WO2018047454A1 - 電極用導電性組成物およびそれを用いた電極、電池 - Google Patents
電極用導電性組成物およびそれを用いた電極、電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a conductive composition for electrodes, an electrode using the same, and a battery.
- the basic configuration of such a lithium ion secondary battery is composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a positive electrode a positive electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, a conductive material, a binder
- a positive electrode mixture paint containing a material and an organic solvent is applied on an aluminum foil current collector, dried and formed into a film.
- the above positive electrode is used up to the point where the charge / discharge capacity is close to the effective charge / discharge capacity of the active material alone, and the energy density as the positive electrode is approaching the limit. Therefore, in order to improve the utilization factor of the positive electrode, a carbon nanotube (hereinafter referred to as CNT), which is a conductive carbon material, and a mixture of carbon black (hereinafter referred to as CB) and CNT are used as the conductive material of the positive electrode.
- CNT carbon nanotube
- CB mixture of carbon black
- the CNT generally has a fibrous shape having an outer diameter of 5 to 100 nm and an aspect ratio indicating a ratio of the fiber length to the outer diameter of 10 or more.
- catalytic vapor phase growth method Conventionally, electrode discharge method, catalytic vapor phase growth method, laser method and the like have been used for the production of CNT, and among these, catalytic vapor phase growth method is considered to be most suitable as an industrial production method. ing.
- transition metal particles are used as a catalyst, and CNTs are generally grown from catalyst particles at a high temperature of 900 ° C. or higher by bringing them into contact with a raw material gas that is a carbon source, such as acetylene or benzene.
- a method of producing CNTs from a gas mainly composed of carbon monoxide as a raw material using a transition metal component such as cobalt as a catalyst has attracted attention as a method for obtaining high-purity and high-quality CNTs at a relatively low temperature.
- Patent Documents 1 to 5 the yield and activity are not sufficient, and further high activity of the catalyst is required.
- the obtained CNT is used as a conductive material, a CNT having a higher conductivity (low powder resistivity) is demanded.
- CNT When CNT is used as a conductive material for a positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, dispersibility of the CNT in the positive electrode is important.
- Conventional fine carbon fibers such as CNT are intricately entangled with each other. Since the secondary structure is formed and the dispersibility in the positive electrode becomes insufficient, the binder is taken into the complicatedly entangled secondary structure, and at the interface between the positive electrode mixture and the aluminum current collector. The binding property is lowered and the battery performance is also lowered. There is also a problem that the cost for dispersion increases.
- Patent Document 6 As a means for obtaining a good dispersion state of CNTs in the positive electrode, there is a method of suppressing the aggregation of CNTs by dry-mixing the active material and carbon fiber and then mixing the dry mixture, binder and solvent (Patent Document 6). ). However, in the method of Patent Document 6, it has been difficult to completely and uniformly disperse CNTs in the positive electrode slurry.
- Patent Document 7 As another means for obtaining a good dispersion state of CNTs, there is a method in which concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid are used for CNTs to perform surface oxidation treatment and uniformly disperse in a solvent (Patent Document 7).
- Patent Document 7 there is a problem that the conductivity of CNT is lowered by oxidation treatment, and the cost is high because concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid are used.
- JP 2004-299986 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2004-300631 JP 2006-152490 A International Publication No. 2009/110570 International Publication No. 2012/053334 JP 2009-16265 A JP 2013-77479 A
- CNT has a high cost related to its manufacture and dispersion for imparting high conductivity, and therefore, its use is limited, and CB ( Acetylene black and ketjen black) have been used.
- a conductive material made of a deformed carbon material hereinafter referred to as a carbon conductive material
- the combination of CNTs with a particularly large aspect ratio (length to diameter) and excellent dispersibility and conventional carbon materials such as CB has the potential to become a carbon conductive material with excellent cost performance. Yes.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and for an electrode excellent in conductivity and dispersibility using a conductive material including CB excellent in conductivity and multilayer CNT excellent in dispersibility and conductivity. It is an object of the present invention to provide a conductive composition and a nonaqueous battery having an electrode having a low electrode plate resistance and excellent binding properties, a high energy density, a high output characteristic, and a good cycle characteristic.
- a conductive composition for an electrode [1]
- the powder resistivity measured under a load of 9.8 MPa is 0.035 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less.
- the volume-converted median diameter D50 value measured according to JIS Z8825 is 0.3 to 8 ⁇ m.
- the content in the conductive material is 3 to 50% by mass
- the carbon black used has a number average primary particle size of 20 to 40 nm and a DBP oil absorption measured according to JIS K6217-4 of 200 to 320 ml / 100 g.
- Conductive composition for electrode (3) The conductive composition for electrodes according to (1) or (2), wherein the multi-walled carbon nanotubes used have a D / G value of 0.8 to 1.3 as measured by Raman spectroscopy.
- the content of the conductive material used is 0.1 to 2% by mass with respect to the total of the conductive composition for an electrode, according to any one of (1) to (4)
- (6) active material used is, LiCoO 2, LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2, LiMPO 4, Li 2 MSiO 4, LiNi X Mn (2-X) O 4, Li (Mn X Ni Y Co Z) O 2, li (Al X Ni Y Co Z ) O 2 and RLi 2 MnO 3 - either (1-R) LiMO 2 is selected from, characterized in that it is any one (1) to (5)
- the conductive composition for an electrode according to one item The conductive composition for an electrode according to one item.
- LiNi X Mn (2-X) O 4 satisfies the relationship 0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2, and in Li (Mn X Ni Y Co Z ) O 2 or Li (Al X Ni Y Co Z ) O 2.
- Composition. (8) A positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery using the conductive composition for an electrode according to any one of (1) to (7). (9) The positive electrode for a nonaqueous battery according to (8), wherein the peel strength of the electrode conductive composition and the aluminum foil current collector is 12 N / m or more as measured according to JIS Z0237. (10) A nonaqueous battery using the positive electrode for a nonaqueous battery according to (8) or (9).
- the symbol “ ⁇ ” means a range of “more than” and “less than” at both ends.
- a to B means A or more and B or less.
- the powder resistivity measured under a load of 9.8 MPa with carbon black is 0.035 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, and the median diameter D50 value in terms of volume measured according to JIS Z8825 is 0.3 to 8 ⁇ m.
- the conductive composition for an electrode of the present invention forms a strong conductive path by improving the dispersibility, when used as a positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery, the binding property is improved and the electrode plate resistance is decreased.
- the conductive composition for an electrode of the present invention When used as a non-aqueous battery, it is characterized by high energy density, high output characteristics, and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the powder resistivity measured under a load of 9.8 MPa with carbon black is 0.035 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, and the median diameter D50 value in terms of volume measured according to JIS Z8825 is 0.3 to 8 ⁇ m.
- the carbon black (CB) used in the present invention is selected from acetylene black, furnace black, channel black, and the like, like carbon black as a general battery conductive material. Among these, acetylene black having excellent crystallinity and purity is more preferable.
- the number average primary particle size is 20 to 40 nm, and the DBP oil absorption measured according to JIS K6217-4 is 200 to 320 ml / 100 g, more preferably 260 to 320 ml / 100 g. By setting the number average primary particle diameter to 20 nm or more, the interparticle interaction is suppressed and easy dispersibility is obtained. Further, by setting the number average primary particle diameter to 40 nm or less, a larger number of electrical contacts are present in the same mass of the conductive material, and good electrical conductivity is easily obtained.
- the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) used in the present invention refers to a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) having an average outer diameter of 5 to 100 nm, preferably 5 to 50 nm, and an aspect ratio indicating a ratio of the fiber length to the outer diameter of 10 or more.
- Multi-walled carbon nanotubes have an outer diameter of approximately 5 nm or more. If the outer diameter is too large, for example, exceeding 50 nm, the number of multi-walled carbon nanotubes per unit weight may decrease, making it difficult to form a conductive network.
- the single-walled carbon nanotube is not included in the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT).
- Single-walled carbon nanotubes have the characteristics of high conductivity, but there are practical problems such as the presence of isomers due to chirality and the difficulty of dispersion due to a strong bundle structure. Absent.
- FIG. 1 shows a TEM photograph of MWCNT synthesized in Synthesis Example 1 as a representative example of the multi-walled carbon nanotube used in the present invention.
- MWCNT used in the present invention has a volume-converted median diameter D50 value measured according to JIS Z8825 of 0.3 to 8 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.3 to 3 ⁇ m, and most preferably 0.3 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the median diameter D50 value can be obtained by irradiating the MWCNT particles with laser light and converting the diameter of the MWCNT into a spherical shape from the scattered light.
- a larger median diameter D50 value means that more MWCNT aggregates are present and the dispersibility is poor.
- the median diameter D50 value is larger than 8 ⁇ m, there is a high possibility that MWCNT aggregates exist in the electrode, and the conductivity of the entire electrode becomes non-uniform.
- the capacity and output characteristics of the battery electrode are degraded.
- the median diameter D50 value is smaller than 0.3 ⁇ m, the fiber length of the MWCNT is shortened, and the contact point increases when the MWCNT forms a conductive path between the active material and the current collector, thereby increasing the contact resistance. As a result, the conductivity is lowered.
- the median diameter D50 value is in the range of 0.3 to 8 ⁇ m, MWCNT can be uniformly dispersed in the electrode while maintaining conductivity.
- MWCNT having a median diameter D50 value in the range of 1 to 2.9 ⁇ m when MWCNT having a median diameter D50 value in the range of 1 to 2.9 ⁇ m is used, the dispersibility is higher in the electrode than in the range of 3 to 8 ⁇ m, and the resistance of the electrode can be lowered. . Further, when MWCNT having a median diameter D50 value in the range of 0.3 to 0.9 ⁇ m is used, the dispersibility is higher in the electrode than in the range of 1 to 2.9 ⁇ m, and the resistance of the electrode is lowered. Is possible.
- MWCNT used in the present invention has a D / G value obtained by Raman spectroscopic measurement of 0.8 to 1.3, more preferably 0.8 to 1.0.
- MWCNT having a D / G value of 0.8 to 1.3 is excellent in conductivity and crystallinity.
- the D / G value can be obtained from the ratio of the sum of the areas derived from the D band peak and the sum of the areas derived from the G band peak when the Raman spectroscopic measurement of the MWCNT powder is performed. The lower the D / G value, the higher the crystallinity of the MWCNT, and the higher the conductivity of the MWCNT.
- MWCNT used in the present invention has a powder resistivity measured under a load of 9.8 Mpa of 0.035 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less. When the powder resistivity exceeds 0.035 ⁇ ⁇ cm, the conductivity between the active material and the electrode is lowered.
- a catalyst for synthesizing MWCNT used in the present invention it is preferable to use an active species mainly composed of cobalt as a catalyst.
- a catalyst a catalyst in which 3 to 150% by mass of an active species mainly composed of cobalt is supported on a support made of an oxide containing magnesium having a BET specific surface area of 0.01 to 5 m 2 / g (hereinafter cobalt- It is more preferable to synthesize MWCNT using a magnesium oxide supported catalyst.
- Cobalt can be contained not only in the form of metallic cobalt but also in the form of compounds such as oxides, hydroxides, hydrated oxides, nitrates, acetates, oxalates and carbonates.
- the synthetic activity in this specification is the mass of MWCNT obtained per unit time per unit mass of active species.
- the catalyst activity in this specification is the mass of the obtained MWCNT per unit time per unit mass of the catalyst.
- the active species here is a metal containing cobalt as a main component.
- the carrier means an oxide for supporting the active species.
- oxide containing magnesium When an oxide containing magnesium is used as the active species carrier, examples of the oxide containing magnesium include magnesium oxide, spinel oxide containing magnesium, and perovskite oxide. Of these, magnesium oxide is most preferred as the carrier.
- the BET specific surface area of the oxide containing magnesium is preferably 0.01 to 5 m 2 / g, and more preferably 0.01 to 3 m 2 / g from the viewpoint of dispersibility of MWCNT.
- the loading is preferably 3 to 150% by mass, more preferably 5 to 120% by mass, and most preferably 10 to 90% by mass.
- the loading rate is less than 3% by mass, the conductivity of the obtained MWCNT may deteriorate.
- it exceeds 150 mass% the particle diameter of a cobalt particle may increase and synthetic activity may fall.
- the carrying method is not particularly limited.
- a carrier is impregnated in a non-aqueous solution (for example, ethanol solution) or an aqueous solution in which a cobalt salt is dissolved, thoroughly dispersed and mixed, dried, and heated in air at a high temperature (300 to 600 ° C.).
- a carrier may be simply impregnated in a non-aqueous solution (for example, ethanol) or an aqueous solution in which a cobalt salt is dissolved, sufficiently dispersed and mixed, and then dried by removing moisture.
- MWCNT used in the present invention preferably uses carbon monoxide as a carbon source of MWCNT.
- Carbon monoxide used as a raw material gas may be used as a mixed gas with carbon dioxide or hydrogen, and may contain an inert gas such as nitrogen gas.
- the partial pressure of carbon monoxide is preferably 0.04 to 0.98 MPa, more preferably 0.05 to 0.3 MPa, and most preferably 0.05 to 0.1 MPa. If the carbon monoxide gas partial pressure is less than 0.04 MPa, the synthetic activity may decrease, and the crystallinity and conductivity of the obtained MWCNT may decrease. On the other hand, when the carbon monoxide partial pressure is higher than 0.98 MPa, the dispersibility of the obtained MWCNT may be lowered and the deactivation of the catalyst may become severe, resulting in a decrease in synthesis activity.
- the hydrogen gas partial pressure is preferably 1 to 100% with respect to the carbon monoxide gas partial pressure, and more preferably 10 to 100%.
- the synthesis activity may be lowered, and the crystallinity and conductivity of the obtained MWCNT may be lowered.
- the catalyst may be deactivated early and the synthesis activity may be reduced.
- the hydrogen gas partial pressure relative to the carbon monoxide gas partial pressure can be calculated by the following equation.
- Hydrogen gas partial pressure relative to carbon monoxide partial pressure X1 / X2 x 100 (%)
- X1 molar ratio of hydrogen gas
- X2 molar ratio of carbon monoxide gas
- the total gas partial pressure obtained by adding an inert gas to carbon monoxide, hydrogen, or carbon dioxide source gas is preferably less than 1.0 MPa. If the total pressure exceeds 1.0 MPa, there is a possibility that equipment costs and utilities for high pressure will be increased in production. In addition, when the pressure is greatly reduced compared to 0.1 MPa (atmospheric pressure), for example, less than 0.08 MPa, it is difficult and difficult to seal the atmosphere (oxygen) in the high temperature reactor. There is.
- the carbon monoxide gas flow rate is preferably 1 NL / g-active species ⁇ min or more.
- MWCNT can be produced with high synthetic activity.
- the high synthetic activity here means specifically that it is 10 g-MWCNT / g-active species ⁇ time or more.
- the upper limit of the carbon monoxide gas flow rate is not particularly limited, but if it exceeds 200 NL / g-active species / minute, the gas flow rate is too high, and the utility cost for residual heat increases, which is not preferable.
- the synthetic activity may decrease. “NL” indicates the gas amount L (liter) converted to the standard state (0 ° C., 1 atm), and “NL / g-active species / minute” means in the presence of active species unit mass (active species) Gas flow rate per minute).
- the reaction temperature during MWCNT synthesis is preferably 670 to 780 ° C., more preferably 700 to 750 ° C.
- the reaction temperature is less than 670 ° C.
- the crystallinity, conductivity, and dispersibility of MWCNT may decrease.
- combination activity may fall.
- it can also be synthesized by the method described in WO15 / 119102.
- any known reactor such as a fixed bed, a fluidized bed, or a rotary kiln is used.
- it is a reactor having an arbitrary shape capable of accommodating a catalyst in a gas atmosphere containing a carbon-containing compound, and a part or all of the reactor is mechanically operated to mechanically agitate the catalyst and the generated MWCNT.
- a reactor having the function of: The movable part of the reactor may be a stirring blade or a paddle, or the reactor itself may rotate or vibrate. An example of the latter is a rotary kiln reactor.
- the reactor having a mechanical stirring function is preferably a rotary reactor, and a horizontal rotary reactor having a slight gradient such as a rotary kiln reactor is more preferable.
- the catalyst in the reactor and the produced MWCNT can be mechanically stirred to come into contact with the carbon-containing gas as a raw material with high uniformity.
- the reaction in this reactor may be a batch type or a continuous type.
- the active species and the carrier are removed by dispersing MWCNT in an acid such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc., as described in JP-A-2006-69850, and then filtering or centrifuging by means such as centrifugation. It can carry out by the method of collect
- an acid such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.
- the active material used in the present invention is a lithium-containing composite oxide or lithium-containing polyanion compound containing Mn having a volume resistivity of 1 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ ⁇ cm or more, and is a positive electrode active material capable of reversibly occluding and releasing cations. That is.
- LiNi X Mn (2-X) O 4 satisfies the relationship 0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2, and in Li (Mn X Ni Y Co Z ) O 2 or Li (Al X Ni Y Co Z ) O 2.
- the active material used in the present invention has an average particle diameter (D50) measured by a laser light scattering method of 20 ⁇ m or less, preferably 5 ⁇ m or less.
- binder examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene butadiene copolymer, (meth) acrylic ester copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol, and a copolymer of polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylonitrile. Is mentioned. There is no restriction on the structure of the polymer as the binder, and random copolymers, alternating copolymers, graft copolymers, block copolymers, and the like can also be used. Among these, PVdF is preferable in terms of oxidation resistance.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the dispersant examples include at least one selected from polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl imidazole, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, carboxymethyl cellulose, acetyl cellulose, carboxylic acid-modified (meth) acrylic acid ester copolymer, and the like. It is preferable to use it. Among these, it is more preferable to include at least one selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone and a copolymer containing polyvinylpyrrolidone. In these, the copolymer containing polyvinylpyrrolidone is preferable.
- the dispersibility of the conductive material in the conductive composition for electrodes is further improved.
- a well-known method can be used for manufacture of the electroconductive composition for electrodes used for this invention. For example, by mixing a solvent dispersion solution of conductive material, active material, dispersant, and binder containing CB and MWCNT with a ball mill, sand mill, twin-screw kneader, autorotation revolving stirrer, planetary mixer, disper mixer, etc. Generally, it is used as a slurry.
- the conductive material, the active material, and the binder containing CB and MWCNT those described above may be used. CB and MWCNT may be charged separately into the mixer, or may be mixed in advance by a known method.
- a viscosity modifier in order to adjust the viscosity of the positive electrode slurry for non-aqueous batteries containing the electroconductive composition for electrodes, a viscosity modifier can be used.
- the viscosity modifier include water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose and its salt, methyl cellulose and its salt, polymethacrylic acid and its salt.
- the salt include alkali metals such as sodium and potassium.
- the conductive material content in the conductive composition for electrodes used in the present invention is preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight, and preferably 0.5 to 1% by weight, based on the total of the conductive composition for electrodes. It is more preferable to achieve both dispersibility and conductivity. This range varies depending on the type of the battery and the active material, and does not necessarily need to be within this range.
- the conductive material may include a conductive material other than the conductive material used in the present invention.
- the conductive material carbon fiber, artificial graphite, natural graphite, acetylene black, furnace black and other carbon black, expanded graphite, metal powder, and the like can be used.
- the content of MWCNT in the conductive material used in the present invention is preferably 3 to 50% by mass, and more preferably 5 to 30% by mass in order to achieve both dispersibility and conductivity.
- the content of MWCNT is less than 3% by mass, the conductive path in the electrode becomes non-uniform, and as a result, the capacity and output characteristics as the battery electrode are reduced.
- the content of MWCNT is larger than 50% by mass, the entanglement between MWCNTs becomes strong, and the presence of a large amount of MWCNT aggregates in the electrode causes a decrease in conductivity.
- the positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery used in the present invention is obtained by applying a non-aqueous battery positive electrode slurry containing the conductive composition for an electrode on a current collector such as an aluminum foil, and then heating the solvent contained in the slurry. Then, an electrode mixture layer is formed which is a porous body in which the positive electrode active material is bound to the surface of the current collector through the binder. Furthermore, the target electrode can be obtained by pressurizing the current collector and the electrode mixture layer with a roll press or the like to bring them into close contact.
- the positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery used in the present invention preferably has a peel strength measured in accordance with JIS Z0237 of 12 N / m or more. By setting the peel strength to 12 N / m or more, it is possible to achieve both high rate characteristics and cycle characteristics in the nonaqueous battery using the positive electrode for a nonaqueous battery of the present invention.
- the method for producing the nonaqueous battery used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be performed using a conventionally known method for producing a secondary battery.
- a conventionally known method for producing a secondary battery For example, in the configuration schematically shown in FIG. It can also be produced by this method. That is, an aluminum tab is welded to the nonaqueous battery positive electrode 1 and a nickel tab is welded to the nonaqueous battery negative electrode 2, and then a polyolefin microporous film 3 serving as an insulating layer is disposed between the electrodes.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte positive electrode 1, the non-aqueous battery negative electrode 2, and the polyolefin microporous membrane 3 are poured until the non-aqueous electrolyte is sufficiently infiltrated and sealed by the exterior. Can do.
- non-aqueous battery of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- a portable AV device such as a digital camera, a video camera, a portable audio player, and a portable liquid crystal television
- a portable information terminal such as a notebook computer, a smartphone, and a mobile PC
- portable game devices electric tools, electric bicycles, hybrid cars, electric cars, and power storage systems.
- the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples and comparative examples.
- the present invention is not limited to the following examples as long as the gist thereof is not impaired.
- the member used with the Example and the comparative example was vacuum-dried at 170 degreeC for 3 hours in order to volatilize the adsorbed water
- the horizontal rotary reactor 100 schematically shown in FIG. 3 was connected to a commercially available rotary evaporator rotating device (N-1110V manufactured by Tokyo Rika Kikai Co., Ltd.) (not shown), and the reaction was carried out in a batch mode.
- the reactor 100 includes a fixed part 104 (non-rotating, made of heat-resistant glass) and a rotating part 103 (made of cylindrical quartz glass). Furthermore, in the center of the reactor 100, there is a non-rotating gas introduction part 105 (tubular, diameter 12 mm) connected to the fixed part 104.
- the rotating part 103 has a reaction part 107 (length: about 20 cm, diameter: 5 cm) with a stirring blade 106 on the inner wall of the cylindrical part at the tip.
- the arrangement of the stirring blades 106 is as shown in the end view along the line AA ′ in FIG.
- a gas introduction pipe 108 connected perpendicularly to the gas introduction part 105 and a thermocouple introduction pipe 109 connected straight to the gas introduction part 105 are installed in the fixed part 104.
- a sealed thermocouple 110 enters from the thermocouple introduction pipe 109 and is inverted 180 degrees outside the outlet of the gas introduction part 105, and the thermocouple temperature measurement part is outside the gas introduction part 105 in the reaction part 107. Measure the temperature of the gas phase.
- thermocouples 110 there are three thermocouples 110, and the temperatures of the center, right end, and left end of the reaction unit 107 are measured.
- the entire reaction section 107 can be heated uniformly.
- a gas exhaust pipe 111 connected to the outer peripheral portion of the fixed portion 104 is installed, and exhaust gas from the reaction portion 107 is discharged.
- reaction In the reaction, a predetermined amount of catalyst and fluidizing material are charged in the reaction section 107 of the reactor 100.
- the reactor 100 is inclined horizontally or slightly downward with the reaction section inclined downward.
- the rotating part 103 was rotated at a predetermined rotational speed while flowing through the part 107 to the gas exhaust pipe 111.
- the obtained solid component was vacuum-dried at 60 ° C. for 24 hours, and then calcined at 400 ° C. for 5 hours. After the calcination treatment, the obtained solid component was pulverized in an agate mortar to obtain a cobalt-magnesium oxide supported catalyst supporting 50% by mass of cobalt metal.
- the carbon monoxide gas partial pressure is set to 0.086 MPa and the hydrogen gas partial pressure is set to 0.015 MPa so that the carbon monoxide gas flow rate becomes 3.9 NL / g-active species / minute.
- the mixture was passed through the catalyst layer and reacted for 1 hour. Thereafter, the raw material gas was switched to nitrogen gas and immediately cooled.
- MWCNT synthesized in Synthesis Example 1 was designated as MWCNT-A.
- ⁇ Synthesis Example 2 of MWCNT> When it reached 600 ° C, it was switched to reducing gas of 80% nitrogen and 20% hydrogen and heated up to 610 ° C for about 20 minutes. After reaching 610 ° C, the carbon monoxide partial pressure was set to 0.086 MPa, and the hydrogen gas partial pressure was Synthesis Example 1 of MWCNT, except that a raw material gas having a flow rate of 0.015 MPa was passed through the catalyst layer so that the carbon monoxide gas flow rate was 1.0 NL / g-active species ⁇ minute and the reaction was performed for 30 minutes. As well as. The MWCNT synthesized in Synthesis Example 2 was designated as MWCNT-B.
- ⁇ Synthesis Example 3 of MWCNT> A raw material gas having a carbon monoxide partial pressure of 0.086 MPa and a hydrogen gas partial pressure of 0.015 MPa is passed through the catalyst layer so that the carbon monoxide gas flow rate is 5.3 NL / g-active species / minute. The reaction was performed in the same manner as in MWCNT synthesis example 1 except that the reaction was performed for 1 hour. MWCNT synthesized in Synthesis Example 3 was designated as MWCNT-C.
- MWCNT-A crushing treatment was performed with a bead mill.
- RMB-08 manufactured by Imex Co., Ltd. was used for the bead mill.
- 0.8 g of MWCNT-A, 39.2 g of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and 160 g of zirconia ⁇ 0.5 mm beads were added to the vessel, and the mixture was crushed at a stirring speed of 1000 rpm and a stirring time of 20 minutes, and then distilled.
- CNF was washed with water, filtered, and dried in vacuo at 120 ° C. for 10 hours.
- the MWCNT obtained by this crushing treatment was designated as MWCNT-D.
- the synthesized MWCNT contains magnesium oxide and active species used as a carrier.
- the catalyst activity is less than 3 g-MWCNT / g-catalyst ⁇ hour, the amount of magnesium oxide and active species in the MWCNTs obtained in Synthesis Examples 1 to 3 increases, which affects conductivity and dispersibility. In some cases, magnesium oxide and active species were removed.
- 2 g of synthesized MWCNT was added to 400 mL of 2 mol / L hydrochloric acid, and the dispersion was performed for 10 minutes at a rotational speed of 7000 rpm using a Robomix F model manufactured by Primics, using a MOHOMIXER MARK 2-2.5 type as the stirring unit. .
- MWCNT-containing hydrochloric acid was centrifuged, the supernatant was discarded, distilled water was added and stirred, and this was repeated until no chloride ions were detected in the supernatant by the aqueous silver nitrate solution. Then, solid content was dried under reduced pressure at 110 degreeC for 13 hours, and the removal process of magnesium oxide and an active species was performed.
- Number average primary particle size The number average primary particle size was measured by image analysis of 200 or more randomly extracted primary particles, taken five times at 100,000 times using a transmission electron microscope JEM-2000FX (manufactured by JEOL Ltd.). And the number average of them was calculated.
- DBP absorption DBP absorption was measured by a method according to JIS K6217-4.
- Table 1 shows the results of evaluation of powder properties of CB used in Examples and Comparative Examples.
- D1 Derived from point defects in the crystal crystal structure and defects derived from crystal edges
- D3 Derived from amorphous carbon
- D4 Derived from polyene or ionic impurities
- G + Crystalline peak of graphite: Longitudinal optical mode
- G- Crystallinity of graphite Peak: Transverse optical mode
- Dispersibility evaluation was performed with a particle size distribution measuring device (LS 13 320 Universal Liquid Module manufactured by BECKMAN COULTER). Prior to the measurement of the proportion of dispersed particles of 1 ⁇ m or less and the median diameter D50 value, the particle size distribution measuring device was tested, and the median diameter D50 value obtained by measuring each of the following test samples satisfied all the following conditions. In this case, the measurement accuracy of the apparatus was accepted, and the particle size distribution measurement of Examples and Comparative Examples was performed.
- LS 13 320 Universal Liquid Module manufactured by BECKMAN COULTER Prior to the measurement of the proportion of dispersed particles of 1 ⁇ m or less and the median diameter D50 value, the particle size distribution measuring device was tested, and the median diameter D50 value obtained by measuring each of the following test samples satisfied all the following conditions. In this case, the measurement accuracy of the apparatus was accepted, and the particle size distribution measurement of Examples and Comparative Examples was performed.
- CMCNa sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
- CMCNa aqueous solution To 100 mL of distilled water, 2.0 g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose was added and stirred and dissolved at 25 ° C. for 24 hours or more to prepare a 2.0% by mass CMCNa aqueous solution.
- the particle size distribution meter After performing offset measurement, optical axis adjustment, and background measurement at a pump speed of 50%, the particle size distribution meter has a relative concentration of 8-12% indicating the percentage of light scattered by the particles outside the beam by the particles, Alternatively, the particle size distribution was measured by adding PIDS (polarized light scattering intensity difference) to 40% to 55%. A graph of volume% with respect to the particle size (particle diameter) was obtained, and the accuracy was confirmed. The median diameter D50 value obtained by the measurement is within 0.297 ⁇ m ⁇ 0.018 ⁇ m, the D10 value is within 0.245 ⁇ m ⁇ 0.024 ⁇ m, and the D90 value is within the range of 0.360 ⁇ m ⁇ 0.036 ⁇ m. confirmed.
- Alumina dispersion test Denka's alumina LS-13 (median diameter D50 value: 45 ⁇ m) and alumina AS-50 (median diameter D50 value: 6.7 ⁇ m) manufactured by Showa Denko K.K. Each 0.120 g was weighed, 12.0 g of the aqueous dispersion medium was added, and the vial was shaken well to prepare an aqueous alumina dispersion. The optical model was set to 1.768 alumina and water 1.333 for each refractive index, and after completion of the module cleaning, about 1.0 mL of the CMCNa aqueous solution was filled.
- the particle size distribution meter After performing offset measurement, optical axis adjustment, and background measurement at a pump speed of 50%, the particle size distribution meter shows the relative concentration indicating the percentage of light scattered by the particles to the outside of the beam.
- a graph of volume% with respect to the particle size (particle diameter) was obtained, and the accuracy was confirmed. It was confirmed that the D50 value obtained by the measurement was within 48.8 ⁇ m ⁇ 5.0 ⁇ m in the case of LS-13, and within 12.6 ⁇ m ⁇ 0.75 ⁇ m in the case of AS-50.
- 6.0 mg of MWCNT was weighed into a vial, and 6.0 g of the aqueous dispersion medium was added.
- An ultrasonic homogenizer (SmurtNR-50 manufactured by Microtech Nichion) was used for the measurement pretreatment. It was confirmed that there was no deterioration of the tip that was attached to the tip of the ultrasonic homogenizer and generated vibrations, and the tip was adjusted so that it was 10 mm or more from the treated sample liquid surface. As the tip, the total ultrasonic generation time is within 30 minutes, preferably a new tip is used.
- An irradiation time of 40 seconds and an output of 50% were made uniform by ultrasonic irradiation under the condition of a constant output power to produce a CNT aqueous dispersion.
- the median diameter D50 value of MWCNT was measured according to the following method.
- the optical model of the LS 13 320 universal liquid module is set to the respective refractive indexes of CNT, 1.520 and water 1.333, and after completion of the module cleaning, about 1.0 mL of CMCNa aqueous solution is filled.
- the particle size distribution meter shows a relative concentration indicating the percentage of light scattered by the particles outside the beam by the MWCNT aqueous dispersion.
- dispersion treatment other than the above-mentioned standardized measurement pretreatment means manual dispersion treatment using a mortar or the like, mechanical dispersion treatment such as a jet mill, bead mill, ball mill, or emulsification disperser, or the above measurement pretreatment.
- dispersion treatments that affect dispersibility including dispersion treatments using ultrasonic waves, such as an ultrasonic homogenizer and an ultrasonic cleaning machine other than the above.
- Table 2 shows the results of evaluation of powder characteristics of MWCNT used in Examples and Comparative Examples.
- Example 1> (Preparation of positive electrode slurry for non-aqueous battery containing conductive composition for electrode) N-methylpyrrolidone (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., hereinafter referred to as NMP) as a solvent, LiCoO 2 (manufactured by Umicore, “KD20” average primary particle size 20 ⁇ m) as a positive electrode active material, and polyvinylidene fluoride (Kureha) as a binder “KF polymer 7208” manufactured by Kagaku Co., Ltd., hereinafter referred to as PVdF), polyvinylpyrrolidone (manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Co., Ltd., “PVP K-90”, hereinafter referred to as “PVP”) as a dispersant, and CB (Denka Corporation) as a conductive material.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- LiCoO 2 manufactured by Umicore, “KD20”
- LiCoO 2 powder was weighed so as to have a solid content of 98.45% by mass, added to the above mixture, and uniform using a rotation and revolution mixer (Shinky Co., Ltd., Awatori Kentaro ARV-310). To obtain a positive electrode slurry for a non-aqueous battery containing a conductive composition for an electrode.
- the non-aqueous battery positive electrode slurry containing the prepared electrode conductive composition was formed on an aluminum foil (manufactured by UACJ) having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m with an applicator, and allowed to stand in a dryer to be 80. Preliminary drying was performed at 10 ° C. for 10 minutes and further at 105 ° C. for 1 hour. Next, the film was pressed at a linear pressure of 200 kg / cm with a roll press machine so that the thickness of the film containing an aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m was 60 ⁇ m. In order to remove volatile components, vacuum drying was performed at 170 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery.
- the produced positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery was cut into a disk shape with a diameter of 14 mm, and the front and back sides were sandwiched between flat electrodes made of SUS304, using an electrochemical measurement system (Solartron, function generator 1260 and potentiogalvanostat 1287), The AC impedance was measured at an amplitude voltage of 10 mV and a frequency range of 1 Hz to 100 kHz. The resistance value obtained by multiplying the obtained resistance component value by the disk-shaped area cut out was defined as an electrode plate resistance.
- the electrode plate resistance of the positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery of this example was 160 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 .
- a negative electrode slurry for a non-aqueous battery was formed into a film on a copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m (manufactured by UACJ) with an applicator, and allowed to stand in a dryer and pre-dried at 60 ° C. for one hour.
- the film was pressed with a roll press at a linear pressure of 100 kg / cm so that the thickness of the film including the copper foil was 40 ⁇ m.
- vacuum drying was performed at 120 ° C. for 3 hours to obtain a negative electrode for a non-aqueous battery.
- the non-aqueous battery positive electrode is processed to 40 x 40 mm and the non-aqueous battery negative electrode is processed to 44 x 44 mm, and then the electrode mixture coating surface faces in the center
- a polyolefin microporous membrane processed to 45 ⁇ 45 mm was disposed between the electrodes.
- the aluminum laminate sheet cut and processed into a 70 ⁇ 140 mm square was folded in half at the center of the long side, and placed and sandwiched so that the current collecting tab of the electrode was exposed to the outside of the laminate sheet.
- Example 2 The conductive material addition amount was weighed and mixed so that the solid content of CB was 0.425% by mass and the solid content of MWCNT-A was 0.075% by mass (the content of MWCNT in the conductive material was 15% by mass). Except for the above, a positive electrode slurry for a nonaqueous battery, a positive electrode for a nonaqueous battery, and a nonaqueous battery containing a conductive composition for an electrode were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and each evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 3 The conductive material addition amount was weighed and mixed so that CB had a solid content of 0.25% by mass and MWCNT-A had a solid content of 0.25% by mass (the content of MWCNT in the conductive material was 50% by mass). Except for the above, a positive electrode slurry for a nonaqueous battery, a positive electrode for a nonaqueous battery, and a nonaqueous battery containing a conductive composition for an electrode were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and each evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 4 A positive electrode slurry for a non-aqueous battery, a positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery, and a non-aqueous battery containing a conductive composition for an electrode were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that CB in the conductive material was changed to SB50L (Denka). Each evaluation was conducted. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 5 A positive electrode slurry for a nonaqueous battery, a positive electrode for a nonaqueous battery, and a nonaqueous battery containing a conductive composition for an electrode were produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except that CB in the conductive material was changed to SB50L (manufactured by Denka). Each evaluation was conducted. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 6 A non-aqueous battery positive electrode slurry containing a conductive composition for an electrode, a non-aqueous battery positive electrode and a non-aqueous battery are produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that CB in the conductive material is SAB (manufactured by Denka). Each evaluation was conducted. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 7 A non-aqueous battery positive electrode slurry containing a conductive composition for an electrode, a non-aqueous battery positive electrode and a non-aqueous battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that CB in the conductive material was SAB (manufactured by Denka). Each evaluation was conducted. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 8> Except for changing the MWCNT in the conductive material to MWCNT-B synthesized in Synthesis Example 2, the positive electrode slurry for the non-aqueous battery, the non-aqueous battery positive electrode and the non-aqueous battery containing the conductive composition for the electrode in the same manner as in Example 1. A water-based battery was prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 9 Except for changing the MWCNT in the conductive material to MWCNT-B synthesized in Synthesis Example 2, the positive electrode slurry for a non-aqueous battery, the non-aqueous battery positive electrode and the non-aqueous battery containing the conductive composition for an electrode in the same manner as in Example 3. A water-based battery was prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 10 Except for changing the MWCNT in the conductive material to MWCNT-C synthesized in Synthesis Example 3, the positive electrode slurry for a non-aqueous battery, the non-aqueous battery positive electrode and the non-aqueous battery containing the conductive composition for an electrode in the same manner as in Example 1. A water-based battery was prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 11 Except for changing the MWCNT in the conductive material to MWCNT-C synthesized in Synthesis Example 3, the positive electrode slurry for non-aqueous battery, the non-aqueous battery positive electrode and the non-aqueous battery containing the conductive composition for electrode were prepared in the same manner as in Example 3. A water-based battery was prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 12 For a non-aqueous battery containing a conductive composition for electrodes as in Example 3, except that CB in the conductive material is SB50L (Denka) and MWCNT is MWCNT-B synthesized in Synthesis Example 2 above. A positive electrode slurry, a positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery, and a non-aqueous battery were prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 13> For a non-aqueous battery containing a conductive composition for electrodes as in Example 3, except that CB in the conductive material is SB50L (manufactured by Denka) and MWCNT is MWCNT-C synthesized in Synthesis Example 3 above. A positive electrode slurry, a positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery, and a non-aqueous battery were prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 14 For a non-aqueous battery containing a conductive composition for electrodes in the same manner as in Example 1 except that CB in the conductive material was SAB (manufactured by Denka) and MWCNT was MWCNT-B synthesized in Synthesis Example 2 above. A positive electrode slurry, a positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery, and a non-aqueous battery were prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 15 For a non-aqueous battery containing a conductive composition for electrodes in the same manner as in Example 1, except that CB in the conductive material is SAB (manufactured by Denka) and MWCNT is MWCNT-C synthesized in Synthesis Example 3 above.
- CB in the conductive material is SAB (manufactured by Denka)
- MWCNT is MWCNT-C synthesized in Synthesis Example 3 above.
- a positive electrode slurry, a positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery, and a non-aqueous battery were prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 16 A positive electrode slurry for a non-aqueous battery, a non-aqueous battery positive electrode and a non-aqueous battery containing a conductive composition for electrodes in the same manner as in Example 3 except that CB in the conductive material was HS-100 (manufactured by Denka). Were prepared and each evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 17 A positive electrode slurry for a nonaqueous battery, a positive electrode for a nonaqueous battery, and a nonaqueous battery containing a conductive composition for an electrode in the same manner as in Example 3 except that MWCNT in the conductive material was changed to VGCF-H (manufactured by Showa Denko). Were prepared and each evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 1 The electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the conductive material was added so that MWCNT-A had a solid content of 0.5 parts by mass (the content of MWCNT in the conductive material was 100% by mass) and mixed.
- a positive electrode slurry for a non-aqueous battery, a positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery, and a non-aqueous battery containing a conductive composition for a battery were prepared, and each evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 5.
- Conductive material for electrodes was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the conductive material was added so that CB was 0.5% by mass (content of MWCNT in the conductive material was 0% by mass).
- a positive electrode slurry for a non-aqueous battery, a positive electrode for a non-aqueous battery, and a non-aqueous battery containing a conductive composition were prepared and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 5.
- the MWCNT in the conductive material is Flotube 9000 (manufactured by CNano Co., Ltd.), the conductive material is added in a solid content of CB of 0.45% by mass, and the Flotube 9000 is solid content of 0.05% by mass (the content of MWCNT in the conductive material is 10
- the non-aqueous battery positive electrode slurry, the non-aqueous battery positive electrode and the non-aqueous battery containing the conductive composition for electrodes were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that they were weighed and mixed so that Each evaluation was performed. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Example 11 A positive electrode slurry for a nonaqueous battery, a positive electrode for a nonaqueous battery, and a nonaqueous battery containing a conductive composition for an electrode were prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that MWCNT in the conductive material was changed to Flotube 9000 (manufactured by CNano). Each evaluation was conducted. The results are shown in Table 6.
- the positive electrodes for non-aqueous batteries containing the conductive compositions for electrodes of Examples 1 to 17 have lower electrode plate resistance than the positive electrodes for non-aqueous batteries containing the conductive compositions for electrodes of Comparative Examples 1 to 14, and the results are as follows. It became clear that the wearability was also high. Thereby, it turned out that the voltage drop at the time of discharge can be suppressed by the positive electrode for non-aqueous batteries using the conductive composition for electrodes of the example of the present invention.
- the nonaqueous batteries of Examples 1 to 17 were found to have higher discharge rate characteristics and higher cycle characteristics than the nonaqueous batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 14. Thus, it was found that the non-aqueous battery using the conductive composition for electrodes of the present invention can suppress a decrease in output accompanying an increase in discharge current and has a long life.
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Abstract
Description
これらの技術に共通して必要となるキーデバイスの一つが電池であり、このような電池に対しては、システムを小型化するための高いエネルギー密度が求められる。また、使用環境温度に左右されずに安定した電力の供給を可能にするための高い出力特性が求められる。さらに、長期間の使用に耐えうる良好なサイクル特性等も求められている。そのため、従来の鉛蓄電池、ニッケル-カドミウム電池、ニッケル-水素電池から、より高いエネルギー密度、出力特性およびサイクル特性を有するリチウムイオン二次電池への置き換えが急速に進んでいる。
要があり、正極中の充放電容量に直接寄与する活物質の量が減少し、正極としてのエネルギー密度が低下するという問題があった。
今後、異形の炭素材料からなる導電材(以下、炭素導電材と記載)は、その形状、添加量により、正極内に多様な導電性能を与えると考えられる。特に大きなアスペクト比(直径に対する長さ)を有し、かつ分散性に優れたCNTと従来の安価なCB等の炭素材料の併用により、コストパフォーマンスに優れた炭素導電材となる可能性を秘めている。
(1)カーボンブラックと多層カーボンナノチューブとを含む導電材、活物質、結着材及び分散剤を含有する導電性組成物であり、前記多層カーボンナノチューブが以下の[1]~[3]を満たすことを特徴とする電極用導電性組成物。
[1]9.8MPaの荷重下で測定した粉体抵抗率が0.035Ω・cm以下
[2]JIS Z8825に準じて測定した体積換算のメジアン径D50値が0.3~8μm
[3]導電材中の含有量が3~50質量%
(2)用いるカーボンブラックが、個数平均1次粒子径が20~40nmで、JIS K6217-4に準じて測定したDBP吸油量が200~320ml/100gであることを特徴とする(1)に記載の電極用導電性組成物。
(3)用いる多層カーボンナノチューブのラマン分光測定によるD/G値が0.8~1.3であることを特徴とする(1)または(2)に記載の電極用導電性組成物。
(4)用いるカーボンブラックがアセチレンブラックであることを特徴とする(1)~(3)のいずれか一項に記載の電極用導電性組成物。
(5)用いる導電材の含有量が、前記電極用導電性組成物の総和に対し、0.1~2質量%であることを特徴とする(1)~(4)のいずれか一項に記載の電極用導電性組成物。
(6)用いる活物質が、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiMPO4、Li2MSiO4、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4、Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2、Li(AlXNiYCoZ)O2およびRLi2MnO3-(1-R)LiMO2から選択された、いずれか1種であることを特徴とする(1)~(5)のいずれか一項に記載の電極用導電性組成物。但し、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4中のXは0<X<2という関係を満たし、Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2中又はLi(AlXNiYCoZ)O2中のX、Y及びZは、X+Y+Z=1という関係を満たし、かつ0<X<1、0<Y<1、0<Z<1という関係を満たし、RLi2MnO3-(1-R)LiMO2中のRは0<R<1という関係を満たし、LiMPO4中、Li2MSiO4中又はRLi2MnO3-(1-R)LiMO2中のMはFe、Co、Ni、Mnから選ばれる元素の1種以上である。
(7)用いる分散剤が、ポリビニルピロリドンおよびポリビニルピロリドンを含む共重合体のいずれか1種以上であることを特徴とする(1)~(6)のいずれか一項に記載の電極用導電性組成物。
(8)(1)~(7)のいずれか一項に記載の電極用導電性組成物を用いることを特徴とする非水系電池用正極。
(9)電極用導電性組成物とアルミニウム箔集電体のピール強度がJIS Z0237に準じた測定で12N/m以上であることを特徴とする(8)に記載の非水系電池用正極。
(10)(8)または(9)に記載の非水系電池用正極を用いることを特徴とする非水系電池。
なお、本願明細書において、特にことわりがない限り、「~」という記号は両端の値「以上」および「以下」の範囲を意味する。例えば、「A~B」というのは、A以上、B以下であるという意味である。
本発明では、カーボンブラックと9.8MPaの荷重下で測定した粉体抵抗率が0.035Ω・cm以下であり、JIS Z8825に準じて測定した体積換算のメジアン径D50値が0.3~8μmの範囲である多層カーボンナノチューブとを含む導電材、活物質、結着材及び分散剤を含有する電極用導電性組成物であり、前記導電材中の多層カーボンナノチューブの含有量が3~50質量%であることを特徴とする電極用導電性組成物及びそれを用いた電極と電池に関する発明である。
本発明で用いるカーボンブラック(CB)は、一般の電池用導電材としてのカーボンブラック同様、アセチレンブラック、ファーネスブラック、チャンネルブラックなどの中から選ばれるものである。中でも、結晶性および純度に優れるアセチレンブラックがより好ましい。また、個数平均1次粒子径が20~40nmで、JIS K6217-4に準じて測定したDBP吸油量が200~320ml/100gであり、260~320ml/100gがより好ましい。個数平均1次粒子径を20nm以上とすることで、粒子間相互作用が抑制されて易分散性が得られる。また、個数平均1次粒子径を40nm以下とすることで、同質量の導電材の中により多数の電気的接点が存在することになり、良好な電気伝導性が得られ易くなる。
本発明で用いる多層カーボンナノチューブ(MWCNT)は、平均外径5~100nm、好ましくは5~50nm、ファイバー長の外径に対する比を示すアスペクト比が10以上である多層カーボンナノチューブ(MWCNT)を指す。多層カーボンナノチューブはおおよそ5nm以上の外径を有する。また外径が大きくなりすぎる、例えば50nmを超えると、単位重量あたりの多層カーボンナノチューブの本数が減少してしまい導電ネットワークを形成しづらくなってしまう恐れがある。
なお、一酸化炭素ガス分圧に対する水素ガス分圧は以下の式によって計算できる。
一酸化炭素ガス分圧に対する水素ガス分圧=X1/X2×100(%)
但し、X1:水素ガスのモル比、X2:一酸化炭素ガスのモル比
例えば、原料ガス組成がCO/H2/N2=85/15/0の混合ガスの場合であれば、
一酸化炭素ガス分圧に対する水素ガス分圧は、
一酸化炭素ガス分圧に対する水素ガス分圧=15/85×100=18(%)
と計算できる。
尚、「NL」とは標準状態(0℃、1気圧)に換算したガス量L(リットル)を示し、「NL/g-活性種・分」とは、活性種単位質量存在下(活性種1gあたり)での1分間のガス流量を示す。
本発明で用いる活物質とは、体積抵抗率1×104Ω・cm以上のMnを含むリチウム含有複合酸化物またはリチウム含有ポリアニオン化合物であり、カチオンを可逆的に吸蔵放出可能な正極活物質のことである。例えば、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiMPO4、Li2MSiO4、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4、Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2、Li(AlXNiYCoZ)O2またはRLi2MnO3-(1-R)LiMO2などがあげられる。但し、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4中のXは0<X<2という関係を満たし、Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2中又はLi(AlXNiYCoZ)O2中のX、Y及びZは、X+Y+Z=1という関係を満たし、かつ0<X<1、0<Y<1、0<Z<1という関係を満たし、RLi2MnO3-(1-R)LiMO2中のRは0<R<1という関係を満たし、さらにLiMPO4中、Li2MSiO4中又はRLi2MnO3-(1-R)LiMO2中のMはFe、Co、Ni、Mnから選ばれる元素の1種以上であることが好ましい。
結着材としては、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、スチレンブタジエン共重合体、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル共重合体、ポリビニルアルコール、及びポリビニルアルコールとポリアクリロニトリルとの共重合体が挙げられる。結着材としてのポリマーの構造には制約がなく、ランダム共重合体、交互共重合体、グラフト共重合体、ブロック共重合体なども使用できる。これらの中では、耐酸化性の点でPVdFが好ましい。
分散剤としては、例えば、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリビニルイミダゾール、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルブチラール、カルボキシメチルセルロース、アセチルセルロースまたはカルボン酸変性(メタ)アクリル酸エステル共重合体などから選択される少なくとも1種以上を使用することが好ましい。中でもポリビニルピロリドンおよびポリビニルピロリドンを含む共重合体から選択される少なくとも1種以上を含むことがより好ましい。これらの中では、ポリビニルピロリドンを含む共重合体が好ましい。分散剤を含むことにより、電極用導電性組成物中導電材の分散性がより向上する。
本発明に用いられる電極用導電性組成物の製造には公知の方法を用いることができる。例えば、CBとMWCNTを含む導電材、活物質、分散剤、結着材の溶媒分散溶液をボールミル、サンドミル、二軸混練機、自転公転式攪拌機、プラネタリーミキサー、ディスパーミキサー等により混合することで得られ、一般的には、スラリーにして用いられる。前記のCBとMWCNTを含む導電材、活物質および結着材としては、既述したものを用いれば良い。CBとMWCNTは別々に混合器に投入しても、あるいは公知の方法で事前に混合しておいても良い。なお、電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリーの粘度を調整するために、粘度調整剤を使用することができる。粘度調整剤としては、ポリビニルアルコール、カルボキシメチルセルロース及びその塩、メチルセルロース及びその塩、ポリメタクリル酸及びその塩等の水溶性ポリマーが挙げられる。塩の具体例としては、ナトリウムやカリウム等のアルカリ金属が挙げられる。
本発明に用いられる非水系電池用正極は、上記の電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリーをアルミニウム箔等の集電体上に塗布した後、加熱によりスラリーに含まれる溶剤を除去し、正極活物質が結着材を介して集電体表面に結着された多孔質体である電極合材層を形成する。さらに集電体と電極合材層をロールプレス等により加圧して密着させることにより、目的とする電極を得ることができる。
本発明に用いられる非水系電池の作製方法には、特に制限は無く、従来公知の二次電池の作製方法を用いて行えば良いが、例えば、図2に模式的に示した構成で、以下の方法により作製することもできる。すなわち、前記の非水系電池用正極1にアルミ製タブを溶接し、非水系電池用負極2にニッケル製タブを溶接した後、各電極の間に絶縁層となるポリオレフィン製微多孔膜3を配し、非水系電池用正極1、非水系電池用負極2およびポリオレフィン製微多孔膜3の空隙部分に非水電解液が十分に染込むまで注液し、外装で封止することで作製することができる。
図3に模式的に示す横型の回転式の反応器100を市販のロータリーエバポレーター回転装置(東京理化器械株式会社製N-1110V)(図示せず)に接続し、バッチ式に反応を行った。反応器100は固定部104(非回転、耐熱性ガラス製)と回転部103(円筒状石英ガラス製)より構成される。さらに、反応器100の中心には固定部104に接続している非回転のガス導入部105(管状、直径12mm)がある。回転部103にはその先端に円筒部内壁に攪拌羽106が付いた反応部107(長さ約20cm、直径5cm)がある。攪拌羽106の配置は図3のA-A’線端面図に示す通りである。固定部104にはガス導入部105に垂直に接続したガス導入管108及びガス導入部105にまっすぐ接続した熱電対導入管109が設置してある。熱電対導入管109からは、シールされた熱電対110が入り、ガス導入部105の出口の外側で180度反転し、熱電対測温部はガス導入部105の外側で反応部107の中の気相の温度を計測する。熱電対110は3本あり、反応部107の中心、右端部と左端部の温度を測定する。反応部107の外周に配置されたスリーゾーン横型管状電気炉(図示せず)の3つの電気炉を独立して制御することにより反応部107全体を均一に加熱することができる。固定部104の外周部に接続したガス排気管111が設置してあり、反応部107からの排ガスが排出される。
反応は、反応器100の反応部107に所定量の触媒、流動材を仕込み、反応器100は水平または若干反応部を下向きに傾斜させ、原料ガスをガス導入管108からガス導入部105、反応部107を経てガス排気管111へ流しながら回転部103を所定の回転数で回転させながら行った。
硝酸コバルト六水和物(3N5、関東化学社製)6.17gを量り取り、質量比2:1の蒸留水とエタノール混合溶媒30gに溶解した。この硝酸コバルト水溶液にBET比表面積0.61m2/gの酸化マグネシウム(DENMAG(登録商標)KMAOH-F、タテホ化学社製)を2.5g加え、湯浴で50℃に保持した状態で1時間撹拌した。撹拌後、エバポレータで水を蒸発させた。得られた固体成分を60℃で24時間真空乾燥し、その後400℃で5時間焼成処理を行った。焼成処理後、得られた固体成分をメノウ乳鉢で粉砕し、コバルト金属を50質量%担持したコバルト-酸化マグネシウム担持触媒を得た。
原料の一酸化炭素は、(株)鈴木商館から購入した、G1グレード(純度99.95%)を使用した。回転式合成反応器内に、作製したコバルト-酸化マグネシウム担持触媒0.62g(活性種量0.25g)を投入し、窒素を十分流して窒素置換しながら、大気圧(0.101MPa)下、反応器を回転速度30rpmで回転させ、昇温を開始した。600℃に達したところで、窒素80%、水素20%の還元ガスに切り替え650℃まで約20分間昇温させた。650℃到達後、一酸化炭素ガス分圧を0.086MPaとし、水素ガス分圧を0.015MPaとした原料ガスを一酸化炭素ガス流量が3.9NL/g-活性種・分となるように触媒層に通過させ、1時間反応を行った。その後、原料ガスを窒素ガスに切り替え、直ちに冷却した。本合成例1で合成したMWCNTをMWCNT-Aとした。
600℃に達したところで、窒素80%、水素20%の還元ガスに切り替え610℃まで約20分間昇温させ、610℃到達後、一酸化炭素ガス分圧を0.086MPaとし、水素ガス分圧を0.015MPaとした原料ガスを一酸化炭素ガス流量が1.0NL/g-活性種・分となるように触媒層に通過させて、30分反応を行った以外は、MWCNTの合成例1と同様に行った。本合成例2で合成したMWCNTをMWCNT-Bとした。
一酸化炭素ガス分圧を0.086MPaとし、水素ガス分圧を0.015MPaとした原料ガスを一酸化炭素ガス流量が5.3NL/g-活性種・分となるように触媒層に通過させ、1時間反応を行った以外は、MWCNTの合成例1と同様に行った。本合成例3で合成したMWCNTをMWCNT-Cとした。
MWCNT-Aを用い、ビーズミルにて解砕処理を行った。ビーズミルにはアイメックス社(株)製RMB-08を使用した。MWCNT-Aを0.8g、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン39.2g、ジルコニア製φ0.5mmビーズ160gをベッセル内に加え、攪拌速度1000rpm、攪拌時間20分で解砕処理を行った後、蒸留水を用いてCNFを洗浄、ろ過後、120℃で10時間真空乾燥した。本解砕処理で得られたMWCNTをMWCNT-Dとした。
合成したMWCNTには担体として使用した酸化マグネシウムおよび活性種が含まれている。触媒活性が3g-MWCNT/g-触媒・時間未満の場合には、合成例1~3により得られたMWCNT中の、酸化マグネシウムおよび活性種量が多くなり、導電性や分散性に影響を与える場合があるため、酸化マグネシウムと活性種の除去処理を行った。まず、2mol/L塩酸400mLに、合成したMWCNT2gを入れ、プライミクス社製のロボミックスFモデル、撹拌部にはモホミクサーMARK2-2.5型を使用し、回転速度7000rpmで10分間分散処理を行った。その後、MWCNT含有塩酸を遠心分離し、上澄みを捨て、蒸留水を加えて攪拌し、これを、上澄み中の塩化物イオンが、硝酸銀水溶液によって検出されなくなるまで繰り返した。その後、固形分を110℃、13時間で減圧乾燥し、酸化マグネシウムおよび活性種の除去処理を行った。
個数平均1次粒子径は透過電子顕微鏡JEM-2000FX(日本電子社製)を用いて100000倍の画像5枚を撮影し、無作為に抽出した200個以上の1次粒子について画像解析により粒子径を求め、それらの個数平均を算出することによって測定した。
DBP吸収量はJIS K6217-4に準拠する方法で測定した。
MWCNTの粉体抵抗率は、三菱化学アナリティック社製ロレスタGP:粉体抵抗測定システムMCP-PD51型を用い、23℃、相対湿度50%の雰囲気にて、荷重9.8MPaの条件下、四探針法にて測定した。測定には100mgのサンプルを用いた。
MWCNTのラマン分光測定は、顕微レーザーラマン分光分析装置(Niolet Almega-XR型、サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック社製、レーザー532nm)を用い測定した。Dバンド(D1:ピーク位置1330cm-1、D3:1500cm-1、D4:1150cm-1)とGバンド(G+:1600cm-1、G-:1570cm-1)の波形分離を行った後、Dバンドピークに由来する面積の総和とGバンドピークに由来する面積の総和の比(D/G値)を求めた。本D/G値が低いほどMWCNTの結晶性が高いことを示している。
(参考)
D1:グラファイト結晶構造内の点欠陥、結晶端由来の欠陥に由来
D3:アモルファスカーボンに由来
D4:ポリエンやイオン性不純物に由来
G+:グラファイトの結晶性ピーク:縦光学モード
G-:グラファイトの結晶性ピーク:横光学モード
分散性評価は、粒度分布測定装置(LS 13 320 ユニバーサルリキッドモジュール BECKMAN COULTER社製)にて行なった。
なお、1μm以下の分散粒子の割合およびメジアン径D50値の測定に先立ち、粒度分布測定装置の検定を行ない、下記各検定用試料の測定で得られたメジアン径D50値が以下の条件をすべて満足した場合、装置の測定精度は合格とし、実施例、比較例の粒度分布測定を実施した。
[水分散媒の調製]
蒸留水100mLにカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(以下CMCNaと記載)0.10gを添加し、24時間以上25℃で撹拌し溶解させ、CMCNa0.1質量%の水分散媒を調製した。
[CMCNa水溶液の調製]
蒸留水100mLにカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム2.0gを添加し、24時間以上25℃で撹拌し溶解させ、CMCNa2.0質量%の水溶液を調製した。
(1)ポリスチレン分散液による検定
粒度分布測定装置(LS 13 320 ユニバーサルリキッドモジュール BECKMAN COULTER社製)に付属された、測定精度確認用LATRON300LS(メジアン径D50値:0.297μm)水分散液を使用した。
光学モデルをポリスチレン1.600、水1.333とそれぞれの屈折率に設定し、モジュ-ル洗浄終了後に前記CMCNa水溶液を約1.0mL充填した。ポンプスピード50%の条件でオフセット測定、光軸調整、バックグラウンド測定を行った後、粒度分布計に、LATRON300LSを粒子によってビームの外側に散乱する光のパーセントを示す相対濃度が8~12%、もしくはPIDS(偏光散乱強度差)が40%~55%になるように加え、粒度分布測定を行った。粒度(粒子径)に対する体積%のグラフを得て、精度の確認を行った。測定で得られたメジアン径D50値は0.297μm±0.018μm以内、同D10値は0.245μm±0.024μm以内、同D90値は0.360μm±0.036μm以内の範囲に入ることを確認した。
バイアル瓶にデンカ社製のアルミナLS-13(メジアン径D50値:45μm)および昭和電工(株)製のアルミナAS-50(メジアン径D50値:6.7μm)をそれぞれ0.120g秤量し、前記水分散媒を12.0g添加し、バイアル瓶を良く振りアルミナ水分散液を作製した。
光学モデルをアルミナ1.768、水1.333とそれぞれの屈折率に設定し、モジュ-ル洗浄終了後に前記CMCNa水溶液を約1.0mL充填した。ポンプスピード50%の条件でオフセット測定、光軸調整、バックグラウンド測定を行った後、粒度分布計に、調製した上記アルミナ水分散液を粒子によってビームの外側に散乱する光のパーセントを示す相対濃度が8~12%、もしくはPIDSが40%~55%になるように加え、粒度分布測定を行った。粒度(粒子径)に対する体積%のグラフを得て、精度の確認を行った。測定で得られたD50値がLS-13の場合は48.8μm±5.0μm以内、AS-50の場合は、12.6μm±0.75μm以内の範囲に入ることを確認した。
バイアル瓶にMWCNTを6.0mg秤量し、前記水分散媒6.0gを添加した。測定前処理に超音波ホモジナイザー(SmurtNR-50(株)マイクロテック・ニチオン製)を用いた。
超音波ホモジナイザーの先端に取り付けられ、振動を発生させるチップの劣化がないことを確認し、チップが処理サンプル液面から10mm以上つかるように調整した。チップは超音波発生時間の合計が30分以内、好ましくは新品のチップを使用する。照射時間40秒、出力50%とし、出力電力が一定運転の条件下で超音波照射により均一化させCNT水分散液を作製した。
前記の方法により調製したMWCNTの水分散液を用い、MWCNTのメジアン径D50値の測定を、以下の方法に従い実施した。LS 13 320 ユニバーサルリキッドモジュールの光学モデルをCNT、1.520、水1.333とそれぞれの屈折率に設定し、モジュ-ル洗浄終了後にCMCNa水溶液を約1.0mL充填する。ポンプスピード50%の条件でオフセット測定、光軸調整、バックグラウンド測定を行った後、粒度分布計に、調製したMWCNT水分散液を粒子によってビームの外側に散乱する光のパーセントを示す相対濃度が8~12%、もしくはPIDSが40%~55%になるように加え、粒度分布計付属装置により78W、2分間超音波照射を行い(測定前処理)、30秒循環し気泡を除いた後に粒度分布測定を行った。粒度(粒子径)に対する体積%のグラフを得て、メジアン径D50値を求めた。
測定は、MWCNT1試料につき、採取場所を変え3測定用サンプルを採取して粒度分布測定を行い、メジアン径D50値をその平均値で求めた。
(電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリーの調製)
溶媒としてN-メチルピロリドン(関東化学株式会社製、以下、NMPと記載)、正極活物質としてLiCoO2(ユミコア社製、「KD20」平均一次粒子径20μm)、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(呉羽化学社製、「KFポリマー7208」、以下、PVdFと記載)、分散剤としてポリビニルピロリドン(第一工業社製、「PVP K-90」、以下、PVPと記載)、導電材としてCB(デンカ社製、「FX-35」)、上記合成例1で合成したMWCNT-Aをそれぞれ用意した。PVdFが固形分で1.00質量%、PVPが固形分で0.05質量%、CBが固形分で0.485質量%、MWCNT-Aが固形分で0.015質量%(導電材中のMWCNTの含有量3質量%)となるように秤量して混合し、この混合物にNMPを添加し、自転公転式混合機(シンキー社製、あわとり練太郎ARV-310)を用いて、均一になるまで混合した。さらに、LiCoO2粉末が固形分で98.45質量%となるように秤量し、上記混合物に添加し、自転公転式混合機(シンキー社製、あわとり練太郎ARV-310)を用いて、均一になるまで混合し、電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリーを得た。
次に、調製した電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリーを、厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔(UACJ社製)上にアプリケータにて成膜し、乾燥機内に静置して80℃、10分、更に105℃、一時間で予備乾燥させた。次に、ロールプレス機にて200kg/cmの線圧でプレスし、厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔を含んだ膜の厚さが60μmになるように調製した。揮発成分を除去するため、170℃で3時間真空乾燥して非水系電池用正極を得た。
[非水系電池用正極の結着性]
作製した非水系電池用正極を1.5cmの短冊状に切り取り、表に剥離用粘着テープを、裏に試料固定用両面粘着テープをそれぞれ貼り付け、SUS製の固定板に固定し、引張・圧縮万能試験機(島津製作所社製、小型卓上試験機EZ‐S)を用いて、JIS Z0237で180°剥離強度を測定した。得られた剥離強度を結着性とした。本実施例1の非水系電池用正極の結着性は12N/mであった。
作製した非水系電池用正極を直径14mmの円盤状に切り抜き、表裏をSUS304製平板電極によって挟んだ状態で、電気化学測定システム(ソーラトロン社製、ファンクションジェネレーター1260およびポテンショガルバノスタット1287)を用いて、振幅電圧10mV、周波数範囲1Hz~100kHzにて交流インピーダンスを測定した。得られた抵抗成分値に切り抜いた円盤状の面積を掛けた抵抗値を極板抵抗とした。本実施例の非水系電池用正極の極板抵抗は160Ω・cm2であった。
溶媒として純水(関東化学株式会社製)、負極活物質として人造黒鉛(日立化成社製、「MAG-D」)、結着材としてスチレンブタジエンゴム(日本ゼオン社製、「BM-400B」、以下、SBRと記載)、分散剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロース(ダイセル社製、「D2200」、以下、CMCと記載)をそれぞれ用意した。次いで、CMCが固形分で1質量%、人造黒鉛が固形分で97質量%となるように秤量して混合し、この混合物に純水を添加し、自転公転式混合機(シンキー社製、あわとり練太郎ARV-310)を用いて、均一になるまで混合した。さらに、SBRが固形分で2質量%となるように秤量し、上記混合物に添加し、自転公転式混合機(シンキー社製、あわとり練太郎ARV-310)を用いて、均一になるまで混合し、非水系電池用負極スラリーを得た。次いで、非水系電池用負極スラリーを、厚さ10μmの銅箔(UACJ社製)上にアプリケータにて成膜し、乾燥機内に静置して60℃、一時間で予備乾燥させた。次に、ロールプレス機にて100kg/cmの線圧でプレスし、銅箔を含んだ膜の厚さが40μmになるように調製した。残留水分を完全に除去するため、120℃で3時間真空乾燥して非水系電池用負極を得た。
露点-50℃以下に制御したドライルーム内で、上記非水系電池用正極を40×40mmに加工し、非水系電池用負極を44×44mmに加工した後、電極合材塗工面が中央で対向するようにし、さらに電極間に45×45mmに加工したポリオレフィン微多孔質膜を配置した。次に70×140mm角に切断・加工したアルミラミネートシートを、長辺の中央部で二つ折りにし、電極の集電用タブがラミネートシートの外部に露出するように配置して挟み込んだ。次にヒートシーラーを用いて、アルミラミネートシートの集電用タブが露出した辺を含む2辺を加熱融着した後、加熱融着していない一辺から、2gの電解液(キシダ化学製、エチレンカーボネート/ジエチルカーボネート=3/7(体積比)+1M LiPF6溶液、以下、電解液と記載)を注液し、非水系電池用正極、非水系電池用負極およびポリオレフィン微多孔膜に十分に染み込ませてから、真空ヒートシーラーにより、電池の内部を減圧しながら、アルミラミネートシートの残り1辺を加熱融着して非水系電池を得た。
[放電レート特性(3C放電時の容量維持率)]
作製した非水系電池を、25℃において4.2V、0.2C制限の定電流定電圧充電をした後、0.2Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、放電電流を0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C、3Cと変化させ、各放電電流に対する放電容量を測定した。各測定における回復充電は4.2V、0.2C制限の定電流定電圧充電を行った。そして、0.2C放電時に対する3C放電時の容量維持率を計算した。本実施例の電池の3C放電時の容量維持率は79.4%であった。
作製した非水系電池を、25℃において4.2V、1C制限の定電流定電圧充電をした後、1Cの定電流で3.0Vまで放電した。次いで、上記充放電を400サイクル繰り返し、放電容量を測定した。そして、1サイクル放電時に対する400サイクル放電時のサイクル後放電容量維持率を計算した。本実施例1の電池のサイクル後放電容量維持率は81.5%であった。
導電材添加量をCBが固形分で0.425質量%、MWCNT-Aが固形分で0.075質量%(導電材中のMWCNTの含有量15質量%)となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表3に示す。
導電材添加量をCBが固形分で0.25質量%、MWCNT-Aが固形分で0.25質量%(導電材中のMWCNTの含有量50質量%)となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表3に示す。
導電材中のCBをSB50L(デンカ社製)とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表3に示す。
導電材中のCBをSB50L(デンカ社製)とした以外は、実施例3と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表3に示す。
導電材中のCBをSAB(デンカ社製)とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表3に示す。
導電材中のCBをSAB(デンカ社製)とした以外は、実施例3と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表3に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTを上記合成例2で合成したMWCNT-Bとした以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTを上記合成例2で合成したMWCNT-Bとした以外は、実施例3と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTを上記合成例3で合成したMWCNT-Cとした以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTを上記合成例3で合成したMWCNT-Cとした以外は、実施例3と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
導電材中のCBをSB50L(デンカ社製)とし、MWCNTを上記合成例2で合成したMWCNT-Bとした以外は、実施例3と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
導電材中のCBをSB50L(デンカ社製)とし、MWCNTを上記合成例3で合成したMWCNT-Cとした以外は、実施例3と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
導電材中のCBをSAB(デンカ社製)とし、MWCNTを上記合成例2で合成したMWCNT-Bとした以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
導電材中のCBをSAB(デンカ社製)とし、MWCNTを上記合成例3で合成したMWCNT-Cとした以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
導電材中のCBをHS-100(デンカ社製)とした以外は、実施例3と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTをVGCF-H(昭和電工製)とした以外は、実施例3と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表4に示す。
導電材添加量をMWCNT-Aが固形分で0.5質量部(導電材中のMWCNTの含有量100質量%)となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表5に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTを上記合成例2で合成したMWCNT-Bとした以外は、比較例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表5に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTを上記合成例3で合成したMWCNT-Cとした以外は、比較例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表5に示す。
導電材添加量をCBが固形分で0.5質量%(導電材中のMWCNTの含有量0質量%)となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表5に示す。
導電材中のCBをSB50L(デンカ社製)とした以外は、比較例4と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表5に示す。
導電材中のCBをSAB(デンカ社製)とした以外は、比較例4と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表5に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTをFlotube9000(CNano社製)とした以外は、比較例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表5に示す。
導電材添加量をCBが固形分で0.2質量%、MWCNT-Aが固形分で0.3質量%(導電材中のMWCNTの含有量60質量%)となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表6に示す。
導電材添加量をCBが固形分で0.075質量%、MWCNT-Aが固形分で0.425質量%(導電材中のMWCNTの含有量85質量%)となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表6に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTをFlotube9000(CNano社製)とし、導電材添加量をCBが固形分で0.45質量%、Flotube9000が固形分で0.05質量%(導電材中のMWCNTの含有量10質量%)となるように秤量して混合した以外は、実施例1と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表6に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTをFlotube9000(CNano社製)とした以外は、実施例3と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表6に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTをFlotube9000(CNano社製)とした以外は、比較例9と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表6に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTをNC7000(Nanocyl社製)とした以外は、比較例10と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表6に示す。
導電材中のMWCNTを上記解砕処理で得られたMWCNT-Dとした以外は、比較例10と同様にして電極用導電性組成物を含む非水系電池用正極スラリー、非水系電池用正極および非水系電池を作製し、各評価を実施した。結果を表6に示す。
2 非水系電池用負極
3 絶縁層(ポリオレフィン製微多孔膜)
100 回転式反応器
103 回転部
104 固定部
105 ガス導入部
106 攪拌羽
107 反応部
108 ガス導入管
109 熱電対導入管
110 熱電対
111 ガス排気管
Claims (10)
- カーボンブラックと多層カーボンナノチューブとを含む導電材、活物質、結着材及び分散剤を含有する導電性組成物であり、前記多層カーボンナノチューブが以下の(1)~(3)を満たすことを特徴とする電極用導電性組成物。
(1)9.8MPaの荷重下で測定した粉体抵抗率が0.035Ω・cm以下
(2)JIS Z8825に準じて測定した体積換算のメジアン径D50値が0.3~8μm
(3)導電材中の含有量が3~50質量% - 前記カーボンブラックが、個数平均1次粒子径が20~40nmで、JIS K6217-4に準じて測定したDBP吸油量が200~320ml/100gであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電極用導電性組成物。
- 前記多層カーボンナノチューブのラマン分光測定によるD/G値が0.8~1.3であることを特徴とする請求項1または請求項2に記載の電極用導電性組成物。
- 前記カーボンブラックがアセチレンブラックであることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の電極用導電性組成物。
- 前記導電材の含有量が、前記電極用導電性組成物の総和に対し、0.1~2質量%であることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の電極用導電性組成物。
- 前記活物質が、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiMPO4、Li2MSiO4、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4、Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2、Li(AlXNiYCoZ)O2およびRLi2MnO3-(1-R)LiMO2から選択された、いずれか1種であることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の電極用導電性組成物。但し、LiNiXMn(2-X)O4中のXは0<X<2という関係を満たし、Li(MnXNiYCoZ)O2中又はLi(AlXNiYCoZ)O2中のX、Y及びZは、X+Y+Z=1という関係を満たし、かつ0<X<1、0<Y<1、0<Z<1という関係を満たし、RLi2MnO3-(1-R)LiMO2中のRは0<R<1という関係を満たし、LiMPO4中、Li2MSiO4中又はRLi2MnO3-(1-R)LiMO2中のMはFe、Co、NiおよびMnから選ばれる元素の1種以上である。
- 前記分散剤が、ポリビニルピロリドンおよびポリビニルピロリドンを含む共重合体のいずれか1種以上であることを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の電極用導電性組成物。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の電極用導電性組成物を用いることを特徴とする非水系電池用正極。
- 電極用導電性組成物とアルミニウム箔集電体のピール強度がJIS Z0237に準じた測定で12N/m以上であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の非水系電池用正極。
- 請求項8または請求項9に記載の非水系電池用正極を用いることを特徴とする非水系電池。
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