WO2018088248A1 - 負極材料及びリチウムイオン電池 - Google Patents
負極材料及びリチウムイオン電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018088248A1 WO2018088248A1 PCT/JP2017/038932 JP2017038932W WO2018088248A1 WO 2018088248 A1 WO2018088248 A1 WO 2018088248A1 JP 2017038932 W JP2017038932 W JP 2017038932W WO 2018088248 A1 WO2018088248 A1 WO 2018088248A1
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- negative electrode
- electrode material
- nanosilicon
- mass
- carbon
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Classifications
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode material and a lithium ion battery using the same.
- a negative electrode active material silicon (4200 mAh / g) having a higher theoretical capacity than graphite (372 mAh / g) currently used is attracting attention.
- the volume of silicon expands up to about 3 to 4 times with the insertion of lithium, causing self-destruction and peeling from the electrode. Is known to be significantly lower.
- a graphite powder, a carbon precursor, silicon fine powder, and a void forming agent are heated and mixed and then fired, and a void is formed around the silicon fine powder to absorb volume change
- Patent Document 1 a method of firing a mixture of a fine powder of a silicon compound, graphite and a binder, and fixing the silicon compound by the carbide of the binder
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-238992
- Patent Document 2 after mixing the silicon compound and the conductive carbon, the mixture is further mixed while applying compressive force and shearing force to obtain particles that are firmly agglomerated while the silicon compound and the conductive carbon are uniformly dispersed.
- Patent No. 5809200; Patent Document 3 that effectively suppresses volume change during charging and discharging by forming is disclosed.
- Japanese Patent No. 5158460 JP 2003-238992 A Japanese Patent No. 5809200
- Patent Document 1 a void is formed around the silicon fine powder, so that a conductive path to the silicon fine powder cannot be formed.
- the ratio of the silicon compound fine powder and graphite as the filler to the matrix binder is increased, and the surface of the filler is sufficient with the binder. It cannot be coated.
- a mechanochemical treatment for imparting compressive force and shear force is performed on a carbon material and a silicon compound as in Patent Document 3
- a part of the silicon compound is converted to silicon carbide. Since silicon carbide contributes little to charge and discharge among silicon compounds, the method of Patent Document 3 causes a decrease in capacity of the negative electrode active material.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode material having a high discharge capacity of 600 mAh / g or more, a high initial Coulomb efficiency, and a high cycle characteristic, and a lithium ion battery using the same.
- the present invention includes the following negative electrode material, a negative electrode paste using the negative electrode material, a negative electrode sheet, and a lithium ion battery.
- the ratio (A / B) of the peak area (A) derived from Si near 99 eV to the peak area (B) derived from silicon oxide near 103 eV observed in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is 0.01.
- a negative electrode material comprising composite particles that are ⁇ 0.10 and nanocarbon-containing amorphous carbon adheres to the surface of graphite particles.
- the activity of the silicon particles existing in the surface layer of the negative electrode active material is suppressed, and mixing of fine powder having a high specific surface area is avoided, and the characteristics (initial Coulomb efficiency and cycle characteristics) of the lithium ion battery are reduced. Can be increased.
- the negative electrode material according to an embodiment of the present invention includes composite particles in which amorphous carbon containing nanometer-sized silicon particles (nanosilicon) is attached to the surface of graphite particles. It is not essential to have a so-called core-shell structure in which the surface of the graphite particles is entirely covered with amorphous carbon containing nanosilicon. When the entire surface of the graphite particles is covered with amorphous carbon containing nanosilicon, the electron conductivity of the negative electrode material tends to decrease, and the resistance value of the entire electrode tends to increase. Nanosilicon preferably has a 90% diameter in a number-based cumulative distribution of primary particle diameters of 200 nm or less. The primary particle diameter can be measured by observation with a microscope such as SEM or TEM.
- the particle surface layer preferably contains SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- the portion (core) other than the surface layer may be made of elemental silicon or SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- the average thickness of the surface layer containing SiO x is preferably 0.5 to 10 nm. When the average thickness of the surface layer containing SiO x is larger than 0.5 nm, oxidation by air or an oxidizing gas can be suppressed. Moreover, when the average thickness of the surface layer containing SiO x is smaller than 10 nm, an increase in irreversible capacity during the first cycle can be suppressed. This average thickness can be measured by a TEM photograph.
- the negative electrode material according to one embodiment of the present invention has a peak area (A) derived from metal Si near 99 eV, compared to a peak area (B) derived from silicon oxide near 103 eV, which is observed in XPS measurement.
- the ratio (A / B) is preferably from 0.01 to 0.10, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.09.
- the value of the peak area ratio (A / B) is considered to indicate the degree of oxidation of nanosilicon on the negative electrode material surface.
- the value of the peak area ratio (A / B) is small, it is considered that silicon is oxidized and the SiO x layer (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) on the nanosilicon surface is thick.
- Nanosilicon can contain, in addition to silicon element, element M selected from other metal elements and metalloid elements (carbon element, boron element, etc.) in the particles.
- element M selected from other metal elements and metalloid elements (carbon element, boron element, etc.) in the particles.
- Specific examples of the element M include nickel, copper, iron, tin, aluminum, and cobalt.
- the content of the element M is not particularly limited as long as it does not significantly inhibit the action of silicon, and is, for example, 1 mol or less per 1 mol of silicon atoms.
- Nano silicon is not particularly limited by its manufacturing method. For example, it can be produced by the method disclosed in International Publication No. 2012/000858.
- the negative electrode material according to one embodiment of the present invention has a 10% diameter (D 10 ) in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution of the negative electrode material measured by a laser diffraction method, preferably 3.5 to 9 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 ⁇ 8 ⁇ m. If D 10 of greater than 3.5 ⁇ m anode material and a binding force between the current collector is good, the negative electrode material during charge and discharge is a possibility that the peeling becomes low. When D 10 is smaller than 9 ⁇ m, it becomes possible to increase the electrode density at the time of electrode preparation by containing fine powder.
- the negative electrode material according to an embodiment of the present invention has a 50% diameter (D 50 ) in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution of the negative electrode material measured by a laser diffraction method, preferably 8 to 25 ⁇ m, more preferably 12 to 20 ⁇ m. It is. Since D 50 and the 8 ⁇ m greater than the bulk density of the negative electrode material is not lowered, it is possible to increase the electrode density easily. Further, when D 50 is smaller than 25 ⁇ m, the electrode density can be easily increased at the time of electrode preparation.
- D 50 50% diameter in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution of the negative electrode material measured by a laser diffraction method
- the negative electrode material according to one embodiment of the present invention has a 90% diameter (D 90 ) in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution of the negative electrode material measured by a laser diffraction method, preferably 20 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 30 to 45 ⁇ m. It is.
- D 90 is larger than 20 ⁇ m, classification efficiency and productivity tend to be improved. If D 90 of less than 50 ⁇ m is without localized expansion and contraction becomes excessively large when the lithium coarse active material inserting and detachment, the electrode structure is not destroyed.
- the negative electrode material according to an embodiment of the present invention has a BET specific surface area of preferably 1 to 5 m 2 / g, more preferably 1.5 to 4 m 2 / g, and further preferably 2 to 3.5 m 2 / g. is there.
- the negative electrode material according to one embodiment of the present invention has a silicon element content of preferably 15 to 40% by mass, more preferably 17 to 30% by mass.
- a silicon element content preferably 15 to 40% by mass, more preferably 17 to 30% by mass.
- the content of silicon element in the negative electrode material is less than 15% by mass, it is difficult to obtain a discharge capacity of 600 mAh / g or more. If the content of silicon element in the negative electrode material is made higher than 40% by mass, the proportion of amorphous carbon generated from the carbon precursor including nanosilicon also increases, and the reactivity with the electrolyte tends to increase. .
- Amorphous carbon can be produced from a carbon precursor.
- the carbon precursor include nano-silicon, a material that binds to the graphite particles by heat treatment and converts to carbon at a high temperature of 900 ° C. or higher.
- Petroleum-derived substances such as a thermosetting resin, a thermoplastic resin, a thermoheavy oil, a pyrolysis oil, a straight asphalt, a blown asphalt, tar or petroleum pitch byproduced at the time of ethylene manufacture
- coal-derived substances such as coal tar produced during coal carbonization, heavy components obtained by distilling off low-boiling components of coal tar, and coal tar pitch (coal pitch) are preferable, and petroleum pitch or coal pitch is particularly preferable.
- the pitch is a mixture of a plurality of polycyclic aromatic compounds.
- a carbonaceous material with a low impurity and a high carbonization rate can be produced. Since the pitch has a low oxygen content, the nanosilicon is hardly oxidized when the nanosilicon is dispersed in the carbon precursor.
- the pitch softening point is preferably 80 to 300 ° C.
- the softening point is 80 ° C. or more, the average molecular weight of the polycyclic aromatic compound constituting the pitch is large and the volatile content is small, so that the carbonization rate tends to increase. Further, it is preferable because a carbonaceous material having few pores and a relatively small specific surface area tends to be obtained.
- the softening point of the pitch is 300 ° C. or lower because the viscosity at the time of melting is low and it is easy to mix uniformly with nanosilicon.
- the pitch softening point can be measured by the Mettler method described in ASTM-D3104-77.
- the pitch as the carbon precursor is preferably 20 to 80% by mass, more preferably 25 to 75% by mass.
- a pitch having a carbonization rate of 20% by mass or more is used, a carbonaceous material having a small specific surface area tends to be obtained.
- a pitch with a carbonization rate of 80% by mass or less has a low viscosity at the time of melting, so that it becomes easy to uniformly disperse nanosilicon particles.
- Carbonization rate is determined by the following method.
- the solid pitch is pulverized with a mortar or the like, and the pulverized product is subjected to mass thermal analysis under a nitrogen gas flow.
- the ratio of the mass in 1100 degreeC with respect to preparation mass is defined as a carbonization rate.
- the carbonization rate corresponds to the amount of fixed carbon measured at a carbonization temperature of 1100 ° C. according to JIS K2425.
- the pitch has a QI (quinoline insoluble content) content of preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, and further preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the QI content of the pitch is a value corresponding to the amount of free carbon.
- the pitch preferably has a TI (toluene insoluble content) content of 10 to 70% by mass.
- TI content is 10% by mass or more, the average molecular weight of the polycyclic aromatic compound constituting the pitch is large and the volatile content is small, so that the carbonization rate is high, the pores are small, and the specific surface area is small. Tends to be obtained.
- the TI content is 70% by mass or less, the average molecular weight of the polycyclic aromatic compound constituting the pitch is small, so the carbonization rate is low, but the pitch viscosity is low, so it is easy to mix with nanosilicon uniformly. .
- the pitch and other components can be mixed uniformly, and a composite material exhibiting characteristics suitable as a battery active material can be obtained.
- the QI content and TI content of the pitch can be measured by the method described in JIS K2425 or a method analogous thereto.
- a method for dispersing nanosilicon in the carbon precursor a method in which nanosilicon is uniformly mixed in the carbon precursor by a twin screw extruder is preferable.
- the carbon precursor and nanosilicon are kneaded, it is preferable to circulate nitrogen in the system in order to set the heater temperature to be higher than the softening point of the carbon precursor and prevent oxidation of the nanosilicon and carbon precursor.
- a raw material charging method there are a method in which dry-blended nanosilicon and a carbon precursor are simultaneously charged from a hopper, and a method in which a carbon precursor is charged from a hopper and nanosilicon is charged from a side.
- the carbon precursor in which nanosilicon is uniformly dispersed by a twin-screw extruder is preferably pulverized so that the 50% diameter (D 50 ) in the volume-based cumulative distribution is 3 to 20 ⁇ m.
- D 50 50% diameter in the volume-based cumulative distribution
- the nanosilicon content in the nanosilicon-containing particles composed of nanosilicon and a carbon precursor is preferably 30 to 50% by mass.
- the content of nanosilicon is lower than 30% by mass, the proportion of the carbon precursor increases, so that the adhesion becomes intense during the heat treatment, and the pulverization strength must be increased to obtain a fine negative electrode material. There is a tendency to do excessive damage.
- the content of nanosilicon is higher than 50% by mass, it becomes difficult to uniformly disperse nanosilicon in the carbon precursor, and thus it is difficult to coat nanosilicon with the carbon precursor. In addition, it becomes difficult to combine with the conductive filler during the heat treatment.
- nanosilicon-containing particles dispersed in a carbon precursor By mixing nanosilicon-containing particles dispersed in a carbon precursor in advance and conducting heat treatment, nanosilicon is mixed and heat treated to suppress melting and sticking between the carbon precursors during heat treatment.
- the generated gas can be homogenized and the activity of the silicon particles present in the surface layer of the negative electrode material can be suppressed. Further, by avoiding the mixing of fine powder having a high specific surface area, a negative electrode material having high discharge capacity, high coulomb efficiency, and high cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the conductive filler is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include graphite particles, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphene.
- the conductive filler preferably contains graphite particles.
- Graphite particles can be used alone, graphite particles having different particle diameters can be used in combination, or two or more kinds of conductive fillers containing graphite particles can be used in combination.
- Graphite particles is calculated from the analysis of X-ray diffraction pattern by CuK ⁇ line, the average spacing d 002 of the 002 plane is preferably 0.337nm or less. As d 002 is smaller, the amount of insertion and desorption per mass of lithium ions increases, which contributes to an improvement in mass energy density. If d 002 is 0.337 nm or less, most of the optical structure observed with a polarizing microscope is an optically anisotropic structure.
- the graphite particles preferably have a thickness (Lc) in the C-axis direction calculated from an analysis of an X-ray diffraction pattern by CuK ⁇ rays of 50 to 1000 nm.
- Lc thickness
- Lc is preferably 80 to 300 nm, more preferably 100 to 200 nm.
- Lc is preferably 50 to 200 nm, more preferably 50 to 100 nm.
- D 002 and Lc can be measured using a powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) method (Noda Inayoshi, Inagaki Michio, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 117th Committee Sample, 117-71-A-1 ( 1963), Michio Inagaki et al., Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 117th Committee Sample, 117-121-C-5 (1972), Michio Inagaki, “Carbon”, 1963, No. 36, pages 25-34).
- XRD powder X-ray diffraction
- the graphite particles have a 50% diameter (D 50 ) in a volume-based cumulative particle size distribution of preferably 1 to 15 ⁇ m, more preferably 4 to 12 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 6 to 10 ⁇ m. If D 50 is less than 1 ⁇ m, side reactions are likely to occur during charge and discharge, and if D 50 is greater than 15 ⁇ m, the diffusion of lithium ions in the negative electrode material is slow, and the charge / discharge rate tends to decrease. D 50 can be measured using a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer, for example, Mastersizer (registered trademark) manufactured by Malvern.
- the graphite particles have a BET specific surface area of preferably 1.5 to 20 m 2 / g, more preferably 2 to 12 m 2 / g.
- the BET specific surface area is calculated from the nitrogen gas adsorption amount. Examples of the measuring device include NOVA-1200 manufactured by Yuasa Ionics.
- the production method of graphite particles is not particularly limited. For example, it can be produced by a method disclosed in International Publication No. 2014/003135 pamphlet.
- carbon black acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, ketjen black, lamp black, thermal black, and the like can be used.
- the specific surface area of carbon black is preferably 10 to 1600 m 2 / g, more preferably 20 to 100 m 2 / g.
- the carbon nanotube preferably has a tubular structure in which a graphene sheet is wound in a cylindrical shape.
- the fiber diameter of the carbon nanotube is preferably 2 to 50 nm, the aspect ratio is preferably 100 or more, and the BET specific surface area is preferably 40 to 1000 m 2 / g.
- the carbon nanofibers preferably have a tubular structure graphitized at 2600 ° C. or higher under an inert atmosphere. Carbon nanofibers preferably have a fiber diameter of 80 to 200 nm, an aspect ratio of 50 to 100, and a BET specific surface area of 10 to 25 m 2 / g.
- a refined catalyst for example, iron, nickel, cobalt, etc.
- the nanosilicon-containing particles are contained in an amount of 40 to 60% by mass
- the conductive filler is contained in an amount of 40 to 60% by mass
- ⁇ BET specific surface area of the conductive filler ⁇ % by mass
- the index determined by / (mass% of nanosilicon-containing particles) is preferably 6 to 13 m 2 / g. If the index required by ⁇ (BET specific surface area of conductive filler ⁇ mass%) / (mass% of nanosilicon-containing particles) is smaller than 6 m 2 / g, adhesion due to melting of the carbon precursor becomes severe during heat treatment. The gas containing tar generated from the carbon precursor tends to be inhomogeneous.
- the oxidation of the nanosilicon surface proceeds in the process in which the gas containing tar generated by the heat treatment is released from the system through the particles.
- the escape of gas containing tar becomes inhomogeneous, oxidation inhomogeneity occurs on the nanosilicon surface.
- the pulverization strength must be increased, and the particles are excessively damaged.
- the index required by ⁇ BET specific surface area of conductive filler ⁇ mass%) / (mass% of nanosilicon-containing particles) is larger than 13 m 2 / g, and there is excess conductive filler around the nanosilicon-containing particles.
- the fluidity of the carbon precursor constituting the nanosilicon-containing particles is reduced during heat treatment, and only the conductive fillers present in the vicinity of the nanosilicon-containing particles are complexed, leaving many conductive fillers that are not complexed. .
- the mixing device As a mechanism for mixing the nanosilicon-containing particles and the conductive filler, general moving mixing, diffusion mixing, and shear mixing can be used.
- the mixing device include a stirring and mixing device in which a stirring blade in a container rotates, a fluid mixing device in which a raw material is caused to flow by an air flow, a mixing device in which a container itself rotates such as a V-type mixer and gravity is used.
- a stirring and mixing device is preferable.
- a Henschel mixer manufactured by Nihon Coke Industries
- a Nauter mixer manufactured by Hosokawa Micron
- a bite mix manufactured by Hosokawa Micron
- a cyclomix (Made by Hosokawa Micron Corporation) can be used.
- nanosilicon and carbon react or form an intermediate even at low temperatures, and silicon carbide is easily generated by heat treatment.
- the heat treatment of the mixture of nanosilicon-containing particles and conductive filler is preferably performed at 900 to 1200 ° C., more preferably 1000 to 1100 ° C.
- the carbon precursor constituting the nanosilicon-containing particles can be melted, bound with the conductive filler, carbonized, and combined.
- the heat treatment temperature is lower than 900 ° C.
- carbonization of the carbon precursor is not sufficiently completed, and hydrogen and oxygen remain in the negative electrode material, which may adversely affect battery characteristics.
- the heat treatment temperature is higher than 1200 ° C.
- nanosilicon is converted into silicon carbide, and the charging characteristics are deteriorated.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in an inert atmosphere.
- the inert atmosphere include an atmosphere in which an inert gas such as argon gas or nitrogen gas is circulated in the heat treatment system.
- the carbon precursor is melted by heat treatment and bound to the conductive filler and may be agglomerated, it is preferably pulverized.
- Suitable pulverization methods include a pulverizer using impact force such as a hammer, impact force and shear force pin mill, and turbo mill.
- the sieving is preferably a dry vibration sieve using a sieve having an opening of 20 to 53 ⁇ m.
- the airflow classification include an elbow jet (manufactured by Nippon Steel Mining Co., Ltd.) using inertial force, a turbo classifier (manufactured by Nissin Engineering Co., Ltd.) utilizing centrifugal force and drag, and a turboplex (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron).
- the cut points are preferably classified so that the 90% diameter (D 90 ) in the volume-based cumulative distribution is 20 to 50 ⁇ m.
- D 90 If it is attempted to make D 90 smaller than 20 ⁇ m, the classification efficiency and productivity are significantly reduced. If D 90 of greater than 50 [mu] m, the lithium coarse active material inserting and detachment, the greater the localized expansion and contraction, the destruction source electrode structure.
- the negative electrode material may be 5000 to 12,000 Gauss Nb, ferrite magnet, etc., and the magnetic content mixed in the powder may be removed.
- the negative electrode paste according to an embodiment of the invention includes the negative electrode material, a binder, a solvent, and a conductive aid as necessary.
- This negative electrode paste can be obtained, for example, by kneading the negative electrode material, a binder, a solvent, and a conductive additive as necessary.
- the negative electrode paste can be formed into a sheet shape or a pellet shape.
- binder examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene propylene terpolymer, butadiene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, acrylic rubber, and a polymer compound having high ionic conductivity.
- the polymer compound having a large ionic conductivity examples include polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyepichlorohydrin, polyphasphazene, polyacrylonitrile and the like.
- the amount of the binder is preferably 0.5 to 100 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material.
- the conductive auxiliary agent is not particularly limited as long as it has a function of imparting conductivity and electrode stability (buffering action against volume change in insertion / extraction of lithium ions) to the electrode.
- carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, vapor grown carbon fiber for example, “VGCF (registered trademark)” manufactured by Showa Denko KK
- conductive carbon black for example, “DENKA BLACK (registered trademark)” manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- the amount of the conductive assistant is preferably 5 to 100 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material.
- the solvent is not particularly limited and includes N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, isopropanol, water and the like.
- a binder using water as a solvent it is preferable to use a thickener together. The amount of the solvent is adjusted so that the paste has a viscosity that can be easily applied to the current collector.
- a negative electrode sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a current collector and an electrode layer that covers the current collector.
- the current collector include nickel foil, copper foil, nickel mesh, or copper mesh.
- the electrode layer contains a binder and the negative electrode material.
- the electrode layer can be obtained, for example, by applying the paste and drying it.
- the method for applying the paste is not particularly limited.
- the thickness of the electrode layer is usually 50 to 200 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the electrode layer becomes too large, the negative electrode sheet may not be accommodated in a standardized battery container.
- the thickness of the electrode layer can be adjusted by the amount of paste applied. It can also be adjusted by drying the paste and then press molding. Examples of the pressure molding method include molding methods such as roll pressurization and plate pressurization.
- the pressure during press molding is preferably 1 to 5 ton / cm 2 .
- the electrode density of the negative electrode sheet can be calculated as follows. That is, the negative electrode sheet after pressing is punched into a circular shape having a diameter of 16 mm, and its mass is measured. Further, the thickness of the electrode is measured. From this, the mass and thickness of the electrode layer can be determined by subtracting the mass and thickness of the current collector separately measured, and the electrode density is calculated based on these values.
- a lithium ion battery according to an embodiment of the present invention has at least one selected from the group consisting of a non-aqueous electrolyte and a non-aqueous polymer electrolyte, a positive electrode sheet, and the negative electrode sheet.
- a sheet conventionally used for lithium ion batteries specifically, a sheet containing a positive electrode active material can be used.
- a lithium-containing transition metal oxide is usually used as the positive electrode active material, preferably at least selected from Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo and W.
- An oxide mainly containing one kind of transition metal element and lithium wherein a compound having a molar ratio of lithium to transition metal element of 0.3 to 2.2 is used, and more preferably V, Cr, Mn,
- An oxide mainly containing at least one transition metal element selected from Fe, Co, and Ni and lithium and having a molar ratio of lithium to transition metal of 0.3 to 2.2 is used.
- Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Si, P, B, or the like may be contained within a range of less than 30 mol% with respect to the transition metal present mainly.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte and non-aqueous polymer electrolyte used for the lithium ion battery are not particularly limited.
- lithium salts such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSO 3 CF 3 , CH 3 SO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3 Li can be converted into ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propylene.
- Organic electrolytes dissolved in non-aqueous solvents such as carbonate, butylene carbonate, acetonitrile, propyronitrile, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, and ⁇ -butyrolactone; including polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, poly (vinylidene fluoride), and polymethyl methacrylate And a solid polymer electrolyte containing a polymer having an ethylene oxide bond and the like.
- a small amount of a substance that causes a decomposition reaction when the lithium ion battery is initially charged may be added to the electrolytic solution.
- the substance include vinylene carbonate (VC), biphenyl, propane sultone (PS), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethylene sultone (ES), and the like.
- the addition amount is preferably 0.01 to 50% by mass.
- a separator can be provided between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet.
- the separator include non-woven fabrics, cloths, microporous films, or combinations thereof, which are mainly composed of polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene.
- Lithium-ion batteries are powered by electronic devices such as smartphones, tablet PCs, personal digital assistants; power supplies for electric tools, vacuum cleaners, electric bicycles, drones, electric cars, etc .; fuel cells, solar power generation, wind power generation, etc. It can be used for storing the obtained electric power.
- the platinum crucible and the platinum lid are taken out of the Teflon beaker, and 5 mL of nitric acid (1 + 1) diluted with the same volume of concentrated nitric acid is added dropwise. After allowing to cool to room temperature, the solution is collected in a 250 mL volumetric flask and made up to the standard line with ultrapure water. Using a 1000 ppm standard solution (reagent grade manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), the elemental silicon was quantified using an ICP emission analyzer (Vista-PRO manufactured by SII Nano Technology).
- Styrene butadiene rubber SBR
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- SBR Styrene butadiene rubber
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- the negative electrode sheet is evaluated in advance for the discharge amount per weight of the active material in a half cell of the counter electrode Li, and the negative electrode with respect to the capacity (Q C ) of the positive electrode sheet
- the capacity of the negative electrode sheet was finely adjusted so that the ratio of the capacity (Q A ) of the sheet was a constant value of 1.2.
- the electrolyte solution was 10% of vinylene carbonate (VC) and 10% of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 5: 2.
- VC vinylene carbonate
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- This is a liquid obtained by mixing by mass% and further dissolving the electrolyte LiPF 6 to a concentration of 1 mol / L.
- Nanosilicon-containing particles 36 parts by mass of nano silicon (50% diameter in number-based cumulative distribution: 90 nm, 90% diameter in number-based cumulative distribution: 150 nm; manufactured by Umicore) and petroleum pitch (softening point: 214 ° C., carbonization rate: 72.35 64 parts by mass (mass%, QI content: 0.12 mass%, TI content: 47.75 mass%) were placed in a 10 L plastic container and dry blended.
- the dry blended nanosilicon and petroleum pitch mixed powder was put into a raw material hopper of a twin screw extruder TEM-18SS (Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd.).
- the kneading conditions in the twin screw extruder were a temperature of 250 ° C., a screw rotation speed of 700 rpm, and a mixed powder charging speed of 2 kg / h. During the kneading, the operation was carried out while flowing nitrogen gas at 1.5 L / min.
- the product kneaded by the twin screw extruder was roughly crushed with a hammer and then finely pulverized with a jet mill STJ-200 (manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.).
- the nanosilicon content in the nanosilicon-containing particles was 36% by mass, and the 50% diameter (D 50 ) in the volume-based cumulative distribution was 10 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 1 shows a transmission electron micrograph (transmission electron image ⁇ 50 k) of nanosilicon-containing particles. It can be seen that non-spherical nanosilicon (white particles in the figure) is highly filled in the petroleum pitch that is the matrix.
- FIG. 2 shows the EDS point analysis results of nanosilicon. The main component is silicon element, and trace amounts of oxygen and carbon were detected (copper in FIG. 2 is derived from the sample holder).
- FIG. 3 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of the nanosilicon-containing particles. A clear peak is derived from Si.
- Example 1 4.8 kg of nanosilicon-containing particles and 5.2 kg of graphite particles 1 were weighed and put into cyclomix CLX-50 (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation), and mixed for 10 min at a peripheral speed of 24 m / sec.
- the index determined by ⁇ (BET specific surface area of conductive filler ⁇ mass%) / (mass% of nanosilicon-containing particles) in the mixed powder is 11.9 m 2 / g.
- 80g of mixed powder is filled in an alumina bowl (90mm x 90mm x 50mm), set in the center of a tubular furnace (inner diameter 130mm, soaking zone 500mm), heated to 1050 ° C at 150 ° C / h under nitrogen flow After holding for 1 hour, the temperature was lowered to room temperature at 150 ° C./h. After recovering the heat-treated product from the alumina sagger, it was pulverized with a bantam mill (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation, mesh 0.5 mm), and coarse powder was cut using a stainless steel sieve having an opening of 45 ⁇ m. Evaluation of the counter electrode lithium cell and the bipolar cell was carried out using the negative electrode material.
- FIG. 4 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of the negative electrode material. Clear peaks are derived from graphite and Si.
- FIG. 5 shows the particle size distribution of the negative electrode material.
- FIG. 6 shows a scanning electron micrograph and an EDS surface analysis result of the negative electrode material. It can be seen that the phases containing nanosilicon are scattered with a concentration distribution on the graphite particles.
- FIG. 7 shows a photograph in which the negative electrode material is embedded in a resin and the cross section is observed with a scanning electron microscope. The white part is a carbonaceous phase containing nanosilicon (a carbon precursor carbonized by heat treatment). The gray part having the outline is graphite particles. It can be seen that the carbonaceous phase containing graphite particles and nanosilicon is attached.
- Table 2 shows the sieve yield, silicon element content in the negative electrode material, BET specific surface area, particle size, XPS, and battery evaluation results.
- Example 2 4.8 kg of nanosilicon-containing particles, 3.0 kg of graphite particles 1 and 2.2 kg of graphite particles 2 were weighed and put into cyclomix CLX-50 (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron), and mixed for 10 min at a peripheral speed of 24 m / sec. .
- the index determined by ⁇ (BET specific surface area of conductive filler ⁇ mass%) / (mass% of nanosilicon-containing particles) in the mixed powder is 8.0 m 2 / g.
- Heat treatment, pulverization, sieving and battery evaluation were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 2 shows the sieve yield, silicon element content in the negative electrode material, BET specific surface area, particle size, XPS, and battery evaluation results.
- Comparative Example 1 4.8 kg of nanosilicon-containing particles and 5.2 kg of graphite particles 2 were weighed and put into cyclomix CLX-50 (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron), and mixed for 10 min at a peripheral speed of 24 m / sec.
- the index determined by ⁇ (BET specific surface area of conductive filler ⁇ mass%) / (mass% of nanosilicon-containing particles) in the mixed powder is 2.7 m 2 / g.
- Heat treatment, pulverization, sieving and battery evaluation were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Table 2 shows the sieve yield, silicon element content in the negative electrode material, BET specific surface area, particle size, XPS, and battery evaluation results.
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Abstract
Description
しかし、シリコンはリチウムの挿入に伴って最大約3~4倍まで体積が膨張して自壊することや、電極から剥離してしまうことが原因となって、シリコンを用いたリチウムイオン電池はサイクル特性が著しく低いことが知られている。
特許文献2の方法では、高容量の負極活物質を得ようとした場合、マトリックスであるバインダーに対してフィラーであるケイ素化合物の微粉末及び黒鉛の割合が高くなり、フィラーの表面をバインダーで十分被覆することができなくなる。
特許文献3のように炭素材料とケイ素化合物を圧縮力及びせん断力を付与するメカノケミカル処理を行うと、ケイ素化合物の一部が炭化ケイ素に転化することが知られている。炭化ケイ素はケイ素化合物の中でも充放電の寄与が小さいため、特許文献3の方法では負極活物質の容量低下を招いてしまう。
本発明の課題は、600mAh/g以上の高い放電容量、高い初回クーロン効率及び高いサイクル特性を有する負極材料及びそれを用いたリチウムイオン電池を提供することにある。
[1] ナノシリコンと非晶質炭素と黒鉛を含有する負極材料であって、体積基準累積分布における10%径(D10)が3.5~9μm、BET比表面積が1~5m2/g、X線光電子分光法において観測される103eV付近の珪素酸化物に由来するピークの面積(B)に対する99eV付近のSiに由来するピークの面積(A)の比(A/B)が0.01~0.10であり、ナノシリコンを含有する非晶質炭素が黒鉛粒子表面に付着している複合粒子を含んでいる負極材料。
[2] 体積基準累積分布における50%径(D50)が8~25μmであり、体積基準累積分布における90%径(D90)が20~50μmである前項1に記載の負極材料。
[3] 珪素元素の含有率が15~40質量%である前項1または2に記載の負極材料。
[4] 前項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の負極材料を用いた負極ペースト。
[5] 前項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の負極材料を用いた負極シート。
[6] 前項5に記載の負極シートを用いたリチウムイオン電池。
ナノシリコンは、一次粒子径の数基準累積分布における90%径が200nm以下であることが好ましい。一次粒子径はSEMやTEM等の顕微鏡による観察で測定することができる。
ピッチのQI含量及びTI含量はJIS K2425に記載されている方法またはそれに準じた方法により測定することができる。
原料の投入方法は、ドライブレンドしたナノシリコンと炭素前駆体をホッパーから同時に投入する方法や、ホッパーから炭素前駆体を投入し、サイドからナノシリコンを投入する方法がある。
ナノシリコン含有粒子のD50を3μmより小さくするためには、微粉砕時の原料供給量を著しく下げる必要があり、生産性が低下する傾向がある。一方、ナノシリコン含有粒子のD50を20μmより大きくすると、導電性フィラーと混合して熱処理した際、複合粒子のサイズが大きくなりすぎることや、質量当たりのナノシリコン含有粒子の個数が減るため導電性フィラーの一部としか複合化しなくなる傾向がある。
なお、d002及びLcは、粉末X線回折(XRD)法を用いて測定することができる(野田稲吉,稲垣道夫,日本学術振興会,第117委員会試料,117-71-A-1(1963)、稲垣道夫他,日本学術振興会,第117委員会試料,117-121-C-5(1972)、稲垣道夫,「炭素」,1963,No.36,25-34頁参照)。
D50は、レーザー回折式粒度分布計、例えば、マルバーン製マスターサイザー(Mastersizer;登録商標)等を使用して測定することができる。
カーボンナノファイバーは、不活性雰囲気下2600℃以上で黒鉛化処理されたチューブラー構造のものが好ましい。カーボンナノファイバーの繊維径は80~200nm、アスペクト比は50~100、BET比表面積は10~25m2/gのものが好ましい。
カーボンナノチューブ及びカーボンナノファイバーを導電性フィラーとして使用する場合、それらを合成する際に使用した触媒(例えば、鉄、ニッケル、コバルトなど)を精製したものを用いることが好ましい。
Σ(導電性フィラーのBET比表面積×質量%)/(ナノシリコン含有粒子の質量%)により求められる指標が6m2/gより小さくなると、熱処理の際に炭素前駆体の溶融による付着が激しくなり、炭素前駆体から発生するタールを含むガスの抜け方が不均質となる傾向がある。熱処理により発生するタールを含むガスが、粒子間を抜けて系外に放出する過程で、ナノシリコン表面の酸化が進行すると考えられる。タールを含むガスの抜けが不均質になると、ナノシリコン表面における酸化の不均質化が起きる。また、強固な塊から微粒の負極材料を得るためには、粉砕強度を上げなければならず、粒子に過度なダメージを与える。一方、Σ(導電性フィラーのBET比表面積×質量%)/(ナノシリコン含有粒子の質量%)により求められる指標が13m2/gより大きくなり、ナノシリコン含有粒子の周囲に導電性フィラーが過剰に存在すると、熱処理時にナノシリコン含有粒子を構成する炭素前駆体の流動性が低下し、ナノシリコン含有粒子近傍に存在する導電性フィラーとしか複合化しなくなり、複合化されない導電性フィラーが多数残留する。
混合装置としては、容器内の撹拌ブレードが回転する撹拌混合装置、気流により原料を流動させる流動混合装置、V型混合器など容器自体が回転し、重力を利用した混合装置などがある。
ナノシリコン含有粒子と導電性フィラーを混合する装置としては、撹拌混合装置が好ましく、ヘンシェルミキサー(日本コークス工業社製)、ナウターミキサー(ホソカワミクロン社製)、バイトミックス(ホソカワミクロン社製)、サイクロミックス(ホソカワミクロン社製)などを使用することができる。
ただし、ボールミルなどの圧縮力とせん断力を同時に付与するメカノケミカルを利用した装置の場合、低温においてもナノシリコンと炭素が反応、あるいは中間物を形成し、熱処理で炭化珪素が生成しやすくなる。
また、熱処理は、不活性雰囲気で行うことが好ましい。不活性雰囲気としては、アルゴンガス、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガスを熱処理系内に流通した雰囲気が挙げられる。
カットポイントとしては、体積基準累積分布における90%径(D90)が20~50μmとなるように分級することが好ましい。D90を20μmより小さくしようとすると、分級効率及び生産性が著しく低下する。D90が50μmよりも大きくなると、粗大な活物質にリチウムが挿入及び脱離すると、局所的な膨張及び収縮が大きくなり、電極構造の破壊源となる。
また、電解液には、リチウムイオン電池の初回充電時に分解反応が起きる物質を少量添加してもよい。該物質としては、例えば、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)、ビフェニール、プロパンスルトン(PS)、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)、エチレンサルトン(ES)などが挙げられる。添加量としては0.01~50質量%が好ましい。
アルバックファイ製X線光電子分光分析(QuanteraII)を用いて、X線源:Alモノクロ 100μm,25W,15kV、分析面積:100μmφ、光電子取り出し角度:45℃の条件で測定を行った。なお、結合エネルギー補正はC1sスペクトルのC-Cピークを284.6eVとした。測定されたスペクトルを分離し、99eV付近のピーク面積(A)と103eV付近のピーク面積(B)の比(A/B)を算出した。
試料10mgを白金るつぼに量り取り、炭酸ナトリウム1g(関東化学社製試薬グレード)を加え、白金製のフタを取り付ける。白金るつぼをガスバーナーで炙り、試料を溶融した後、白金るつぼ及び白金製のフタごと200mLのテフロンビーカーに入れる。テフロンビーカーに超純水を20mL滴下し、テフロン製時計皿を被せ、60~70℃のホットプレート上加熱する。白金るつぼ内の融成物を水で溶解した後、白金るつぼ及び白金製の蓋をテフロンビーカーから取り出し、濃硝酸を同容量の水で希釈した硝酸(1+1)を5mL滴下する。室温まで放冷した後、250mLメスフラスコに溶液を回収し、超純水で標準線までメスアップする。
1000ppm標準液(関東化学社製試薬グレード)を用いて、ICP発光分析装置(エスアイアイナノテクノロジー社製 Vista-PRO)により珪素元素の定量を行った。
LiCoO2を90gと導電助剤としてカーボンブラック(イメリス・グラファイト&カーボン社製SUPER C 45)5g、及び結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)5gにN-メチル-ピロリドンを適宜加えながら撹拌・混合し、スラリー状の正極用ペーストを得た。
前記の正極用ペーストを厚さ20μmのアルミ箔上にロールコーターにより塗布し、乾燥させて正極用シートを得た。乾燥した電極はロールプレスにより密度を3.6g/cm3とし、電池評価用正極シートを得た。
バインダーとしてスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)及びカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)を用いた。具体的には、固形分比40%のSBRを分散した水溶液、及び固形分CMC粉末を溶解した水溶液を得た。
導電助剤としてカーボンブラック(イメリス・グラファイト&カーボン社製SUPER C 45)及び気相成長法炭素繊維(昭和電工株式会社製VGCF(登録商標)-H)を用意し、両者を3:2(質量比)で混合したものを混合導電助剤とした。
実施例及び比較例で製造した負極材料90質量部、混合導電助剤5質量部、CMC固形分2.5質量部となるようにCMC水溶液、SBR固形分2.5質量部となるようにSBR水溶液を混合し、これに粘度調整のための水を適量加え、自転・公転ミキサー(シンキー社製)にて混練し負極用ペーストを得た。
前記の負極用ペーストを厚み20μmの銅箔上にドクターブレードを用いて厚さ150μmとなるよう均一に塗布し、ホットプレートにて乾燥後、真空乾燥させて負極シートを得た。乾燥した電極は3ton/cm2の圧力にて一軸プレス機によりプレスして電池評価用負極シートを得た。
正極シートと負極シートを対向させてリチウムイオン電池を作製する際、両者の容量バランスを考慮する必要がある。すなわち、リチウムイオンを受け入れる側の負極が少な過ぎれば過剰なLiが負極側に析出してサイクル劣化の原因となり、逆に負極が多過ぎればサイクル特性は向上するものの負荷の小さい状態での充放電となるためエネルギー密度は低下する。これを防ぐため、正極シートは同一のものを使用しつつ、負極シートは対極Liのハーフセルにて事前に活物質重量当たりの放電量を評価しておき、正極シートの容量(QC)に対する負極シートの容量(QA)の比が1.2の一定値となるよう負極シートの容量を微調整した。
露点-80℃以下の乾燥アルゴンガス雰囲気に保ったグローブボックス内で下記の操作を実施した。
上記負極シート及び正極シートを打ち抜いて面積20cm2の負極片及び正極片を得た。正極片のAl箔にAlタブを、負極片のCu箔にNiタブをそれぞれ取り付けた。ポリプロピレン製フィルム微多孔膜を負極片と正極片との間に挟み入れ、その状態でアルミラミネートにパックした。そして、それに電解液を注液した。その後、開口部を熱融着によって封止して評価用の電池を作製した。なお、電解液は、エチレンカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、及びジエチルカーボネートが体積比で3:5:2の割合で混合した溶媒にビニレンカーボネート(VC)を1質量%、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)を10質量%混合し、さらに電解質LiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度になるように溶解させて得られた液である。
ポリプロピレン製のねじ込み式フタつきのセル(内径約18mm)内において、上記負極と16mmφに打ち抜いた金属リチウム箔をセパレータ(ポリプロピレン製マイクロポーラスフィルム(セルガード2400))で挟み込んで積層し、電解液を加えて試験用セルとした。なお、電解液は、エチレンカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、及びジエチルカーボネートが体積比で3:5:2の割合で混合した溶媒にビニレンカーボネート(VC)を1質量%、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)を10質量%混合し、さらにこれに電解質LiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度になるように溶解させて得られた液である。
対極リチウムセルを用いて試験を行った。レストポテンシャルから0.005Vまで電流値0.1CでCC(コンスタントカレント:定電流)充電を行った。次に0.005VでCV(コンスタントボルト:定電圧)充電に切り替え、カットオフ電流値0.005Cで充電を行った。上限電圧1.5VとしてCCモードで電流値0.1Cで放電を行った。 試験は25℃に設定した恒温槽内で行った。この際、初回放電時の容量を初回放電容量とした。また初回充放電時の電気量の比率、すなわち放電電気量/充電電気量を百分率で表した結果を初回クーロン効率とした。
二極セルを用いて試験を行った。0.2Cの電流値で5回の充放電を繰り返すエージングを行った後、次の方法で充放電サイクル試験を行った。充電は、上限電圧4.2Vとして電流値1CのCC(コンスタントカレント)モード及びカットオフ電流0.05CのCV(コンスタントボルテージ)モードで行った。放電は、下限電圧2.8Vとして電流値1CのCCモードで行った。この充放電操作を1サイクルとして100サイクル行い、次式で定義される100サイクル目の放電量維持率を計算した。
[ナノシリコン含有粒子]
ナノシリコン(数基準累積分布における50%径:90nm、数基準累積分布における90%径:150nm;ユミコア社製)36質量部と、石油ピッチ(軟化点:214℃、炭素化率:72.35質量%、QI含量:0.12質量%、TI含量:47.75質量%)64質量部を10Lポリ容器に入れ、ドライブレンドを行った。ドライブレンドを行ったナノシリコンと石油ピッチの混合粉を二軸押出機TEM-18SS(東芝機械社製)の原料ホッパーに投入した。二軸押出機での混練条件は、温度250℃、スクリュー回転数700rpm、混合粉投入速度2kg/hで行った。混練の際、窒素ガスを1.5L/min流通しながら作業を実施した。
二軸押出機で混練したものをハンマーで粗砕した後、ジェットミルSTJ-200(セイシン企業社製)で微粉砕した。ナノシリコン含有粒子中のナノシリコン含有率は36質量%、体積基準累積分布における50%径(D50)10μmであった。
図1にナノシリコン含有粒子の透過型電子顕微鏡写真(透過電子像×50k)を示す。マトリックスである石油ピッチ中に非球状のナノシリコン(図中の白い粒子)が高充填されていることが分かる。
図2にナノシリコンのEDS点分析結果を示す。主たる成分は珪素元素であり、酸素と炭素が微量検出された(図2中の銅は試料ホルダーに由来する。)
図3にナノシリコン含有粒子のエックス線回折パターンを示す。明瞭なピークはSi由来である。
石油系コークスをハンマーで粗砕し、バンタムミル(ホソカワミクロン社製、メッシュ1.5mm)で粉砕を行った。これをジェットミルSTJ-200(セイシン企業社製)で粉砕圧0.6MPa、プッシャー圧0.7MPaの条件で粉砕した。粉砕したものをアチソン炉にて3000℃で熱処理して黒鉛粒子1を得た。
石油系コークスをハンマーで粗砕し、バンタムミル(ホソカワミクロン社製、メッシュ0.5mm)で粉砕を行った。粉砕したものを目開き32μmの篩に通し、篩下をアチソン炉にて3000℃で熱処理して黒鉛粒子2を得た。黒鉛粒子1及び2の物性[d002(nm)、Lc(nm)、BET表面積(m2/g)、粒度(D10,D50,D90;μm)]を表1に示す。
ナノシリコン含有粒子を4.8kg、黒鉛粒子1を5.2kg秤量し、サイクロミックスCLX-50(ホソカワミクロン社製)に投入し、周速24m/secで10min混合した。
混合粉末中のΣ(導電性フィラーのBET比表面積×質量%)/(ナノシリコン含有粒子の質量%)により求められる指標は11.9m2/gである。
アルミナ製匣鉢(90mm×90mm×50mm)に混合粉末を80g充填し、管状炉(内径130mm、均熱帯500mm)の中央にセットし、窒素流通下で150℃/hで1050℃まで昇温し、1h保持を行った後、150℃/hで室温まで降温した。アルミナ製匣鉢から熱処理物を回収後、バンタムミル(ホソカワミクロン社製、メッシュ0.5mm)で粉砕し、目開き45μmのステンレス篩を用いて、粗粉をカットした。
上記負極材料を用いて、対極リチウムセルと二極セルの評価を実施した。
図4に負極材料のエックス線回折パターンを示す。明瞭なピークは黒鉛とSi由来である。
図5に負極材料の粒度分布を示す。
図6に負極材料の走査型電子顕微鏡写真とEDS面分析結果を示す。ナノシリコンを含む相が黒鉛粒子上に濃度分布をもって点在していることが分かる。
図7に負極材料を樹脂に埋め込み、断面を走査型電子顕微鏡で観察した写真を示す。白い部分がナノシリコンを含む炭素質相(炭素前駆体が熱処理により炭素化したもの)である。輪郭を有する灰色部が黒鉛粒子である。黒鉛粒子とナノシリコンを含む炭素質相が付着している様子が分かる。
表2に篩下収率、負極材料中の珪素元素含有率、BET比表面積、粒度、XPS及び電池評価結果を示す。
ナノシリコン含有粒子を4.8kg、黒鉛粒子1を3.0kg及び黒鉛粒子2を2.2kg秤量し、サイクロミックスCLX-50(ホソカワミクロン社製)に投入し、周速24m/secで10min混合した。混合粉末中のΣ(導電性フィラーのBET比表面積×質量%)/(ナノシリコン含有粒子の質量%)により求められる指標は8.0m2/gである。
熱処理、粉砕、篩掛け及び電池評価は実施例1と同様に行った。
表2に篩下収率、負極材料中の珪素元素含有率、BET比表面積、粒度、XPS及び電池評価結果を示す。
ナノシリコン含有粒子を4.8kg、黒鉛粒子2を5.2kg秤量し、サイクロミックスCLX-50(ホソカワミクロン社製)に投入し、周速24m/secで10min混合した。混合粉末中のΣ(導電性フィラーのBET比表面積×質量%)/(ナノシリコン含有粒子の質量%)により求められる指標は2.7m2/gである。熱処理、粉砕、篩掛け及び電池評価は実施例1と同様に行った。
表2に篩下収率、負極材料中の珪素元素含有率、BET比表面積、粒度、XPS及び電池評価結果を示す。
負極材料中の珪素元素含有率が高まることで初回放電容量が増大する。また、88%以上の初回クーロン効率、100サイクル後の容量維持率も50%以上を有する。
比較例1のようにΣ(導電性フィラーのBET比表面積×質量%)/(ナノシリコン含有粒子の質量%)により求められる指標が6m2/gより小さくなると、炭素前駆体の溶融による付着が強固になり、粉砕による損傷が負極材料表面に残留し、負極材料の比表面積が大きくなる。また、熱処理時のタールを含むガスの抜けが不均質となることで負極材料表面における活性サイト(Si/SiO2の割合)が増える。
これら微粒子、負極材料表面の荒れや活性サイトの表出は、電解液の分解反応を促進するため、クーロン効率の低下(88%未満)や100サイクル後の容量維持率の低下(50%未満)を引き起こす。
Claims (6)
- ナノシリコンと非晶質炭素と黒鉛を含有する負極材料であって、体積基準累積分布における10%径(D10)が3.5~9μm、BET比表面積が1~5m2/g、X線光電子分光法において観測される103eV付近の珪素酸化物に由来するピークの面積(B)に対する99eV付近のSiに由来するピークの面積(A)の比(A/B)が0.01~0.10であり、ナノシリコンを含有する非晶質炭素が黒鉛粒子表面に付着している複合粒子を含んでいる負極材料。
- 体積基準累積分布における50%径(D50)が8~25μmであり、体積基準累積分布における90%径(D90)が20~50μmである請求項1に記載の負極材料。
- 珪素元素の含有率が15~40質量%である請求項1または2に記載の負極材料。
- 請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の負極材料を用いた負極ペースト。
- 請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の負極材料を用いた負極シート。
- 請求項5に記載の負極シートを用いたリチウムイオン電池。
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KR20190074313A (ko) | 2019-06-27 |
EP3540829A1 (en) | 2019-09-18 |
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CN110121800A (zh) | 2019-08-13 |
TW201830755A (zh) | 2018-08-16 |
US20190260020A1 (en) | 2019-08-22 |
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