WO2016052820A1 - 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016052820A1 WO2016052820A1 PCT/KR2015/000648 KR2015000648W WO2016052820A1 WO 2016052820 A1 WO2016052820 A1 WO 2016052820A1 KR 2015000648 W KR2015000648 W KR 2015000648W WO 2016052820 A1 WO2016052820 A1 WO 2016052820A1
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- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery including the same, and more particularly, to include a concentration gradient layer and a surface layer having a thickness controlled outside the center layer of the cathode active material having a layered structure.
- the present invention relates to a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same, wherein lithium ion diffusion paths in primary particles and secondary particles are formed in a specific direction.
- Electrochemical devices are in the most attention in this regard, and among them, the development of secondary batteries capable of charging and discharging has become a focus of attention.
- lithium ion batteries developed in the early 1990s have been widely used as power sources for portable devices since they emerged in 1991 as small, lightweight, and large capacity batteries.
- Lithium secondary batteries are in the spotlight due to the advantages of higher operating voltage and significantly higher energy density than conventional batteries such as Ni-MH, Ni-Cd, and sulfuric acid-lead batteries using an aqueous electrolyte solution.
- the medium-to-large size batteries of kWh or more which are used for electric vehicles and energy storage, are mainly adopted, and for this purpose, a cathode active material which has a high capacity and can be used for a long time is required.
- LiNiO 2 which has the same structure as LiCoO 2 , has been studied for a long time due to its relatively low cost and high theoretical capacity of 200mAh / g. However, it has not been commercialized due to the problem of a sudden decrease in life performance due to weak safety and structural instability occurring in manufacturing.
- the composition of Li-Ni-Mn-based composite oxides partially substituted with Mn having excellent thermal stability at Ni sites or Li-Ni-Mn-Co-based composite oxides substituted with Mn and Co and many related technologies are known.
- Japanese Patent No. 2000-227858 discloses a new concept of positive electrode active material that makes a solid solution by uniformly dispersing Mn and Ni compounds at atomic level, rather than partially substituting a transition metal to LiNiO 2 or LiMnO 2 .
- this method can achieve a high capacity by synthesizing the metal composition of the inner layer and the outer layer differently during synthesis, but the metal composition does not gradually change continuously in the resulting positive electrode active material.
- the long-term use of the interface between the inner layer and the outer layer acts as a resistance component, which can reduce the output and lifespan performance, and at high heat treatment temperatures of 850 ° C. or less, a gradient of concentration rarely occurs due to thermal diffusion of metal ions, thereby improving performance. Is insignificant.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2000-227858
- Patent Document 2 US Registered Patent 6040090
- Patent Document 3 European Patent No. 0918041
- the present invention is to provide a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery of a novel structure including a concentration gradient layer of the thickness of the transition metal of the positive electrode active material having a layered structure to the outside of the center layer constant to solve the above problems.
- the purpose is to provide a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery of a novel structure including a concentration gradient layer of the thickness of the transition metal of the positive electrode active material having a layered structure to the outside of the center layer constant to solve the above problems.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery comprising the cathode active material for lithium secondary battery according to the present invention.
- the present invention to solve the above problems
- the primary particles are agglomerated secondary particles
- a central layer having a constant concentration of nickel, manganese and cobalt
- a concentration gradient layer formed outside the central layer and having a concentration of at least one of nickel, manganese, and cobalt;
- Is formed outside the concentration gradient layer and comprises a surface layer having a constant concentration of nickel, manganese and cobalt,
- a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery wherein the concentration gradient layer has a thickness of 10 to 500 nm.
- the surface layer has a thickness of 10 to 200 nm.
- the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is characterized in that a lithium ion diffusion path in the primary particles is formed in the center direction of the secondary particles.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B show schematic structures of the primary particles and the secondary particles of the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention.
- a lithium ion diffusion path in the primary particles of the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention that is, a or b axes in a layered structure is formed side by side.
- directionality in the direction of the center of the secondary particles is formed side by side.
- an aspect ratio of the primary particles is 1 or more, and a lithium ion diffusion path in the primary particles is formed in the long axis direction of the particles. That is, in the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, the lithium ion diffusion path is formed in the long axis direction, and when lithium ions are moved into the primary particles of the positive electrode active material during charging and discharging, the primary direction is relatively narrow in the horizontal axis direction. Since the particles move into the particles, the area where the crystal structure collapses as the charge and discharge continues is relatively small, resulting in structural stability. Therefore, even when the thickness of the concentration gradient layer in the secondary particles is 10 to 500 nm, it exhibits structural stability and stable life characteristics.
- the aspect ratio is 1 or more, and the area occupied by primary particles in which the lithium ion diffusion path in the particles is formed in the long axis direction of the particles is 20% of the total area. It is characterized by the above.
- the aspect ratio is defined as L / W (L long axis, W short axis) when the particles have a rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 6, and L / W when the horizontal axis length is W1, W2. It is defined as (W1 + W2) / 2.
- the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is characterized in that the area occupied by the primary particles toward the center direction of the secondary particles of the lithium ion diffusion path is 40% or more of the total particle area.
- the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is characterized in that the lithium ion diffusion path in the primary particles is inclined within ⁇ 45 ° from the center direction of the secondary particles. That is, in the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, the lithium ion diffusion path in the primary particles is directed toward the center of the secondary particles but is not mechanically arranged in the direction of the center of the secondary particles. Characterized in the degree of freedom of the arrangement within ⁇ 45 ° from the center direction.
- the primary particles are formed with directivity in the direction of the center of the whole particle, and a lithium ion diffusion path in the primary particles is formed in the center direction of the whole particle.
- the lithium ion diffusion path from the surface to the center of is characterized in that it has a tunnel structure of one or two dimensions.
- Such aspect ratios may have different primary needle, plate, rectangular parallelepiped, inclined rectangular parallelepiped, or circular columnar shapes.
- Such a lithium ion diffusion path results in a high conductivity of lithium ions, high lithium ion conductivity, and poor crystal structure even after repeated charging and discharging, thereby improving cycle characteristics.
- the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention has a charge transfer resistance between active material particles and lithium ions or an electrolyte by a lithium ion diffusion path formed in a two-dimensional tunnel structure of a one-dimensional plane or a plane path in a linear path. Low impedance, diffusion, migration, and convection can significantly lower the internal impedance of the cell.
- the secondary particles are of the secondary particles.
- a core layer represented by the following Chemical Formula 1 and having a constant transition metal concentration
- the concentration of the transition metal constant surface layer is represented by the formula (2) below and formed on the outside of the concentration gradient layer, the concentration of the transition metal constant surface layer; characterized in that it comprises a.
- the primary particles of the concentration gradient layer are characterized in that a lithium ion diffusion path is directed toward the center of the secondary particles.
- the present invention also provides a lithium secondary battery comprising the cathode active material for lithium secondary battery according to the present invention.
- the thickness of the concentration gradient layer formed at the center of the center layer is controlled, and the lithium ion diffusion path in the primary particles is oriented such that the lithium ion diffusion path is directed toward the center of the particles. Since the lithium ion is formed in the primary particles, it is easy to occlude and release lithium ions into the primary particles, thereby greatly improving the capacity, output, and lifespan characteristics of the battery including the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the structure of a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows the layered structure (a) of the lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material according to the present invention, the shape of the particle cross section, and a schematic diagram of the lithium ion diffusion path of the primary particles.
- 5 and 6 show the results of measuring the internal structure and the internal composition of the particles inside the particles produced in the examples of the present invention using TEM and EDX.
- the first step 20L of distilled water and 1000g of ammonia as chelating agent are added to a co-precipitation reactor (capacity of more than 80W of rotating motor) having a capacity of 100L, and the temperature in the reactor is maintained at 40 ⁇ 50 °C. While stirring the impeller inside the reactor at 300 ⁇ 1000rpm.
- a co-precipitation reactor capacity of more than 80W of rotating motor
- the first precursor aqueous solution of 2.5M concentration mixed with the molar ratio of nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate in a ratio of 97: 3: 2.2 was 2.2 liters / hour, and the aqueous solution of ammonia in 28% concentration was 0.15 L / h. hr was continuously added to the reactor to form a central layer.
- a 25% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was supplied for pH adjustment so that the pH was maintained at 11.3 to 11.4. Impeller speed was adjusted to 300 ⁇ 1000rpm. 27 L of the first precursor aqueous solution, ammonia and sodium hydroxide solution were continuously introduced into the reactor.
- an aqueous solution for forming a concentration gradient layer having a concentration of 2.5 M in which a nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate molar ratio is mixed at a ratio of 14:41:45 is prepared, and the second step is performed in a separate stirrer in addition to the reactor.
- the nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate molar ratios prepared in were fixed at 10 L in a volume of the first precursor aqueous solution having a concentration of 2.5 M mixed at a ratio of 97: 3: 0 and stirred at a rate of 2.2 L / hr, followed by stirring.
- a second aqueous precursor solution for forming a concentration gradient layer was made and introduced into the reactor at the same time.
- Nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate in the second precursor aqueous solution was introduced into a batch reactor while mixing the concentration gradient layer aqueous solution until the molar ratio of the shell layer was 60:20:20, Aqueous ammonia at 28% concentration was added at a rate of 0.08 L / hr, and the sodium hydroxide solution was maintained at a pH of 11.3 to 11.4. At this time, the second precursor aqueous solution, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide solution added were 17 L.
- a third precursor aqueous solution for forming a surface layer in which the nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate molar ratios were mixed at a ratio of 60: 20: 20 was introduced into a batch reactor until the volume was 5L. After the reaction was completed, a spherical nickel manganese cobalt composite hydroxide precipitate was obtained from the reactor.
- the precipitated composite metal hydroxide was filtered, washed with pure water, and then dried in a 100 ° C. hot air dryer for 12 hours to form a central layer (Ni 0.97 Co 0.03 ) (OH) 2 at the surface layer (Ni 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 ) (OH).
- a precursor powder in the form of a metal composite hydroxide having a continuous concentration gradient up to 2 was obtained.
- the center layer is Li (Ni 0.97 Co 0.03 ) O 2
- the surface layer has a continuous concentration gradient from Li (Ni 0.97 Co 0.03 ) O 2 to Li (Ni 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 ) O 2 .
- a powder was obtained.
- the composition of the center layer is Li (Ni 0.97 Co 0.03 ) O 2
- the surface layer is composed of Li (Ni 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 ) O 2
- the concentration gradient layer is Li (Ni 0.97 Co 0.03 ) O 2 at Li (Ni 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn
- a positive electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for having a continuous concentration gradient up to 0.3 ) O 2 .
- the composition of the center layer is Li (Ni 0.97 Co 0.03 ) O 2
- the surface layer is composed of Li (Ni 0.4 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 ) O 2
- the concentration gradient is Li (Ni 0.97 Co 0.03 ) O 2 at Li (Ni 0.4 Co 0.2 Mn
- a positive electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for having a constant concentration gradient up to 0.2 ) O 2 .
- the composition of the center layer is Li (Ni 0.90 Co 0.10 ) O 2
- the composition of the surface layer is Li (Ni 0.5 Mn 0.5 ) O 2
- the concentration gradient layer is Li (Ni 0.90 Co 0.10 ) O 2 at Li (Ni 0.5 Mn 0.5 ) O 2.
- a positive electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except for having a continuous constant concentration gradient.
- the composition of the center layer is Li (Ni 0.90 Co 0.10 ) O 2
- the surface layer is composed of Li (Ni 0.35 Co 0.15 Mn 0.50 ) O 2
- the concentration gradient layer is Li (Ni 0.90 Co 0.10 ) O 2 at Li (Ni 0.35 Co 0.15 Mn
- a positive electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except for having a constant concentration gradient up to 0.50 ) O 2 .
- the composition of the core layer is Li (Ni 0.90 Co 0.10 ) O 2
- the surface layer is composed of Li (Ni 0.30 Co 0.10 Mn 0.50 ) O 2
- the concentration gradient layer is Li (Ni 0.90 Co 0.10 ) O 2 at Li (Ni 0.30 Co 0.10 Mn
- a positive electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except for having a constant concentration gradient up to 0.50 ) O 2 .
- the cathode active material particles prepared in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention may be spherical secondary particles in which primary particles are aggregated.
- the aspect ratio of the primary particles is 1 or more, the major axis of the primary particles, that is, the center of the particles in the long direction It grows with directivity in the direction, and the lithium conduction path from the particle surface to the particle center is formed in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional tunnel structure, whereas in the comparative example, the aspect ratio of the primary particles is much shorter and random than those of the embodiments. It can be seen that the orientation of the primary particles is not observed inside the secondary particles in the form of.
- a concentration gradient layer and a surface layer are formed on the surface of the central layer of the particles prepared in Example 1 of the present invention, and primary particles are formed with directivity toward the center of the secondary particles, and lithium in the primary particles is formed. It can be seen that the ion conduction path is formed parallel to the center direction of the secondary particles.
- composition and particle size distribution of the lithium metal composite oxides prepared in Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Example 1 were measured by a particle size analyzer, and are shown in Table 1 below.
- Standard solution prepared using Inductive Plasma Emission Spectroscopy ICP-AES, Perkin-Elmer 7300 using standard solution (Inorganic Venture, 1000 mg / kg) at intrinsic wavelength for each Li / Ni / Co / Mn element (3 types)
- ICP-AES Inductive Plasma Emission Spectroscopy
- Standard solution prepared using Inductive Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES, Perkin-Elmer 7300) using standard solution (Inorganic Venture, 1000 mg / kg) at intrinsic wavelength for each Li / Ni / Co / Mn element (3 types)
- the slurry was prepared by mixing super-P as a positive electrode active material and a conductive agent prepared in Examples 1 to 6 and Comparative Example 1, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder at a weight ratio of 92: 5: 3.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the anode and the lithium foil were used as counter electrodes, and a porous polyethylene membrane (Celgard ELC, Celgard 2300, thickness: 25 ⁇ m) was used as a separator, and ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 7.
- a coin battery was prepared according to a commonly known manufacturing process using a liquid electrolyte in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1.15 M in a solvent.
- the battery including the active material prepared in Examples of the present invention can be seen that the battery properties are significantly improved than the comparative example.
- the thickness of the concentration gradient layer formed at the center of the center layer is controlled, and the lithium ion diffusion path in the primary particles is in the center direction of the particles. Since it is formed to have a directivity toward the surface, it is easy to occlude and release lithium ions into the primary particles, so that the capacity, output and life characteristics of the battery including the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention are greatly improved. useful.
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Claims (12)
- 니켈, 망간 및 코발트를 포함하는 층상 구조이고, 1차 입자가 응집된 2차 입자이고,상기 니켈, 망간 및 코발트의 농도가 일정한 중심층;상기 중심층 외곽에 형성되고 상기 니켈, 망간 및 코발트 중 적어도 하나의 농도가 구배를 나타내는 농도구배층; 및상기 농도구배층 외곽에 형성되고, 상기 니켈, 망간 및 코발트의 농도가 일정한 표면층을 포함하고,상기 농도구배층의 두께가 10 내지 500 nm 인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 표면층의 두께가 10 내지 200 nm 인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 1차 입자 내의 리튬 이온 확산 경로(lithium ion diffusion path)가 2차 입자의 중심 방향으로 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 1차 입자의 종횡비가 1 이상이고, 상기 1차 입자 내의 리튬 이온 확산 경로(lithium ion diffusion path)가 입자의 장축 방향으로 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질.
- 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 종횡비가 1 이상이고, 상기 입자 내의 리튬 이온 확산 경로(lithium ion diffusion path)가 입자의 장축 방향으로 형성되는 1차 입자가 차지하는 면적이 전체 면적의 20% 이상인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 1차 입자 내의 리튬 이온 확산 경로(lithium ion diffusion path)가 2차 입자의 중심 방향에서 ±45°이내로 경사진 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,리튬 이온 확산 경로(lithium ion diffusion path)가 2차 입자의 중심 방향을 향하는 1차 입자가 차지하는 면적이 전체 입자 면적의 40% 이상인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 1차 입자가 입자 전체의 중심 방향으로 방향성을 가지고 형성되고, 상기 1차 입자 내의 리튬 이온 확산 경로가 입자 전체의 중심 방향으로 형성되어, 상기 2차 입자의 표면으로부터 중심까지 리튬 이온 확산 경로가 1차원 또는 2차원의 터널 구조를 갖는 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 니켈, 망간 및 코발트의 농도가 일정한 중심층은 아래 화학식 1로 표시되고,상기 표면층은 아래 화학식 2로 표시되는 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질.<화학식 1> LixNi1-a-b-cCoaMnbMecO2-yXy(상기 화학식 1에서 0.9≤x≤1.15, 0≤a≤0.35, 0≤b≤0.70, 0≤c≤0.20, 0≤y≤0.1, Me는 Al, Mg, B, P, Ti, Si, Zr, Ba 및 이들의 조합으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 적어도 하나 이상의 원소, X는 F, BO3, PO4 의 음이온으로 이루어진 그룹에서 선택되는 적어도 하나 이상의 원소 내지는 분자임)<화학식 2> LixNi1-a-b-cCoaMnbMecO2-yXy(상기 화학식 2 에서 0.9≤x≤1.15, 0≤a≤0.10, 0≤b≤0.1, 0≤c≤0.1, 0≤y≤0.1, Me는 Al, Mg, B, P, Ti, Si, Zr, Ba 및 이들의 조합으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 적어도 하나 이상의 원소, X는 F, BO3, PO4 의 음이온으로 이루어진 그룹에서 선택되는 적어도 하나 이상의 원소 내지는 분자임)
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 농도구배층 1차 입자의 리튬 이온 확산 경로(lithium ion diffusion path)가 2차 입자의 중심 방향을 향하는 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 1차 입자는 침상, 판상, 직육면체, 기울어진 직육면체 또는 원형기둥 형태인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질.
- 제 1 항 내지 제 11 항 중 어느 하나의 리튬 이차 전지용 양극활물질을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지.
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EP15775064.7A EP3024070B1 (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2015-01-21 | Positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery including same |
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CN110073527A (zh) * | 2016-12-02 | 2019-07-30 | 三星Sdi株式会社 | 用于锂二次电池的镍活性物质前驱体、用于制备镍活性物质前驱体的方法、通过方法制备的用于锂二次电池的镍活性物质以及具有包含镍活性物质的正极的锂二次电池 |
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JP2020513657A (ja) * | 2016-12-02 | 2020-05-14 | サムスン エスディアイ カンパニー, リミテッドSamsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | リチウム二次電池用ニッケル系活物質前駆体、その製造方法、そこから形成されたリチウム二次電池用ニッケル系活物質、及びそれを含む正極を含むリチウム二次電池 |
US11152618B2 (en) * | 2016-12-02 | 2021-10-19 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Nickel active material precursor for lithium secondary battery, method for producing nickel active material precursor, nickel active material for lithium secondary battery produced by method, and lithium secondary battery having cathode containing nickel active material |
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JP2020501317A (ja) * | 2016-12-05 | 2020-01-16 | ポスコPosco | 正極活物質前駆体およびその製造方法、正極活物質およびその製造方法、および正極活物質を含むリチウム二次電池 |
US11258055B2 (en) * | 2017-11-22 | 2022-02-22 | Ecopro Bm Co., Ltd. | Cathode active material of lithium secondary battery |
US11677065B2 (en) | 2017-11-22 | 2023-06-13 | Ecopro Bm Co., Ltd. | Cathode active material of lithium secondary battery |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2023155469A (ja) | 2023-10-20 |
PL3024070T3 (pl) | 2021-05-04 |
EP3024070A4 (en) | 2017-04-05 |
CN105993090B (zh) | 2021-04-30 |
JP2017536686A (ja) | 2017-12-07 |
KR101555594B1 (ko) | 2015-10-06 |
JP7412258B2 (ja) | 2024-01-12 |
US10522823B2 (en) | 2019-12-31 |
JP7461914B2 (ja) | 2024-04-04 |
JP2022000856A (ja) | 2022-01-04 |
JP2020109772A (ja) | 2020-07-16 |
EP3024070A1 (en) | 2016-05-25 |
HUE052913T2 (hu) | 2021-05-28 |
US20160359165A1 (en) | 2016-12-08 |
CN105993090A (zh) | 2016-10-05 |
EP3024070B1 (en) | 2020-11-04 |
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