Classifications

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  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
  • C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
  • C12Q1/6841—In situ hybridisation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
  • C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
  • C12Q1/6816—Hybridisation assays characterised by the detection means
  • C12Q1/6823—Release of bound markers
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
  • G01N33/6803—General methods of protein analysis not limited to specific proteins or families of proteins
  • G01N33/6845—Methods of identifying protein-protein interactions in protein mixtures
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q2523/00—Reactions characterised by treatment of reaction samples
  • C12Q2523/30—Characterised by physical treatment
  • C12Q2523/319—Photocleavage, photolysis, photoactivation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q2525/00—Reactions involving modified oligonucleotides, nucleic acids, or nucleotides
  • C12Q2525/10—Modifications characterised by
  • C12Q2525/161—Modifications characterised by incorporating target specific and non-target specific sites
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q2527/00—Reactions demanding special reaction conditions
  • C12Q2527/143—Concentration of primer or probe
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • C12Q2563/00—Nucleic acid detection characterized by the use of physical, structural and functional properties
  • C12Q2563/179—Nucleic acid detection characterized by the use of physical, structural and functional properties the label being a nucleic acid

Definitions

• Standard immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization methods allow for simultaneous detection of, at most, six to ten protein or nucleic acid targets, with three to four targets being typical.
• probes, compositions, methods, and kits for simultaneous, multiplexed detection and quantification of protein and/or nucleic acid expression in a user- defined region of a tissue, user-defined cell, and/or user-defined subcellular structure within a cell.
• the present invention relates to probes, compositions, methods, and kits for
• An aspect of the present invention relates to a method including steps of (1) contacting at least one target in or from at least one cell in a tissue sample with at least one probe comprising a target-binding domain and a signal oligonucleotide; (2) providing a force to a location of the tissue sample sufficient to release the signal oligonucleotide; and (3) collecting and identifying the released signal oligonucleotide, thereby detecting the at least one target in or from a specific location of the tissue sample that was provided the force.
• the specific location is a user-defined region of a tissue, user-defined cell, and/or user-defined subcellular structure within a cell.
• the target may be a nucleic acid, (e.g., mRNA and miRNA) and/or a protein.
• the target-binding domain may be a single-stranded nucleic acid, a partially double-stranded nucleic acid, or a protein-binding molecule, e.g., an antibody, a peptide, an aptamer, and a peptoid.
• two or more targets i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, and a combination thereof
• targets i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, and a combination thereof
• detecting includes quantifying the abundance of each target.
• the method further includes repeating at least steps (2) and (3) on at least a second specific location of the tissue sample, the second specific location comprising at least a second cell.
• detecting includes comparing the abundance of the at least one target in or from the first specific location and in or from the at least second specific location.
• the at least one cell and at least second cell may be the same cell type or distinct cell types.
• detecting includes quantifying the abundance of the at least one target in or from a first cell type and in or from the at least a second cell type.
• first and second cell types are independently selected from a normal cell and an abnormal cell, e.g., a diseased and cancerous cell.
• the at least one cell is directly immobilized to a surface or is indirectly immobilized to the surface via at least one other cell.
• a tissue sample may be a 2 to 1000 ⁇ thick tissue section, e.g. , obtained from a formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) sample or from an unfixed sample.
• the at least one cell may be fixed or unfixed.
• the at least one cell may be stained or labeled prior to step (2) allowing visualization of a subcellular or cellular structure in the stained or labeled cell.
• a section adjacent to the section that is contacted with the probes may be stained or labeled prior to step (2), thereby allowing estimation of a subcellular, cellular, or tissue-related structure in the corresponding cell or nearby cell in the section that is contacted with the probes.
• staining or labeling techniques are well known in the art.
• At least one probe further includes a linker (e.g., a cleavable linker) located between the target-binding domain and the signal oligonucleotide.
• the cleavable linker may be photo-cleavable, which is cleaved by light provided by a suitable coherent light source (e.g., a laser and a UV light source) or a suitable incoherent light source (e.g., an arc-lamp and a light-emitting diode (LED)).
• a suitable coherent light source e.g., a laser and a UV light source
• a suitable incoherent light source e.g., an arc-lamp and a light-emitting diode (LED)
• the light source may irradiate at least one subcellular structure of the at least one cell and the abundance of the at least one nucleic acid target in or from the at least one subcellular structure of the at least one cell can be detected. Also, the light source may first irradiate at least one subcellular structure in the at least one cell and later irradiate at least one subcellular structure in the at least second cell, allowing a comparison of the abundance of the at least one target in or from the at least one subcellular structure in the at least one cell and the at least one subcellular structure in the at least second cell.
• the signal oligonucleotide is a single-stranded nucleic acid or a partially double-stranded nucleic acid.
• the sample may be cultured cells or dissociated cells (fixed or unfixed) that have been immobilized onto a slide.
• the sample may comprise cells (including both primary cells and cultured cell lines) and/or tissues (including cultured or explanted).
• the sample may comprise a cultured cell, a primary cell, or a dissociated cell from an explant.
• the illumination of a region of interest smaller that a field of view comprises use of a laser scanning device (e.g., confocal) or a digital mirror device (DMD) to direct the light.
• a laser scanning device e.g., confocal
• DMD digital mirror device
• a probe is prepared by a cysteine bioconjugation method that is stable, site-specific to, preferably, the antibody' s hinge-region heavy-chain.
• a probe can comprise a plurality (i.e., more than one, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) labeled oligonucleotides per antibody.
• Detecting comprises a polymerase reaction, a reverse transcriptase reaction, hybridization to an oligonucleotide microarray, mass spectrometry, hybridization to a fluorescent molecular beacon, a sequencing reaction, or nCounter® Molecular Barcodes.
• nCounter® systems and methods from NanoString Technologies® are used.
• the signal oligonucleotide is collected from a tissue via liquid laminar, turbulent, or transitional flow.
• the flow may be via a channel, e.g., having 25 to 500 ⁇ depth between the tissue and a fluidic device or impermeable barrier placed over the tissue.
• the signal oligonucleotide is collected from a solution proximal to, e.g., at least immediately above, the at least one cell.
• the proximal solution may be collected by aspirating, e.g., via a pipette, a capillary tube, a microarray pin, a flow cell comprising holes, or another suitable aspirating system known in the art or any combination thereof.
• the capillary tube may comprise an optical device capable of transmitting a light force, e.g., UV light, to the at least one cell.
• the pipette or a microarray pin may be attached to an array comprising a plurality of pipettes or microarray pins.
• the proximal solution may comprise an anionic polymer, e.g., dextran sulfate, and/or salmon sperm DNA and/or the collected signal oligonucleotide may be added to a solution comprising an anionic polymer, e.g., dextran sulfate, and/or salmon sperm DNA.
• an anionic polymer e.g., dextran sulfate, and/or salmon sperm DNA
• Other non-specific blocking agents known in the art in addition to or instead of salmon sperm DNA may be used.
• the method provides simultaneous spatially-resolved DNA, RNA, and/or protein detection of a tissue sample.
• digital readout comprises a linear dynamic range of greater than or equal to 5 logs.
• probes are provided to a sample at concentrations typically less than that used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) or for in situ hybridization (ISH).
• concentration may be significantly less than that used for IHC or ISH.
• the probe concentration may be 2 fold less, 5 fold less, 10 fold less, 20 fold less, 25 fold less, 30 fold less, 50 fold less, 60 fold less, 70 fold less, 80 fold less, 90 fold less, 100 fold less, 200 fold less, 300 fold less, 400 fold less, 500 fold less, 600 fold less, 700 fold less, 800 fold less, 900 fold less, 1000 fold less, 2000 fold less, or less and any number in between.
• probes are provided at a concentration of 100 nM, 70 nM, 60 nM, 50 nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, 20 nM, 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM, 0.9 nM, 0.8 nM, 0.7 nM, 0.6 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, 0.3 nM, 0.2 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.09 nM, 0.08 nM, 0.07 nM, 0.06 nM, 0.05 nM, 0.04 nM, 0.03 nM, 0.02 nM, 0.01 nM, and less and any concentration in between.
• a tissue sample is attached to a slide and is first imaged using fluorescence (e.g., fluorescently-labeled antibodies and fluorescent stains (e.g., DAPI)) and then expression of proteins and/or nucleic acids is digitally counted from the sample.
• fluorescence e.g., fluorescently-labeled antibodies and fluorescent stains (e.g., DAPI)
• expression of proteins and/or nucleic acids is digitally counted from the sample.
• a negative purification e.g., comprising an affinity purification method comprising contacting intact probe molecules with an immobilized oligonucleotide that is complementary to a portion of the intact probe or an immobilized antibody or protein-binding motif that recognizes and binds to a portion of the intact probe, is used to remove intact probe molecules from the released signal oligonucleotides.
• the intact probe' s target binding domain comprises a universal purification tag or sequence that is partially complementary to the immobilized oligonucleotide or is capable of being recognized or bound by the immobilized antibody or protein-binding motif. Any such tag or sequence well-known in the art may be used in these embodiments.
• Figure 1 Shows two exemplary probes. Nucleic acid backbones (either single-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA) are shown as a straight, black line. The probes each include a target-binding domain, shown in red. The top probe includes labeled RNA segments hybridized to the nucleic acid backbone whereas the bottom probe includes labeled DNA oligonucleotides hybridized to the nucleic acid backbone.
• a cleavable motif e.g., a cleavable linker, not shown
• the cleavable motif allows release of a signal oligonucleotide from a bound target nucleic acid or protein; then, the signal oligonucleotide is collected and detected.
• Figure 2 Shows a first type of a probe that can bind directly to a target nucleic acid (top).
• the probe has bound to the target nucleic acid, shown as a blue curvilinear line.
• a reporter probe includes six positions hybridized to labeled oligonucleotides (identified by a colored circle). Since the probe comprises positions that can be hybridized to labeled oligonucleotides, the probe can also be referred to as a reporter probe.
• Figure 3 Shows a first type of dual-probe composition of the present invention.
• the first type of probe binds directly to a target nucleic acid and a first type capture probe binds directly to the target nucleic acid.
• the capture probe may include at least one affinity reagent, which is shown as an asterisk.
• the target nucleic acid in a sample is shown as a blue curvilinear line.
• Figure 4 Shows a second type of a probe (or reporter probe) that can bind indirectly to a target nucleic acid in a sample (top).
• the probe's target is an intermediary oligonucleotide, shown in green, which in turn binds to the target nucleic acid in a sample, shown as a blue curvilinear line in the bottom image.
• the intermediary oligonucleotide is a probe, as defined herein, since it comprises a nucleic acid backbone and is capable of binding a target nucleic acid.
• Figure 5 Shows a second type of dual-probe composition of the present invention.
• the second type of probe binds indirectly to a target nucleic acid in a sample (via an intermediary oligonucleotide, shown in green) and a second type capture probe binds indirectly to the target nucleic acid in the sample (via another intermediary oligonucleotide, shown in orange).
• the capture probe may include at least one affinity reagent, which is shown as an asterisk.
• Figure 6 Shows release of signal oligonucleotides from second type probes (illustrated in Figure 4) that are bound indirectly to a target nucleic acid in a sample.
• the location of a cleavable motif within a probe (or in a reporter probe) affects which material is included with a released signal oligonucleotide.
• Figure 7 Shows three types of probes used for detecting proteins. In the top
• a probe comprises a nucleic acid attached to a protein-binding domain; in this configuration, a cleavable motif (e.g., a cleavable linker, not shown) may be included between the nucleic acid and protein-binding domain or within the nucleic acid itself.
• a protein-binding domain is attached to a nucleic acid and a probe hybridizes to the nucleic acid.
• the probe (comprising the target-binding domain and the nucleic acid attached to the protein-binding domain (shown in green)) can be bound by a probe before or after the target binding domain binds a protein target (As shown in Figure 8).
• a cleavable motif may be included in either or both of the backbone or the nucleic acid attached to the protein-binding domain.
• the first or second type probe shown in Figures 2 and 4 may be used in this
• a protein-binding domain is attached to a nucleic acid and an intermediary oligonucleotide (shown in red) hybridizes to both a probe and to the nucleic acid attached to the protein-binding domain.
• the first or second type probe shown in Figures 2 and 4 may be used in this configuration for detecting a protein.
• Figure 8 Shows the middle and bottom probes of Figure 7.
• the top two images show the probe before and after it has bound a protein.
• the next image shows the probe after its cleavable motif has been cleaved; in this image the cleavable motif is between the nucleic acid and the target binding domain.
• the nucleic acid Once the nucleic acid has been released, it can be considered a signal oligonucleotide.
• the signal oligonucleotide (released nucleic acid of the probe) is bound by a reporter probe (e.g., as shown in Figures 2 and 4).
• Figure 9 Shows release of signal oligonucleotides from a probe of the middle
• Figure 10 Shows steps in a method of the present invention in which signal
• oligonucleotides from one region-of-interest are detected.
• Figure 11 Shows steps in a method of the present invention in which regions-of-interest are located on a first serial section of a tissue sample and probes are applied to a second serial section of the tissue sample. Signal oligonucleotides are released and collected from probes bound to targets in a first region-of-interest of the second serial section. Then, signal oligonucleotides are released and collected from probes bound to targets in a second (up to the n th ) region-of-interest of the second serial section.
• Figure 12 Shows multiplexed detection of a plurality of target nucleic acids and/or proteins from a first region-of-interest followed by multiplexed detection of the plurality of target nucleic acids and/or proteins from a second region-of-interest.
• Figure 13 Illustrates steps in methods of the present invention. The method shown may be referred herein as "nCounter® Digital Multiplexed Immunohistochemistry (IHC)".
• Figure 14 Is a flow chart demonstrating the simplified workflow and higher multiplexing capable with nCounter ® Digital Multiplexed IHC (top) when compared to standard TSA-based multiplexed IHC (bottom).
• Figure 15 Are photographs showing a digital mirror device (DMD) attached to a Ti-E microscope (top) and a brightfield image of a FFPE tissue section (bottom). Light illumination (white spots) on the FFPE tissue (bright field image) shows multiple ROIs of about -10-20 ⁇ in size, i.e., the size of a single cell.
• DMD digital mirror device
• Figure 16 Illustrates components and light paths involved with the present invention when the method includes use of a digital mirror device (DMD).
• DMD digital mirror device
• LED provides sufficient illumination to excite whole field of view at once and with single cell illumination such that -80-600 DMD pixels illuminate a 10 ⁇ diameter cell.
• a normal-grade DMD will provide sufficient single-cell resolution.
• DS Dichroic mirror
• FW Filter wheel
• DMD Digital mirror device.
• Figure 17 Illustrates components and light paths involved with the present invention when the method includes use of a laser scanning device (e.g., confocal scanning device).
• a laser scanning device e.g., confocal scanning device
• galvo-mirrors direct light. This method requires an inexpensive 405 nm laser.
• DS Dichroic mirror
• FW Filter wheel
• MM Motorized mirror.
• Figure 18 Shows a photomicrograph establishing overall tissue morphology of a tonsil sample that was initially imaged using two-color fluorescence of Ki-67 (cell proliferation marker; in green) and CD3 (immune cell marker; in red). Twelve regions (including the four regions magnified in Figure 19) are identified with white boxes.
• Figure 19 Is a graph showing nCounter ® data counts of Ki-67 and CD3 for four regions shown in Figure 18. Images were obtained from serial sections (to allow various additional controls to be examined). In general, samples can be imaged with fluorescent antibodies and then digitally counted (via wv-exposure) using the same slide. Multiple targets analyzed across twelve regions (including the four regions shown here) show distinct profiles of localization of Ki-67 and CD3. Below the graph are magnifications of the four regions.
• Figure 20 Shows exemplary counts from a 30-plex oligo-antibody cocktail on the twelve regions of interest (ROI) from the tonsil sample shown in Figure 18. Data was obtained from serial sections (to allow various additional controls to be examined).
• Figure 21 Shows a photomicrograph establishing overall tissue morphology of T cells in a melanoma sample from a lymph node that was initially imaged using three-color fluorescence of CD3 (in red), CD8 (in green), and DAPI (in blue). The white circle is 25 ⁇ in diameter and surrounds three cells.
• Figure 22 Shows nCounter ® data of CD3 conjugate release from FFPE lymph node tissue sections (5 ⁇ thickness) as a function of UV illumination area (100 ⁇ to 1 mm in diameter). The field diaphragm size is shown below the figure.
• Figure 23 Shows nCounter ® data for CD45 conjugate release from FFPE lymph node tissue sections (5 ⁇ thickness) as a function of UV illumination area (100 ⁇ to 1 mm in diameter) and from the same experiment as shown in Figures 21 and 22.
• Figure 24 Shows nCounter ® data for PD1 conjugate release from FFPE lymph node tissue sections (5 ⁇ thickness) as a function of UV illumination area (100 ⁇ to 1 mm in diameter) and from the same experiment as shown in Figures 21 to 23.
• FIG. 25 Shows a tissue microarray (TMA; left panel) of breast tumor tissue containing variable levels of Her2 protein as shown in the photomicrograph (center panel) which identifies Her2 fluorescence by IHC staining.
• the right panel shows a magnification of a single region of the central panel.
• Figure 26 Shows nCounter ® count data for forty-eight representative regions versus Her2 status (ASCO-CAP guidelines).
• Figure 27 Plots nCounter ® Counts versus Sum Pixel Intensities (xlO 3 ) for the forty-eight regions mentioned with respect to Figure 26.
• Figure 28 Is a photomicrograph establishing overall tissue morphology of a melanoma sample that was initially imaged using two-color fluorescence of CD3 (in red) and DAPI (in blue). Ten exemplary regions are identified with white boxes.
• Figure 29 Shows exemplary counts from a 30-plex oligo-antibody cocktail on the ten regions of interest (ROI) from the sample shown in Figure 28.
• Figure 30A and Figure 30B Are photomicrographs showing UV illumination using a digital mirror device (DMD) of single cells (in blue) in a tonsil tissue sample (in green).
• DMD digital mirror device
• Figures 31A to 31D Are photomicrographs showing UV illumination using a digital mirror device (DMD) of single cells (in bright white) in a tonsil tissue sample.
• Figure 31B highlights the single cells noted in Figure 31A;
• Figure 31D highlights the single cell noted in Figure 31C.
• DMD digital mirror device
• Figure 32 Shows steps in a spatially-resolved FFPE Tissue Protein Assay. The steps are similar to those of a nucleic acid-detecting assay except, in the nucleic acid-detecting assay, the sample is bound with a probe comprising a nucleic acid target-binding domain rather than an antibody.
• Figure 33 Shows steps in a spatially-resolved FFPE Tissue Protein Assay.
• Figure 34 Shows data from an embodiment in which a whole tissue or whole sample is illuminated, e.g., with a standard UV gel box, to release signal oligonucleotides previously attached to a probe.
• Figure 35 Shows an embodiment in which a portion of a tissue or sample is illuminated, e.g., with a microscope, i.e., UV cleavage under Microscope (Time titration experiment).
• Figure 36 Shows an embodiment in which a portion of a tissue or sample is illuminated, e.g., with a microscope, i.e., UV cleavage under Microscope (Illumination area titration experiment).
• Figure 37 Shows an embodiment in which a portion of a tissue or sample is illuminated, e.g., with a microscope, i.e., UV cleavage under microscope (Illumination area titration experiment - multiple targets).
• a microscope i.e., UV cleavage under microscope
• Figure 38 Shows an embodiment in which a region of interest in a tissue (e.g., a breast cancer sample) is first identified for expression of a marker and this region of interest is then illuminated (e.g., with UV) to release signal oligonucleotides from a probe.
• a tissue e.g., a breast cancer sample
• this region of interest is then illuminated (e.g., with UV) to release signal oligonucleotides from a probe.
• Figure 39 Shows an embodiment in which a tissue is embedded in flow cell. Data for multiple fractions is shown. As with the data of Figure 38, here a region of interest is pre- identified for expression of a fluorescently-labeled marker. Also shown are photographs and a schematic showing configuration of the apparatus.
• Figure 40 Shows an embodiment in which a tissue is embedded in flow cell with small holes. Also shown are photographs and a schematic showing configuration of the apparatus.
• Figures 41A to 41C Shows embodiments using a flow cell with small holes have significant signal to noise improvement rather than collection of eluate from entire surface of tissue. Also shown are photographs and a schematic showing configuration of the apparatus. [0064] Figures 42A to 42C: Shows data in the embodiments using a flow cell with small holes (12 or 96 hole formats).
• Figures 43A and B Shows data in comparing background signal from flow cells in which whole tissue elution was performed ( Figure 43A) and background signal from flow cells in which elution occurred directly above a region of interest ( Figure 43B).
• Figure 44 Is a schematic showing eluent collection with an open surface for a multi- region of interest aspiration embodiment. Here is shown a multi-tube array for
• Figure 45 Includes photographs and a schematic showing an embodiment in which eluent collection is through a capillary (micro-aspirator).
• Figures 46A and B Shows data from the embodiment of Figure 45 in which eluent collection is through a capillary (micro-aspirator).
• Figure 47 Is a schematic showing eluent collection with an open surface for a multi- region of interest aspiration embodiment or for a single region of interest. Here is shown a multi-tube array using pipetting vs capillary action for aspiration/dispensing and a single tube/pipet with fixed position.
• Figure 48 Is a schematic showing illumination and fluid collection through a combined capillary and lens.
• Figure 49 Is a schematic showing steps in an embodiment of a spatially-resolved FFPE tissue assay comprising a 96 well grid.
• Figure 50 Shows protein expression data obtained from a single cell or two cells using the herein described methods and apparatuses.
• Figure 51 Identifies regions of interests located on serial sections from a single tumor sample.
• Figure 52 Shows counts obtained for six of the nine RNA probes included in the assay of Example 16.
• Figure 53 Shows the averages and standard deviations of counts shown in Figure 52.
• Figure 54 Shows RNA expression data and protein data for probes that were simultaneously hybridized to nCounter ® Molecular Barcodes, and digitally counted by an nCounter ® system from NanoString Technologies ® .
• Figure 55 Shows RNA expression data obtained from single-stranded DNA probes and partially double-stranded DNA probes.
• Figure 56 Shows RNA expression data obtained from probes hybridized in the present of salmon sperm DNA.
• Figure 57 Shows RNA expression data from a probe specific to PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen).
• Figure 58 Shows specificity of probes increase at non-standard, sub-nM concentrations.
• the present invention is based in part on probes, compositions, methods, and kits for simultaneous, multiplexed detection and quantification of protein and/or nucleic acid expression in a user-defined region of a tissue, user-defined cell, and/or user-defined subcellular structure within a cell.
• the present invention provides a comparison of the identity and abundance of target proteins and/or target nucleic acids present in a first region of interest (e.g., tissue type, a cell (including normal and abnormal cells), and a subcellular structure within a cell) and the identity and abundance of target proteins and/or target nucleic acids present in a second region of interest.
• a first region of interest e.g., tissue type, a cell (including normal and abnormal cells), and a subcellular structure within a cell
• a second region of interest There is no pre-defined upper limit to the number of regions of interest and
• the upper limit relates to the size of the region of interest relative the size of the sample.
• a section may have hundreds to thousands of regions of interest; however, if a tissue section includes only two cell types, then the section may have only two regions of interest (each including only one cell type).
• the present invention provides a higher degree of multiplexing than is possible with standard immunohistochemical or in situ hybridization methods.
• Standard immunohistochemical methods allow for maximal simultaneous detection of six to ten protein targets, with three to four protein targets being more typical.
• in situ hybridization methods are limited to simultaneous detection of fewer than ten nucleic acid targets.
• the present invention provides detection of large combinations of nucleic acid targets and/or protein targets from a defined region of a sample.
• the present invention provides an increase in objective measurements by digital quantification and increased reliability and consistency, thereby enabling comparison of results among multiple centers.
• the probes of the present invention may have nucleic acid backbones (single-stranded DNA or RNA) having defined positions capable of being hybridized (non-covalently bound) with at least one labeled oligonucleotide. See, Figure 1. Such probes (which have defined positions capable of being hybridized with at least one labeled oligonucleotide are also referred herein as reporter probes.
• the number of positions on a reporter probe's backbone ranges from 1 to 100 or more. In embodiments, the number of positions ranges from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 to 15, 20, 30, 40, or 50, or any range in between.
• the number of positions (for detecting a target nucleic acid and/or for detecting a target protein) on a backbone is without limit since engineering such a backbone is well-within the ability of a skilled artisan.
• the number of target nucleic acids and/or proteins detectable by a set of probes depends on the number of positions included in the probes' backbones.
• a labeled oligonucleotide relates to an RNA segment including a detectable label or a DNA oligonucleotide including a detectable label.
• a position of a nucleic acid backbone may be hybridized (non-covalently bound) with at least one labeled oligonucleotide. Alternately, a position may be hybridized with at least one oligonucleotide lacking a detectable label. Each position can hybridize to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 to 100 labeled (or unlabeled) oligonucleotides or more. The number of labeled oligonucleotides hybridized to each position depends on the length of the position and the size of the oligonucleotides. A position may be between about 300 to about 1500 nucleotides in length.
• the lengths of the labeled (or unlabeled) oligonucleotides vary from about 20 to about 1500 nucleotides in length. In embodiments, the lengths of labeled (or unlabeled) oligonucleotides vary from about 800 to about 1300 ribonucleotides. In other embodiments, the lengths of labeled (or unlabeled) oligonucleotides vary from about 20 to about 55 deoxyribonucleotides; such oligonucleotides are designed to have melting/hybridization temperatures of between about 65 and about 85 °C, e.g., about 80 °C. For example, a position of about 1 100 nucleotides in length may hybridize to between about 25 and about 45
• oligonucleotides comprising, each oligonucleotide about 45 to about 25 deoxyribonucleotides in length. In embodiments, each position is hybridized to about 34 labeled oligonucleotides of about 33 deoxyribonucleotides in length.
• the labeled oligonucleotides are preferably single- stranded DNA.
• Each labeled oligonucleotide may be labeled with one or more detectable label monomers.
• the label may be at a terminus of an oligonucleotide, at a point within an
• Oligonucleotides may comprise nucleotides with amine-modifications, which allow coupling of a detectable label to the nucleotide.
• Labeled oligonucleotides of the present invention can be labeled with any of a variety of label monomers, such as a fluorochrome, quantum dot, dye, enzyme, nanoparticle,
• chemiluminescent marker biotin, or other monomer known in the art that can be detected directly (e.g., by light emission) or indirectly (e.g., by binding of a fluorescently-labeled antibody).
• Preferred examples of a label that can be utilized by the invention are fluorophores.
• fluorophores can be used as label monomers for labeling nucleotides including, but not limited to, GFP-related proteins, cyanine dyes, fluorescein, rhodamine, ALEXA FlourTM, Texas Red, FAM, JOE, TAMRA, and ROX.
• fluorophores can be used as label monomers for labeling nucleotides including, but not limited to, GFP-related proteins, cyanine dyes, fluorescein, rhodamine, ALEXA FlourTM, Texas Red, FAM, JOE, TAMRA, and ROX.
• fluorophores are known, and more continue to be produced, that span the entire spectrum.
• Labels associated with each position are spatially-separable and spectrally-resolvable from the labels of a preceding position or a subsequent position.
• An ordered series of spatially-separable and spectrally- resolvable labels of a probe is herein referred to as barcode or as a label code.
• the barcode or label code allows identification of a target nucleic acid or target protein that has been bound by a particular probe.
• the labeled oligonucleotides hybridize to their positions under a standard hybridization reaction, e.g., 65 C, 5xSSPE; this allows for self-assembling reporter probes or probes.
• Probes using longer RNA molecules as labeled oligonucleotide e.g., as described in US2003/0013091
• probes are provided to a sample at concentrations typically less than that used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) or for in situ hybridization (ISH). Alternately, the concentration may be significantly less than that used for IHC or ISH.
• the probe concentration may be 2 fold less, 5 fold less, 10 fold less, 20 fold less, 25 fold less, 30 fold less, 50 fold less, 60 fold less, 70 fold less, 80 fold less, 90 fold less, 100 fold less, 200 fold less, 300 fold less, 400 fold less, 500 fold less, 600 fold less, 700 fold less, 800 fold less, 900 fold less, 1000 fold less, 2000 fold less, or less and any number in between.
• probes are provided at a concentration of 100 nM, 70 nM, 60 nM, 50 nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, 20 nM, 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM, 0.9 nM, 0.8 nM, 0.7 nM, 0.6 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, 0.3 nM, 0.2 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.09 nM, 0.08 nM, 0.07 nM, 0.06 nM, 0.05 nM, 0.04 nM, 0.03 nM, 0.02 nM, 0.01 nM, and less and any concentration in between.
• Probes can be detected and quantified using commercially-available cartridges, software, systems, e.g., the nCounter ® System using the nCounter ® Cartridge.
• Background noise during protein detection, can be reduced by performing a negative purification of the intact probe molecule. This can be done by conducting an affinity purification of the antibody or photo-cleavable linker after collection of eluate from a region of interest.
• a protein-G or -O mechanism in a pipet tip, tube, or plate can be employed for this step.
• Such devices and reagents commercially available.
• Background noise can be reduced by performing a negative purification of the intact probe molecule. This can be done by conducting an affinity purification of the target binding domain or photo-cleavable linker after collection of eluate from a region of interest. Normally, released signal oligonucleotides will not be pulled out of solution.
• a universal purification sequence may included in a probe, e.g., in the target binding domain.
• Figure 1 shows two exemplary probes including a single-stranded nucleic acid backbone and a target-binding domain, shown in red.
• the top probe includes labeled RNA segments hybridized to positions in the backbone whereas the bottom probe includes labeled DNA oligonucleotides hybridized to positions in the nucleic acid backbone.
• the colors shown in Figure 1, and elsewhere in this disclosure, are non-limiting; other colored labels and other detectable labels known in the art can be used in the probes of the present invention.
• Probes of the present invention can be used for detecting a target nucleic acid.
• Figures 2 and 4 illustrate this aspect.
• Such a probe includes at least a backbone and a target nucleic acid- binding region.
• the target nucleic acid-binding region is preferably at least 15 nucleotides in length, and more preferably is at least 20 nucleotides in length. In specific embodiments, the target nucleic acid-binding region is approximately 10 to 500, 20 to 400, 25, 30 to 300, 35, 40 to 200, or 50 to 100 nucleotides in length. Probes and methods for binding and identifying a target nucleic acid have been described in, e.g., US2003/0013091, US2007/0166708,
• a target nucleic acid may be DNA or RNA and preferably cRNA, messenger RNA (mRNA) or miPvNA; preferably the DNA is cDNA.
• mRNA messenger RNA
• miPvNA miPvNA
• the probes of the present invention can be used to directly hybridize to a target nucleic acid.
• Figure 2 illustrates a probe (or composition) of this embodiment.
• the probes include a target nucleic-acid binding domain, shown in red.
• the target nucleic acid is shown as a blue curvilinear line.
• Figure 3 illustrates a dual probe composition including the probe of Figure 2 and a capture probe.
• the capture probe comprises at least one affinity reagent, shown as an asterisk.
• the at least one affinity moiety may be attached to the capture probe by covalent or non-covalent means.
• affinity moieties appropriate for purification and/or for immobilization are known in the art.
• the affinity moiety is biotin, avidin, or streptavidin.
• each probe includes six positions hybridized to labeled oligonucleotides, each positions is identified by a colored circle.
• Any probe of the present invention may comprise an affinity moiety.
• the probes of the present invention can be used to indirectly hybridize to a target nucleic acid present in a sample (via an intermediary oligonucleotide).
• Figure 4 illustrates a probe (or composition) of this embodiment.
• the probes include a target nucleic-acid binding domain, shown in red, which binds to a synthetic oligonucleotide (the intermediary oligonucleotide; shown in green) that in turn binds to a target nucleic acid in a biological sample.
• the intermediary oligonucleotide is a probe, as defined herein, since it comprises a nucleic acid backbone and is capable of binding a target nucleic acid.
• FIG. 5 illustrates a dual-probe composition including the probe of Figure 4 and a capture probe.
• a probe's target nucleic acid-binding region hybridizes to a region of an intermediary
• oligonucleotide i.e., a synthetic oligonucleotide which is different from the target nucleic acid present in a sample.
• the probe's target binding region is independent of the ultimate target nucleic acid in the sample.
• Such synthetic oligonucleotides are simply designed by including a region that hybridizes to the target nucleic acid present in a sample and a region that hybridizes to a probe.
• a single set of indirectly-binding probes can be used to detect an infinite variety of target nucleic acids (present in a sample) in different experiments simply by replacing the target-specific (synthetic) oligonucleotide portion of the assay.
• a probe or probe of the present invention can include a region which permits the release of a signal oligonucleotide following the application of a suitable force.
• the region is a cleavable motif (e.g., a restriction enzyme site or cleavable linker). The cleavable motif allows release of a signal oligonucleotide from a bound target nucleic acid or protein and the signal oligonucleotide is then collected and detected.
• a signal oligonucleotide is a region of a probe that presently has positions hybridized with at least one labeled oligonucleotide or is a region of a probe (e.g., a nucleic acid molecule) that can be released from the target-binding domain of the probe.
• a signal oligonucleotide is said to be releasable when it can be separated (i.e., cleaved and released) from the remainder of the probe.
• cleavable motives include but are not limited to photo-cleavable linkers.
• the cleavable motif may be located between a nucleic acid and a target binding domain, the backbone and a target-binding domain, or within the backbone.
• a cleavable motif s position can be inferred from gaps within a probe or a gap within an intermediary
• Probes of the present invention can be used for detecting a target protein.
• Figure 7 illustrates probes (or compositions) of this embodiment.
• Such probes include at least a backbone and a target protein-binding region.
• a signal oligonucleotide may the nucleic acid attached to the protein-binding domain.
• the signal oligonucleotide is targeted and bound by a probe that comprises positions for hybridizing to labeled oligonucleotides.
• a probe is shown in Figure 7, middle image.
• the signal oligonucleotide is seen as a green line.
• the probe may be bound by a probe before the probe (via its protein-binding domain) binds a protein or afterward it binds the protein.
• the signal oligonucleotide need not be bound by the probe until it has already been released from the target-binding domain (this embodiment is not shown).
• a probe' s region capable of binding to a target protein include molecules or assemblies that are designed to bind with at least one target protein, at least one target protein surrogate, or both and can, under appropriate conditions, form a molecular complex comprising the protein probe and the target protein.
• the region capable of binding to a target protein includes an antibody, a peptide, an aptamer, or a peptoid.
• the antibody can be obtained from a variety of sources, including but not limited to polyclonal antibody, monoclonal antibody, monospecific antibody, recombinantly expressed antibody, humanized antibody, plantibodies, and the like.
• protein, polypeptide, peptide, and amino acid sequence are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length.
• the polymer may be linear or branched, it may comprise modified amino acids, and it may be interrupted by non-amino acids or synthetic amino acids.
• the terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified, for example, by disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation, such as conjugation with a labeling component.
• amino acid refers to either natural and/or unnatural or synthetic amino acids, including but not limited to glycine and both the D or L optical isomers, and amino acid analogs and peptidomimetics.
• a probe is prepared by a cysteine bioconjugation method that is stable, site-specific to, preferably, the antibody' s hinge-region heavy-chain. This preparation method provides relatively controllable labeled oligonucleotides to antibody stoichiometric ratios.
• a probe can comprise a plurality (i.e., more than one, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) labeled
• oligonucleotides per antibody are significantly less sensitive than antibodies lacking a labeled oligonucleotide or "lighter” probes, which comprise 1 or 2 labeled oligonucleotides per antibody.
• Protein-targeting probes and nucleic acid-targeting probes may be applied simultaneously as long as conditions allow for binding of both a protein target and a nucleic acid target.
• protein-targeting probes and nucleic acid-targeting probes may be applied sequentially when conditions allowing for binding of both a protein target and a nucleic acid target are not possible.
• a set of probes is synonymous with a composition of probes.
• a set of probes includes at least one species of probes, i.e., directed to one target.
• a set of probes preferably includes at least two, e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 or more species of probes.
• a probe set may include one or multiple copies of each species of probe.
• a first set of probes only may be applied to a sample.
• a second set (or higher number) of probes may be later applied to the sample.
• the first set and second (or higher number) may target only nucleic acids, only proteins, or a combination thereof.
• two or more targets ⁇ i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, or a
• a set of probes may be pre-defined based upon the cell type or tissue type to be targeted. For example, if the tissue is a breast cancer, then the set of probes will include probes directed to proteins relevant to breast cancer cells (e.g., Her2, EGFR, and PR) and/or probes directed to proteins relevant to normal breast tissues. Additionally, the set of probes may be pre-defined based upon developmental status of a cell or tissue to be targeted. Alternately, the set of probes may be pre-defined based upon subcellular localizations of interest, e.g., nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane. For example, antibodies directed to Foxp3, Histone H3, or P-S6 label the nucleus, antibodies directed to CD3, CD4, PD-1, or CD45RO label the cytoplasm, and antibodies directed to PD-L1 label membranes.
• proteins relevant to breast cancer cells e.g., Her2, EGFR, and PR
• the set of probes may be pre-defined based upon developmental status of a cell
• a probe may be chemically synthesized or may be produced biologically using a vector into which a nucleic acid encoding the probe has been cloned. [00111] Any probe or set of probes described herein may be used in methods and kits of the present invention.
• Probes of the present invention can be used to detect a target nucleic acid or protein present in any sample, e.g., a biological sample.
• the sample may comprise any number of things, including, but not limited to: cells (including both primary cells and cultured cell lines) and tissues (including cultured or explanted).
• a tissue sample (fixed or unfixed) is embedded, serially sectioned, and
• a pair of serial sections will include at least one cell that is present in both serial sections. Structures and cell types, located on a first serial section will have a similar location on an adjacent serial section.
• the sample can be cultured cells or dissociated cells (fixed or unfixed) that have been immobilized onto a slide.
• a tissue sample is a biopsied tumor or a portion thereof, i.e., a clinically- relevant tissue sample.
• the tumor may be from a breast cancer.
• the sample may be an excised lymph node.
• the sample can be obtained from virtually any organism including multicellular organisms, e.g., of the plant, fungus, and animal kingdoms; preferably, the sample is obtained from an animal, e.g., a mammal. Human samples are particularly preferred.
• the probes, compositions, methods, and kits described herein are used in the diagnosis of a condition.
• diagnose or diagnosis of a condition includes predicting or diagnosing the condition, determining predisposition to the condition, monitoring treatment of the condition, diagnosing a therapeutic response of the disease, and prognosis of the condition, condition progression, and response to particular treatment of the condition.
• a tissue sample can be assayed according to any of the probes, methods, or kits described herein to determine the presence and/or quantity of markers of a disease or malignant cell type in the sample (relative to the non-diseased condition), thereby diagnosing or staging a disease or a cancer.
• samples attached to a slide can be first imaged using fluorescence (e.g., fluorescent antibodies or fluorescent stains (e.g., DAPI)) to identify morphology, regions of interest, cell types of interest, and single cells and then expression of proteins and/or nucleic acids can be digitally counted from the sample on the same slide.
• fluorescence e.g., fluorescent antibodies or fluorescent stains (e.g., DAPI)
• DAPI fluorescent stains
• compositions and kits of the present invention can include probes and other reagents, for example, buffers and other reagents known in the art to facilitate binding of a protein and/or a nucleic acid in a sample, i.e., for performing hybridization reactions.
• probes and other reagents for example, buffers and other reagents known in the art to facilitate binding of a protein and/or a nucleic acid in a sample, i.e., for performing hybridization reactions.
• a kit also will include instructions for using the components of the kit, including, but not limited to, information necessary to hybridize labeled oligonucleotides to a probe, to hybridize a probe to a target-specific oligonucleotide, to hybridize a target-specific oligonucleotide to a target nucleic acid and/or to hybridize a probe to target protein.
• Cells live or fixed or tissue sections ⁇ e.g., formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE)) that are prepared consistent with multiplexed immunohistochemistry methods and/or nucleic acid in situ hybridization methods are prepared and immobilize onto a glass slide or suitable solid support. Access to the surface of cells or tissue-section is preserved, allowing for fluidic exchange; this can be achieved by using a fluidic chamber reagent exchange system ⁇ e.g., GraceTM Bio-Labs, Bend OR). Regions-of-interest (ROIs) are identified on the serial section to be provided probes or on an adjacent serial section.
• ROIs Regions-of-interest
• full "macroscopic- features" imaging methodology to cell/tissues of interest is performed, e.g., DAPI staining, membrane staining, mitochondrial staining, specific epitope staining, and specific transcript staining, to determine overall macroscopic features of cell/tissue of interest.
• regions-of-interest ROIs
• full "macroscopic-features” imaging is performed on a first serial section (section #1 in Figures 11 and 12).
• Serial sections may be approximately 5 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ from each other.
• Figure 13 and Figure 14 further illustrate steps of the present invention. Steps shown in Figure 13 include the following.
• Process FFPE slide mounted tissue is incubated with a cocktail of primary antibodies conjugated to DNA oligos via a photo-cleavable linker, together with a limited number of visible-wavelength imaging reagents.
• View Regions of interest (ROI) are identified with visible-light based imaging reagents at low-plex to establish overall "architecture" of tumor slice (e.g., image nuclei and/or using one or two key tumor biomarkers).
• Profile Select ROIs are chosen for high-resolution multiplex profiling and oligos from the selected region are released following exposure to UV light.
• Plating Free photocleaved oligos are then collected, e.g., via a microcapillary-based "sipper", and stored in a microplate well for subsequent quantitation.
• Digitally Count During the digital counting step, photocleaved oligos from the spatially resolved ROIs in the microplate are hybridized to 4- color, 6-spot optical barcodes, enabling up to ⁇ 1 million digital counts of the protein targets (distributed over up to 800-plex markers) in a single ROI using standard NanoString nCounter® read-out instrument (e.g., SPRINT, Flex, and MAX).
• a region of interest may be a tissue type present in a sample, a cell type, a cell, or a subcellular structure within a cell.
• a composition comprising a set of probes, each probe comprising a releasable signal oligonucleotide, is applied to the serial section.
• the set of probes or may include probes that target proteins, target nucleic acids, or both.
• the composition may include capture probes.
• the applied composition When probes indirectly bind to a target (protein and/or nucleic acid), the applied composition includes intermediary oligonucleotides.
• the composition will include other reagents known in the art to facilitate binding of a protein and/or a nucleic acid in a sample.
• Blocking steps are performed before and/or after the composition is applied.
• the solid support e.g., microscope slide
• a microscope that is capable of providing excitation light at a wavelength capable of cleaving the photo-cleavable linker.
• a first region-of-interest red line in panel B in Figure 10 and ROIi in Figures 1 1 and 12 is excited with the light, thereby cleaving the photo-cleavable linker and releasing the signal oligonucleotides.
• a signal oligonucleotide includes at least a region of a probe that presently has positions bound with at least one labeled oligonucleotide or the nucleic acid from a probe that is bound or can be bound by a reporter probe.
• signal oligonucleotides are only released from probes within ROIi and not from probes located outside of ROIi, which retain their signal oligonucleotides.
• signal oligonucleotides are collected only for probes that are bound to targets within ROIi, thereby permitting detection of the identities and quantities of the targets (proteins and/or nucleic acids) located within ROIi.
• the surface of the section is washed with small amount of buffer ( ⁇ 5 to 30 ⁇ ) and the eluate (containing the released signal oligonucleotides) is collected into a first sample container (shown as Sample "i" in Figure 12). The surface of the section is further rinsed to remove any released signal oligonucleotides that were omitted from the eluate.
• a second region-of-interest (ROI j in Figures 11 and 12) is excited with light, thereby cleaving the photo-cleavable linker and releasing the signal oligonucleotides from the second region-of-interest.
• ROIj region-of-interest
• signal oligonucleotides are only released from probes within ROIj and not from probes located outside of ROIj, which retain their signal oligonucleotides.
• signal oligonucleotides are collected only for probes that are bound to targets within ROIj, thereby permitting detection of the identities and quantities of the targets (proteins and/or nucleic acids) located within ROIj .
• the surface of the section is washed with small amount of buffer ( ⁇ 5 to 30 ⁇ ) and the eluate (containing the released signal oligonucleotides) is collected into a first sample tube (shown as Sample "j" in Figure 12). The surface of the section is further rinsed to remove any released signal oligonucleotides that were omitted from the eluate.
• oligonucleotides from all regions-of-interest up to ROI n .
• Appendix provides unexpectedly improved results obtained from certain embodiments of the present invention over other embodiments. Data demonstrating about 7-fold to about 200-fold signal-to-noise improvements are shown.
• Detection can use any microscope-type device or system known in the art.
• a device or system may include wide field illumination along with a digital mirror device (DMD; see
• Figures 15 and 16 advantages of this include reduced costs since the DMD and controller can also drive the LED (which photocleaves probes) and adds essentially no additional cost, provides ease of implementation, allows small feature size of ⁇ 1 mm which will include 10-40 mm cells, and leverages available consumer electronics (like projectors).
• a device or system may include a laser scanning device, e.g., confocal, see Figure 16.
• An advantage of this is smaller morphological features can be illuminated and imaged; however, additional costs are involved with these devices.
• the plurality of target proteins and/or target nucleic acids present in each region of interest in a sample are identified in each eluate sample using a polymerase reaction, a reverse transcriptase reaction, hybridization to an oligonucleotide microarray, mass spectrometry, hybridization to a fluorescent molecular beacon, a sequencing reaction, or nCounter® Molecular Barcodes.
• nCounter® systems and methods from NanoString Technologies® are a preferred means for identifying target proteins and/or target nucleic acids.
• nCounter® systems and methods from NanoString Technologies® allow simultaneous multiplexed identification a plurality (800 or more) distinct target proteins and/or target nucleic acids.
• first region of interest e.g., tissue type, a cell type (including normal and abnormal cells), and a subcellular structure within a cell
• second region of interest e.g., tissue type, a cell type (including normal and abnormal cells), and a subcellular structure within a cell
• the present invention provides multiplexed detection and comparison of up to 800 proteins of interest from discrete regions within a tumor (for example) and its adjacent normal tissue; thus, enabling systematic interrogation of the tumor and its microenvironment.
• the present invention can be used in ongoing clinical studies to elucidate novel responses to immunotherapies and other targeted therapies.
• the present invention also enables the discovery of immune biomarkers in tumors (for example) which can be used in the development of companion diagnostics.
• Immunohistochemistry is a powerful technique for analyzing protein expression and localization in FFPE tissue sections.
• it suffers from a number of challenges, including a lack of dynamic range, difficult quantitation, and labor intensive workflow for very limited multiplexing.
• a novel platform based on the nCounter® barcoding technology which enables spatially-resolved, digital characterization of proteins in a highly multiplexed (up to 800-plex) assay, i.e., the nCounter Digital Multiplexed Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay.
• IHC nCounter Digital Multiplexed Immunohistochemistry
• the assay relies upon antibodies coupled to photo-cleavable oligonucleotide tags which are released from discrete regions of a tissue using focused through-objective UV (e.g., ⁇ 365nm) exposure. Cleaved tags are quantitated in an nCounter® assay and counts mapped back to tissue location, yielding a spatially-resolved digital profile of protein abundance.
• the protein-detection may be performed along with or separate from a nucleic acid-detection assay which uses nucleic acid probes comprising photo-cleavable oligonucleotide tags.
• the present invention can provide spatially-resolved digital profile of protein abundance, spatially-resolved digital profile of protein and nucleic acid abundance, or spatially-resolved digital profile of nucleic acid abundance.
• Advantages of the assay include, but are not limited to: high sensitivity (e.g., ⁇ 1 to 4 cells), all digital counting, with large dynamic range (> 10 5 ), highly multiplexed (e.g., 30 targets and scalable, with no change in instrumentation, to 800 targets), simple workflow, compatibility with FFPE, no secondary antibodies (for protein detection) or amplification reagents, and potential for clinical assays.
• high sensitivity e.g., ⁇ 1 to 4 cells
• all digital counting with large dynamic range (> 10 5 )
• highly multiplexed e.g., 30 targets and scalable, with no change in instrumentation, to 800 targets
• simple workflow compatibility with FFPE, no secondary antibodies (for protein detection) or amplification reagents, and potential for clinical assays.
• Example 1 The present invention provides a "barcoding-potential" to quantify multiplexed targets in a FFPE tissue section.
• IHC immunohistochemistry
• proteins in a formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue section were labeled with antibody-comprising probes that included photo-cleavable linkers and fluorescent barcodes.
• the probes— in a user-defined ROI of the FFPE tissue section— were subsequently exposed to focused UV light, thereby releasing the signal oligonucleotides (comprising the fluorescent barcodes) from the ROI.
• the released signal oligonucleotides were washed away from the FFPE sample and collected.
• the fluorescent barcodes from the released signal oligonucleotides were then recognized and digitally counted by an nCounter ® system from NanoString Technologies ® , thereby quantifying the abundance of each targeted protein in the user-defined spatial region of a tissue section.
• the focused UV light was exposed to a second user-defined ROI of the FFPE tissue section, thereby releasing the signal oligonucleotides from the second ROI.
• a high degree of linearity (0.97 ⁇ R 2 ⁇ 0.99) for the number of observed counts versus area of UV illumination was observed and with a detection spatial resolution of about 100 ⁇ x 100 ⁇ , or approximately 100 cells.
• the present invention provides a "barcoding-potential" to quantify up to 800 targets with 5.5 logarithms (base 10) of dynamic range in a single FFPE tissue section.
• Example 2 The present invention provides a practical and feasible approach for quantifying protein expression without signal amplification and for achieving higher-order target antigen multiplexing in a FFPE tissue section.
• This example describes a one-step, amplification-free staining method using a photo-cleavable oligo-tagged primary antibody which interacts with the target antigen within an FFPE tissue section. Illumination with ultraviolet (UV) light is applied which releases the oligo from the antibody and is followed by eluent collection, quantification, and digital counting that corresponds to antigen abundance.
• UV ultraviolet
• oligonucleotide- conjugated antibodies having 3 or 4 labeled oligonucleotide per antibody
• oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies having 1 or 2 labeled oligonucleotide per antibody. No significant difference was observed between unconjugated or "lighter" oligonucleotide- conjugated antibodies in terms of sensitivity, specificity, or intensity across nuclear, cytoplasmic and membranous target antigens.
• the present invention provides highly multiplexed protein profiling that measures absolute protein expression levels using practical and feasible methods to comprehensively define the immune landscape in tumors before and during immunotherapeutic intervention.
• Example 3 The present invention provides spatially-resolved, multiplexed protein detection from FFPE tissue
• Antibodies - Antibodies used in this Example and Examples 4 to 6 may include: "target (clone ID, vendor))": H3 (D1H2, CST), CD8 (OTI3H6, Origene), CD4 (SP35, Spring Bio), FOXP3 (D2W8E, CST), B7-H3 (D9M2L, CST), S6 (54D2, CST), B7-H4 (D1M8I, CST), Granzyme B (OTI4E4, Origene), Ki67 (8D5, CST), PD-1 (Natl 05, Cell Marque), CD3 (MRQ- 39, Cell Marque), Vista (D1L2G, CST), Her2 (29D8, CST), PR (D8Q2J, CST), ER (SP1, Spring Bio), EGFR (D38B1, CST), CD56 (MRQ-42, Cell Marque), PD-L1 (E1L3N, CST), CD45 (2B11&PD7/
• Tonsil Microscopy - 5 ⁇ sections of a tonsil FFPE block were mounted on slides. IHC was performed using standard protocols. Antigen retrieval was performed with a pressure cooker. Staining of the tonsil section was performed with CD3 primary antibody MRQ- 39 (Rabbit mAb, Cell Marque) and Ki-67 primary antibody 8D5 (Mouse mAb, CST). Secondary incubations were performed with Alexa594 labeled Goat a Rabbit (Life Tech.) and Alexa488 labeled Goat a Mouse (Life Tech.)
• samples attached to a slide were first imaged using fluorescent antibodies and then expression of proteins was digitally counted from the sample.
• Figure 18 shows a photomicrograph establishing overall tissue morphology of a tonsil sample that was initially imaged using 2-color fluorescence of Ki-67 (cell proliferation marker; in green) and CD3 (immune cell marker; in red). Multiple targets analyzed across twelve regions (including the four regions magnified in Figure 19) show three distinct profiles of Ki-67 and CD3 localization.
• Figure 19 shows nCounter ® counts for Ki-67 and CD3 for four regions shown in Figure 18.
• Figure 20 shows exemplary counts from a 30-plex oligo-antibody cocktail on the twelve regions of interest (ROI) from the tonsil sample shown in Figure 18. Data was obtained from serial sections (to allow various additional controls to be examined). As shown, regions of the tissue sample can be classified based on the intensity and identity of the markers expressed. Exemplary classifications shown: "CD3-enriched”, “Ki67-enriched”, “Mixed”, and "Connective tissue”.
• Example 4 The present invention provides multiplexed protein detection from FFPE tissue and approaching single-cell resolution
• samples were first imaged using fluorescence and then expression of proteins was digitally counted from the sample.
• Figure 21 shows a photomicrograph establishing overall tissue morphology of T cells in a melanoma sample of lymph node that was initially imaged using three-color fluorescence of CD3 (in red), CD8 (in green), and DAPI (in blue).
• the white circle is 25 ⁇ in diameter and surrounds three cells.
• Figure 22 shows nCounter ® data of CD3 conjugate release from FFPE lymph node tissue section (5 ⁇ thickness) as a function of UV illumination area (100 ⁇ to 1 mm in diameter).
• the limit of detection counts (LOD background counts + 2x standard deviation) corresponds to spatial resolution of 26 ⁇ in diameter.
• the field diaphragm size is shown below the figure.
• Figure 23 and Figure 24 show data for CD45 and PD1 (respectively, from the same
• Example 5 The present invention provides quantitative performance in a clinically-relevant assay
• TMA Breast Cancer tissue microarray
• biomax.us/tissue-arrays/Breast/BR1504a Section from the same block as the section shown on in the left panel of Figure 25 were stained with Her2 primary antibody 29D8 (Rabbit mAb, CST), and Alexa594 labeled Goat a Rabbit (Life Tech.). Counts were also obtained for Histone H3, Ribsomal Protein S6, Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, Mouse IgG isotype control, and Rabbit IgG isotype control (data not shown). Her2 pathologist scores for TMA BR1504a were provided by US Biomax, Inc. (World Wide Web (www) biomax. us/tissue- arrays/Breast/BR1504a).
• Figure 25 shows a tissue microarray (TMA) of breast tumor tissue containing variable levels of Her2 protein as shown in the photomicrograph (center panel) which identifies Her2 fluorescence by IHC staining.
• the right panel shows a magnification of a single region of the central panel; such regions were stained with a multiplexed antibody cocktail.
• Figure 26 shows nCounter® count data for forty-eight representative regions versus Her2 status (ASCO-CAP guidelines).
• Figure 27 plots nCounter® Counts versus Sum Pixel Intensities (xlO 3 ) for the forty-eight regions mentioned above.
• Example 6 The present invention reveals abundances of specific cell types in a tissue sample
• Figure 28 shows a photomicrograph establishing overall tissue morphology of a melanoma sample using two-color fluorescence of CD3 (immune cell marker; in red) and DAPI (cell nuclei, in blue). Expression data using a 30 antibody cocktail was obtained from the ten regions identified with white boxes.
• Figure 29 shows exemplary nCounter ® counts from a 30- plex oligo-antibody cocktail on the ten regions of interest (ROI) from the melanoma sample shown in Figure 28. Counts for thirteen markers, each having expression counts above background, are shown. Regions 5, 6, 7, identified as "Immune infiltrate-enriched" have the highest expression of T-cell markers and T-cell regulatory markers.
• the present invention provides spatially-resolved detection of a plurality (here, at least 30) of protein markers.
• a plurality here, at least 30
• protein probes antibodies
• Example 7 A digital mirror device (DMD) is capable of illuminating single cells
• Figures 30 and 31 are photomicrographs showing that UV illumination using a digital mirror device (DMD) is capable if illuminating single cells in a tonsil tissue sample.
• DMD digital mirror device
• Example 8 A gel box is capable of illuminating an entire sample and releasing signal oligonucleotides from probes bound to the entire sample
• Figure 34 Shows an embodiment in which a whole tissue or sample is illuminated, e.g., with a standard laboratory UV gel box.
• a FFPE tissue slide was placed on the light panel, a wax pen was used to hold buffer solution (TBS) covering the FFPE tissue, and UV light exposure (276 - 362nm, e.g., 302nm; ⁇ 5mW/cm 2 ) was applied to the tissue through the glass slide (1 mm thickness).
• TSS buffer solution
• UV light exposure 276 - 362nm, e.g., 302nm; ⁇ 5mW/cm 2
• the data shows that within about one minute of UV exposure, most of signal oligonucleotides are released from FFPE bound antibodies. Counts are normalized to a positive control.
• Example 9 Illumination from a microscope is capable of illuminating a region of interest in a sample and releasing signal oligonucleotides from probes bound to the region of interest
• Figure 35 shows an embodiment in which a portion of a tissue or sample is illuminated, e.g., with a microscope, i.e., UV cleavage under Microscope (Time titration experiment).
• a microscope i.e., UV cleavage under Microscope (Time titration experiment).
• UV LED at 365nm
• UV illumination scans the whole tissue area identified by previous fluorescence ( ⁇ 590nm excitation) bright field imaging.
• FOV UV exposure per field of view
• Most signal oligonucleotides are released from FFPE bound probes.
• the gel box experiment of Example 8 was utilized as a non-spatially resolved 100% release control. Counts are normalized ratio to positive control. Blue: microscope data with variable lengths of exposure time; Red: Gel box 2.5 minutes exposure data. Also shown are photographs and a schematic showing configuration of the microscope apparatus.
• Figure 36 shows signal oligonucleotides are released from a uniformly distributed anti- HistonefFB) antibody bound to Sung tissue sample. Tissue was exposed to one second of UV
• Micro- Volume' 1 used to collect effluent was about 70 ⁇ . This decreases the limit of detection to (FOV / 5) ⁇ 99 ⁇ X 99 ⁇ with collection effluent of about 5 ⁇ 1. Hence, in this example, the limit of detection is approximately 10 cells X 10 cells niche.
• Figure 37 shows an embodiment in which a portion of a tissue or sample is illuminated, e.g., with a microscope, i.e., UV cleavage under microscope (Illumination area titration experiment) and for multiple targets. Shown is UV cleavage of multiple targets in a tissue: two positive targets (Histone H3 and Ribosomal S6) and eight 8-negative targets. Only one negative target (Ox40), showed high background. Data from zero, one, four, nine and sixteen fields of view are shown.
• Example 10 A region of interest may be pre-identified by a labeling technique and then the region of interest is illuminated signal oligonucleotides are released from probes bound to the pre-identified region of interest
• Figure 38 shows an embodiment in which a region of interest in a tissue (e.g., a breast cancer sample) is first identified for expression of a marker (here Her2) and this region of interest is then illuminated (e.g., with UV) to release signal oligonucleotides from a bound probe.
• a marker here Her2
• Data shown compares the amount of signal oligonucleotides, for two targets (here, Her2 and Histone H3), released from two locations: one region of interest that was pre-identified as Her2+ and one that was pre-identified as Her2-.
• Example 11 A sample embedded in a flow cell provides collection of elution from the entire sample and not only from a region of interest that is illuminated and from which signal oligonucleotides are released
• Figure 39 shows an embodiment in which a tissue is embedded in flow cell.
• FFPE Tissue embedded in microfluidic flow cell a 9mm circular chamber with volume of 100 ⁇ height with an approximate 25 ⁇ 1 volume [when the flow cell has a 300 ⁇ height the
• Example 12 A sample embedded in a flow cell comprising small holes over a region of interest provides efficient collection of elution from the region of interest that is illuminated and where signal oligonucleotides are released and not from the entire sample
• Figure 40 shows an embodiment in which a tissue is embedded in flow cell with small holes.
• elution occurs directly above the region of interest.
• 0.4-lmm diameter holes above fluidic chamber allow collection of eluent (e.g., 5 ⁇ 1 collection volume).
• eluent e.g., 5 ⁇ 1 collection volume.
• Tested were 9-hole, 96- hole format, and 12-hole format (for tissue microarray (TMA)).
• TMA tissue microarray
• Figures 41 A to 41C shows that embodiments using a flow cell with small holes have significant signal to noise improvement rather than collection of eluate from entire surface of tissue.
• the data shows that collecting eluent through a hole above a region of interest increases signal-to-noise by about 7 fold.
• 1 mm diameter holes above fluidic flow cell 25 ⁇ chamber were used to collect eluent (5 ⁇ 1 fractions). Data for multiple fractions is shown.
• Figures 42A to 42C shows data in the using a flow cell with small holes (12 or 96 hole formats). The data shows that collecting eluent through a hole above a region of interest increases signal-to-noise by about 7 fold.
• field of view illumination was focused at the center of a hole; 5 ⁇ 1 volume of elution per hole.
• Figures 43A and B shows data in comparing background signal from flow cells in which whole tissue elution was performed ( Figure 43A; as in Example 11) and background signal from flow cells in which elution occurred directly above a region of interest (Figure 43B). As seen in Figure 43 A, there is higher background for the whole tissue elution relative to the background seen in the Figure 43B. Additionally, Figure 43B shows no difference between inflow cell and non-flow cell incubation.
• Example 13 Released signal oligonucleotides can be elected via a single tube/pipet, a plurality of tubes/pipets, or a multi-tube/pipet array
• Figure 44 is a schematic showing eluent collection with an open surface for a multi- region of interest aspiration embodiment. Here is shown a multi-tube array for
• Figure 45 includes photographs and a schematic showing an embodiment in which eluent collection is through a capillary (micro-aspirator). See also, Figure 47.
• Figures 46A and B shows data from the embodiment of Figure 45 in which eluent collection is through a capillary (micro-aspirator).
• This embodiment has a dramatic improvement in signal to noise: signal to noise ratio increases about 10 fold, compared to flow cell through hole elution and signal to noise ratio increases about 200 fold, compared to whole tissue elution.
• the LOD area is approximately 60 ⁇ x 60 ⁇ .
• Example 14 A device comprising both illuminating and elution capabilities can efficiently and accurately obtain nucleic acid and/or protein expression data from a defined region of interest
• Figure 48 is a schematic showing illumination and fluid collection through a combined capillary and lens.
• Example 15 Protein expression can be detected and quantified from a single cell
• Figure 50 shows protein expression data obtained from a single cell or two cells using the herein described methods and apparatuses.
• S6 protein is detected and quantified from at least one cell
• CD45 protein is detected and quantified from at least one cell.
• Example 16 The herein described methods and apparatuses provide an accurate and efficient detection and quantification of spatially-resolved, multiplexed RNA target and/or protein target expression
• ISH In situ hybridization
• Tissues were then incubated in 50% formamide/2X SSC for 15 minutes at room temperature and hybridized overnight at 37C in a solution of InM probes, 40% formamide, lmg/ml yeast tRNA, 10% dextran sulfate, and 0.2% BSA in 2X SSC. After hybridization, two stringent washes in 50% formamide/2X SSC were performed for 25 minutes each at 37°C. Sections were stained with TO-PRO ® -3 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) fluorescent nucleic acid stain to visualize tissue morphology. Focused UV light, directed by a digital micromirror device, was then used to cleave DNA signal oligonucleotides from probes in a user-defined region of interest (ROI).
• ROI region of interest
• nCounter ® Molecular Barcodes For each tissue section, two ROIs comprised a tumorous tissue, two ROIs comprised normal tissue, and two ROIs comprised no tissue at all (histology slide itself). After cleavage, signal oligonucleotides were collected, hybridized to nCounter ® Molecular Barcodes, and digitally counted by an nCounter system from NanoString Technologies . H&E was performed on tissue sections to verify tumorous and normal tissue ROIs.
• ROIs For each tissue section, two ROIs comprised tumorous tissue, one ROI comprised normal tissue, and two ROIs comprised no tissue at all (histology slide itself). ROIs were matched to the ROIs selected for ISH probe cleavage. Following cleavage, the signal oligonucleotides from protein targets were mixed with the signal oligonucleotides from RNA targets and all were quantitated as described above. H&E was performed on tissue sections to verify tumorous and normal tissue ROIs and to verify ROIs were correctly matched between ISH and IHC tissues.
• Figure 51 shows ROIs sampled from serial sections of the same tumor sample. Regions 1-4 are not shown in this image and, instead, were taken from portions of the tissue that did not contain tissue (negative controls - "No Tissue”). Regions 5-8 contained low numbers of tumor cells ("Normal Tissue”). Regions 9-12 contained high numbers of tumor cells ("Tumor”).
• Figure 52 shows counts obtained for six of the nine RNA probes included in this assay. For each ROI, a sample was collected prior to applying the UV illumination (the "-UV” set of data) and prior to collecting a plus UV sample from the same region (the "+UV” set of data). Background levels of counts are obtained when UV was not applied to the sample; thus showing the UV-dependence of an obtained signal. ROIs that were +UV, but not directed to tissue (i.e., ROIs 1-4 - "No Tissue”) gave background counts. Regions that were primarily normal tissue (i.e., ROIs 5-8 - "Normal Tissue) gave low counts for the HER2 probe (orange bars on the graph).
• Regions that were primarily tumor tissue i.e., ROIs 9-12 - "Tumor" gave higher counts for HER2.
• Additional control probes targeted RNAs not expected to be expressed highly in this tissue type gave consistent counts that did not show differential levels between Normal and Tumor Tissue.
• These control probes were designed to target CD45, PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen), and two unique ERCC sequences.
• Figure 53 shows the averages and standard deviations of data shown in Figure 52.
• RNA probe samples were also run simultaneously with Protein probes that analyzed the sample regions of the tumor sample.
• RNA and Protein probes were simultaneously hybridized to nCounter ® Molecular Barcodes, and digitally counted by an nCounter ® system from NanoString Technologies ® .
• Counts for this assay are shown in Figure 54.
• An increase in FIER2 RNA probe counts (Red bars in top graph) and Protein probe counts (Red and orange bars in bottom graph) are seen in the Tumor regions compare to the normal regions. Only + UV samples are shown.
• the - UV control sample, as described above, are not shown in this graph because they gave background counts (similar to "No Tissue" counts).
• ROI 6 and ROI 8 were dropped from this analysis because matching Protein probe samples were not obtained.
• signal oligonucleotides from Protein probes and signal oligonucleotides from RNA probes can be detected and quantified together.
• Example 17 Partially double-stranded probes have higher signal-to-noise ratios when compared to single-stranded probes
• DNA probes that recognize and bind to mRNA were hybridized in situ, as described in Example 16, to RNA in 5 ⁇ FFPE tissues. UV cleavage was performed on whole tissue sections, mounted on separate slides, for 3 minutes using a UV light box (gel box) in 2X SSC + 0.1% Tween 20. After cleavage and release of the signal oligonucleotides, the signal
• oligonucleotides were collected by a pipette and detected as in Example 16. Single-stranded DNA probes, partially double-stranded DNA probes, and no probe controls counts are shown for HER2 3+ breast tissue and tonsil tissue in Figure 55 (top graph). Signal-to-noise ratios were determined by dividing counts by average background counts (average ERCC counts); see, Figure 55, bottom graph.
• Example 18 Addition of salmon sperm DNA improves probe hybridization
• DNA probes that recognize and bind to mRNA were hybridized in situ, as described above, to RNA in 5 ⁇ FFPE tissues. 1 mg/ml sonicated, denatured salmon sperm DNA was used instead of yeast tRNA during hybridization. Slides were hybridized with a solution of InM probes, 40% formamide, 1 mg/ml sonicated, denatured salmon sperm DNA, 10% dextran sulfate, and 0.2% BSA in 2X SSC. UV cleavage and signal oligonucleotide collection and detection were performed as described in Example 17. Single stranded DNA probes are shown in HER2 3+ breast and tonsil ( Figure 56). Signal-to-noise ratios were determined by dividing counts by average background counts (average ERCC counts).
• Example 19 PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) RNA probe is highly specific
• DNA probes that recognize and bind to mRNA were hybridized in situ, as described above, to RNA in 5 ⁇ sections of FFPE prostate. A ten minute incubation in MES for at 97°C was used instead of a one hour ethanol incubation. UV cleavage, signal oligonucleotide collection and detection, and signal-to-noise ratio calculations were performed as described in Example 17. Counts and ratios are shown in Figure 57.
• Example 20 Specificity of probes increase at non-standard, sub-nM concentrations
• ISH in situ hybridization
• nucleic acid recognizing-probes of the present invention performed best at, or below, 0.2 nM, which is 25 to 1000-fold lower than standard ISH probe concentrations.
• DNA probes were hybridized to RNA in situ, as described above, in 5 ⁇ sections of FFPE HER2 3+ breast samples. Probes were used at 5, 1, 0.2, and 0.4 nM. UV cleavage, signal oligonucleotide collection and detection, and fold change calculation were performed as described in Example 17.
• Figure 58 shows that counts decreased with decreasing probe concentrations (top graph). However, unexpectedly, there was a significant gain in signal-to-noise when positive probe counts are compared to negative control probes, when probes are hybridized at sub-nM concentrations.

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