is 40 to 79.9% by weight, protein is 20 to 40% by weight, and fat and oil is 0.1 to 15% by weight. (B) Maximum load is 15N or more, (C) A dense meat-like fiber structure, (2) An oil-in-water emulsion containing water and fats and oils and a raw material containing powdered or granular protein raw materials are introduced into an extruder, kneaded and heated under pressure, and a cooling die installed at the outlet of the extruder. A method for producing a tissue-like protein material having the following (A) to (C), which extrudes the raw material under normal pressure and organizes it.
- tissue protein material water content is 40 to 79.9% by weight, protein is 20 to 40% by weight, and fat and oil is 0.1 to 15% by weight.
- the present invention (14) Tissue protein material having the following characteristics (A) to (C), (A) In the tissue protein material, water content is 40 to 79.9% by weight, protein is 20 to 40% by weight, and fat and oil is 0.1 to 15% by weight. (B) Maximum load is 15N or more, (C) A dense meat-like fiber structure, (15) An oil-in-water emulsion containing water and fats and oils and a raw material containing powdered or granular protein raw materials are introduced into an extruder, kneaded and heated under pressure, and a cooling die installed at the outlet of the extruder.
- a method for producing a tissue-like protein material having the following (A) to (C), which extrudes the raw material under normal pressure and organizes it.
- tissue-like protein material having a dense meat-like fiber structure, having an appropriate hardness, and having a good melting in the mouth by a method of organizing using a cooling die.
- tissue protein material The tissue protein material of the present invention is characterized by having the following (A) to (C). That is, (A) water content is 40 to 79.9% by weight, protein is 20 to 40% by weight, fat and oil is 0.1 to 15% by weight, and (B) maximum load is 15N or more in the tissue protein material. C) It has a dense meat-like fiber structure.
- the textured protein material of the present invention has an appropriate hardness, has a dense meat-like fiber structure, and has a good melting in the mouth.
- the water content in the tissue protein material is preferably 45 to 70% by weight, more preferably 45 to 65% by weight.
- the protein in the tissue protein material is preferably 22 to 40% by weight, more preferably 25 to 40% by weight, and 25 to 35% by weight.
- the fat and oil in the tissue protein material is preferably 2 to 12% by weight, more preferably 3 to 11% by weight, and 3 to 8% by weight. Since the tissue protein material of the present invention needs to have an appropriate hardness, the maximum load needs to be 15 N or more, preferably 17 N or more. Further, the upper limit of the maximum load can be preferably 100 N or less, more preferably 90 N or less, still more preferably 80 N or less. By setting the maximum load of the tissue protein material of the present invention in such a range, it is possible to realize a good mouthfeel. In addition, it is necessary to have both firmness and good mouthfeel. The fewer times you chew and swallow, the better.
- the mouth may be difficult to melt, and if the maximum load is too small, the mouth may be too good to feel the meat-like fiber.
- the goodness of mouth melting is that after chewing the tissue protein material, "the fewer times it is swallowed, the better.
- the tissue protein material prepared using only soybean protein and water as raw materials was chewed. The evaluation is made by the ratio of the number of times the tissue protein material of the present invention is chewed when the number of times is 1.
- the method for producing a structured protein material of the present invention is an oil-in-water emulsion containing water and fat, or an oil-in-water emulsion containing water, oil and protein raw materials, and a raw material containing powdery or granular protein raw materials. Is introduced into the extruder and heated under pressure while kneading with the screw in the device, and the raw material is extruded under normal pressure from the hole of the jacket type cooling pipe part called the cooling die installed at the outlet of the extruder. By making it, a tissue protein material can be produced.
- the organized protein material of the present invention is organized using an extruder device.
- An extruder generally has a mechanism for feeding raw material from a raw material supply port by a screw arranged in the barrel, kneading, pressurizing (compressing), and heating, and various types are provided at the tip (outlet) of the barrel.
- a die with a hole in the shape is mounted.
- the extruder that can be used is not limited, and one axis, two axes, or three or more axes can be used. Among these, a biaxial extruder can be preferably used.
- the operating conditions for supplying the raw material for producing the tissue protein material to the extruder and extruding it from the die under pressure and heating can be appropriately selected and adjusted based on known conditions.
- the temperature of the barrel tip is preferably 100 to 220 ° C, more preferably 120 to 180 ° C as the heating conditions.
- the die pressure at the tip of the barrel is preferably 0.01 to 10 MPa, and more preferably 0.1 to 4 MPa.
- a jacket-cooled die is essential for the die installed at the outlet of the extruder.
- the shape of the die should be a circle or a rectangle. Since the opening area correlates with the flow rate of the extruder, the optimum size can be appropriately set according to the operating conditions. For example, if you want to mass-produce, you need to increase the opening area, and if you want to obtain a small one, you need to reduce the processing amount.
- water When the raw material of the tissue protein material is supplied to the extruder, water is added. In the case of the method for producing a tissue protein material of the present invention, it is appropriate to add water so that the water content of the entire raw material supplied to the extruder is preferably 40 to 90% by weight, more preferably 50 to 75% by weight. Is. In addition, some or all of the water used in the present invention can be derived from a raw material containing a powdery or granular protein raw material and an oil-in-water emulsion.
- the oil-in-water emulsion of the present invention is characterized by containing an oil and fat, and / or both of a protein raw material and an emulsifier.
- the amount of the oil-in-water emulsion in the raw material is preferably the oil and fat in the oil-in-water emulsion, and the oil-in-water emulsion is blended so that the lower limit is 0.005% by weight or more. do. More preferably, the lower limit is 0.01% by weight or more, 0.015% by weight or more, 0.25% by weight or more, 0.5% by weight or more, 0.75% by weight or more, 1% by weight or more, and 1.5% by weight.
- the oil-in-water emulsion is blended so that the fat and oil in the oil-in-water emulsion is preferably 21% by weight or less. More preferably, 20% by weight or less, 18% by weight or less, and 17% by weight or less can be selected as the upper limit.
- the range of the above fats and oils is, for example, 0.005 to 21% by weight, 0.5 to 21% by weight, 1 to 21% by weight, 1.5 to 21% by weight, 2.5 to 21% by weight, 3 to 21% by weight.
- % 4 to 21% by weight, 4.5 to 21% by weight, 0.005 to 20% by weight, 0.5 to 20% by weight, 1 to 20% by weight, 1.5 to 20% by weight, 2.5 to 20% by weight, 3 to 20% by weight, 4 to 20% by weight, 4.5 to 20% by weight, 0.005 to 18% by weight, 0.5 to 18% by weight, 1 to 18% by weight, 1.5 to 18% by weight, 2.5-18% by weight, 3-18% by weight, 4-18% by weight, 4.5-18% by weight, 0.005-17% by weight, 0.5-17% by weight, 1- 17% by weight, 1.5 to 17% by weight, 2.5 to 17% by weight, 3 to 17% by weight, 4 to 17% by weight, 4.5 to 17% by weight and the like can be selected.
- the amount of the oil-in-water emulsion in the raw material is preferably 0.1 to 30% by weight, more preferably 5 to 30% by weight, still more preferably 10 to 25% by weight so as to satisfy the above amount of fats and oils. % Can be blended.
- the water content of the oil-in-water emulsion to be blended can be selected as desired.
- the water content of the oil-in-water emulsion is approximately 0.1 to 99% by weight, preferably 1 to 90% by weight, 5 to 90% by weight, 10 to 90% by weight, 15 to 90% by weight, 20 to 90% by weight, 25-90% by weight, 30-90% by weight, 1-85% by weight, 5-85% by weight, 10-85% by weight, 15-85% by weight, 20-85% by weight, 25-85% by weight, 30- You can select 85% by weight or the like.
- oils and fats used in the oil-in-water emulsion of the present invention include palm oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower seed oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, rice bran oil, corn oil, saflower oil, and olive oil.
- Kapok oil moringa oil, sesame oil, evening primrose oil and other vegetable oils and medium-chain fatty acid triglycerides can be exemplified.
- mixed oils or their cured oils, fractionated oils, cured fractionated oils, fractionated cured oils, and processed oils and fats that have undergone ester replacement can be used.
- the oil-in-water emulsion used in the present invention preferably contains 5 to 70% by weight of fats and oils, more preferably 10 to 70% by weight, and even more preferably 15 to 65% by weight. By containing 5 to 70% by weight of fats and oils, it is possible to impart appropriate hardness to the tissue protein material.
- the protein raw material used in the oil-in-water emulsion of the present invention may be of any origin, but for example, soybean, pea, green bean, chick bean, rapeseed, cottonseed, peanut, sesame, saflower, sunflower, corn, and benibana. , Protein derived from oil seeds such as coconut, protein derived from grain seeds such as rice, barley and wheat, and animal protein derived from milk and the like.
- a soybean-derived protein material as described in Examples and a protein material derived from an oil amount seed that can be replaced with the soybean-derived protein material are particularly preferable, and among the oil amount seeds, a bean-derived protein material is further preferable.
- the form of the protein is not limited, and examples thereof include liquid, pulverized product, extracted protein, concentrated protein, and separated protein.
- the oil-in-water emulsion used in the present invention preferably contains 1 to 8% by weight of a protein raw material, more preferably 1 to 7% by weight.
- An emulsifier can be added to the oil-in-water emulsion used in the present invention as needed, and the blending amount is preferably 0.001 to 2% by weight based on the weight of the oil-in-water emulsion.
- the type of emulsifier is not limited, and examples thereof include synthetic emulsifiers such as lecithin, monoglyceride, sorbitan fatty acid ester, propylene glycol fatty acid ester, polyglycerin fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, and sucrose fatty acid ester. One or more of them can be selected and used as appropriate.
- thickeners, salts, fragrances, pigments, preservatives and the like can be contained.
- the water content of the organized product obtained by supplying the raw material for producing the tissue protein material to the extruder and extruding it is 40 to 80% by weight.
- the lower limit it may be preferably 45% by weight or more and 50% by weight or more.
- the upper limit may be preferably 75% by weight or less, 70% by weight or less, and 65% by weight or less. More specifically, 45 to 70% by weight, 50 to 65% by weight, and the like can be exemplified.
- the "powdered or granular protein raw material” refers to a raw material containing a protein, which is an organized raw material to be introduced into an extruder in order to produce a structured protein material. Specifically, as one embodiment, it is preferable to use a vegetable protein raw material.
- the "powdered or granular protein raw material” is different from the “protein raw material used for the oil-in-water emulsion” described in paragraph 0027. That is, the "powdered or granular protein raw material” is used as a raw material separately from the "protein raw material used for the oil-in-water emulsion" at the time of organization.
- the "vegetable protein raw material” is a protein material derived from a plant, and is an oil such as soybean, pea, green bean, chick bean, rapeseed, cottonseed, peanut, sesame, saflower, sunflower, corn, benibana, and coconut.
- examples thereof include protein materials derived from food seeds, and protein materials derived from grain seeds such as rice, barley, and wheat.
- the protein material is the above-mentioned crushed plant product, extracted protein, concentrated protein, separated protein and the like. Examples thereof include rice gluterin, barley prolamin, wheat prolamin, wheat gluten, full-fat soybean flour, defatted soybean flour, concentrated soybean protein, isolated soybean protein, isolated pea protein, isolated green bean protein and the like.
- a soybean-derived protein material as described in Examples and a protein material derived from an oil amount seed that can be replaced with the soybean-derived protein material are particularly preferable, and among the oil amount seeds, a bean-derived protein material is further preferable. preferable.
- Non-fat soybean is used as a soybean raw material, and water is added to the defatted soybean to make a suspension (slurry), and the protein is extracted with water.
- Water can have a neutral to alkaline pH and can also contain salts such as calcium chloride.
- Okara is separated from this by a solid-liquid separation means such as centrifugation to obtain a protein extract (so-called soymilk).
- curd powder which can also be used as a powdered plant-based protein material.
- Neutralization step Next, the acid precipitation card is rehydrated, and if necessary, the card is washed with water to obtain a "card slurry”. Then, an alkali such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide is added to the slurry to neutralize the slurry to obtain a "neutralized slurry”.
- the isolated soybean protein in the present invention is not limited to that produced in the above production example.
- soybean raw material various soybean raw materials such as full-fat soybean and partially defatted soybean can be used instead of the defatted soybean.
- Various extraction conditions and devices can be applied to the extraction means.
- a method for removing whey from the protein extract membrane concentration using an ultrafiltration membrane or the like can be performed instead of acid precipitation, and in that case, a neutralization step is not always necessary.
- it can also be produced by applying a method of extracting whey from a soybean raw material by washing it with acidic water or alcohol in advance and then extracting the protein with neutral to alkaline water.
- the protein can be partially hydrolyzed by allowing a protease to act on the protein solution at any of the above steps.
- the protein raw material used in the present invention is powdery and granular. That is, it can be powdery or granular. However, in the case of granular particles, it is preferable that the particle size is as small as possible. It is preferable that the particle size is 2 mm or less, more preferably 1 mm or less.
- the protein content in the solid content in the protein raw material is as high as possible in order to satisfy the protein content of the tissue-like protein material in the solid portion. Since the amount of water in this production method is large, the protein content in the solid content needs to be as high as possible.
- the protein content is preferably 50% by weight or more, and more preferably 60% by weight or more, 70% by weight or more, or 75% by weight or more.
- the protein content can be 95% by weight or less, 92% by weight or less, or 91% by weight or less.
- the protein content is obtained by determining the total amount of nitrogen in the sample by the Kjeldahl method, multiplying it by a coefficient of 6.25, measuring it as a percentage of the sample, and expressing it in terms of solid content.
- auxiliary raw materials can be added as the organized raw material of the present invention.
- oils and fats, alkali metal salts such as salt, animal proteins such as egg white and casein, sugars such as starch and polysaccharides, dietary fiber, emulsifiers, flavors and other known additives interfere with the effects of the present invention. It can be added as appropriate to the extent that it does not exist. However, it is preferable not to include animal protein when it is desired to sing a plant-based tissue protein material.
- the mixing ratio of the protein raw material in the solid content of the raw material for producing the tissue protein material can be appropriately set depending on the desired quality in consideration of other raw materials, but it satisfies the protein content of the tissue protein material. It is preferable that it is as high as possible. Therefore, the protein raw material is blended so that the protein content in the whole raw material is 50% by weight or more.
- the protein content may be 60% by weight or more, 65% by weight or more, and 70% by weight or more.
- the upper limit may be 95% by weight or less, and may be 90% by weight or less and 85% by weight or less.
- the tissue protein material obtained by the present invention has hard and dense fibers and is easy to melt, it can be used for products using livestock meat and fish meat and vegetable substitute meat products.
- it can be used as a fiber-enhancing material in processed foods such as hamburgers, meatballs, nuggets, gyoza, meat buns, dumplings, minced meat cutlets, croquettes, soboro, and meatballs.
- the tissue protein material of the present invention can be directly cooked and used as a meat storage-like raw material such as sliced meat such as char siu and snacks.
- the maximum load of the tissue protein material is 15 N or more, it can be used as a fiber feeling enhancing material for the above foods.
- the maximum load of the tissue protein material is 100 N or less.
- Oil-in-water emulsion A To 40.0 parts of water, 0.95 part of emulsifier and 0.10 part of sodium caseinate (manufactured by Fonterra Limited) "Sodium Caseinate 180" were added and mixed and dissolved to prepare an aqueous phase.
- the prepared aqueous phase and 60.0 parts of rapeseed oil are pre-emulsified by stirring at 68 ° C. for 30 minutes with a homomixer, homogenized at a homogenization pressure of 3 MPa, and then an ultra-high temperature sterilizer (manufactured by Iwai Kikai Kogyo Co., Ltd.).
- Table 1 shows the formulation table of oil-in-water emulsions A to C.
- Examples 1 to 6, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 Based on the formulation shown in Table 2, a protein raw material, water, and a raw material containing oil-in-water emulsions A to C or fats and oils were introduced into an extruder, kneaded and heated under pressure, and installed at the outlet of the extruder. The raw material was extruded from a cooling die under normal pressure and organized to obtain an organized product. A two-axis extruder was used, and the operation was performed by controlling the inlet side at 80 ° C to 100 ° C, the outlet side at 140 ° C to 180 ° C, and the pressure of the die at the tip of the barrel at 0.01 to 1 MPa.
- the obtained tissue protein material was tasted and evaluated by 10 panelists who were skilled in the sensory evaluation of the fibrous and melt-in-the-mouth feeling of the tissue protein material.
- the sensory evaluation regarding the feeling of fiber and the feeling of melting in the mouth was evaluated based on the evaluation criteria shown below, and was decided by the consensus of the panelists. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Comparative Example 1 had a rubber-like texture with strong elasticity, and although hardness was felt, no fibrous texture was felt, and the mouthfeel was very poor.
- Comparative Example 2 in which palm oil was blended as a raw material had a soft texture and had a good melting in the mouth, but no fibrous texture was felt.
- Examples 1 to 3 in which the oil-in-water emulsion was blended as a raw material had moderate hardness, but did not have a rubbery structure, and a fibrous feeling was felt very strongly. It had a good mouthfeel and felt like a meat-like texture.
- Comparative Example 3 had no fibrous feeling, was rough, and had a bad mouthfeel.
- Example 4 and 6 a feeling of fiber was felt and it was slightly good.
- Example 5 had a strong fibrous feeling and was good.
- the textured protein material produced by blending the oil-in-water emulsion as a raw material has a texture closer to that of livestock meat than that of blending the fat and oil alone as a raw material. Further, from the results of Example 1 and Comparative Example 3, it was found that a certain amount of protein content was required in the tissue protein material in order to give a fibrous feeling, and the protein content was 20 in order to produce an appropriate fibrous feeling. % Or more is considered necessary.
- Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 showed the same maximum load, but in Examples 1 to 3 to which the oil-in-water emulsion was added, the maximum load was increased as compared with Comparative Examples 1 and 2. In particular, in Examples 2 and 3, the maximum load was about three times that of Comparative Example 1, which matched the sensory evaluation result of the fiber feeling. Although the fibrous texture cannot be expressed by the hardness, it is difficult to feel the fibrous texture in the soft texture, and it seems that the hardness generated by blending the oil-in-water emulsion contributes to the fibrous texture. Is done.
- Examples 2 and 3 which were evaluated to have a fibrous feeling were observed by the methods shown below.
- the water content is 40 to 79.9% by weight and the protein content is 20 to 40.
- a textured protein material having a fine meat-like fiber structure can be obtained by weight%, fats and oils of 0.1 to 15% by weight, a maximum load of 15 N or more, and this textured protein material has an appropriate hardness. , It turned out that the melody was good.
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Abstract
Description
近年では、蛋白質原料に副原料を組み合わせ、食感に特長のある組織状蛋白素材を創出する特許が出願されている。出願人もオート麦ファイバーを副原料として添加し、より適度な硬さと肉様のほぐれ感を有する肉様食感の組織状蛋白素材を実現できる技術を特許化した(特許文献1)。
組織状大豆蛋白質の多くは粒形状であり、粒形状は大きく2つに大別される。ダイから押し出したものをそのまま使用する顆粒形状と、ダイから押し出した後に粉砕機を使って加工した細かい形状である。前者については最終製品の噛み応えを出すために利用され、後者については柔らかさ、ジューシー感を出すために主に利用されている。
(1)次の(A)~(C)の特徴を有する組織状蛋白素材、
(A)組織状蛋白素材中、水分が40~79.9重量%、蛋白質が20~40重量%、油脂が0.1~15重量%、
(B)最大荷重が15N以上、
(C)緻密な肉様繊維構造である、
(2)水及び油脂を含む水中油型乳化物と、粉末状もしくは粒状の蛋白質原料を含む原料をエクストルーダーに導入して混練及び加圧加熱をし、エクストルーダーの出口に設置された冷却ダイより原料を常圧下に押し出して組織化する、以下の(A)~(C)を有する組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(A)組織状蛋白素材中、水分が40~79.9重量%、蛋白質が20~40重量%、油脂が0.1~15重量%、
(B)最大荷重が15N以上、
(C)緻密な肉様繊維構造である、
(3)水中油型乳化物中に、さらに蛋白質原料を含有する、(2)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(4)原料中、水中油型乳化物を0.1~30重量%、粉末状もしくは粒状蛋白素材を10~40重量含む、(2)または(3)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(5)水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%含有する、(2)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(6)水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%含有する、(3)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(7)水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%含有する、(4)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(8)水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%、蛋白質原料を1~8重量%含有する、(5)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(9)水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%、蛋白質原料を1~8重量%含有する、(6)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(10)水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%、蛋白質原料を1~8重量%含有する、(7)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(11)水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%、蛋白質原料を1~8重量%含有する、(8)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(12)(1)記載の組織状蛋白素材を含有する、肉代替物、
(13)(1)記載の組織状蛋白素材の肉代替物としての使用、
である。
また、換言すれば、本発明は、
(14)次の(A)~(C)の特徴を有する組織状蛋白素材、
(A)組織状蛋白素材中、水分が40~79.9重量%、蛋白質が20~40重量%、油脂が0.1~15重量%、
(B)最大荷重が15N以上、
(C)緻密な肉様繊維構造である、
(15)水及び油脂を含む水中油型乳化物と、粉末状もしくは粒状の蛋白質原料を含む原料をエクストルーダーに導入して混練及び加圧加熱をし、エクストルーダーの出口に設置された冷却ダイより原料を常圧下に押し出して組織化する、以下の(A)~(C)を有する組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(A)組織状蛋白素材中、水分が40~79.9重量%、蛋白質が20~40重量%、油脂が0.1~15重量%、
(B)最大荷重が15N以上、
(C)緻密な肉様繊維構造である、
(16)水中油型乳化物中に、さらに蛋白質原料を含有する、(15)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(17)原料中、水中油型乳化物を0.1~30重量%、粉末状もしくは粒状蛋白素材を10~40重量含む、(15)または (16)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(18)水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%含有する、(15)~(17)何れか1つに記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(19)水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%、蛋白質原料を1~8重量%含有する、(18)記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法、
(20)(1)記載の組織状蛋白素材を含有する、肉代替物、
(21)(1)記載の組織状蛋白素材の肉代替物としての使用、
である。
本発明の組織状蛋白素材は、次の(A)~(C)を有することを特徴としている。すなわち、(A)組織状蛋白素材中、水分が40~79.9重量%、蛋白質が20~40重量%、油脂が0.1~15重量%、(B)最大荷重が、15N以上、(C)緻密な肉様繊維構造である。
本発明の組織状蛋白素材は、適度な固さを有し、緻密な肉様繊維構造を持ち、口解けが良好である。
組織状蛋白素材中の水分は、45~70重量%が好ましく、45~65重量%がより好ましい。組織状蛋白素材中の蛋白質は22~40重量%が好ましく、より好ましくは25~40重量%、25~35重量%である。また、組織状蛋白素材中の油脂は2~12重量%が好ましく、より好ましくは3~11重量%、3~8重量%である。
本発明の組織状蛋白素材は、適度な固さを有することが必要であるため、最大荷重は15N以上が必要であり、好ましくは17N以上である。また、最大荷重の上限は、好ましくは100N以下、さらに好ましくは90N以下、さらに好ましくは80N以下とすることができる。本発明の組織状蛋白素材の最大荷重をこのような範囲にすることで、口解けのよさを実現することができる。また、固さとともに口解けのよさも兼ね備えている必要がある。噛んでから飲み込むまでの回数が少ないほどよい。最大荷重が大きすぎると口解けが悪くなる場合があり、最大荷重が小さすぎると、口解けが良すぎて肉様の繊維感を感じることができない。口解けの良さは組織状蛋白素材を咀嚼してから「飲み込むまでの回数が少ないほどよく、評価方法としては後述するように、大豆蛋白と水のみを原料として調製した組織状蛋白素材を咀嚼した回数を1としたときの、本発明の組織状蛋白素材の咀嚼回数の比で評価する。
本発明の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法は、水及び油脂を含む水中油型乳化物、あるいは、水、油脂及び蛋白質原料を含む水中油型乳化物と、粉末状もしくは粒状の蛋白質原料を含む原料をエクストルーダーに導入して装置内のスクリューで混練しながら加圧加熱をし、エクストルーダーの出口に設置された冷却ダイと呼ばれるジャケット式の冷却管部分の穴から原料を常圧下に押し出して組織化することにより、組織状蛋白素材を製造することができる。
本発明の組織状蛋白素材の組織化は、エクストルーダーの装置を用いて行う。エクストルーダーは一般的に、原料供給口からバレル内でその中に配置されたスクリューによって原料を送り、混練、加圧(圧縮)、加熱する機構を有し、バレル先端部(出口)に種々の形状の穴を有するダイが装着されている。
使用できるエクストルーダーは、制限はなく、1軸、2軸、あるいは3軸以上のものを用いることができる。この中でも2軸エクストルーダーを好適に用いることができる。
組織状蛋白素材の製造原料をエクストルーダーに供給し、加圧加熱下にダイより押し出す際の運転条件は、公知の条件に基づいて適宜選択および調整できる。非限定的な例を示すと、加熱条件としてバレル先端部の温度は100~220℃が好ましく、120~180℃がさらに好ましい。
加圧条件はバレル先端のダイ圧力が0.01~10MPaが好ましく、0.1~4MPaがさらに適当である。
エクストルーダーの出口に設置されたダイはジャケット冷却式のダイが必須である。ダイの形状は円・長方形などがよい。開口部面積に関してはエクストルーダーの流量と相関するので、運転条件に応じて適宜最適な大きさのものを設定できる。例えば大量に生産したい場合は開口部面積を大きくする必要があるし、小さいものを得たい場合は処理量を少なくする必要がある。
組織状蛋白素材の原料を、エクストルーダーに供給する際に、加水を行う。本発明の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法の場合、エクストルーダーに供給される原料全体の水分が好ましくは、40~90重量%、より好ましくは50~75重量%となるように加水するのが適当である。
また、本発明に用いる水分は一部、または全てを、粉末状もしくは粒状の蛋白質原料及び水中油型乳化物を含む原料に由来するものであることができる。
本発明の水中油型乳化物は油脂と、蛋白質原料と乳化剤のいずれかまたは双方を含有することを特徴とする。
原料を組織化する際、原料中の水中油型乳化物の量は、水中油型乳化物中の油脂が好ましくは、下限が0.005重量%以上となるように水中油型乳化物を配合する。下限としてより好ましくは、0.01重量%以上、0.015重量%以上、0.25重量%以上、0.5重量%以上、0.75重量%以上、1重量%以上、1.5重量%以上、2.5重量%以上、3重量%以上、4重量%以上、4.5重量%以上などを選択することができる。
また、上限としては、水中油型乳化物中の油脂が好ましくは21重量%以下となるように水中油型乳化物を配合する。上限としてはより好ましくは、20重量%以下、18重量%以下、17重量%以下を選択することができる。
上記油脂の範囲として、例えば、0.005~21重量%、0.5~21重量%、1~21重量%、1.5~21重量%、2.5~21重量%、3~21重量%、4~21重量%、4.5~21重量%、0.005~20重量%、0.5~20重量%、1~20重量%、1.5~20重量%、2.5~20重量%、3~20重量%、4~20重量%、4.5~20重量%、0.005~18重量%、0.5~18重量%、1~18重量%、1.5~18重量%、2.5~18重量%、3~18重量%、4~18重量%、4.5~18重量%、0.005~17重量%、0.5~17重量%、1~17重量%、1.5~17重量%、2.5~17重量%、3~17重量%、4~17重量%、4.5~17重量%などを選択することができる。
上記、油脂の量を満たすように、原料中の水中油型乳化物の量として、例えば、好ましくは0.1~30重量%、より好ましくは5~30重量%、さらに好ましくは10~25重量%を配合することができる。
なお、配合される水中油型乳化物の水分は任意のものを選択することができる。水中油型乳化物の水分量は概ね0.1~99重量%、好ましくは1~90重量%、5~90重量%、10~90重量%、15~90重量%、20~90重量%、25~90重量%、30~90重量%、1~85重量%、5~85重量%、10~85重量%、15~85重量%、20~85重量%、25~85重量%、30~85重量%などを選択することができる。
本発明の水中油型乳化物に用いられる油脂としては、パーム油、ヤシ油、パーム核油、大豆油、菜種油、ひまわり種子油、綿実油、落花生油、米糠油、コーン油、サフラワー油、オリーブ油、カポック油、モリンガ油、ゴマ油、月見草油等の植物性油脂や中鎖脂肪酸トリグリセリドが例示でき、また乳脂や牛脂、豚脂等の動物性油脂の使用を妨げるものではなく、上記油脂類の単独または混合油あるいはそれらの硬化油、分別油、硬化分別油、分別硬化油ならびにエステル交換等を施した加工油脂が使用できる。
本発明に用いる水中油型乳化物は油脂が5~70重量%含有することが好ましく、より好ましくは10~70重量%、さらに好ましくは15~65重量%である。
油脂が5~70重量%含有することで、組織状蛋白素材に適度な固さを付与することができる。
本発明の水中油型乳化物に用いられる蛋白質原料としては、起源は問わないが、例えば、大豆、エンドウ、緑豆、ヒヨコ豆、菜種、綿実、落花生、ゴマ、サフラワー、ヒマワリ、コーン、ベニバナ、ココナッツ等の油糧種子由来の蛋白質、米、大麦、小麦等の穀物種子由来のたん白質、あるいは乳等由来の動物性たん白質が挙げられる。上記原料の中でも特に実施例に記載されるような大豆由来の蛋白質素材や、これと置換可能な油量種子由来の蛋白質素材が好ましく、油量種子の中でも豆類由来の蛋白質素材がさらに好ましい。
また、上記たん白質の形態は問わないが、例えば液状、粉砕物、抽出蛋白、濃縮蛋白、分離蛋白等が挙げられる。
本発明に用いる水中油型乳化物は、蛋白質原料が1~8重量%含有することが好ましく、より好ましくは1~7重量%である。
本発明に用いる水中油型乳化物には、必要に応じて乳化剤を加えることができ、配合量は水中油型乳化物の重量に対して、0.001~2重量%が好ましい。
乳化剤として種類は問わないが、例えば、レシチン、モノグリセリド、ソルビタン脂肪酸エステル、プロピレングリコール脂肪酸エステル、ポリグリセリン脂肪酸エステル、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタン脂肪酸エステル、ショ糖脂肪酸エステル等の合成乳化剤が例示でき、これらの乳化剤の中から1種又は2種以上を選択して適宜使用することができる。
その他、所望により、増粘剤、塩類、香料、色素、保存料等を含有させることができる。
より具体的には、45~70重量%、50~65重量%、などが例示できる。
該組織化物の水分を上記のような範囲に設定することで、後述する適度な固さで緻密な肉様繊維構造を持つが、口解けが良好な組織状蛋白素材を製造することができる。
本発明において、「粉末状もしくは粒状の蛋白質原料」とは、組織状蛋白素材を製造するために、エクストルーダーに導入する組織化原料であって、蛋白質を含有する原料を指す。具体的には、1つの態様としては植物性蛋白質原料を用いることが好ましい。
本発明において、「粉末状もしくは粒状の蛋白質原料」は、段落0027に記載される「水中油型乳化物に用いられる蛋白質原料」とは、異なるものである。つまり、「粉末状もしくは粒状の蛋白質原料」は、組織化の際、「水中油型乳化物に用いられる蛋白質原料」とは別に原料として用いるものである。
「植物性蛋白原料」とは、植物由来の蛋白質素材であり、例えば、大豆、エンドウ、緑豆、ヒヨコ豆、菜種、綿実、落花生、ゴマ、サフラワー、ヒマワリ、コーン、ベニバナ、ココナッツ等の油糧種子由来の蛋白質素材、あるいは、米、大麦、小麦等の穀物種子由来の蛋白質素材等が挙げられる。蛋白質素材とは、上記植物の粉砕物、抽出蛋白、濃縮蛋白、分離蛋白等である。例えば、米グルテリン、大麦プロラミン、小麦プロラミン、小麦グルテン、全脂大豆粉、脱脂大豆粉、濃縮大豆蛋白、分離大豆蛋白、分離エンドウ蛋白、分離緑豆蛋白等が挙げられる。植物性蛋白原料としては、特に実施例に記載されるような大豆由来の蛋白質素材や、これと置換可能な油量種子由来の蛋白質素材が好ましく、油量種子の中でも豆類由来の蛋白質素材がさらに好ましい。
I)抽出工程
大豆原料として脱脂大豆を使用し、これに加水し攪拌等して懸濁液(スラリー)とし、蛋白質を水で抽出する。水は中性~アルカリ性のpHとすることができ、塩化カルシウム等の塩を含むこともできる。これを遠心分離等の固液分離手段でオカラを分離し、蛋白質抽出液(いわゆる豆乳)を得る。この段階で加熱殺菌し、噴霧乾燥したものが、いわゆる脱脂豆乳粉末であり、これを粉末状植物性蛋白素材として用いることもできる。
II)酸沈殿工程
次に蛋白質抽出液に塩酸やクエン酸等の酸を添加し、該抽出液のpHを大豆蛋白質の等電点であるpH4~5に調整し、蛋白質を不溶化させて酸沈殿させる。次に遠心分離等の固液分離手段により酸可溶性成分である糖質や灰分を含む上清(いわゆるホエー)を除去して、酸不溶性成分を含む「酸沈殿カード」を回収する。この段階で噴霧乾燥したものが、いわゆるカードパウダーであり、これを粉末状植物性蛋白素材として用いることもできる。
III)中和工程
次に酸沈殿カードに再度加水し、必要により該カードを水で洗浄後、「カードスラリー」を得る。そして該スラリーに水酸化ナトリウムや水酸化カリウム等のアルカリを加えて中和し、「中和スラリー」を得る。
IV)殺菌・粉末化工程
次に中和スラリーを加熱殺菌し、スプレードライヤー等により噴霧乾燥し、必要により流動層造粒を経て分離大豆蛋白を得る。
ただし、本発明における分離大豆蛋白は上記製造例にて製造されるものには限定されるものではない。大豆原料としては脱脂大豆の代わりに全脂大豆や部分脱脂大豆などの種々の大豆原料を用いることもできる。抽出手段も種々の抽出条件や装置を適用できる。たん白質抽出液からホエーを除去する方法として酸沈殿を行う代わりに限外ろ過膜等による膜濃縮を行うこともでき、その場合、中和工程は必ずしも必要ではない。さらに、大豆原料から予め酸性水やアルコールにより洗浄してホエーを除去した後に、中性乃至アルカリ性の水で蛋白質を抽出する方法を適用して製造することもできる。また、上記のいずれかの段階にて蛋白質の溶液にプロテアーゼを作用させ、蛋白質を部分加水分解することもできる。
なお、蛋白質含量は試料中の全窒素量をケルダール法により求めて、係数6.25を乗じ試料に対する百分率として測定し固形分換算で表したものである。
本発明の組織化原料として、他に種々の副原料を添加することができる。例えば、油脂、食塩等のアルカリ金属塩、卵白やカゼイン等の動物性蛋白、澱粉や多糖類等の糖質、食物繊維、乳化剤、香料、その他の公知の添加物を、本発明の効果を妨げない範囲で、適宜加えることもできる。ただし、動物性蛋白については、植物ベースの組織状蛋白素材を謳いたい場合は、含まないことが好ましい。
本発明により得られる組織状蛋白素材は、固くて緻密な繊維を持ち、さらには口解けもよいため、畜肉や魚肉を使用した製品や植物性の代替肉製品に使用することができる。
例えば、ハンバーグやミートボール,ナゲット、ギョーザ,肉まん,シューマイ,メンチカツ,コロッケ,そぼろ,つくねなどの加工食品に、繊維感強化素材として使用することができる。
また、本発明の組織状蛋白素材は、直接調理してチャーシューのような薄切り肉やおつまみなどの蓄肉様原料として利用することもできる。
組織状蛋白素材の最大荷重が15N以上の場合、上記の食品の繊維感強化素材として使用することができる。好ましくは、組織状蛋白素材の最大荷重が100N以下である。
(水中油型乳化物A)
水40.0部に、乳化剤0.95部、カゼインナトリウム(Fonterra Limited社製)「SodiumCaseinate180」0.10部を添加し、混合溶解し水相を調製した。調製した水相と菜種油60.0部を68℃で30分間ホモミキサーにより攪拌して予備乳化し、3MPaの均質化圧力で均質化した後、超高温滅菌装置(岩井機械工業(株)製)によって、144℃において4秒間の直接加熱方式による殺菌処理を行った後、再度12MPaの条件下に均質化して、直ちに5℃に冷却した。冷却後約24時間エージングして、水中油型乳化物Aを得た。
パーム核油とパーム油のランダムエステル交換油脂(融点32℃)26.7部、硬化パーム核油(融点34℃)10.5部、精製パーム核油(融点28℃)8.5部に、乳化剤0.41部を添加し、混合溶解し油相を調製した。
また、水40.4部に、脱脂濃縮乳を11.8部、卵黄2.0部、乳化剤0.14部、メタリン酸ナトリウム0.06部、pH調整剤0.07部添加し、混合溶解し水相を調製した。
調製した水相と油相を60℃で30分間ホモミキサーにより攪拌して予備乳化し、2MPaの均質化圧力で均質化した後、超高温滅菌装置(岩井機械工業(株)製)によって、144℃において4秒間の直接加熱方式による殺菌処理を行った後、再度3.2MPaの条件下に均質化して、直ちに7℃に冷却した。冷却後約24時間エージングして、水中油型乳化物Bを得た。
水71部に、粉末状大豆蛋白(蛋白含量=87%)6.0部を添加し、混合溶解し水相を調製した。調製した水相と菜種油23.0部を68℃で30分間ホモミキサーにより攪拌して予備乳化し、4MPaの均質化圧力で均質化した後、超高温滅菌装置(岩井機械工業(株)製)によって、144℃において4秒間の直接加熱方式による殺菌処理を行った後、再度9MPaの条件下に均質化して、直ちに10℃に冷却した。冷却後約24時間エージングして、水中油型乳化物Cを得た。
表2に示す配合に基づき、蛋白質原料及び水および、水中油型乳化物A~Cまたは油脂を含む原料をエクストルーダーに導入して混練及び加圧加熱をし、エクストルーダーの出口に設置された冷却ダイより原料を常圧下に押し出して組織化して、組織化物を得た。エクストルーダーは2軸のものを使用し、入口側は80℃~100℃,出口側は140℃~180℃、バレル先端のダイの圧力が0.01~1MPaで管理して運転を行った。なお、加水は原料全体の水分が50~70%となるように加水した。冷却ダイは円形のものを用い、直径が20mmのものを用いた。
なお、表2に示す配合については、比較例2と実施例1~3においては全配合中の添加油分を5%となるように加えた。つまり、比較例2と実施例1~3において配合の水分量・油脂量・たん白量はほぼ同等量である。
・繊維感に関する官能評価
◎:繊維感を非常に強く感じる
○:繊維感を強く感じる
△:繊維感を感じる
×:繊維感を感じない
評価が◎、○または△の場合、繊維感があり良好と判断した。
・口解け感に関する官能評価
得られた組織状蛋白素材を直径2cm、高さ2cmの半円柱に切断し、パネラー10名が試食した。各人サンプルを噛んで飲み込むまでの回数を数え、比較例1を1としてその比を算出した。比較例1に対して1割以上噛む回数が少ない場合、つまり比が0.9以下の場合を合格とした。
一方、水中油型乳化物を原料として配合した実施例1~3は適度に固さがあるが、ゴム質の組織でなく、繊維感が非常に強く感じられた。口解けも良好であり、畜肉様食感に近く感じられた。特に実施例2、3については噛みごたえがあり、繊維感を非常に強く感じるものの、口解けもよく、硬い肉様食感が感じられた。
比較例3は繊維感がなく、ざらつきも感じられ、口解けも悪かった。
実施例4、6は繊維感が感じられやや良好であった。実施例5は繊維感が強く感じられ良好であった。
また、実施例1と比較例3の結果から、繊維感を出すためには組織状蛋白素材中にある程度の蛋白質含量が必要であることがわかり、適度な繊維感を作り出すには蛋白質含量が20%以上必要であると考えられる。
官能評価の際、繊維感を感じることができる要因の1つである「固さ」について、定量的に評価を行うこととした。
具体的には、テクスチャーアナライザー(クリープメーターRE2-3305C、(株)山電製)を使用して、最大荷重の分析を行った。すなわち、最大荷重を噛み出しの固さの指標とした。
まず、実施例1~3、比較例1~2で得られた直径2cmの円柱形の組織状蛋白素材を図1のように、1cm四方の正方形×高さ2cmの直方体に切断し、楔型(先端角度30°)のプランジャーを使用して1mm/sの速度で最大荷重を測定した。最大荷重についてn=5で測定し、平均したものを図2に示した。
繊維感は一概に硬さではあらわせないものの、柔らかい食感においては繊維感を感じることは困難であり、水中油型乳化物を配合することで生じる固さが繊維感に寄与していると思われる。
1. 試料を図3に示したように成形し、網掛け部分を観察面とした。
2. 試料を3%CMCに包埋し凍結させたのちに、凍結ミクロトームで10μmの切片を作製した。
3. 特許 第4780099号に記載された方法で切片を染色し、光学顕微鏡にて観察した。
Claims (13)
- 次の(A)~(C)の特徴を有する組織状蛋白素材。
(A)組織状蛋白素材中、水分が40~79.9重量%、蛋白質が20~40重量%、油脂が0.1~15重量%。
(B)最大荷重が15N以上。
(C)緻密な肉様繊維構造である。 - 水及び油脂を含む水中油型乳化物と、粉末状もしくは粒状の蛋白質原料を含む原料をエクストルーダーに導入して混練及び加圧加熱をし、エクストルーダーの出口に設置された冷却ダイより原料を常圧下に押し出して組織化する、以下の(A)~(C)を有する組織状蛋白素材の製造方法。
(A)組織状蛋白素材中、水分が40~79.9重量%、蛋白質が20~40重量%、油脂が0.1~15重量%。
(B)最大荷重が15N以上。
(C)緻密な肉様繊維構造である。 - 水中油型乳化物中に、さらに蛋白質原料を含有する、請求項2記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法。
- 原料中、水中油型乳化物を0.1~30重量%、粉末状もしくは粒状蛋白素材を10~40重量含む、請求項2または3記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法。
- 水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%含有する、請求項2記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法。
- 水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%含有する、請求項3記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法。
- 水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%含有する、請求項4記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法。
- 水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%、蛋白質原料を1~8重量%含有する、請求項5記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法。
- 水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%、蛋白質原料を1~8重量%含有する、請求項6記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法。
- 水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%、蛋白質原料を1~8重量%含有する、請求項7記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法。
- 水中油型乳化物中、油脂が5~70重量%、蛋白質原料を1~8重量%含有する、請求項8記載の組織状蛋白素材の製造方法。
- 請求項1記載の組織状蛋白素材を含有する、肉代替物。
- 請求項1記載の組織状蛋白素材の肉代替物としての使用。
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