WO2020194441A1 - 高周波半導体増幅器 - Google Patents
高周波半導体増幅器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020194441A1 WO2020194441A1 PCT/JP2019/012471 JP2019012471W WO2020194441A1 WO 2020194441 A1 WO2020194441 A1 WO 2020194441A1 JP 2019012471 W JP2019012471 W JP 2019012471W WO 2020194441 A1 WO2020194441 A1 WO 2020194441A1
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- inductor
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a high frequency semiconductor amplifier.
- harmonic the frequency that is a multiple of the frequency of the signal amplified by the semiconductor
- fundamental wave the frequency of the signal amplified by the semiconductor
- harmonic processing there is a method of achieving high-efficiency operation by controlling the impedance of peripheral circuits expected from a semiconductor, so-called harmonic processing.
- harmonic processing it is particularly important to control the second harmonic, which is twice the frequency of the fundamental wave among the harmonics.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for improving the efficiency of a high-frequency semiconductor amplifier.
- the inductor is composed of a transmission line, it occupies a large area near the electrodes of the transistor. Therefore, in an actual semiconductor product, Non-Patent Document 1 shows an example in which a desired inductance is realized in a smaller area, the area of a semiconductor chip is reduced, and the cost is reduced by configuring the inductor with a spiral inductor. ing.
- the conventional high frequency semiconductor amplifier is a one-stage amplifier for a mobile phone base station sealed in a package 12.
- those having the same reference numerals are the same or equivalent thereof, and this is common to the entire text of the specification.
- FIG. 9 and 10 show a cross-sectional view and a top view of a conventional high-frequency semiconductor amplifier.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional high frequency semiconductor amplifier as seen from arrow A in FIG.
- FIG. 10 is a top view of a conventional high frequency semiconductor amplifier.
- the cap 12c in FIG. 9 is not shown in FIG. 10 to show the mounting situation in the package of the conventional high frequency semiconductor amplifier.
- the package 12 is composed of a metal plate 12a, an insulator 12b, a cap 12c, and leads 10 and 14.
- the insulator 12b is a frame made of ceramic, and is fixed in contact with the upper surface of the metal plate 12a by brazing.
- the leads 10 and 14 are formed of a thin plate such as a copper alloy, and are fixed to the upper surface of the insulator 12b by brazing.
- the inside of the package formed on the insulator 12b and the metal plate 12a is sealed with a cap 12c using an adhesive (not shown).
- the material of the cap 12c is ceramic.
- the lead 10 is a lead for inputting high-frequency power to a conventional high-frequency semiconductor amplifier, and also serves as a gate bias terminal.
- the lead 14 is a lead for outputting high-frequency power amplified by a conventional high-frequency semiconductor amplifier, and also serves as a drain bias terminal.
- the chip T1 is a small piece of a semiconductor substrate in which a semiconductor layer mainly made of GaN (Gallium Nitride) is epitaxially grown on the upper surface of a SiC (Silicon Carbide) substrate.
- a gate electrode, a source electrode, And a transistor having a drain electrode (not shown in FIGS. 9 and 10) is formed.
- This transistor is a HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) having excellent high frequency characteristics.
- the chip P1 is a small piece of a semiconductor substrate made of GaAs, which forms a part of a matching circuit (prematch circuit) for matching the fundamental waves on the input side of the transistor formed on the chip T1.
- the chip T1 and the chip P1 are fixed to the upper surface of the metal plate 12a by a bonding material (not shown) such as solder or a conductive adhesive, and are electrically connected to each other.
- the metal plate 12a serves as a heat radiating plate that transfers heat generated by the chip T1 mounted on the upper surface thereof to the back surface of the metal plate 12a.
- the back surface of the metal plate 12a serves as a ground terminal for a conventional high-frequency semiconductor amplifier, and gives a ground potential to the chip T1 and the chip P1.
- the lead 10 and the chip P1 are connected by wires W11 to W15.
- the P1 and the chip T1 are connected by wires W21 to W25.
- the chip T1 and the lead 14 are connected by wires W31 to W35.
- the wires W11 to W15 connecting the input lead 10 and the chip P1 are arranged substantially parallel to each other when viewed from the upper surface.
- the wires W21 to W25 connecting the chip P1 and the chip T1 are arranged substantially parallel to each other when viewed from the upper surface.
- the wires W31 to W35 connecting the chip T1 and the output lead 14 are arranged substantially parallel to each other when viewed from the upper surface.
- FIG. 11 is a detailed view of the inside of a conventional high-frequency semiconductor amplifier as viewed from above.
- Matching circuits MC1 to MC5 for input-side fundamental wave matching are arranged on the upper surface of the chip P1.
- the fundamental wave matching circuits MC1 to MC5 each have an independent bonding pad on the output side, and have a common wire bonding pad PP for signal input on the input side.
- the transistors Tr1 to Tr5 are formed on the upper surface of the chip T1 and form a HEMT cell.
- the HEMT cell in the present specification means a mass of units Tr in which gate electrodes are connected to each other in the vicinity of a transistor.
- the transistors Tr1 to Tr5 each have a bonding pad connected to an independent gate electrode and a common wire bonding pad TT for signal output connected to the drain electrode.
- a double-wave short-circuit circuit composed of double-wave matching inductors L1 to L5 and double-wave matching capacitances C1 to C5 is arranged on the upper surface of the chip T1.
- One end of the double wave matching inductors L1 to L5 is connected to the gate of the transistors Tr1 to Tr5, and the other end is connected to one end of the double wave matching capacitors C1 to C5.
- the other ends of the double wave matching capacitances C1 to C5 are grounded via a VIA connected to the back surface formed on the chip T1.
- the double wave matching inductors L1 to L5 and the double wave matching capacitances C1 to C5 are connected in series.
- FIG. 12 is an equivalent circuit of the path from the connection point IN1 to OUT1 of FIG.
- the 2nd harmonic matching inductor L1 and the 2nd harmonic matching capacitance C1 formed on the chip T1 form a 2nd harmonic short circuit that resonates at a frequency near the 2nd harmonic.
- the above-mentioned high efficiency is realized by setting the magnitude of the reflection coefficient of the impedance of the double wave expected from the gate of the transistor to approximately 1 (total reflection) and appropriately setting the phase of the reflection coefficient.
- total reflection is realized only when the double-wave short-circuit circuit ideally becomes 0 ⁇ due to resonance, but in practice, the impedance of the double-wave short-circuit circuit is compared with the impedance of the fundamental wave. It should be added that if the value is 1/5 or less, the effect of improving efficiency is more than a certain level.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the input double wave reflection phase dependence of the drain efficiency.
- the drain efficiency of the power amplifier from the path IN1 to OUT1 in FIG. 12 is set to approximately 1 (total reflection) with the magnitude of the reflection coefficient of the double wave impedance viewed from the gate electrode of the transistor Tr1 in the direction of the connection point IN1.
- the simulation is performed by changing the reflection phase. However, in this simulation, the magnitude and phase of the reflection coefficient seen from the gate electrode are ideally changed, and the 2nd harmonic matching inductor L1 and the 2nd harmonic matching capacitance C1 in FIG. 12 are not included. ..
- the drain efficiency of the amplifier shows the drain efficiency of the amplifier, and the horizontal axis shows the reflection phase of the double wave impedance when viewed from the gate electrode to the signal source side, that is, the connection point IN1 direction.
- the drain efficiency of the amplifier changes depending on the 2nd harmonic reflection phase seen from the gate. The maximum value is usually shown near 180 °, and the maximum efficiency is obtained at 170 ° to 190 ° in this simulation as well.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a locus of input-side impedance in a conventional high-frequency semiconductor amplifier. Specifically, in the equivalent circuit of FIG. 12, it is a vector locus showing the frequency dependence of the impedance when the direction of the connection point IN1 is viewed from the gate electrode of the transistor Tr1.
- the lower limit frequency of the band of the fundamental wave for which power amplification is to be performed by the high frequency semiconductor amplifier is fl
- the upper limit frequency is fh
- these center frequencies are fc.
- the lower limit frequency of the double wave band is 2fl (twice the frequency of fl)
- the upper limit frequency is 2fh (the frequency twice the fh)
- the center frequencies thereof are 2fc.
- the impedances at frequencies fl, fc, and fh in the fundamental wave band are indicated by markers, and these impedances are concentrated at almost one point. That is, it indicates that the frequency characteristics are small.
- the impedance at frequencies 2fl, 2fc, and 2fh in the 2nd harmonic band is also indicated by the markers, but the impedance trajectory of the 2nd harmonic band has a considerably wider marker spacing than the fundamental wave band. That is, it can be seen that the frequency dependence of impedance in harmonics is larger than the frequency dependence of impedance in fundamental waves. This spread deviates from the range in which the maximum efficiency shown in FIG. 13 can be obtained. Therefore, there is a problem that high-efficiency operation cannot be performed over the entire target band.
- the high-frequency semiconductor device is formed on a semiconductor substrate with a transistor having a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode formed on the semiconductor substrate, a matching circuit for matching the fundamental wave on the input side of the transistor, and a matching circuit.
- One end is formed on the gate electrode of the transistor, the other end is formed on the semiconductor substrate with the first inductor connected to the matching circuit, and one end is formed on the semiconductor substrate with a short-circuited capacitance, and one end is formed on the semiconductor substrate.
- the gate electrode of the above is provided with a second inductor whose other end is connected to the other end of the capacitance.
- the second inductor resonates in series with the capacitance at the frequency of the second harmonic, exhibits a depolarizing mutual inductance with the first inductor, and forms a mutual induction circuit for double wave matching on the input side with the first inductor. To do.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a high-frequency semiconductor amplifier capable of highly efficient power amplification in a wide frequency band.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the frequency dependence of the impedance of the fundamental wave circuit and the double wave short circuit in FIG. It is a figure which shows the frequency dependence of n. It is a figure which shows the locus of the input side impedance in the high frequency semiconductor amplifier which concerns on Embodiment 1 of this invention. It is a detailed view of the inside of the high frequency semiconductor amplifier which concerns on Embodiment 2 of this invention as seen from the top surface.
- Tr2 of FIG. It is an enlarged view of the vicinity of Tr2 of FIG. It is sectional drawing of the conventional high frequency semiconductor amplifier. It is a top view of the conventional high frequency semiconductor amplifier. It is a detailed view which looked at the inside of the conventional high frequency semiconductor amplifier from the top. It is an equivalent circuit of the path from the connection point IN1 to OUT1 of FIG. It is a figure which shows the input double wave reflection phase dependence of a drain efficiency. It is a figure which shows the locus of the input side impedance in the conventional high frequency semiconductor amplifier.
- Embodiment 1 The high frequency semiconductor amplifier according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6.
- embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
- FIG. 1 is a detailed view of the inside of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifier according to the first embodiment of the present invention as viewed from above.
- the major difference from the conventional high-frequency semiconductor amplifier described above with reference to FIG. 11 is that the chip T1 exhibits mutually depolarizing mutual inductances to form a mutual induction circuit for double-frequency matching on the input side. It has matching inductors L11 to L15 and fundamental wave circuit inductors L21 to L25.
- the chip T1 is a small piece of a semiconductor substrate in which a semiconductor layer mainly made of GaN (Gallium Nitride) is epitaxially grown on an upper surface of a SiC (Silicon Carbide) substrate.
- Transistors Tr1 to Tr5 having a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode are formed on the upper surface of the chip T1.
- This transistor is a HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) having excellent high frequency characteristics. That is, the transistors Tr1 to Tr5 are GaN-based HEMTs.
- the chip P1 is a chip in which a matching circuit (prematch circuit) for matching the input-side fundamental waves of the transistors Tr1 to Tr5 is formed on a GaAs substrate.
- the fundamental wave circuit inductors L21 to L25 are formed on the chip T1, one end of which is connected to the gate electrode of the transistors Tr1 to Tr5, and the input side fundamental wave formed on the chip P1 via the wires W21 to W25. The other end is connected to the matching circuits MC1 to MC5 for matching.
- the double wave matching capacitances C11 to C15 are formed on the chip T1, and one end thereof is short-circuited via a VIA conducting to the back surface of the chip T1 formed on the chip T1.
- the double wave matching inductors L11 to L15 are formed on the chip T1, one end is connected to the gate electrode of the transistors Tr1 to Tr5, and the other end is connected to the other end of the capacitances C11 to C15. That is, the 2nd harmonic matching inductors L11 to L15, the 2nd harmonic matching capacitances C11 to C15, and VIA are connected in series and are configured to resonate in series at a frequency of approximately 2nd harmonic. Is forming.
- the double wave matching inductors L11 to L15 and the fundamental wave circuit inductors L21 to L25 form a spiral inductor which is a spiral transmission line so that the inductor per unit area can be increased and the semiconductor area can be reduced. There is.
- the double wave matching inductors L11 to L15 and the fundamental wave circuit inductors L21 to L25 are overlapped so that the transmission lines are close to each other in the spiral portion, and the winding direction of the spiral is reversed when viewed from the upper surface of the chip. Have been placed. Therefore, the double wave matching inductors L11 to L15 and the fundamental wave circuit inductors L21 to L25 exhibit depolarizing mutual inductance and form an input side double wave matching mutual induction circuit.
- FIG. 2 is an equivalent circuit of the path from the connection point IN1 to OUT1 of FIG. 1, and is a part of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifier according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the 2nd harmonic matching inductor L11 and the 2nd harmonic matching capacitance C11 are connected in series, and one end of the 2nd harmonic matching capacitance C11 is grounded.
- the inductance value of the 2nd harmonic matching inductor L11 and the capacitance value of the 2nd harmonic matching capacitance C11 are set to resonate at the frequency of the 2nd harmonic and to be substantially short-circuited.
- the ideal short circuit is 0 ⁇ , but in practice, if the impedance of the double wave short circuit is 1/5 or less of the impedance of the fundamental wave, there is a certain effect on improving efficiency. I will add that.
- the 2nd harmonic matching inductor L11 and the fundamental wave circuit inductor L21 form a mutual induction circuit for 2nd harmonic matching on the input side. That is, the fundamental wave circuit inductor L21 and the double wave matching inductor L11 are arranged so as to exhibit depolarizing mutual inductance when power is input from the gate at the same time.
- the fundamental wave circuit inductor L21 is connected to one end of the wire W21.
- a shunt-connected capacitance Cp1 and a parallel-connected capacitance Cs1 and a resistor Rs1 are connected to the other end of the wire W21.
- the capacitances Cp1, Cs1, and the resistor Rs1 are formed on the chip P1 and constitute the matching circuit MC1.
- the resistor Rs1 is used for the purpose of improving the stability of operation at a frequency lower than the fundamental wave, and the capacitance Cs1 is used for the purpose of lowering the resistance value in the fundamental wave.
- the capacitance Cp1 and the inductor L21 for the fundamental wave circuit and the wire W21 operate as a prematch circuit for the fundamental wave on the input side.
- the transmission line TL1 outside the package operates as an impedance converter.
- FIG. 3 is an equivalent circuit diagram for explaining the operation of the present invention.
- FIG. 3A is an equivalent circuit of the path from the connection point IN1 to OUT1 of FIG. 1, and only a part necessary for the explanation of FIG. 2 is briefly shown.
- the fundamental wave circuit inductor L21 and the double wave inductor L11 form a mutual induction circuit for double wave matching on the input side, and mutually exhibit depolarizing mutual inductance. This is indicated by dots of L11 and L21.
- Let i1 be the current flowing through the double-wave inductor L11 and i2 be the current flowing through the fundamental-wave circuit inductor L21.
- the inductance value of L11 is L (L11)
- the inductance value of L21 is L (L21)
- the mutual inductance value is ⁇ M.
- FIG. 3B is an equivalent circuit diagram in the case where FIG. 3A is replaced with an inductor without coupling.
- the inductance value of the fundamental wave inductor L21a is L (L21) + M
- the inductance value of the double wave inductor L11a is L (L11) + M
- the inductance value of the inductor M1 is ⁇ M.
- both the current i1 and the current i2 flow through the inductor M1.
- FIG. 3C it is considered that the inductor M1 is virtually divided into an inductor M1b through which only the current i1 flows and an inductor M1a through which only the current i2 flows.
- FIG. 3C it is considered that the inductor M1 is virtually divided into an inductor M1b through which only the current i1 flows and an inductor M1a through which only the current i2 flows.
- L (M1a) and L (M1b) can be expressed as follows using i1, i2 and M.
- L (M1a) -(i1 + i2) / i2 ⁇ M
- L (M1b) -(i1 + i2) / i1 ⁇ M.
- L (M1a) ⁇ (1 + 1 / n) ⁇ M
- n is used for L (M1a) and L (M1b).
- L (M1b) -(1 + n) x M
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the frequency dependence of the impedance of the fundamental wave circuit and the double wave short circuit circuit seen from the gate of the transistor Tr1 in FIG.
- the solid line shows the impedance of the fundamental wave circuit
- the broken line shows the impedance of the double wave short circuit.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the frequency dependence of n.
- FIG. 5A is a diagram showing a locus of n on polar coordinates
- FIG. 5B is a diagram showing a frequency characteristic of the real part of n in the vicinity of the double wave frequency.
- the position of n in fc is shown in FIG. 5 (a). Comparing the high-frequency current flowing from the gate of the transistor to the fundamental-wave matching circuit in the fundamental wave with the high-frequency current flowing from the gate of the transistor to the double-wave short-circuit circuit, the impedance of the double-wave short-circuit circuit is shown in FIG. Is high and almost no current flows, so the value of n is large. Further, in the fundamental wave, the impedance that anticipates the fundamental wave matching circuit is inductive, and the impedance that anticipates the double wave short circuit is capacitive, so the sign of the real part of n is negative.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a locus of input-side impedance in the high-frequency semiconductor amplifier according to the first embodiment of the present invention. It can be seen that the impedance interval between 2fl and 2fh shown in FIG. 6 is narrower than the impedance interval between 2fl and 2fh shown in FIG. That is, it is shown that the phase change of the impedance in the double wave is close and the frequency band in which high efficiency can be maintained is widened.
- the semiconductor device is for matching the input side fundamental wave of the transistor Tr1 having the gate electrode, the source electrode, and the drain electrode formed on the semiconductor substrate T1 with the transistor Tr1.
- the second inductor L11 resonates in series with the capacitance C11 at the frequency of the second harmonic, exhibits a depolarizing mutual inductance with the first inductor L21, and forms a mutual induction circuit for double wave matching on the input side. There is.
- a depolarizing mutual inductance with respect to the first inductor L21 constituting the resonance circuit is provided to the gate electrode of the transistor Tr1 and the matching circuit MC1 for fundamental wave matching via the second inductor L11. Since the connection is made, the spread of the double wave impedance seen from the gate of the transistor Tr1 can be suppressed, and the effect of enabling high-efficiency operation over the entire target band is achieved.
- Embodiment 2 The configuration of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifier according to the second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8.
- the difference from the first embodiment is the configuration of the first inductor and the second inductor, and other parts are common.
- the input-side double-wave matching mutual induction circuit including the double-wave matching inductor L11 and the fundamental-wave circuit inductor L21 is close to the gate feeder wiring GF1. are doing. Therefore, when the operating frequency becomes high, the influence on each basic transistor constituting the transistor Tr1 becomes unbalanced. Specifically, in FIG. 1, the distance between the gate feeder wiring GF1 and the 2nd harmonic matching inductor L11 is close to each other in the downward direction when viewed from the connection point between the gate feeder wiring GF1 and the 2nd harmonic matching inductor L11. Coupling occurs. On the other hand, in FIG.
- the distance between the gate feeder wiring GF1 and the double wave matching inductor L11 is larger than that in the downward direction, and the coupling is performed.
- the effect of is small. Since the distance between the mutual induction circuit for double wave matching on the input side and each basic transistor is not uniform as described above, there is a problem that the operation of the transistor Tr1 becomes unbalanced and the characteristics deteriorate.
- FIG. 7 is a detailed view of the inside of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifier according to the second embodiment of the present invention as viewed from above.
- FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of Tr2 in FIG.
- a route from the connection point IN2 to OUT2 will be described as an example.
- the chip T1 is a small piece of a semiconductor substrate obtained by epitaxially growing a semiconductor layer mainly made of GaN (Gallium Nitride) on the upper surface of a SiC (Silicon Carbide) substrate.
- Transistors Tr1 to Tr5 having a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode are formed on the upper surface of the chip T1.
- This transistor is a HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) having excellent high frequency characteristics. That is, the transistors Tr1 to Tr5 are GaN-based HEMTs.
- the double wave matching capacitances C11 to C15 are formed on the chip T1.
- One end of the double wave matching capacitances C1 to C6 is short-circuited via a VIA conducting to the back surface of the chip T1 formed on the chip T1.
- the gate electrodes of the transistor Tr2 are connected to each other by the gate feeder wiring GF2.
- the 2nd harmonic matching inductor L121 and the 2nd harmonic matching capacitance C2 are configured to resonate at substantially a 2nd harmonic frequency, and form a 2nd harmonic short circuit.
- One end of the double wave matching inductor L122 is connected to the gate electrode of the transistor Tr2, and the other end is connected to the other end of the double wave matching capacitance C3.
- the 2nd harmonic matching inductor L122 and the 2nd harmonic matching capacitance C3 are configured to resonate at substantially a 2nd harmonic frequency, forming a 2nd harmonic short circuit.
- One end of the fundamental wave circuit inductor L221 is connected to the gate electrode of the transistor Tr2, and the other end is connected to the fundamental wave matching matching circuit MC2 via the wire W22.
- One end of the fundamental wave circuit inductor L222 is connected to the gate electrode of the transistor Tr2, and the other end is connected to the fundamental wave matching matching circuit MC2 via a wire W22.
- the double wave matching inductor L121 and the fundamental wave circuit inductor L221 are arranged in an intricate manner close to each other.
- the arrangement is such that the path from the gate of the transistor Tr2 to C2 along the double wave matching inductor L121 and the path from the gate of the transistor Tr2 to the wire W22 along the fundamental wave circuit inductor L221 are close to each other. It is devised so that the routes are opposite to each other. Therefore, the double-wave matching inductor L121 and the fundamental wave circuit inductor L221 exhibit depolarizing mutual inductance, and form an input-side double-wave matching mutual induction circuit. Similarly, the double wave matching inductor L122 and the fundamental wave circuit inductor L222 also exhibit depolarizing mutual inductance to form an input side double wave matching mutual induction circuit.
- Input side double wave matching mutual induction circuit consisting of double wave matching inductor L121 and fundamental wave circuit inductor L221, double wave matching inductor L122, and input side double consisting of fundamental wave circuit inductor L222.
- the double wave matching inductor inductors L121 and L122 are connected, and the fundamental wave circuit inductor inductors L221 and L222 are connected. That is, a pair of input-side double-wave matching mutual induction circuits are connected to each other.
- the double wave matching mutual induction circuit is arranged line-symmetrically with respect to a straight line BB'that passes through the center of the transistor Tr2 and extends in the width direction of the gate with respect to the length direction of the gate. That is, a pair of input-side double-wave matching mutual induction circuits are arranged line-symmetrically with respect to a straight line extending in the width direction of the gate.
- the double wave matching inductor inductors L121 and L122 are in close proximity to the gate feeder wiring GF2. However, since they are arranged symmetrically with respect to the straight line BB', the difference in distance between each basic transistor and the inductor is small as compared with the first embodiment. Therefore, as compared with the first embodiment, the imbalance of the operation between the basic transistors can be suppressed, and the characteristics of the high frequency semiconductor amplifier are improved. The explanation of other parts is omitted.
- the transistor Tr2 having the gate electrode, the source electrode, and the drain electrode formed on the semiconductor substrate T1 and the input side fundamental wave matching of the transistor Tr2 are matched.
- the matching circuit MC2 for use, the first inductors L221 and L222 formed on the semiconductor substrate T1 having one end connected to the gate electrode of the transistor Tr2 and the other end connected to the matching circuit MC2, and the semiconductor substrate T1.
- the capacitances C2 and C3 formed in the above are provided with one ends short-circuited.
- a second high-frequency semiconductor amplifier according to the second embodiment of the present invention is formed on the semiconductor substrate T1, one end of which is connected to the gate electrode of the transistor Tr2, and the other end of which is connected to the other end of the capacitance C2.
- An input-side double-wave matching mutual induction circuit that includes an inductor L121, the second inductor L121 resonates in series with the capacitance C2 at a frequency of the second harmonic, and exhibits a depolarizing mutual inductance with the first inductor L221. Is forming.
- the high-frequency semiconductor amplifier according to the second embodiment of the present invention is formed on the semiconductor substrate T1, one end of which is connected to the gate electrode of the transistor Tr2, and the other end of which is connected to the other end of the capacitance C3.
- the second inductor L122 includes an inductor L122, and the second inductor L122 resonates in series with the capacitance C2 at a frequency of the second harmonic, and exhibits a depolarizing mutual inductance with the first inductor L222. Is forming.
- the inductor L121 and the inductor L221 are connected to each other, and the inductor L122 and the inductor L222 are connected to each other.
- the inductor L121 and the inductor L221 are arranged line-symmetrically with respect to a straight line extending in the width direction of the gate, and the inductor L122 and the inductor L222 are arranged line-symmetrically with respect to a straight line extending in the width direction of the gate. That is, a pair of input-side double-wave matching mutual induction circuits are arranged line-symmetrically with respect to a straight line extending in the width direction of the gate and are connected to each other.
- the semiconductor device according to the second embodiment similarly to the high-frequency semiconductor amplifier shown in the first embodiment, in the semiconductor device according to the second embodiment, with respect to the first inductors L211 and L212 constituting the resonance circuit. Since the gate electrode of the transistor Tr2 and the matching circuit MC2 for fundamental wave matching are connected via the second inductors L121 and L122, the depolarized mutual inductance spreads the double wave impedance seen from the gate of the transistor Tr2. It can be suppressed and has the effect of enabling highly efficient operation over the entire target band.
- a pair of input-side double-wave matching mutual induction circuits are extended in the width direction of the gate through the center of the transistor Tr2 with respect to the length direction. It was arranged line-symmetrically with respect to the straight line BB'. Therefore, the difference in distance between each basic transistor and the inductor can be reduced as compared with the first embodiment. Therefore, as compared with the first embodiment, the imbalance of operation between the basic transistors can be suppressed, and the characteristics of the high-frequency semiconductor amplifier can be further improved.
- the operation and configuration thereof are used by using the path from the connection point IN1 to OUT1 or the path from the connection point IN2 to OUT2.
- the operation and configuration are the same for the route from the connection point INx to OUTx (x is an integer of 1 to 5).
- the transistor is a GaN-based HEMT formed on a SiC substrate, but the substrate material may be Si or the like.
- the transistor may be made of a GaAs-based or Si-based material, and the transistor structure may be a MOSFET, MESFET, or HBT.
- each embodiment can be freely combined within the scope of the invention, and each embodiment can be appropriately modified or omitted.
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Abstract
Description
インダクタを伝送線路で構成した場合、トランジスタの電極近傍に大きな面積を占める。そこで実際の半導体製品においては、インダクタをスパイラルインダクタで構成することで、所望のインダクタンスをより小さな面積で実現して半導体チップの面積を低減し、コストを低減した事例が非特許文献1に示されている。
なお図において、同一の符号を付したものは、同一またはこれに相当するものであり、このことは明細書の全文において共通することである。
絶縁体12bはセラミックからなる枠体であり、ロウ付けにより金属プレート12aの上面に接して固定されている。
リード10及び14は、銅合金等の薄板から形成されており、ロウ付けにより絶縁体12bの上面に固定されている。絶縁体12b並びに金属プレート12aに形成されるパッケージの内部は、接着剤(図示せず)を用いてキャップ12cにより封止されている。キャップ12cは、材料はセラミックである。
リード10は、従来の高周波半導体増幅器への高周波電力の入力用リードであって、ゲートバイアス端子を兼ねている。リード14は、従来の高周波半導体増幅器により増幅された高周波電力の出力用リードであって、ドレインバイアス端子を兼ねている。
チップP1は、チップT1に形成されたトランジスタの入力側の基本波を整合する整合回路(プリマッチ用回路)の一部を形成したGaAsを主材料とする半導体基板の小片である。チップT1及びチップP1は、はんだ、導電性接着剤等の接合材(図示せず)により、金属プレート12aの上面に固定され、電気的に接続されている。
図10に示すように、入力用のリード10とチップP1とを接続するワイヤW11からW15は上面より見て略平行に配置されている。チップP1とチップT1とを接続するワイヤW21からW25は上面より見て略平行に配置されている。チップT1と出力用のリード14とを接続するワイヤW31からW35は上面より見て略平行に配置されている。
ここで、全反射は2倍波短絡回路が共振により理想的に0Ωとなった場合にのみ実現されるものであるが、実用上は基本波のインピーダンスと比較して2倍波短絡回路のインピーダンスが1/5以下とすれば、高効率化に一定以上の効果があることを付記しておく。
図13の縦軸は増幅器のドレイン効率を示し、横軸はゲート電極から信号源側、すなわち接続点IN1方向、を見た2倍波インピーダンスの反射位相を示している。図13に示されるように、増幅器のドレイン効率はゲートから見た2倍波反射位相によって変化する。通例180°付近で最大値を示し、本シミュレーションにおいても170°~190°で最大効率が得られている。
すなわち高調波でのインピーダンスの周波数依存性は、基本波におけるインピーダンスの周波数依存性と比較して大きいことが分かる。この広がりは、図13に示した最大効率が得られる範囲を逸脱している。
このため、目的とする帯域内全般に亘って高効率動作が出来ないという課題がある。
第2のインダクタは、2倍波の周波数において容量と直列共振し、第1のインダクタと減極性の相互インダクタンスを呈するとともに、第1のインダクタとで入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路を形成する。
本発明の実施の形態1に係る高周波半導体増幅器について、図1から図6を用いて説明する。以下、図面を参照しつつ、本発明の実施形態について説明する。
チップT1の上面にはゲート電極、ソース電極、及びドレイン電極を有するトランジスタTr1~Tr5が形成されている。このトランジスタは高周波特性に優れたHEMT(High Electron Mobility Transistor)である。すなわち、トランジスタTr1~Tr5は、GaN系HEMTである。
チップP1は、トランジスタTr1~Tr5の入力側基本波を整合する整合回路(プリマッチ用回路)を、GaAs基板上に形成したチップである。
2倍波整合用容量C11~C15はチップT1上に形成されており、一端はチップT1に形成されたチップT1の裏面へ導通するVIAを介して短絡されている。
2倍波整合用インダクタL11~L15はチップT1上に形成されており、一端はトランジスタTr1~Tr5のゲート電極に接続され、他端は容量C11~C15の他端に接続されている。
すなわち、2倍波整合用インダクタL11~L15と2倍波整合用容量C11~C15とVIAは直列に接続され、ほぼ2倍波の周波数において直列共振するよう構成されており、2倍波短絡回路を形成している。
2倍波整合用インダクタL11~L15及び基本波回路用インダクタL21~L25は、うずまき部分で伝送線路が近接するようにうずまきを重ね、かつチップ上面から見てうずまきの巻き方向が逆となるように配置されている。
よって、2倍波整合用インダクタL11~L15及び基本波回路用インダクタL21~L25は、減極性の相互インダクタンスを呈し、入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路を形成している。
先にも述べたように、2倍波整合用インダクタL11と2倍波整合用容量C11とは直列に接続されており、2倍波整合用容量C11の一端は接地されている。2倍波整合用インダクタL11のインダクタンス値と2倍波整合用容量C11の容量値は、2倍波の周波数で共振し、ほぼ短絡するよう設定されている。
なお,短絡とは理想的は0Ωであるが、実用上は基本波のインピーダンスと比較して2倍波短絡回路のインピーダンスが1/5以下となれば、高効率化に一定以上の効果があることを付記しておく。
容量Cp1並びに基本波回路用インダクタL21及びワイヤW21は、入力側の基本波に対するプリマッチ回路として動作する。パッケージ外部のトランスミッションラインTL1は、インピーダンス変換器として動作する。
先に説明したように基本波回路用インダクタL21と2倍波用インダクタL11は入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路を形成しており、互いに減極性の相互インダクタンスを呈する。これをL11、L21のドットで示す。
2倍波用インダクタL11に流れる電流をi1、基本波回路用インダクタL21に流れる電流をi2とする。また、L11のインダクタンス値をL(L11)、L21のインダクタンス値をL(L21)、相互インダクタンス値を-Mとする。
図3(b)から明らかなようにインダクタM1には電流i1と電流i2の両方が流れる。ここで、図3(c)に示すように、電流i1のみが流れるインダクタM1bと、電流i2のみが流れるインダクタM1aに、インダクタM1を仮想的に分割する事を考える。
図3(c)において、インダクタL21aとインダクタM1aの直列接続をインダクタL21b、インダクタL11aとインダクタM1bの直列接続をインダクタL11bとすると、図3(a)と図3(c)との比較から、図3(c)のL21b、L11bは、図3(a)のL21、L11に相当することが分かる。
L(M1a)=-(i1+i2)/i2×M、
L(M1b)=-(i1+i2)/i1×M。
L(M1a)=-(1+1/n)×M、
L(M1b)=-(1+n)×M
と表すことが出来る。
L(L21b)=L(L21a)+L(M1a)=L(L21)―(1/n)×M、
2倍波インダクタンスL11bのインダクタンス値L(L11b)は、
L(L11b)=L(L11a)+L(M1b)=L(L11)-n×M
と表すことが出来る。
図5(a)においてfcでのnの位置を示す。基本波における、トランジスタのゲートから基本波整合回路へ流れる高周波電流と、トランジスタのゲートから2倍波短絡回路へ流れる高周波電流とを比較すると、図4に示されるように2倍波短絡回路のインピーダンスが高くほとんど電流が流れないので、nの値は大きい。また基本波において、基本波整合回路を見込むインピーダンスは誘導性であり、2倍波短絡回路を見込むインピーダンスは容量性なので、nの実部の符号は負である。
本発明の実施の形態2に係る高周波半導体増幅器の構成を、図7、8を用いて説明する。実施の形態1との相違点は第1のインダクタ、及び第2のインダクタの構成であって、その他の部分は共通である。
具体的には、図1において、ゲートフィーダ配線GF1と2倍波整合用インダクタL11の接続点からみて下方向では、ゲートフィーダ配線GF1と2倍波整合用インダクタL11の距離が近接しており、カップリングが発生する。一方、図1において、ゲートフィーダ配線GF1とインダクタL11の接続点からみて上方向では、ゲートフィーダ配線GF1と2倍波整合用インダクタL11の距離は、下方向と比較して離れており、カップリングの影響は小さい。
このように入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路と、各基本トランジスタとの距離が均一ではないため、トランジスタTr1の動作がアンバランスとなり、特性が低下するという問題があった。
チップT1の上面にはゲート電極、ソース電極、及びドレイン電極を有するトランジスタTr1~Tr5が形成されている。このトランジスタは高周波特性に優れたHEMT(High Electron Mobility Transistor)である。すなわち、トランジスタTr1~Tr5は、GaN系HEMTである。
2倍波整合用容量C11~C15はチップT1上に形成されている。2倍波整合用容量C1~C6の一端は、チップT1に形成されたチップT1の裏面へ導通するVIAを介して短絡されている。
トランジスタTr2のゲート電極は、ゲートフィーダ配線GF2により互いに接続されている。
2倍波整合用インダクタL122は、一端がトランジスタTr2のゲート電極に接続され、他端は2倍波整合用容量C3の他端に接続されている。2倍波整合用インダクタL122と2倍波整合用容量C3は、ほぼ2倍波の周波数において共振するように構成されており、2倍波短絡回路を形成している。
このため、2倍波整合用インダクタL121と基本波回路用インダクタL221は減極性の相互インダクタンスを呈し、入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路を形成する。
同様に、2倍波整合用インダクタL122と基本波回路用インダクタL222も減極性の相互インダクタンスを呈し、入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路を形成する。
すなわち1対の入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路は互いに接続されている。また、2倍波整合用インダクタL121、及び基本波回路用インダクタL221からなる入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路と、2倍波整合用インダクタL122、及び基本波回路用インダクタL222からなる入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路とは、ゲートの長さ方向に対してトランジスタTr2の中心を通りゲートの幅方向に延伸する直線B-B’に対し、線対称に配置されている。すなわち1対の入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路はゲートの幅方向に延伸する直線に対し線対称に配置されている。
また、本発明の実施の形態2に係る高周波半導体増幅器は、半導体基板T1上に形成され、一端がトランジスタTr2のゲート電極に接続され、他端が容量C2の他端に接続された第2のインダクタL121を備えており、第2のインダクタL121は、2倍波の周波数において容量C2と直列共振し、第1のインダクタL221と減極性の相互インダクタンスを呈する入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路を形成している。
更に、本発明の実施の形態2に係る高周波半導体増幅器は、半導体基板T1上に形成され、一端がトランジスタTr2のゲート電極に接続され、他端が容量C3の他端に接続された第2のインダクタL122を備えており、第2のインダクタL122は、2倍波の周波数において容量C2と直列共振し、第1のインダクタL222と減極性の相互インダクタンスを呈する入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路を形成している。
また本発明の実施の形態において、トランジスタはSiC基板上に形成されたGaN系HEMTであったが、基板材料はSi等でも良い。またはトランジスタはGaAs系やSi系の材料で構成されていてもよく、トランジスタ構造はMOSFET,MESFETやHBTでも良い。
本発明は、発明の範囲内において各実施の形態を自由に組み合わせることや、各実施の形態を適宜、変形、省略することが可能である。
12c キャップ、C1~C5、C11~C15 2倍波整合用容量、
L1~L5、L11~L15、L111~L152 2倍波整合用インダクタ、
L21~L25、L211~L252 基本波回路用インダクタ、
MC1~MC5 整合回路、T1 チップ、Tr1~Tr5 トランジスタ、
W11~W15、W21~W30、W31~W35 ワイヤ。
Claims (3)
- 半導体基板上に形成された、ゲート電極、ソース電極、及びドレイン電極を有するトランジスタと、
前記トランジスタの入力側基本波整合用の整合回路と、
前記半導体基板上に形成され、一端が前記トランジスタのゲート電極に、他端が前記整合回路に接続された第1のインダクタと、
前記半導体基板上に形成され、一端が短絡された容量と、
前記半導体基板上に形成され、一端が前記トランジスタのゲート電極に、他端が前記容量の他端に接続された第2のインダクタと、
を備えた高周波半導体増幅器であって、
前記第2のインダクタは、2倍波の周波数において前記容量と直列共振し、前記第1のインダクタと減極性の相互インダクタンスを呈するとともに、前記第1のインダクタとで入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路を形成する高周波半導体増幅器。 - 前記入力側2倍波整合用相互誘導回路は、前記ゲートの幅方向に延伸する直線に対し線対称に配置され、互いに接続されていることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の高周波半導体増幅器。
- 前記トランジスタは、GaN系HEMTである事を特徴とする、請求項1または請求項2に記載の高周波半導体増幅器。
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