WO2015064519A1 - グラファイト積層体 - Google Patents
グラファイト積層体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015064519A1 WO2015064519A1 PCT/JP2014/078446 JP2014078446W WO2015064519A1 WO 2015064519 A1 WO2015064519 A1 WO 2015064519A1 JP 2014078446 W JP2014078446 W JP 2014078446W WO 2015064519 A1 WO2015064519 A1 WO 2015064519A1
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- film
- graphite
- adhesive layer
- thermoplastic polyimide
- thermoplastic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B9/00—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
- B32B9/005—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising one layer of ceramic material, e.g. porcelain, ceramic tile
- B32B9/007—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising one layer of ceramic material, e.g. porcelain, ceramic tile comprising carbon, e.g. graphite, composite carbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
- B32B27/20—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using fillers, pigments, thixotroping agents
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/28—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42
- B32B27/281—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising synthetic resins not wholly covered by any one of the sub-groups B32B27/30 - B32B27/42 comprising polyimides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
- B32B27/322—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins comprising halogenated polyolefins, e.g. PTFE
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B9/00—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
- B32B9/04—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising such particular substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B9/045—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising such particular substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/03—Use of materials for the substrate
- H05K1/05—Insulated conductive substrates, e.g. insulated metal substrate
- H05K1/056—Insulated conductive substrates, e.g. insulated metal substrate the metal substrate being covered by an organic insulating layer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/10—Coating on the layer surface on synthetic resin layer or on natural or synthetic rubber layer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/26—Polymeric coating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
- B32B2264/10—Inorganic particles
- B32B2264/102—Oxide or hydroxide
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
- B32B2264/10—Inorganic particles
- B32B2264/107—Ceramic
- B32B2264/108—Carbon, e.g. graphite particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/20—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
- B32B2307/302—Conductive
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
- B32B2307/306—Resistant to heat
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/54—Yield strength; Tensile strength
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/546—Flexural strength; Flexion stiffness
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/72—Density
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/732—Dimensional properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2457/00—Electrical equipment
- B32B2457/08—PCBs, i.e. printed circuit boards
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/01—Dielectrics
- H05K2201/0104—Properties and characteristics in general
- H05K2201/0129—Thermoplastic polymer, e.g. auto-adhesive layer; Shaping of thermoplastic polymer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/03—Conductive materials
- H05K2201/032—Materials
- H05K2201/0323—Carbon
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a graphite laminate having excellent thermal conductivity in addition to excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance.
- a graphite film As such a graphite film, a sheet obtained by mixing graphite powder with a binder resin or a sheet obtained by rolling expanded graphite is known. Further, a method for directly obtaining a flexible graphite sheet by heat treatment and rolling treatment using a polyimide film as a raw material is known (for example, see Patent Document 1).
- the graphite film obtained by this method is excellent in properties such as electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity.
- a material using a polyimide film as a raw material has a high quality, is resistant to bending and rich in flexibility, and a graphite film excellent in thermal conductivity can be obtained.
- the graphite sheet when used as it is as a heat conduction material inside an electronic device, the graphite sheet has electrical conductivity. Carbon powder may disperse and the carbon powder may have an adverse electrical effect as well. Further, in terms of mechanical strength, depending on the method of use, the breaking strength, tensile strength, etc. may not be sufficient.
- a graphite composite film in which a resin film is bonded to the surface of the graphite film with an adhesive layer. Since the adhesive layer is weak, if the adhesive layer is tightly folded or repeatedly folded, the adhesive layer will be deformed, causing floating between the graphite film and the coating layer, and the graphite composite film will be creased, broken or broken. As a result, the heat dissipation characteristics of the graphite composite film deteriorate. In addition, when the surface layer is peeled off, the device is contaminated.
- an epoxy adhesive or an acrylic adhesive is used for, for example, a heat spread sheet or the like, since it deteriorates and peels off, it can be used only at 200 ° C. or lower and is exposed to a high temperature environment. It could not be used around engine control boards and power devices (IGBT, etc.) using silicon carbide (SiC).
- the object of the present invention is to provide a graphite laminate having excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, etc. and not limited to use at 200 ° C. or lower, and having excellent thermal conductivity in the plane direction.
- the inventors of the present invention bonded the graphite film, the non-thermoplastic polyimide film, the graphite film, and the non-thermoplastic polyimide film. It is found that a high thermal conductivity graphite laminate can be provided by including an adhesive layer, and the adhesive layer is a thermoplastic polyimide or a fluorine-based resin, and further research is advanced based on this knowledge to complete the present invention. It came to.
- the present invention includes the following inventions.
- It includes a graphite film, a non-thermoplastic polyimide film, and an adhesive layer that adheres the graphite film and the non-thermoplastic polyimide film, and the adhesive layer is a thermoplastic polyimide or a fluororesin.
- Graphite laminate characterized by [2] The graphite laminate according to [1], wherein the adhesive layer is a fluororesin, and a contact angle of the adhesive layer with water is 90 degrees or more and 120 degrees or less.
- [3] The graphite laminate according to [1] or [2], wherein the adhesive layer is a fluororesin, and the melt flow rate of the adhesive layer is 40 g / 10 min or less.
- the polymer film is a polyimide film.
- the non-thermoplastic polyimide film has a thermal expansion coefficient of 30 ppm / ° C. or less.
- the graphite film has a thermal conductivity of 200 W / m ⁇ K or more in the plane direction, a thermal conductivity of 0.1 W / m ⁇ K or more in the thickness direction, and the thermal conductivity in the plane direction.
- thermoplastic polyimide further contains one or more thermoplastic polyimides selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic polyamideimide, thermoplastic polyetherimide, silicone-modified polyimide, sulfone-bonded polyimide, and thermoplastic polyesterimide.
- a graphite laminate containing a graphite film and having excellent thermal conductivity in the plane direction in addition to excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance.
- a polyimide film can be used also in the use exposed to a high temperature environment, a use is not limited to use at 200 degrees C or less.
- the graphite laminate 1 of the present invention includes a graphite film 10, a non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b, the graphite film 10, and the non-thermoplastic polyimide film. And an adhesive layer 20a for adhering to 20b, wherein the adhesive layer 20a is made of thermoplastic polyimide or fluorine resin.
- the laminated portion including the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b and the adhesive layer 20a is a protective film for the graphite film 10. Used as (protective film 20).
- the protective film 20 is bonded to at least one surface of the graphite film 10 so that the adhesive layer 20a is in contact with the graphite film 10 under normal conditions.
- graphite film 10 As the graphite film 10, a commercially available graphite film can be used without any particular restriction on the structure, performance, and the like. As the graphite film 10, a graphite film obtained by a polymer pyrolysis method in which a polymer as a graphite raw material is heat-treated, a graphite film by an expand method in which natural graphite is expanded, and the like are suitable.
- the polymer pyrolysis method refers to a polymer film such as polyoxadiazole, polyimide, polyphenylene vinylene, polybenzimidazole, polybenzoxazole, polythiazole or polyamide (hereinafter also referred to as a graphite raw material film), argon,
- a polymer film such as polyoxadiazole, polyimide, polyphenylene vinylene, polybenzimidazole, polybenzoxazole, polythiazole or polyamide
- the expanding method is a method in which expanded graphite obtained by expanding a graphite layer by heating after immersing powdered and flake shaped natural graphite in an acid is roll-pressed.
- the polymer pyrolysis method is not particularly limited. For example, a method of obtaining a graphite film by heat-treating a graphite raw material film and / or a carbonized graphite raw material film at a temperature of 2000 ° C. or higher is preferable.
- the graphite film obtained by the expanding method uses a powder as a starting material, and therefore has poor thermal conductivity and mechanical strength. Even when combined with a protective film, the thermal conductivity, mechanical strength is low. It will be inferior in strength. Furthermore, the graphite film produced by the expanding method tends to drop the graphite powder from the surface, and has poor adhesion even when combined with a protective film.
- a graphite film obtained by heat-treating the above-mentioned graphite material film such as polyimide film using a polymer pyrolysis method uses a film as a starting material, so that it has excellent thermal conductivity and strength. It is easy to be done. As a result, even when combined with a protective film, it has excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical strength. Furthermore, the graphite film produced by the polymer pyrolysis method is difficult to remove graphite powder from the surface, and when combined with a protective film, has excellent adhesion and does not peel off at the interface between the graphite film and the protective film.
- the thickness of the graphite film 10 is not particularly limited, but is 150 ⁇ m or less, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 30 ⁇ m or less under normal conditions.
- a graphite film having a thickness of 150 ⁇ m or less is combined with a protective film, the graphite film does not float between the protective film and the graphite film, so that wrinkles and creases are less likely to occur and it is difficult to break.
- a method for measuring the thickness of the graphite film 10 a film of 50 mm ⁇ 50 mm was measured using a thickness gauge at a room temperature of 25 ° C. and measured at arbitrary 10 points, and averaged to obtain a measured value.
- the thickness of this graphite film 10 is the thickness of the graphite film 10 single body before producing the graphite laminated body 1 of this invention.
- the tensile strength of the graphite film 10 is not particularly limited, but is 10 MPa or more, preferably 15 MPa or more, more preferably 18 MPa or more, and particularly preferably 20 MPa or more in the plane direction under normal conditions.
- the tensile elastic modulus of the graphite film 10 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.5 GPa or more and more preferably 1 GPa or more in the plane direction.
- the graphite film 10 used in the present invention has a tensile strength (in the plane direction) of 10 MPa or more and has a sufficient film strength even when the thickness is thin, it is used at the time of handling and / or. The film will not tear during long-term use.
- the tensile strength and tensile modulus of the graphite film 10 were measured in accordance with JIS K 7161 as described in the examples described later.
- the thermal conductivity in the plane direction of the graphite film 10 is not particularly limited, it is 200 W / m ⁇ K or more under normal conditions, and exhibits sufficiently high heat dissipation characteristics even when combined with a protective film, and the thermal conductivity of copper. Since it is important to set it to (380 W / mK) or more, it is preferably 400 W / m ⁇ K or more. Moreover, the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction of the graphite film 10 is not particularly limited, but is 0.05 W / m ⁇ K or more under normal conditions, and exhibits sufficiently high heat dissipation characteristics even when combined with a protective film. Preferably it is 0.1 W / m ⁇ K or more.
- the ratio of the thermal conductivity in the plane direction / the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction of the graphite film 10 is 60 or more under normal conditions, preferably 50 or more, and more preferably 40 or more. In order to spread and dissipate the local heat of the heat generating component in the electronic device, at least 40 or more is required. If it is 60 or more, heat can be spread in almost all situations, and the stability of the heat generating components can be secured.
- the thermal diffusivity in the plane direction of the graphite film 10 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 m 2 / s or more, more preferably 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 m 2 / s or more. More preferably, it is 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 m 2 / s or more. When it is 3.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 m 2 / s or more, it is preferable for exhibiting sufficiently high heat dissipation characteristics even when combined with a protective film.
- the density of the graphite film 10 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.8 g / cm 3 or more, more preferably 1.5 g / cm 3 or more, and even more preferably 1.9 g / cm 3 or more. .
- a graphite film having a high density has few irregularities on the surface of the graphite, so that it is possible to obtain a graphite having a very high adhesion to the protective film.
- the film (graphite raw material film) used as the raw material of the graphite film 10 is not particularly limited, but is preferably polyimide, polyamide, polyoxadiazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzobisthiazole, polybenzoxazole, polybenzobisoxazole. , Polyparaphenylene vinylene, polybenzimidazole, polybenzobisimidazole, and a film formed of at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of polythiazoles.
- the polyimide raw film is particularly preferably a polyimide film.
- Polyimide films are more susceptible to carbonization (carbonization) and graphitization (graphitization) than films made from other organic materials, so the thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity itself are higher. Prone.
- the polyimide film has excellent crystallinity of the resulting graphite, is excellent in heat resistance, and when bonded to a protective film, a graphite film in which graphite does not easily fall from the surface is easily obtained.
- a thermal imidization method in which polyamic acid which is a polyimide precursor is heated to convert to imide, a dehydrating agent represented by acid anhydride such as acetic anhydride in polyamic acid is used. And / or a chemical imidation method in which imide conversion is performed using a tertiary amine such as picoline, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyridine or the like as an imidization accelerator.
- the chemical imidization method is preferred from the viewpoint that the obtained film has a low coefficient of linear expansion, a high tensile elastic modulus, can be rapidly graphitized at a relatively low temperature, and can obtain high-quality graphite. preferable.
- the chemical imidation method is an industrially advantageous method with excellent productivity because the imidization reaction proceeds faster and the imidization reaction can be completed in a short time in the heat treatment.
- an imidization accelerator composed of a dehydrating agent and a catalyst of a stoichiometric amount or more is added to a polyamic acid solution, a support plate, an organic film such as polyethylene terephthalate, a drum, Alternatively, a film having self-supporting property is obtained by casting or coating on a support such as an endless belt to form a film and evaporating the organic solvent.
- the self-supporting film is further heated and dried to be imidized to obtain a polyimide film.
- the temperature of this heat treatment is preferably in the range of 150 to 550 ° C.
- the rate of temperature increase during heating is not particular limitation on the rate of temperature increase during heating, but it is preferable to gradually heat the material continuously or stepwise so that the maximum temperature is within the predetermined temperature range.
- the heating time varies depending on the film thickness and the maximum temperature, but generally it is preferably in the range of 10 seconds to 10 minutes after reaching the maximum temperature.
- Carbonization step This preheating is performed at a temperature of about 1000 to 2000 ° C. under normal conditions. For example, when the temperature is increased at a rate of 10 ° C./min, it is desirable to hold the temperature at 1000 ° C. for about 30 minutes.
- an inert gas For example, argon, helium, nitrogen etc. are mentioned.
- the carbonized film is heat-treated under an inert atmosphere and / or under reduced pressure, whereby the graphite film 10 is obtained.
- the heat treatment temperature in the method for producing the graphite film 10 is 2000 ° C. or higher under normal conditions, preferably 2400 ° C. or higher, more preferably 2600 ° C. or higher, and further preferably 2800 ° C. or higher.
- the maximum temperature at which heat treatment can be performed is about 3000 ° C.
- thermo treatment means heating under reduced pressure and / or heating in a gas atmosphere.
- the method for producing the graphite film 10 it is preferable to further include a step of pressing the raw material film graphitized through the graphitizing step (that is, the graphite film) into a planar shape (rear surface pressing step).
- a step of pressing the raw material film graphitized through the graphitizing step that is, the graphite film
- This rear surface pressing step can be performed even at room temperature.
- the graphite film 10 may be flexible sheet-like graphite or block-like graphite. Moreover, the shape of the graphite film 10 is not specifically limited, The shape cut
- the non-thermoplastic polyimide means a polyimide that can be laminated with an existing apparatus and has a glass transition temperature of less than 300 ° C.
- the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably manufactured using an aromatic diamine component and an acid anhydride component described later as raw materials.
- the tensile elastic modulus of the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3.0 GPa or more.
- the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b preferably has a melting point of 200 ° C. or higher. Since the melting point of the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b is 200 ° C. or higher and the tensile modulus is 3.0 GPa or higher, the graphite film 10 and the protective film 20 can be bonded together at a temperature range of 50 ° C. to 200 ° C.
- the graphite laminate 1 of the present invention having no bonding unevenness and thickness unevenness can be obtained without deformation of the protective film 20. That is, in the protective film 20 including the adhesive layer 20a and the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b, it is possible to prevent deformation when the adhesive layer 20a is melted in the thermal fusion between the graphite film 10 and the protective film 20.
- the graphite laminate 1 having excellent durability can be obtained. Further, when the tensile modulus of the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b is 3.0 GPa or more, the graphite film 10, the adhesive layer 20a, and the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b can be bonded with a strong pressure, and the adhesiveness is high. A graphite laminate 1 is obtained. Further, when the tensile elastic modulus of the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b is 3.0 GPa or more, the graphite laminate 1 is less likely to be broken or wrinkled.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b is a value measured using a TMA-50 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation under a measurement temperature range of 50 to 200 ° C. and a temperature increase rate of 10 ° C./min.
- the normal condition is 40 ppm / ° C. or less, preferably 30 ppm / ° C. or less. When it is higher than 40 ppm / ° C., thinness, distortion, and the like are generated due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient from graphite 10. If it is 30 ppm / degrees C or less, the adhesiveness with the graphite 10 is securable under almost all conditions.
- a polyamic acid solution (hereinafter also referred to as a polyamic acid solution) is obtained. obtain.
- aromatic diamine component examples include paraphenylenediamine, metaphenylenediamine, benzidine, paraxylylenediamine, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether, 3,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone, 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, 1,4-bis (3methyl-5amino Phenyl) benzene and amide-forming derivatives thereof.
- the amount of diamine such as paraphenylenediamine and 3,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether which has an effect of increasing the tensile modulus of the film, is adjusted, and the tensile modulus of the finally obtained polyimide film is 3.0 GPa or more. This is preferable for circuit board applications.
- aromatic diamine components paraphenylene diamine, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether, and 3,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether are preferable. These may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- paraphenylenediamine and 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether and / or 3,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether are used in combination, (i) 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether and / or 3,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether, ii) It is more preferable to use paraphenylenediamine at 69/31 to 100/0 (molar ratio), and particularly preferable to use at 70/30 to 90/10 (molar ratio).
- the acid anhydride component examples include pyromellitic acid, 3,3 ′, 4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 2,3 ′, 3,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 3,3 ′, 4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, 2,3,6,7-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,2-bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) ether, pyridine-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic Examples thereof include acid anhydrides such as acids and amide-forming derivatives thereof.
- pyromellitic acid 3,3 ', 4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, and 2,3', 3,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid anhydride are preferred. These may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b mainly includes one or more aromatic diamine components selected from the group consisting of paraphenylene diamine, 3,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether, and pyromellitic dianhydride. And those comprising at least one acid anhydride component selected from the group consisting of 3,3 ′, 4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride.
- organic solvent used to form the polyamic acid solution include, for example, sulfoxide solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and diethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylform, N, N-diethylformamide.
- a formamide solvent such as N, N-dimethylacetamide, an acetamide solvent such as N, N-diethylacetamide, a pyrrolidone solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, phenol, o- , M-, or p-cresol, xylenol, halogenated phenol, catechol and other phenolic solvents, hexamethylphosphoramide, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and other aprotic polar solvents. It is desirable to use as a mixture using the above, The al-xylene, can be used aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene.
- the polymerization method may be carried out by any known method. For example, (1) First, the whole amount of the aromatic diamine component is put in a solvent, and then the acid anhydride component is added so as to be equivalent to the whole amount of the aromatic diamine component. How to polymerize.
- a polyamic acid solution (A) is prepared by reacting one aromatic diamine component and an acid anhydride component in a solvent so that either one becomes excessive, and the other aromatic diamine component in another solvent.
- the polyamic acid solution (B) is prepared by reacting either of the acid anhydride component and the acid anhydride component in excess.
- the polyamic acid solution (A) is prepared, if the aromatic diamine component is excessive, the polyamic acid solution (B) has excessive acid anhydride component, and the polyamic acid solution (A) has excessive acid anhydride component.
- the polymerization method is not limited to these, and other known methods may be used.
- the polyamic acid solution thus obtained contains 5 to 40% by weight of solids under normal conditions, and preferably contains 10 to 30% by weight of solids.
- the viscosity is a value measured with a Brookfield viscometer, and is 10 to 10,000 Pa ⁇ s under normal conditions, and preferably 300 to 5000 Pa ⁇ s for stable liquid feeding.
- the polyamic acid in the organic solvent solution may be partially imidized.
- a heat conductive filler may be added to the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b in order to improve heat dissipation.
- the thermally conductive inorganic filler that improves the thermal conductivity of the polyimide resin include carbon black (eg, channel black, furnace black, ketjen black, acetylene black), silica, alumina, aluminum borate, silicon carbide.
- Boron carbide titanium carbide, tungsten carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, mica, potassium titanate, barium titanate, calcium carbonate, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, antimony dope
- Examples thereof include tin oxide, indium tin oxide, and talc.
- the amount of heat conductive filler other than graphite powder used is preferably 1 to 100 parts by weight, more preferably 5 to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of graphite powder.
- the method for dispersing the thermally conductive filler in the polyimide resin is not particularly limited, and various known methods can be used.
- a heat conductive filler may be added to the polyamic acid solution.
- a method of obtaining a polyimide film by casting a polyamic acid solution into a film and thermally decyclizing and removing the solvent, and a cyclization catalyst and a dehydrating agent in the polyamic acid solution A method of obtaining a polyimide film by mixing and chemically decyclizing to produce a gel film and heating to remove the solvent.
- the polyamic acid solution may contain a cyclization catalyst (imidization catalyst), a dehydrating agent, a gelation retarder, and the like.
- cyclization catalyst used in the present invention include aliphatic tertiary amines such as trimethylamine and triethylenediamine, aromatic tertiary amines such as dimethylaniline, and heterocyclic rings such as isoquinoline, pyridine and betapicoline. Although tertiary amine etc. are mentioned, it is preferable to use at least 1 sort (s) of amine chosen from a heterocyclic tertiary amine.
- dehydrating agent used in the present invention include aliphatic carboxylic acid anhydrides such as acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride and butyric anhydride, and aromatic carboxylic acid anhydrides such as benzoic anhydride.
- aliphatic carboxylic acid anhydrides such as acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride and butyric anhydride
- aromatic carboxylic acid anhydrides such as benzoic anhydride.
- Acetic anhydride and / or benzoic anhydride are preferred.
- a polyamic acid solution containing the cyclization catalyst and the dehydrating agent is cast from a slit-attached base onto a support, and then formed into a film shape. And a method of carrying out heat treatment after partially imidizing to obtain a gel film having self-supporting property, peeling from the support, heating / imidating.
- the support is a metal rotating drum or endless belt, and its temperature is controlled by a liquid or gaseous heat medium and / or by radiant heat from an electric heater or the like.
- the gel film is heated to 30 to 200 ° C., preferably 40 to 150 ° C. under normal conditions by receiving heat from the support and / or receiving heat from a heat source such as hot air or an electric heater. It becomes self-supporting by drying volatile components such as a solvent, and peeled off from the support.
- the gel film peeled from the support may be subjected to a stretching process in the traveling direction while regulating the traveling speed with a rotating roll, if necessary.
- the draw ratio (MDX) in the machine conveyance direction and the draw ratio (TDX) in the direction perpendicular to the machine conveyance direction are 1.01 to 1.9 times, preferably 1.05 to 1.6 times under normal conditions. Will be implemented.
- the film dried in the drying zone is heated for 15 seconds to 10 minutes with hot air, an infrared heater or the like.
- heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 250 to 500 ° C. for 15 seconds to 20 minutes with hot air and / or an electric heater.
- the travel speed can be adjusted to adjust the thickness of the polyimide film.
- a commercially available product may be used as the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b used in the present invention.
- Commercially available products are not particularly limited.
- “Kapton” EN type for example, “Kapton” 50EN-S (trade name, manufactured by Toray DuPont), “Kapton” 100EN (trade name, Toray DuPont) Etc.
- H type of “Kapton” for example, “Kapton” 100H (trade name, manufactured by Toray DuPont Co., Ltd.)
- the “Kapton” H type is excellent in heat resistance, cold resistance and electrical characteristics, and is widely used in various circuit base materials, heat resistant insulating materials and the like.
- the “Kapton” EN type is excellent in dimensional stability and is often used for higher-definition circuit base materials.
- the fluorine-based resin used for the adhesive layer 20a is not particularly limited. However, for example, when used for a high-frequency circuit board, a fluorine-based resin having a melting point of 300 ° C. or lower is preferable from the viewpoint of obtaining sufficient adhesion. A fluororesin having a temperature of °C or less is more preferable. The fluororesin used in the present invention is not particularly limited.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene / hexafluoropolypropylene copolymer
- PFA perfluoroalkoxy fluororesin
- EFE ethylene Fluorination of tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
- ECTFE ethylene / chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer
- PCTFE polychlorotrifluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVF polyvinyl fluoride
- a tetrafluoroethylene / hexafluoropolypropylene copolymer is preferable. These may be used individually by 1 type, and 2 or more types may be mixed and used for them.
- the contact angle of the adhesive layer 20a with water is 80 degrees or more under normal conditions from the point that sufficient adhesion can be obtained when used for high frequency circuit board applications. It is 130 degrees or less, preferably 85 degrees or more and 125 degrees or less, more preferably 90 degrees or more and 120 degrees or less. If it is less than 80 degrees, it is too wet to secure a sufficient resin thickness. If it is greater than 130 degrees, it will not get wet and it will be difficult to get into the irregularities on the surface of the graphite 10. If it is 85 degrees or more and 125 degrees or less, resin thickness can be ensured and it may adhere
- the melt flow rate of the adhesive layer 20a when a fluorine resin is used as the adhesive layer 20a is 50 g / 10 min under normal conditions because sufficient adhesion can be obtained when used for high frequency circuit board applications. Or less, preferably 45 g / 10 min or less, more preferably 40 g / 10 min or less. If it is larger than 50 g / 10 min, it will not fit into the irregularities on the surface of the graphite 10 and will not stick to the irregularities, resulting in poor adhesion. When it is 50 g / 10 min or less and larger than 45 g / 10 min, it is partially unacceptable. If it is 40 g / 10 min or less, it adheres to any graphite 10.
- a commercially available product may be used as the fluororesin. Although it does not specifically limit as a commercial item, For example, “Toyoflon” FEP series (made by Toray Film Processing Co., Ltd.) and “neoflon” EFEP series (made by Daikin Industries, Ltd.) are mentioned suitably.
- the fluororesin mainly contains a fluororesin, it may contain other known thermoplastic resins within a range not impeding the effects of the present invention. It does not specifically limit as said thermoplastic resin, For example, a polyester resin, a polyamide resin, an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, a phenol resin etc. are mentioned preferably. These may be used individually by 1 type, and 2 or more types may be mixed and used for them.
- the fluororesin is preferably a mixture of a tetrafluoroethylene / hexafluoropolypropylene copolymer and a thermoplastic resin from the viewpoint of excellent adhesiveness.
- thermoplastic polyimide used for the adhesive layer 20a is not particularly limited.
- a known thermoplastic polyimide obtained from the following known diamine and known acid dianhydride can be used.
- the method for producing the thermoplastic polyimide is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used, and examples thereof include a method described in JP-A-9-148695.
- the thermoplastic polyimide means a polyimide having a glass transition temperature of 300 ° C. or higher.
- a preferred example of the acid dianhydride is a dicarboxylic acid anhydride.
- the dicarboxylic acid anhydride is not particularly limited.
- the diamine is not particularly limited.
- the thermoplastic polyimide used in the present invention includes 1,3-bis (4-aminophenoxy) benzene (also referred to as RODA), pyromellitic dianhydride (also referred to as PMDA), and 4, Copolymer of 4′-oxydiphthalic dianhydride (ODPA), 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether (also referred to as ODA) and 3,3′4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (also referred to as BPDA) Copolymer with ODA, PMDA and BPDA, 3,3 ′, 4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and PMDA with 2,2′-bis [4- A copolymer with (4-aminophenoxy) phenyl)] propane (also referred to as BAPP) is particularly preferred.
- RODA 1,3-bis (4-aminophenoxy) benzene
- PMDA pyrom
- a known myleimide compound for example, bismaleimide compound
- a thermoplastic polyimide precursor for example, polyimide varnish
- thermoplastic polyimide is mainly composed of thermoplastic polyimide
- other known thermoplastic resins may be mixed within a range not impeding the effects of the present invention.
- the thermoplastic polyimide is not particularly limited, and includes thermoplastic polyimide, thermoplastic polyamideimide, thermoplastic polyetherimide, silicone-modified polyimide, sulfone-bonded polyimide, thermoplastic polyesterimide, and other thermoplastic polyimides. You may go out. These other thermoplastic polyimides can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the thermoplastic polyimide may contain other thermoplastic resins as long as it mainly contains thermoplastic polyimide. It does not specifically limit as said thermoplastic resin, For example, a polyester resin, a polyamide resin, an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, and a phenol resin are mentioned preferably. These may be used individually by 1 type, and 2 or more types may be mixed and used for them. When other thermoplastic resins are included, the thermoplastic polyimide is preferably a mixture of a tetrafluoroethylene / hexafluoropolypropylene copolymer and a thermoplastic resin from the viewpoint of excellent adhesiveness.
- FIG. 1 (a) As an example of the graphite laminate 1 of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 1 (a), one having a configuration of a protective film 20 (formed by a non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b / adhesive layer 20a) / graphite film 10 is used.
- a protective film 20 (formed of a non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b / adhesive layer 20a) / graphite film 10 / protective film 20 (adhesive layer 20a / (Non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b).
- the symbol “/” indicates that the film on both sides and the adhesive layer are thermally fused.
- the protective film 20 should have a structure in which the outer edge 10r of the graphite film 10 is partially or entirely covered. Good.
- the protective film 20 has a structure that covers a part or the whole of the outer edge 10 r of the graphite film 10, and of the outer edge 10 r of the graphite film 10, It is good also as a structure which covers at least one of the part applicable to MD terminal.
- the protective film 20 has a structure that covers a part or the whole of the outer edge 10r of the graphite film 10, and a part of the protective film 20 extends along the outer edge 10r. It may be a notched structure.
- the adhesive layer 20a is laminated between the graphite films 10, and the protective film 20 is formed of the adhesive layer 20a and the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b.
- the laminated film (FIG. 1 (c)) is mentioned.
- the protective film 20 including the adhesive layer 20a and the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b only needs to have the adhesive layer 20a formed on at least one surface of the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b.
- the protective film 20 including the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b has high mechanical strength and can prevent the protective film from breaking.
- the adhesive layer 20a has a heat-fusibility. That is, since the protective film 20 includes the adhesive layer 20a, it has heat-fusibility.
- the graphite laminate 1 of the present invention in which the protective film 20 including the adhesive layer 20a is bonded to the graphite film 10 by heat fusion is used. 10 and the protective film 20 are not peeled off by the adhesive layer 20a, and the graphite laminate 1 is not broken or wrinkled.
- the adhesive layer 20a a graphite laminated polyimide film in which a protective film including an adhesive layer instead of thermoplastic polyimide or fluororesin is bonded by adhesion at a graphite film room temperature (for example, 25 ° C.) is easily folded or Habits occur. This is because the adhesive layer for adhering at room temperature is easily deformed because it is fluid at room temperature.
- the thickness of the adhesive layer 20a is 1 to 70 ⁇ m, preferably 2 to 50 ⁇ m, under normal conditions.
- the thickness of the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b is 1 to 80 ⁇ m under normal conditions, preferably 3 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 25 ⁇ m in consideration of film forming properties.
- thickness of the protective film 20 From the point which is excellent in intensity
- the method for producing the graphite laminate 1 is not particularly limited, but the graphite film 10, the adhesive layer 20a and the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b are combined with the graphite film 10 and the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b. It can be manufactured by heating (thermal fusion) and bonding so that the adhesive layer 20a adheres. When the graphite film 10 and the protective film 20 are heated and bonded together, the adhesive layer 20a of the protective film 20 is melted and penetrates into the graphite film 10, so that they are strongly fused. However, since the graphite film 10 has a layer structure and the graphite layer is easily peeled off from the surface, the graphite layer is easily peeled off from the surface of the graphite film 10 when heat-fused at a high temperature.
- the laminating method is not particularly limited.
- a method such as roll lamination or batch pressing of the graphite film 10, the thermoplastic polyimide or fluorine resin used for the adhesive layer 20a, and the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b.
- the method of apply coating the thermoplastic polyimide or fluorine-type resin used for the contact bonding layer 20a to the graphite film 10, and pressing or laminating the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b to the obtained film after that is mentioned.
- the fusion temperature of the adhesive layer 20a of the present invention is preferably in the range of 200 ° C to 400 ° C, more preferably in the range of 220 ° C to 380 ° C. Moreover, if it is the temperature within the said range, since the graphite film 10 and the contact bonding layer 20a become easy to fully adhere
- the graphite laminate 1 of the present invention is preferably bonded to at least one surface of the graphite laminate 1 with an adhesive tape, an adhesive tape, or a double-sided tape in order to adhere to another material.
- the other material is not particularly limited and can be bonded to various materials.
- a material to be bonded to the graphite laminate 1 includes a flexible printed circuit board (FPC board). .
- an adhesive tape, an adhesive tape, or a double-sided tape may be bonded to the opening.
- an adhesive tape, an adhesive tape, or a double-sided tape is bonded only to the opening, the graphite film may be broken when the release paper of the adhesive tape, the adhesive tape, or the double-sided tape is peeled off. Therefore, it is good to form so that an adhesive tape, an adhesive tape, and a double-sided tape may cover a part of protective film.
- the thickness of the graphite laminate 1 of the present invention (the thickness of the entire graphite laminate 1) is preferably 160 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 120 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 100 ⁇ m or less. It is preferable that the thickness of the graphite laminate 1 is 160 ⁇ m or less because it can be applied to a product having a small space in a device such as a mobile device or a semiconductor package.
- the thermal conductivity in the plane direction of the graphite laminate 1 of the present invention is preferably 1.0 W / m ⁇ K or more, more preferably 2.0 W / m ⁇ K or more, and particularly preferably 5.0 W / m ⁇ K or more. It is. If the thermal conductivity in the surface direction is 1.0 W / m ⁇ K or more, it effectively spreads the heat stored in the heat-generating components mounted on the board and the heat of uneven temperature on the fixing belt, This is preferable because the fixing speed can be increased.
- the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction of the graphite laminate 1 is preferably 0.15 W / m ⁇ K or more, more preferably 0.25 W / m ⁇ K. If the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction is within the above range, it effectively spreads the heat stored in the heat-generating components mounted on the board and the heat of the uneven temperature on the fixing belt, preventing temperature rise on the back of the board and increasing the speed of fixing. Preferred to be possible.
- the ratio of the thermal conductivity in the plane direction and the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction (thermal conductivity in the plane direction / thermal conductivity in the thickness direction) of the graphite laminate 1 of the present invention is 100 or more under normal conditions, preferably Is 500 or more, more preferably 1500 or more. If the ratio of the thermal conductivity in the surface direction to the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction is 5 or more, it effectively spreads the heat stored in the heat generating components mounted on the board and the heat of the unevenness in the fixing belt, and the temperature on the back side of the board This is preferable because it is possible to prevent the rise and increase the fixing speed.
- the ratio between the thermal conductivity in the plane direction and the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction is preferably 4000 or less.
- the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the graphite laminate 1 is a value measured using a TMA-50 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation under the conditions of a measurement temperature range of 50 to 200 ° C. and a heating rate of 10 ° C./min.
- the conditions are 9 to 40 ppm / ° C., preferably 10 to 30 ppm / ° C.
- the dielectric constant of the graphite laminate 1 is not particularly limited, but it is 6 or less under normal conditions, preferably 5.5 or less, and more preferably 5 or less.
- the dielectric constant is a value measured by the method described in Examples described later.
- the graphite laminate 1 according to the present invention is a film having excellent thermal diffusivity by bonding a graphite film 10 having the above-described properties and a protective film 20 including an adhesive layer 20a and a non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b. It is.
- a metal layer may be further laminated on the non-thermoplastic polyimide film 20b.
- the metal include copper and copper alloys.
- the use of the graphite laminate 1 according to the present invention is not particularly limited, and is around an automobile engine control board, a power device (such as IGBT) using silicon carbide (SiC), a heat spread sheet, an electromagnetic shielding application, a high frequency device.
- a power device such as IGBT
- SiC silicon carbide
- An inverter, a motor, etc. are mentioned suitably.
- an FPC board, a heat spread sheet for a heat spot of a CPU (Central Processing Unit), and the like are preferable.
- ⁇ thermal conductivity
- ⁇ thermal diffusivity
- d density
- Cp specific heat capacity
- the thermal diffusivity in the surface direction was measured by cutting the film into a 3 mm ⁇ 30 mm sample shape using a thermal diffusivity measuring device (“LaserPit” available from ULVAC-RIKO Co., Ltd.) by the optical alternating current method, The measurement was performed under an AC condition of 10 Hz in an atmosphere.
- the thermal diffusivity in the thickness direction was measured in a 25 ° C. atmosphere by using a Bruker nanoflash LFA447, which was cut to a diameter of 20 mm, coated with carbon spray on both sides, and blackened.
- the density of the film was calculated by dividing the weight (g) of the film by the volume (cm 3 ) calculated by the product of the length, width and thickness of the film.
- the thickness of the film is measured at 10 points in a 50 mm ⁇ 50 mm film using a thickness gauge (manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation, VL-50A) in a constant temperature room at 25 ° C. The average value of the measured values was adopted as the measured thickness of the film.
- the specific heat of the film was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter DSC-7 manufactured by PerkinElmer, at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min, a standard sample: sapphire, an atmosphere: a dry nitrogen stream, and a measurement temperature of 25 ° C.
- the dielectric constant of the graphite laminate is a precision LCR meter HP4284A (manufactured by Agilent Technologies), measuring electrode: SE-70 (manufactured by Ando Electric Co., Ltd.), specimen size: 60 mm x 60 mm, electrode Shape: Main electrode ⁇ 38mm, guard electrode ⁇ 50mm, counter electrode 60 ⁇ 46mm, (gap between main electrode and guard electrode 1mm), electrode material: main electrode, guard electrode; conductive paste counter electrode; aluminum (evaporation) is used
- the measurement frequency was 1 MHz.
- the measurement environment was room temperature (22 ° C / 60% RH).
- the tensile strength and tensile modulus of the film and the graphite film were measured according to JIS K 7161 using a film strength and elongation automatic measuring device (Orientec RTA-100).
- melt flow rate The melt flow rate was measured at a measurement temperature of 380 ° C. according to ASTM D3307.
- the protective film A for bonding to the graphite film is “Kapton” 50H (thickness 12.5 ⁇ m, tensile elastic modulus 3.2 GPa (plane direction)) / “Toyoflon” FEP film ( The thickness is 12.5 ⁇ m).
- the protective film B is composed of “Kapton” 50H (thickness 12.5 ⁇ m, tensile elastic modulus 3.2 GPa (plane direction)) / “Neoflon” EFEP film (thickness 50 ⁇ m).
- Example 1 Protective film A / graphite film A / protective film A was bonded together at 320 ° C. and 3 MPa for 5 minutes. Even when this laminate was allowed to stand for 30 minutes in an atmosphere at 250 ° C., the laminate did not change.
- the laminates of Examples 1 to 5 each have a dielectric constant of 5 or less and a thermal conductivity in the plane direction of 200 W / m ⁇ K or higher, so that the thermal conductivity in the plane direction is excellent. It was confirmed that the thermal conductivity was 0.1 W / m ⁇ K or more.
- thermoplastic polyimide A 1,3-bis- (4-aminophenoxy) benzene was added to the solvent dimethylacetamide and stirred until dissolved. Thereafter, 4,4′-dioxydiphthalic anhydride was added and stirred to obtain a polyamic acid solution of thermoplastic polyimide A.
- the solid content in dimethylacetamide was 15% and the Tg was 217 ° C.
- the protective film D for bonding to the graphite film when the adhesive layer is thermoplastic polyimide is “Kapton” 50H (thickness 12) so that the polyamic acid solution of thermoplastic polyimide A is about 2 ⁇ m after drying. 0.5 ⁇ m, tensile elastic modulus 3.2 GPa (surface direction)) and obtained by thermal imidization at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes and 350 ° C. for 1 minute.
- the protective film E was coated with “Kapton” 50EN (thickness 12.5 ⁇ m, tensile elastic modulus 5.5 GPa (surface direction)) so that the thickness after drying of the thermoplastic polyimide A was about 2 ⁇ m, and 150 ° C. For 10 minutes and at 350 ° C. for 1 minute.
- Example 6 The protective film D / graphite film A / protective film D were bonded together at 380 ° C. and 10 MPa for 5 minutes. Even when this laminate was allowed to stand for 30 minutes in an atmosphere at 250 ° C., the laminate did not change.
- Example 7 The protective film D / graphite film B / protective film D was bonded together at 380 ° C. and 10 MPa for 5 minutes. Even when this laminate was allowed to stand for 30 minutes in an atmosphere at 250 ° C., the laminate did not change.
- composition, thickness, and thermal conductivity of the graphite laminates produced in Examples 6 to 9 are summarized in Table 5 below.
- the graphite laminates of Examples 6 to 9 were usable at 200 ° C. or higher because the laminate did not change even when used at 200 ° C. or higher, and had excellent heat resistance. It was confirmed that there was.
- the laminates of Examples 6 to 9 each have an excellent thermal conductivity in the plane direction because the thermal conductivity in the plane direction is 200 W / m ⁇ K or more, and the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction is 0.00. It was confirmed that it was 1 W / m ⁇ K or more.
- the graphite laminate of the present invention has excellent thermal conductivity in the plane direction in addition to excellent characteristics such as mechanical properties and heat resistance, and has anisotropy in the thermal conductivity in the plane direction and the thickness direction.
- the graphite laminate of the present invention is excellent in thermal conductivity in the plane direction, and has anisotropy in thermal conductivity in the plane direction and thickness direction, and is an electronic component material As useful.
Abstract
Description
[1]グラファイトフィルムと、非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルムと、前記グラファイトフィルムと前記非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルムとを接着する接着層と、を含み、前記接着層が、熱可塑性ポリイミド又はフッ素系樹脂であることを特徴とするグラファイト積層体。
[2]前記接着層はフッ素系樹脂であり、該接着層の水との接触角が90度以上120度以下である前記[1]記載のグラファイト積層体。
[3]前記接着層はフッ素系樹脂であり、該接着層のメルトフローレートが40g/10min以下である前記[1]又は[2]記載のグラファイト積層体。
[4]前記グラファイトフィルムが高分子フィルムを原料として用いて作製されたフィルムである前記[1]から[3]のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
[5]前記高分子フィルムが、ポリイミドフィルムである前記[4]記載のグラファイト積層体。
[6]前記非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルムの熱膨張係数が30ppm/℃以下である前記[1]から[5]のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
[7]前記グラファイトフィルムが面方向において200W/m・K以上の熱伝導率を有し、厚み方向において0.1W/m・K以上の熱伝導率を有し、前記面方向の熱伝導率/厚み方向の熱伝導率の比が40以上であることを特徴とする前記[1]から[6]のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
[8]誘電率が5以下であることを特徴とする前記[1]から[7]のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
[9]非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルムの引張弾性率が3.0GPa以上であることを特徴とする前記[1]から[8]のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
[10]熱可塑性ポリイミドが、さらに熱可塑性ポリアミドイミド、熱可塑性ポリエーテルイミド、シリコーン変性ポリイミド、スルホン結合型ポリイミド及び熱可塑性ポリエステルイミドからなる群から選ばれる1種以上の熱可塑性ポリイミドを含有することを特徴とする前記[1]及び[4]から[9]のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
[11]フッ素系樹脂が、四フッ化エチレン・六フッ化ポリプロピレン共重合体を含有することを特徴とする前記[1]から[9]のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
[12]FPC基板用である前記[1]から[11]のいずれか1項に記載の積層体。
グラファイトフィルム10としては、その構造、性能等に特に制限を受けることなく、一般に市販されているグラファイトフィルムが使用可能である。グラファイトフィルム10は、グラファイト原料となる高分子を熱処理する高分子熱分解法により得られるグラファイトフィルム、天然黒鉛をエキスパンドするエキスパンド法によるグラファイトフィルム等が適している。ここで、高分子熱分解法とは、ポリオキサジアゾール、ポリイミド、ポリフェニレンビニレン、ポリベンゾイミダゾール、ポリベンゾオキサゾール、ポリチアゾール又はポリアミドなどの高分子フィルム(以下、グラファイト原料フィルムともいう)をアルゴン、ヘリウムなどの不活性雰囲気下及び/又は減圧下で熱処理する方法である。また、エキスパンド法は、粉状、燐片状の天然黒鉛を酸に浸漬後、加熱によりグラファイト層間を拡げることによって得られる膨張黒鉛をロールプレス加工する方法である。
前記高分子熱分解法としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、グラファイト原料フィルム及び/又は炭素化したグラファイト原料フィルムを2000℃以上の温度で熱処理してグラファイトフィルムを得る方法が好ましい。
また、前記グラファイトフィルム10の前記面方向の熱伝導率/厚み方向の熱伝導率の比は、通常の条件では60以上であり、好ましくは50以上であり、より好ましくは40以上である。電子機器内で、発熱部品の局所的な熱を広げ、放熱させるには、少なくとも、40以上必要、40より低いと、発熱部品の安定性にかける。60以上なら、ほとんど全ての状況で熱を広げ、発熱部品安定性を確保できる。
グラファイトフィルム10の原料となるフィルム(グラファイト原料フィルム)は、特に限定されないが、好適には、ポリイミド、ポリアミド、ポリオキサジアゾール、ポリベンゾチアゾール、ポリベンゾビスチアゾール、ポリベンゾオキサゾール、ポリベンゾビスオキサゾール、ポリパラフェニレンビニレン、ポリベンゾイミダゾール、ポリベンゾビスイミダゾール及びポリチアゾールからなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種の高分子で形成されるフィルムである。
この炭素化フィルムを不活性雰囲気下及び/又は減圧下で熱処理することにより、グラファイトフィルム10が得られる。
本発明において、非熱可塑性ポリイミドとは、既存装置でラミネート可能であり、ガラス転移温度が300℃未満のポリイミドのことをいう。
本発明で使用される非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルム20bは、特に限定されないが、後述の芳香族ジアミン成分及び酸無水物成分を原料として製造されるものが好ましい。
尚、「カプトン」のHタイプは、耐熱性、耐寒性、電気特性に優れ、各種回路ベース材、耐熱絶縁材などに幅広く用いられている。「カプトン」のENタイプは、寸法安定性に優れ、より高精細な回路ベース材用途に多く用いられている。
接着層20aに用いるフッ素系樹脂は、特に限定されないが、例えば、高周波回路基板用途に用いる場合には、十分な密着力が得られる点から、融点が300℃以下のフッ素系樹脂が好ましく、250℃以下のフッ素系樹脂がより好ましい。本発明に用いるフッ素樹脂としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、四フッ化エチレン・六フッ化ポリプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、ペルフルオロアルコキシフッ素樹脂(PFA)、エチレン・四フッ化エチレン共重合体(ETFE)、エチレン・クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン(PCTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリフッ化ビニル(PVF)等、フッ素化された構造を持つ樹脂が挙げられ、接着性に優れる点から、四フッ化エチレン・六フッ化ポリプロピレン共重合体が好ましい。これらは1種単独で使用してもよく、2種以上を混合して使用してもよい。
本発明において、接着層20aに用いる熱可塑性ポリイミドは、特に限定されないが、例えば、以下の公知のジアミンと公知の酸二無水物から得られる公知の熱可塑性ポリイミドを使用することができる。熱可塑性ポリイミドの製造方法は、特に限定されず、公知の方法を使用することができ、例えば、特開平9-148695号公報に記載の方法が挙げられる。
尚、本発明において、熱可塑性ポリイミドとは、ガラス転移温度が300℃以上のポリイミドをいう。
本発明のグラファイト積層体1の一例としては、図1(a)に示されるように、保護フィルム20(非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルム20b/接着層20aで形成)/グラファイトフィルム10の構成を有するものが挙げられ、他の態様としては、図1(b)に示されるように、保護フィルム20(非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルム20b/接着層20aで形成)/グラファイトフィルム10/保護フィルム20(接着層20a/非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルム20bで形成)の構成を有する。上記の構成の表記において、「/」の記号はその両側のフィルムと接着層とが熱融着していることを示す。また、グラファイトフィルム10と保護フィルム20の密着性を高める観点から、図2(a)に示されるように、保護フィルム20はグラファイトフィルム10の外縁10rを一部または全体を覆う構造とする方がよい。
面方向・厚み方向の熱伝導率は、λ=α×d×Cpによって算出することができる。ここで、λは熱伝導率、αは熱拡散率、dは密度、そしてCpは比熱容量をそれぞれ表わす。なお、フィルムの面方向の熱拡散率、厚み方向の熱拡散率、密度及び比熱容量は以下に述べる方法で求めることができる。
面方向の熱拡散率は、光交流法による熱拡散率測定装置(アルバック理工(株)社から入手可能な「LaserPit」)を用いて、フィルムを3mm×30mmのサンプル形状に切り取り、25℃の雰囲気下で10Hzの交流条件において測定した。
厚み方向の熱拡散率は、Bruker製ナノフラッシュLFA447を用いて、フィルムを直径20mmにカットし、両面にカーボンスプレーを塗布して黒化処理を施したものを25℃の雰囲気下で測定した。
フィルムの密度は、そのフィルムの縦、横、及び厚みの積で算出した体積(cm3)でフィルムの重量(g)を除することにより算出した。
フィルムの厚み測定は、25℃の恒温室内にて厚さゲージ((株)ミツトヨ社製、VL-50A)を用いて50mm×50mmのフィルム中で任意の10点の厚さを測定し、それら測定値の平均値をそのフィルムの測定厚みとして採用した。
フィルムの比熱測定は、PerkinElmer社製 示差走査熱量計DSC-7を使用し、昇温速度10℃/min、標準試料:サファイア、雰囲気:乾燥窒素気流、測定温度25℃で測定を行った。
グラファイト積層体の誘電率は、測定装置をprecision LCR meter HP4284A(アジレント・テクノロジー(株)製)、測定用電極:SE-70(安藤電気(株)製)、試料片寸法:60mm×60mm、電極の形状:主電極 φ38mm、ガード電極 φ50mm、対電極 60×46mm、(主電極とガード電極の間隙1mm)、電極の材質:主電極、ガード電極;導電性ペースト対電極;アルミ(蒸着)を用い、測定周波数は1MHzを用いて測定した。測定環境は室温(22℃/60%RH)とした。
フィルム及びグラファイトフィルムの引張強度及び引張弾性率の測定は、フィルム強伸度自動測定装置(オリエンテック製RTA-100)を用いて、JIS K 7161に準拠して、測定した。
接触角は協和界面科学製CA-Xを用いてθ/2法にて測定した。
メルトフローレートはASTM D3307に準じて測定温度380℃で測定した。
横100mm×縦100mm×厚さ75μmの「カプトン」300Hをグラファイト板に挟み、電気炉を用いて、1000℃まで昇温して炭素化処理(炭化処理)を行なった。この炭素化フィルムを100枚重ねてグラファイト板で挟み、グラファイト化(黒鉛化)炉を用いて、2900℃以上に昇温してグラファイト化処理を行なった。それぞれ独立な100枚のグラファイトフィルムA(厚さ30μm、密度1.86g/cm3、熱拡散率9.1cm2/s(面方向)、熱伝導率1000W/m・K(面方向)、引張弾性率1.1GPa(面方向)、引張強度22MPa(面方向))を得た。
炭素化フィルムの作製時に「カプトン」300Hの代わりに「カプトン」100Hを使用した以外は上記グラファイトフィルムAの作製方法と同様にして、グラファイト化したところ、グラファイトフィルムB(厚さ10μm、密度2.18g/cm3、熱拡散率12.5cm2/s(面方向)、熱伝導率1500W/m・K(面方向)、引張弾性率700GPa(面方向)、引張強度55MPa(面方向))を得た。
表1に、グラファイトフィルムA及びBの物性を示す。
[接着層がフッ素系樹脂の場合]
[保護フィルム]
接着層がフッ素系樹脂の場合において、グラファイトフィルムに貼り合わせるための保護フィルムAは「カプトン」50H(厚さ12.5μm、引張弾性率3.2GPa(面方向))/「トヨフロン」FEPフィルム(厚さ12.5μm)で構成されている。保護フィルムBは「カプトン」50H(厚さ12.5μm、引張弾性率3.2GPa(面方向))/「ネオフロン」EFEPフィルム(厚さ50μm)で構成されている。
保護フィルムA/グラファイトフィルムA/保護フィルムAを320℃、3MPa条件下、5分で貼り合わせた。この積層体を250℃雰囲気下、30分放置しても積層体は変化しなかった。
保護フィルムA/グラファイトフィルムB/保護フィルムAを320℃、3MPa条件下、5分で貼り合わせた。この積層体を250℃雰囲気下、30分放置しても積層体は変化しなかった。
保護フィルムB/グラファイトフィルムA/保護フィルムBを260℃、1MPa条件下、1分で貼り合わせた。この積層体を230℃雰囲気下、30分放置しても積層体は変化しなかった。
保護フィルムB/グラファイトフィルムB/保護フィルムBを260℃、1MPa条件下、1分で貼り合わせた。この積層体を230℃雰囲気下、30分放置しても積層体は変化しなかった。
保護フィルムA/グラファイトフィルムB/「トヨフロン」FEPフィルム(厚さ12.5μm)/グラファイトフィルムB/保護フィルムAを320℃、3MPa条件下、5分で貼り合わせた。この積層体を250℃雰囲気下、30分放置しても積層体は変化しなかった。
フッ素系樹脂を用いずに「カプトン」50H/グラファイトフィルムA/「カプトン」50Hを320℃、3MPa条件下、5分で貼り合わせたところ、それぞれは貼り合わせることができず、積層体を得ることはできなかった。
保護フィルムCに「カプトン」50H(厚さ12.5μm、引張弾性率3.2GPa(面方向))/「パイララックス」LF0100フィルム(厚さ25μm)を用い、保護フィルムC/グラファイトフィルムA/保護フィルムCを170℃、3MPa条件下、30分で貼り合わせた。その積層体を230℃雰囲気下に30分放置すると、接着面が変形し、積層体は剥がれてしまった。
尚、表2に、保護フィルムA~Cの構成を示す。
[熱可塑性ポリイミドAの合成例]
1、3-ビス-(4-アミノフェノキシ)ベンゼンを溶媒ジメチルアセトアミドに加え、溶解するまで撹拌した。その後、4、4’-ジオキシジフタル酸無水物を加え、撹拌を行い、熱可塑性ポリイミドAのポリアミック酸溶液を得た。ジメチルアセトアミド中の固形分は15%であり、Tgは217℃であった。
接着層が熱可塑性ポリイミドの場合のグラファイトフィルムに貼り合わせるための保護フィルムDは、熱可塑性ポリイミドAのポリアミック酸溶液を乾燥後の厚さで約2μmになるように「カプトン」50H(厚さ12.5μm、引張弾性率3.2GPa(面方向))に塗布し、150℃で10分間、350℃で1分間熱イミド化させて得た。保護フィルムEは、熱可塑性ポリイミドAを乾燥後の厚さで約2μmになるように「カプトン」50EN(厚さ12.5μm、引張弾性率5.5GPa(面方向))に塗布し、150℃で10分間、350℃で1分間熱イミド化させて得た。
保護フィルムD/グラファイトフィルムA/保護フィルムDを380℃、10MPa条件下、5分で貼り合わせた。この積層体を250℃雰囲気下、30分放置しても積層体は変化しなかった。
保護フィルムD/グラファイトフィルムB/保護フィルムDを380℃、10MPa条件下、5分で貼り合わせた。この積層体を250℃雰囲気下、30分放置しても積層体は変化しなかった。
保護フィルムE/グラファイトフィルムA/保護フィルムEを380℃、10MPa条件下、5分で貼り合わせた。この積層体を250℃雰囲気下、30分放置しても積層体は変化しなかった。
保護フィルムE/グラファイトフィルムB/保護フィルムEを380℃、10MPa条件下、5分で貼り合わせた。この積層体を250℃雰囲気下、30分放置しても積層体は変化しなかった。
10 グラファイトフィルム
10r グラファイトフィルムの外縁
20 保護フィルム
20a 接着層
20b 非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルム
Claims (12)
- グラファイトフィルムと、
非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルムと、
前記グラファイトフィルムと前記非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルムとを接着する接着層と、を含み、
前記接着層が、熱可塑性ポリイミド又はフッ素系樹脂であることを特徴とするグラファイト積層体。 - 前記接着層はフッ素系樹脂であり、該接着層の水との接触角が90度以上120度以下である請求項1記載のグラファイト積層体。
- 前記接着層はフッ素系樹脂であり、該接着層のメルトフローレートが40g/10min以下である請求項1又は2記載のグラファイト積層体。
- 前記グラファイトフィルムが高分子フィルムを原料として用いて作製されたフィルムである請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
- 前記高分子フィルムが、ポリイミドフィルムである請求項4記載のグラファイト積層体。
- 前記非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルムの熱膨張係数が30ppm/℃以下である請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
- 前記グラファイトフィルムが面方向において200W/m・K以上の熱伝導率を有し、厚み方向において0.1W/m・K以上の熱伝導率を有し、前記面方向の熱伝導率/厚み方向の熱伝導率の比が40以上であることを特徴とする請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
- 誘電率が5以下であることを特徴とする請求項1から7のいずれか1項に記載の積層体。
- 非熱可塑性ポリイミドフィルムの引張弾性率が3.0GPa以上であることを特徴とする請求項1から8のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
- 熱可塑性ポリイミドが、さらに熱可塑性ポリアミドイミド、熱可塑性ポリエーテルイミド、シリコーン変性ポリイミド、スルホン結合型ポリイミド及び熱可塑性ポリエステルイミドからなる群から選ばれる1種以上の熱可塑性ポリイミドを含有することを特徴とする請求項1及び4から9のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
- フッ素系樹脂が、四フッ化エチレン・六フッ化ポリプロピレン共重合体を含有することを特徴とする請求項1から9のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
- FPC基板用である請求項1から11のいずれか1項に記載のグラファイト積層体。
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CN104853519A (zh) * | 2015-05-26 | 2015-08-19 | 江苏悦达新材料科技有限公司 | 一种柔性导电线路及其制作方法 |
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US20160279902A1 (en) | 2016-09-29 |
US10946617B2 (en) | 2021-03-16 |
JPWO2015064519A1 (ja) | 2017-03-09 |
CN105705334B (zh) | 2018-03-20 |
JP6517146B2 (ja) | 2019-05-22 |
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