WO2014185547A1 - リチウム二次電池用正極活物質 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用正極活物質 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014185547A1 WO2014185547A1 PCT/JP2014/063189 JP2014063189W WO2014185547A1 WO 2014185547 A1 WO2014185547 A1 WO 2014185547A1 JP 2014063189 W JP2014063189 W JP 2014063189W WO 2014185547 A1 WO2014185547 A1 WO 2014185547A1
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- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- secondary battery
- lithium secondary
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery that can be suitably used as a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- Lithium secondary batteries have features such as high energy density and long life. For this reason, lithium secondary batteries are widely used as power sources for home appliances such as video cameras, portable electronic devices such as notebook computers and mobile phones, and power tools such as power tools. (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are also applied to large batteries.
- EV electric and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are also applied to large batteries.
- a lithium secondary battery is a secondary battery that has a structure in which lithium is melted as ions from the positive electrode during charging, moves to the negative electrode and is stored, and reversely, lithium ions return from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge. It is known that the density is caused by the potential of the positive electrode material.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material for this type of lithium secondary battery include lithium transition metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 and LiMnO 2 having a layer structure, and manganese such as LiMn 2 O 4 and LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4.
- a spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide having a spinel structure (Fd-3m) is known.
- LiCoO 2 lithium transition metal oxide
- Patent Document 1 as a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery exhibiting a 5V class electromotive force, high capacity obtained by adding spinel-type lithium manganese composite oxide with chromium as an essential additive component and further adding nickel or cobalt.
- a spinel type lithium manganese composite oxide positive electrode active material is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a spinel crystal LiMn 2-yz Ni y M z O 4 that charges and discharges at a potential of 4.5 V or more with respect to Li metal (where M: Fe, Co, Ti, V , Mg, Zn, Ga, Nb, Mo, Cu, at least one selected from the group consisting of 0.25 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.6, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.1) is disclosed.
- Patent Document 3 discloses Li a (M x Mn 2 ⁇ xy A y ) O 4 (wherein, as a positive electrode material for a high energy density lithium ion secondary battery having a high voltage of 4.5 V or higher with respect to Li, wherein 0.4 ⁇ x, 0 ⁇ y, x + y ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2 M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Fe, Cr and Cu, and is at least one or more containing Ni A includes at least one metal element selected from Si and Ti, provided that when A includes only Ti, the value of the ratio y of A is 0.1 ⁇ y. )) Is disclosed.
- Patent Document 4 as a positive electrode active material having a high capacity density because both the tap density of the positive electrode active material and the initial discharge capacity of the secondary battery using the positive electrode active material are both high, the formula (I): Li 1 + x Ni 0.5-1 / 4x-1 / 4y Mn 1.5-3 / 4x-3 / 4y B y O 4 (wherein x and y in the formula (I) are 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.025, 0 ⁇ lithium nickel manganese composite oxide having a spinel structure represented by y ⁇ 0.01), having a median diameter of 5 to 20 ⁇ m, a particle diameter variation coefficient of 2.0 to 3.5%, and BET A lithium nickel manganese composite oxide having a specific surface area of 0.30 to 1.30 m / g is disclosed.
- Patent Document 5 a lithium compound, a manganese compound, and at least one metal or metal compound selected from the group consisting of Ni, Al, Co, Fe, Mg, and Ca are mixed, fired, and lithium A method for producing a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery has been proposed in which after obtaining a manganese oxide, the lithium manganese oxide is washed with water and then filtered and dried to obtain a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery.
- Patent Documents 6, 7 and 8 propose a method of removing impurities on the particle surface by washing the spinel lithium transition metal oxide obtained by firing with water.
- gas removal may not be effectively suppressed by simply removing water-soluble impurities by washing as described above.
- a lithium secondary battery is used at a high operating potential, for example, when operating at a charging voltage in a region exceeding 4.3 V at a metal Li reference potential, the gas generated by the reaction with the electrolyte only by washing with water. It was not possible to effectively suppress the amount of the generated.
- a high operating potential there is a problem that it is difficult to improve the life characteristics of the battery.
- the present invention can improve the life characteristics of the positive electrode active material that operates at a charging voltage in the region exceeding 4.3 V, based on an idea different from the idea of removing water-soluble impurities by washing,
- the present invention proposes a new positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery that can effectively suppress the amount of gas generated by the reaction with the electrolytic solution.
- the present invention provides at least titanium (Ti) on the entire surface or part of the surface of a lithium manganese-containing composite oxide particle (also referred to as “core particle”) that operates at a charging voltage in a region exceeding 4.3 V at a metal Li reference potential.
- a lithium manganese-containing composite oxide particle also referred to as “core particle”
- Al Aluminum
- Zr zirconium
- a layer positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery including positive electrode active material particles provided with a layer containing two or more of these (referred to as “A layer”) To do.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery proposed by the present invention has at least titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), or zirconium (Zr) on the entire surface or part of the surface of the lithium manganese-containing composite oxide particles (core particles).
- Ti titanium
- Al aluminum
- Zr zirconium
- the positive electrode active material for secondary batteries proposed by the present invention can be suitably used as the positive electrode active material for various lithium batteries.
- the positive electrode active material for a secondary battery according to an example of the present embodiment (hereinafter referred to as “the positive electrode active material”) is formed on the entire surface or a part of the surface of the lithium manganese-containing composite oxide particles (also referred to as “core particles”).
- Positive electrode active material particles (hereinafter referred to as “the positive electrode”) including at least titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), or an A layer (hereinafter referred to as “A layer”) containing two or more of them.
- a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery is formed on the entire surface or a part of the surface of the lithium manganese-containing composite oxide particles (also referred to as “core particles”).
- Positive electrode active material particles (hereinafter referred to as “the positive electrode”) including at least titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), or an A layer (hereinafter referred to as “A layer”) containing two or more of them.
- the positive electrode active material since the positive electrode active material only needs to contain the positive electrode active material particles, the positive electrode active material may contain other components. However, the positive electrode active material particles preferably occupy 70% by mass or more, particularly 90% by mass or more, and more preferably 95% by mass or more (including 100%) in the positive electrode active material.
- the core particles constituting the core part of the present positive electrode active material particles may be any lithium-manganese-containing composite oxide that operates at a charging voltage in a region exceeding 4.3 V at the metal Li reference potential. Since it may be a lithium manganese-containing composite oxide that operates at a charging voltage in the region exceeding 4.3 V, for example, the lithium manganese-containing composite oxide that operates in a region exceeding the charging voltage 4.5 V and is used only in the region. Alternatively, it may be a lithium manganese-containing composite oxide that operates at a charging voltage of 3 to 4.5 V and is used in this region.
- the core particles constituting the core part of the positive electrode active material particles may be a 4V-class lithium manganese-containing composite oxide having an operating potential of 3.5 V or more and less than 4.5 V.
- 5V class lithium manganese containing complex oxide which has an operating potential of 5 V or more may be used.
- the core particle constituting the core part of the positive electrode active material particle is, for example, a spinel type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide having a crystal structure belonging to the space group Fd-3m
- the lithium manganese-containing composite oxide having a layered structure It may be a product, a lithium manganese-containing composite oxide having an olivine structure, or a mixture of two or more of these. This is because the effect of providing the A layer can be obtained regardless of the composition of the core particles.
- a 4V-class spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide having an operating potential of 3.5 V or more and less than 4.5 V (“ Particularly preferred are 5V grade spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxides (referred to as "this 5V class spinel") having an operating potential of 4.5V or more.
- this 5V class spinel is particularly preferable in view of the effect of suppressing gas generation.
- present 4V class spinel for example, a spinel type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide particle containing a crystal phase obtained by substituting a part of Mn site in LiMn 2 O 4- ⁇ with a metal element (“present 4V class spinel particle”) And the like (referred to as “the present 4V class spinel powder”).
- this 5V class spinel for example, a spinel type lithium manganese containing a crystal phase formed by substituting a part of the Mn site in LiMn 2 O 4 - ⁇ with Li, a metal element M1, and another metal element M2.
- a powder referred to as “the present 5V class spinel powder”
- the present 5V class spinel particles containing the contained complex oxide particles as a main component.
- the metal element M1 is a substitution element that mainly contributes to developing an operating potential of 4.5 V or higher at the metal Li reference potential, and examples thereof include Ni, Co, and Fe. It may be included, and other metal elements may be included as M1.
- the metal element M2 is a substitution element that contributes mainly to stabilizing the crystal structure and enhancing the characteristics. For example, as a substitution element that contributes to improving the capacity retention rate, for example, Mg, Ti, Al, Ba, Cr, Fe , Co, and Nb. It suffices to contain at least one of these Mg, Ti, Al, Ba, Cr, Fe, Co, and Nb, and M2 may contain another metal element.
- a spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide represented by the formula (1): Li [Li a Mn 2 -ac M1 b M2 c ] O 4 - ⁇ .
- “a” may be 0.00 to 1.0, particularly 0.01 or more and 0.5 or less, and more preferably 0.02 or more and 0.33 or less. Even more preferred.
- “B” indicating the content of M1 may be 0.30 to 0.70, more preferably 0.35 or more and 0.60 or less, and more preferably 0.40 or more and 0.60 or less. Even more preferred.
- C indicating the content of M2 may be 0.001 to 0.400, more preferably 0.002 or more and 0.100 or less, and more preferably 0.005 or more and 0.050 or less. Even more preferred. Note that “4- ⁇ ” in each of the above formulas indicates that oxygen deficiency may be included, and a part of oxygen may be substituted with fluorine.
- the 5V class spinel may contain other components as long as the functions of Li, Mn, M1, M2 and O are not completely hindered.
- other elements may be included as long as they are each 0.5% by mass or less. This is because an amount of this level is considered to have little effect on the performance of the spinel.
- the A layer only needs to contain at least titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), or two or more of these.
- the A layer may further contain phosphorus (P).
- Examples of the A layer containing phosphorus (P) include an A layer containing Ti and P, an A layer containing Al and P, an A layer containing Zr and P, and an A layer containing Ti, Al, and P.
- the A layer may contain other elements in addition to Ti, Al, Zr, P and C.
- the carbon content of the present positive electrode active material is preferably less than 0.1% by mass.
- the carbon content of the present positive electrode active material is preferably less than 0.1% by mass, more preferably 0.09% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.08% by mass or less.
- the A layer may exist so as to cover the entire surface of the core particle surface, or may exist partially on the core particle surface and there may be a portion where the A layer does not exist.
- the reaction between the core particle and the electrolytic solution can be suppressed, and gas generation can be suppressed.
- Such an A layer also has a characteristic that it does not substantially affect the movement of lithium ions.
- a layer containing an oxide of titanium may be interposed.
- another layer may be present on the surface side of the A layer.
- the thickness of the A layer is preferably from 0.1 nm to 200 nm from the viewpoint of enhancing the effect of suppressing gas generation, more preferably 0.2 nm or more or 190 nm or less, and particularly preferably 0.3 nm or more or 180 nm or less. .
- Such an A layer can be formed, for example, by surface-treating the core particles.
- a layer can be formed, for example, by surface-treating the core particles.
- Ti titanium
- Al aluminum
- Zr zirconium
- a coupling agent containing two or more of these 300 ° C. or higher, preferably 300 to 800 ° C., among them
- it can be formed by heat treatment at 300 to 600 ° C.
- the positive electrode active material preferably has a D50 of 3 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, preferably 4 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, according to a volume-based particle size distribution obtained by measurement by a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measurement method. Further, among them, it is particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m or more or 40 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 13 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less. If the D50 of the positive electrode active material is 3 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, particularly 5 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, it is advantageous from the viewpoint of electrode production.
- the firing conditions temperature, time, atmosphere, etc.
- the crushing strength after firing the crusher rotation speed, etc.
- the positive electrode active material preferably has a D10 of 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m based on a volume-based particle size distribution obtained by measurement by a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measurement method, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, especially 3 ⁇ m or more or 18 ⁇ m or less. 4 ⁇ m or more or 16 ⁇ m or less is particularly preferable. If D10 of this positive electrode active material is 1 ⁇ m or more, particularly 2 ⁇ m or more, the slurry dispersibility during electrode coating becomes better, and if it is 16 ⁇ m or less, significant viscosity reduction of the slurry during electrode coating is suppressed. This is preferable in that it can be performed.
- the firing conditions temperature, time, atmosphere, etc.
- the crushing strength after firing the crusher rotation speed, etc.
- the positive electrode active material preferably has a Dmin of 10 ⁇ m or less based on a volume-based particle size distribution obtained by measurement by a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measurement method, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more. In particular, it is particularly preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more or 8 ⁇ m or less.
- the fact that the Dmin of the present positive electrode active material is 10 ⁇ m or less means that the present spinel particles having a particle size of at least 10 ⁇ m are contained, which is distinguished from those obtained by removing all fine particles by classification. It is what is done.
- the fine particle powder adhering to the surface of the positive electrode active material particle is removed using the difference in sedimentation rate. That's fine.
- it is not limited to these methods.
- the specific surface area of MotoTadashi active material is preferably not more than 0.01 ⁇ 3.00m 2 / g, but preferably not more than inter alia 0.10 m 2 / g or more or 2.00 m 2 / g Among them, it is preferably 1.50 m 2 / g or less, particularly preferably 1.00 m 2 / g or less, and more preferably 0.80 m 2 / g or less.
- BET Specific surface area
- the specific surface area of MotoTadashi active material (BET) is preferably not more than 0.01 ⁇ 3.00m 2 / g, but preferably not more than inter alia 0.10 m 2 / g or more or 2.00 m 2 / g Among them, it is preferably 1.50 m 2 / g or less, particularly preferably 1.00 m 2 / g or less, and more preferably 0.80 m 2 / g or less.
- the present spinel powder is characterized in that gas generation can be suppressed despite having a specific surface area comparable to that of a conventional spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide.
- this positive electrode active material is just to adjust the temperature of this baking, for example, and classify
- a method for producing the positive electrode active material for example, after producing lithium manganese-containing composite oxide particles (core particles), a titanium coupling agent, an aluminum coupling agent, a zirconium coupling agent, or a titanium / aluminum cup.
- a surface treatment agent such as a ring agent or an aluminum / zirconium coupling agent may be mixed with an organic solvent to perform surface treatment, and then produced by a production method having a step of heat treatment.
- Method for producing the present spinel powder As a method for producing the lithium manganese-containing composite oxide particles (core particles), a known method may be adopted as appropriate. Here, a method for producing a spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder (referred to as “the present spinel powder”) having a crystal structure belonging to the space group Fd-3m will be described.
- This spinel powder is mixed with raw materials such as lithium compound, manganese compound, M1 metal salt compound, M2 metal compound, pulverized with a wet pulverizer, etc., and then granulated and dried using a thermal spray dryer. And calcined, heat-treated as necessary, and classified as necessary.
- the manufacturing method of this spinel powder is not limited to this manufacturing method.
- the production method before stirring the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide in water is arbitrary.
- granulated powder for firing may be produced by a so-called coprecipitation method, or the separation means after firing may be changed to another method.
- lithium compound examples include lithium hydroxide (LiOH), lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ), LiOH ⁇ H 2 O, lithium oxide (Li 2 O), other fatty acid lithium and lithium halide. Etc. Of these, lithium hydroxide salts, carbonates and nitrates are preferred.
- the manganese compound is not particularly limited. For example, manganese carbonate, manganese nitrate, manganese chloride, manganese dioxide, dimanganese trioxide, trimanganese tetroxide and the like can be used, and among these, manganese carbonate and manganese dioxide are preferable. Among these, electrolytic manganese dioxide obtained by an electrolytic method is particularly preferable.
- M1 metal compound and M2 metal compound carbonates, nitrates, chlorides, oxyhydroxides, hydroxides, and the like of M1 or M2 metal can be used.
- boron compound any compound containing boron (B element) may be used.
- boric acid or lithium borate is preferably used.
- lithium borate include lithium metaborate (LiBO 2 ), lithium tetraborate (Li 2 B 4 O 7 ), lithium pentaborate (LiB 5 O 8 ), and lithium perborate (Li 2 B 2 O 5 ).
- Various forms can be used.
- a composite oxide phase containing Ni, Mn and B for example, a crystal phase of Ni 5 MnO 4 (BO 3 ) 2 is generated.
- the mixing of the raw materials is preferably performed by adding a liquid medium such as water or a dispersant and wet mixing to form a slurry, and the obtained slurry is preferably pulverized by a wet pulverizer.
- dry pulverization may be performed.
- the granulation method may be wet or dry as long as the various raw materials pulverized in the previous step are dispersed in the granulated particles without being separated, and the extrusion granulation method, rolling granulation method, fluidized granulation method, A mixed granulation method, a spray drying granulation method, a pressure molding granulation method, or a flake granulation method using a roll or the like may be used.
- a drying method it may be dried by a known drying method such as a spray heat drying method, a hot air drying method, a vacuum drying method, a freeze drying method, etc. Among them, the spray heat drying method is preferable.
- the spray heat drying method is preferably performed using a heat spray dryer (spray dryer).
- Firing is performed at a temperature of 800 to 1000 ° C. (in a calcined product in the calcining furnace) in an air atmosphere, an atmosphere in which oxygen partial pressure is adjusted, a carbon dioxide gas atmosphere, or other atmosphere in a calcining furnace. It is preferably fired so as to hold for 0.5 to 300 hours at the temperature when a thermocouple is brought into contact. At this time, it is preferable to select firing conditions in which the transition metal is solid-solved at the atomic level and exhibits a single phase.
- the kind of baking furnace is not specifically limited. For example, it can be fired using a rotary kiln, a stationary furnace, or other firing furnace.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in an atmosphere of 500 ° C. to 800 ° C., preferably 700 ° C. or higher or 800 ° C. or lower for 0.5 to 300 hours to facilitate oxygen uptake.
- this spinel powder can be obtained by performing crushing and classification as necessary after firing or heat treatment.
- the spinel powder thus obtained is put into water, stirred with stirring means such as a stirrer, and then allowed to stand as appropriate, the supernatant liquid is removed, and the precipitate is collected. Is repeated at least once, preferably twice or more, thereby obtaining the present spinel powder capable of further suppressing gas generation. Next, this separation process will be described.
- the water charged with the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide (powder) is 1 to the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide (powder) at a pH of 5 to 9 and a temperature of 15 to 25 ° C. It is preferably 2 to 2 times the capacity.
- a liquid such as ethanol.
- the water tank for containing water has a size of 200 mL to 5000 mL.
- any stirring bar such as a stirrer or a magnetic stirrer can be used.
- the stirring speed is such that the powder flows without precipitating, for example, the stirring speed is 200 to 250 rpm. Is preferred.
- the standing time after stirring is preferably set as appropriate so that most of the powder settles and the fine powder is floating.
- As a guideline for example, 1 to 5 minutes is preferable, and 2 minutes or more are preferable. Or it is especially preferable that it is 3 minutes or less.
- the recovered spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide (powder) is preferably sufficiently removed of hydrogen (H) near the surface, for example, heated to 300 ° C. or higher.
- a surface treatment agent such as a titanium coupling agent, an aluminum coupling agent, a zirconium coupling agent, a titanium / aluminum coupling agent, or an aluminum / zirconium coupling agent is applied to the spinel powder obtained as described above. Is mixed with an organic solvent, surface-treated, dried to volatilize the organic solvent, and then subjected to heat treatment at 300 ° C. or higher to form the A layer and obtain the present positive electrode active material.
- the coupling agent may be a compound having an organic functional group and a hydrolyzable group in the molecule, and among them, a compound having phosphorus (P) in the side chain is preferable.
- the coupling agent having phosphorus (P) in the side chain is particularly excellent in binding property with the binder because of better compatibility with the binder.
- the surface treatment is performed using such a coupling agent, it is necessary to heat and dry the organic solvent, for example, at 40 to 120 ° C. Thereafter, heating is preferably performed at 300 ° C. or more, particularly 300 to 800 ° C., particularly 300 to 600 ° C. By heating at 300 ° C. or higher in this way, the carbon content of the A layer can be reduced and the A layer can be oxidized. Depending on the type of the coupling agent, the life characteristics may be further improved.
- the heat treatment after drying is preferably performed in an oxygen-existing atmosphere. This is because heat treatment after drying removes the side chain of the organic solvent and the coupling agent, and oxygen in the active material may also escape. It is because it is preferable to replenish. From this point of view, it is preferable to perform in an air atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere in an oxygen-existing atmosphere. Note that the oxygen atmosphere refers to an atmosphere having a larger oxygen abundance than the air atmosphere.
- the positive electrode active material can be effectively used as a positive electrode active material for various lithium batteries after being crushed and classified as necessary.
- this positive electrode active material is used as a positive electrode active material for various lithium batteries, for example, the positive electrode active material, a conductive material made of carbon black or the like, and a binder made of Teflon (registered trademark) binder or the like are mixed. Thus, a positive electrode mixture can be produced.
- a positive electrode mixture is used for the positive electrode, a material that can occlude and desorb lithium such as lithium or carbon is used for the negative electrode, and a lithium salt such as lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) is used for the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- LiPF6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- a lithium battery can be formed by using a material in which is dissolved in a mixed solvent such as ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbonate.
- Lithium batteries configured in this way are, for example, notebook computers, mobile phones, cordless phones, video movies, LCD TVs, electric shavers, portable radios, headphone stereos, backup power supplies, memory cards and other electronic devices, pacemakers, hearing aids It can be used as a drive power source for medical equipment such as electric vehicles.
- mobile phones that require excellent cycle characteristics
- portable computers such as PDAs (personal digital assistants) and notebook computers
- electric vehicles including hybrid vehicles
- power sources for power storage etc. It is valid.
- each numerical range defined in the present invention includes a range that falls within the range of the upper limit value and the lower limit value when rounded off. However, it is preferably within a range of numerical values obtained by truncating digits below significant digits.
- Table 1 shows the surface treatment conditions.
- a polycarboxylic acid ammonium salt (SN Dispersant 5468 manufactured by San Nopco Co., Ltd.) as a dispersant was added, and pulverized with a wet pulverizer at 1300 rpm for 20 minutes.
- the average particle size (D50) was 0.5 ⁇ m or less.
- the obtained pulverized slurry was granulated and dried using a thermal spray dryer (spray dryer, “i-8” manufactured by Okawara Chemical Co., Ltd.). At this time, a rotating disk was used for spraying, and granulation drying was performed by adjusting the temperature so that the rotation speed was 24,000 rpm, the slurry supply amount was 12 kg / hr, and the outlet temperature of the drying tower was 100 ° C.
- the obtained granulated powder was fired at 950 ° C. for 70 hours in the air using a stationary electric furnace, and then heat-treated at 700 ° C. for 70 hours in the air.
- the fired powder obtained by the heat treatment was classified with a sieve having an opening of 75 ⁇ m, and the powder under the sieve was collected to obtain a spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder.
- the obtained spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder was identified using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). As a result, the formula (1): Li [Li a Mn 2 -ac M1 b M2 c ] O 4- ⁇ 5V class spinel type lithium manganese containing complex oxide.
- Example 1 100 parts by mass of a spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, and a titanium coupling agent (Ajinomoto Fine Techno Co., Ltd. Preneact (registered trademark) KR-46B) as a surface treatment agent, 1.0 mass And 1.4 parts by mass of isopropyl alcohol as a solvent were mixed using a cutter mill (Milcer 720G manufactured by Iwatani Corporation). Subsequently, the mixed spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder is dried in an oven at 100 ° C. for 1 hour under the atmosphere, and then the product temperature is maintained at 500 ° C. for 5 hours. To obtain a spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder (sample) with a surface treatment layer.
- a titanium coupling agent Align (registered trademark) KR-46B)
- the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder (sample) thus prepared, a cross section near the particle surface was observed with a transmission electron microscope (“JEM-ARM200F” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.).
- JEM-ARM200F transmitted electron microscope
- the A layer partially existed on the surface of the core portion made of the contained composite oxide. Further, when the A layer was analyzed by EDS, it was found to contain titanium (Ti) and phosphorus (P). Further, the thickness of the A layer was different depending on the location, and the thin part was 0.1 nm and the thick part was 50 nm.
- Example 2 A spinel type with a surface treatment layer was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the surface treatment agent used in Example 1 was changed to an aluminum coupling agent (Ajinomoto Fine Techno Co., Ltd. Preneact (registered trademark) AL-M).
- a lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder (sample) was obtained.
- a cross section near the particle surface was observed with a transmission electron microscope (“JEM-ARM200F” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.).
- JEM-ARM200F transmission electron microscope
- the A layer partially existed on the surface of the core portion made of the contained composite oxide. Further, when the A layer was analyzed by EDS, it was found to contain aluminum (Al). Further, the thickness of the A layer was different depending on the location, and the thin part was 0.1 nm and the thick part was 40 nm.
- Example 3 A spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, except that the firing temperature of Comparative Example 1 was changed to 880 ° C. Then, the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder was subjected to surface treatment, drying, and heat treatment in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder (sample) with a surface treatment layer. Regarding the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder (sample) thus prepared, a cross section near the particle surface was observed with a transmission electron microscope (“JEM-ARM200F” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.).
- JEM-ARM200F transmission electron microscope
- the A layer partially existed on the surface of the core portion made of the contained composite oxide. Further, when the A layer was analyzed by EDS, it was found to contain titanium (Ti) and phosphorus (P). The thickness of the A layer was different depending on the location. The thin part was 0.1 nm and the thick part was 20 nm.
- Example 4 In the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, a spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder was obtained. And the surface treatment shown in Table 1 was implemented with respect to this spinel type lithium manganese containing complex oxide powder, and the spinel type lithium manganese containing complex oxide powder (sample) with a surface treatment layer was obtained. Regarding the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder (sample) thus prepared, a cross section near the particle surface was observed with a transmission electron microscope (“JEM-ARM200F” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.). The A layer partially existed on the surface of the core portion made of the contained composite oxide. Further, when the A layer was analyzed by EDS, it was found to contain aluminum (Al). Further, the thickness of the A layer was different depending on the location, and the thin part was 0.1 nm and the thick part was 30 nm.
- JEM-ARM200F transmission electron microscope
- Example 5 In the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, a spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder was obtained. And the surface treatment shown in Table 1 was implemented with respect to this spinel type lithium manganese containing complex oxide powder, and the spinel type lithium manganese containing complex oxide powder (sample) with a surface treatment layer was obtained. Regarding the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder (sample) thus prepared, a cross section near the particle surface was observed with a transmission electron microscope (“JEM-ARM200F” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.). The A layer partially existed on the surface of the core portion made of the contained composite oxide. Further, when the A layer was analyzed by EDS, it was found to contain titanium (Ti) and P (phosphorus). The thickness of the A layer was different depending on the location. The thin part was 0.1 nm and the thick part was 20 nm.
- Example 6 In the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, a spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder was obtained. And the surface treatment shown in Table 1 was implemented, and the spinel type lithium manganese containing complex oxide powder (sample) with a surface treatment layer was obtained. Zirconium coupling agent (KEN-React (registered trademark) NZ12 manufactured by Kenrich Petrochemicals) was used as the surface treatment agent. Regarding the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder (sample) thus prepared, a cross section near the particle surface was observed with a transmission electron microscope (“JEM-ARM200F” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.). The A layer partially existed on the surface of the core portion made of the contained composite oxide.
- JEM-ARM200F transmission electron microscope
- the A layer was analyzed by EDS, it was found to contain Zr (zirconium) and P (phosphorus). Further, the thickness of the A layer was different depending on the location, and the thin part was 0.1 nm and the thick part was 90 nm.
- the specific surface area (BET) of the spinel-type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powders (samples) obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples was measured as follows. First, 0.5 g of a sample (powder) is weighed in a glass cell for a flow method gas adsorption specific surface area measuring device MONOSORB LOOP (“Product Name MS-18” manufactured by Yuasa Ionics Co., Ltd.), and the MONOSORB LOOP pretreatment is performed. In the apparatus, the inside of the glass cell was replaced with nitrogen gas for 5 minutes at a gas amount of 30 mL / min, and then heat treatment was performed at 250 ° C. for 10 minutes in the nitrogen gas atmosphere. Thereafter, the sample (powder) was measured by the BET single point method using the MONOSORB LOOP. The adsorbed gas at the time of measurement was a mixed gas of 30% nitrogen: 70% helium.
- the water-soluble solvent used in the measurement was passed through a 60 ⁇ m filter, the solvent refractive index was 1.33, the particle permeability was transmissive, the particle refractive index was 2.46, the shape was non-spherical, and the measurement range was 0.133. ⁇ 704.0 ⁇ m, measurement time was 30 seconds, and average values measured twice were D10, D50, and Dmin.
- a laminate type battery is produced using the spinel type lithium manganese-containing composite oxide powder (sample) produced in Examples and Comparative Examples as a positive electrode active material, a gas generation evaluation test is conducted, and a 2032 type coin type battery is produced. A high temperature cycle evaluation test was conducted.
- the negative electrode current collector As the negative electrode current collector, a copper foil having a thickness of 18 ⁇ m was used. 92 wt% of graphite as an active material and 8 wt% of PVDF as a binder were mixed, and NMP was added to prepare a paste. This paste was uniformly applied to the negative electrode current collector and dried at 100 ° C. Then, it pressed to thickness 80micrometer and produced the negative electrode sheet.
- a separator (porous polyethylene film) impregnated with 2% by volume of an electrolytic solution was placed and a laminate type battery was produced.
- a separator porous polyethylene film
- the lithium provided with the A layer containing at least titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), or two or more of them on the entire surface or part of the surface of the core particle
- the manganese-containing composite oxide powder can improve the life characteristics and can effectively suppress the amount of gas generated by the reaction with the electrolytic solution. This seems to be because the A layer is selectively formed at the active sites on the surface of the core particles.
- the presence of the A layer has also been confirmed by an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS).
- Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, and Examples 4 and 6 were compared with Comparative Example 2, a composition change derived from the coupling agent component could be confirmed. Together with the analysis result by EDS, it is shown that the A layer was formed on the entire surface or a part of the core particle surface. Moreover, when Examples 4, 5 and 6 which performed heat processing in oxygen presence atmosphere were seen, it turned out that the gas generation amount is further reduced. It can be inferred that this is because the release of oxygen from the positive electrode active material during heat treatment was suppressed by the supply of oxygen in the atmosphere.
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Abstract
Description
本実施形態の一例に係る二次電池用正極活物質(以下「本正極活物質」と称する)は、リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粒子(「コア粒子」とも称する)の表面の全面又は一部に、少なくともチタン(Ti)又はアルミニウム(Al)又はジルコニウム(Zr)又はこれらのうちの2種類以上を含有するA層(以下「A層」と称する)を備えた正極活物質粒子(以下「本正極活物質粒子」と称する)を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質である。
本正極活物質粒子のコア部を構成するコア粒子は、金属Li基準電位において、4.3Vを超える領域の充電電圧で作動するリチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物であればよい。
4.3Vを超える領域の充電電圧で作動するリチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物であればよいから、例えば充電電圧4.5Vを超える領域で作動し、当該領域のみで使用するリチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物であってもよいし、又、充電電圧3~4.5Vで作動し、当該領域で使用するリチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物であってもよい。
金属元素M2は、主に結晶構造を安定化させて特性を高めるのに寄与する置換元素であり、例えば容量維持率向上に寄与する置換元素として、例えばMg、Ti、Al、Ba、Cr、Fe、Co及びNbなどを挙げることができる。これらMg、Ti、Al、Ba、Cr、Fe、Co及びNbのうちの少なくとも一種を含んでいればよく、M2として他の金属元素を含んでいてもよい。
上記式(1)において、「a」は、0.00~1.0であればよく、中でも0.01以上或いは0.5以下、その中でも0.02以上或いは0.33以下であるのがより一層好ましい。
M1の含有量を示す「b」は、0.30~0.70であればよく、中でも0.35以上或いは0.60以下、その中でも0.40以上或いは0.60以下であるのがより一層好ましい。
M2の含有量を示す「c」は、0.001~0.400であればよく、中でも0.002以上或いは0.100以下、その中でも0.005以上或いは0.050以下であるのがより一層好ましい。
なお、上記各式における「4-δ」は、酸素欠損を含んでいてもよいことを示しており、酸素の一部がフッ素で置換されていてもよい。
A層は、少なくともチタン(Ti)又はアルミニウム(Al)又はジルコニウム(Zr)又はこれらのうちの2種類以上を含有していればよい。
A層は、さらにリン(P)を含有してもよい。リン(P)を含有したA層としては、例えばTi及びPを含有したA層、Al及びPを含有したA層、Zr及びPを含有したA層、Ti、Al及びPを含有したA層、Ti、Zr及びPを含有したA層、Al、Zr及びPを含有したA層、Ti、Al、Zr及びPを含有したA層などを挙げることができる。
なお、A層は、Ti、Al、Zr、P及びC以外に他の元素を含有していてもよい。
本正極活物質の炭素含有量は0.1質量%未満であるのが好ましく、中でも0.09質量%以下、その中でも0.08質量%以下であるのが好ましい。
コア粒子の表面の全面又は一部に、このようなA層を設けることにより、コア粒子と電解液との反応を抑制することができ、ガス発生を抑制できる。また、このようなA層は、リチウムイオンの移動に実質的に影響を及ぼさないという特性も備えている。
また、A層の表面側に他の層が存在していてもよい。
本正極活物質は、レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定法により測定して得られる体積基準粒度分布によるD50が3μm~40μmであるのが好ましく、中でも4μm以上、その中でも5μm以上であるのが好ましく、さらにその中でも10μm以上或いは40μm以下、その中でも13μm以上或いは30μm以下であるのが特に好ましい。
本正極活物質のD50が3μm~40μm、特に5μm~40μmであれば、電極作製上の観点から好都合である。
本正極活物質は、レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定法により測定して得られる体積基準粒度分布によるD10が1μm~20μmであるのが好ましく、中でも2μm以上、その中でも3μm以上或いは18μm以下、その中でも4μm以上或いは16μm以下であるのが特に好ましい。
本正極活物質のD10が1μm以上、特に2μm以上であれば、電極塗工時のスラリー分散性がより良好になり、16μm以下であれば、電極塗工時のスラリーの著しい粘度低下を抑制することができる点で、好ましい。
このように本正極活物質のD10を上記範囲に調整するには、コア粒子の製造における焼成条件(温度、時間、雰囲気など)や焼成後の解砕強度(解砕機回転数など)を調整すればよい。但し、これらの方法に限定するものではない。
本正極活物質は、レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定法により測定して得られる体積基準粒度分布によるDminが10μm以下であるのが好ましく、中でも0.1μm以上、その中でも0.3μm以上、その中でも特に0.5μm以上或いは8μm以下であるのが特に好ましい。
本正極活物質のDminが10μm以下であるということは、少なくとも10μmの粒径の本スピネル粒子を含有していることを意味しており、分級によって微粒粉を全て除去してなるものとは区別されるものである。
このように本正極活物質のDminを上記範囲に調整するには、後述するように、沈降速度差を利用して、本正極活物質粒子表面に付着している微粒子粉を削除するようにすればよい。但し、これらの方法に限定するものではない。
本正極活物質の比表面積(BET)は、0.01~3.00m2/g以下であるのが好ましく、中でも0.10m2/g以上或いは2.00m2/g以下であるのが好ましく、その中でも1.50m2/g以下であるのが好ましく、その中でも1.00m2/g以下であるのが特に好ましく、さらにその中でも0.80m2/g以下であるのがさらに好ましい。
一般的に、比表面積が大きくなれば電解液との反応性が高くなり、ガス発生し易くなるのが技術常識である。ところが、本スピネル粉末は、従来のスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物と同程度の比表面積を有しているにもかかわらず、ガス発生を抑えることができている点に特徴がある。
このように本正極活物質の比表面積を上記範囲に調整するには、例えば本焼成の温度を調整したり、分級したりするようにすればよい。但し、これらの方法に限定するものではない。
本正極活物質の製造方法の好ましい一例としては、例えば、リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粒子(コア粒子)を製造した後、チタンカップリング剤又はアルミカップリング剤又はジルコニウムカップリング剤又はチタン・アルミカップリング剤又はアルミ・ジルコニウムカップリング剤などの表面処理剤を、有機溶媒に混合して表面処理を行い、次いで熱処理する工程を有する製造方法にて製造することができる。
リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粒子(コア粒子)の製造方法は、公知の方法を適宜採用すればよい。
ここでは、空間群Fd-3mに属する結晶構造を有するスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物の粉末(「本スピネル粉末」と称する)の作製方法について説明する。
マンガン化合物としては、特に限定するものではない。例えば炭酸マンガン、硝酸マンガン、塩化マンガン、二酸化マンガン、三酸化二マンガン、四酸化三マンガンなどを用いることができ、中でも炭酸マンガン、二酸化マンガンが好ましい。その中でも、電解法によって得られる電解二酸化マンガンが特に好ましい。
M1金属化合物及びM2金属化合物としては、M1又はM2金属の炭酸塩、硝酸塩、塩化物、オキシ水酸化塩、水酸化物などを用いることができる。
このようなホウ素化合物を配合すると、本スピネルの結晶相のほかに、Ni、Mn及びBを含む前記複合酸化物相、例えばNi5MnO4(BO3)2の結晶相が生じることになる。
造粒方法は、前工程で粉砕された各種原料が分離せずに造粒粒子内で分散していれば湿式でも乾式でもよく、押し出し造粒法、転動造粒法、流動造粒法、混合造粒法、噴霧乾燥造粒法、加圧成型造粒法、或いはロール等を用いたフレーク造粒法でもよい。但し、湿式造粒した場合には、焼成前に充分に乾燥させることが必要である。乾燥方法としては、噴霧熱乾燥法、熱風乾燥法、真空乾燥法、フリーズドライ法などの公知の乾燥方法によって乾燥させればよく、中でも噴霧熱乾燥法が好ましい。噴霧熱乾燥法は、熱噴霧乾燥機(スプレードライヤー)を用いて行うのが好ましい。
焼成炉の種類は特に限定するものではない。例えばロータリーキルン、静置炉、その他の焼成炉を用いて焼成することができる。
なお、このようにして得られた本スピネル粉末を水中に投入し、撹拌機などの撹拌手段で撹拌し、その後適宜静置し、上澄み液を除去し、沈降物を回収するという一連の分離処理を、少なくとも1回、好ましくは2回以上繰り返すことよって、さらにガス発生を抑制することができる本スピネル粉末を得ることができる。次にこの分離処理について説明する。
上記分離処理において、スピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物(粉体)を投入する水は、pH5~9、温度15~25℃で、スピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物(粉体)に対して1.2~2倍容量であるのが好ましい。
水のほかにエタノールなどの液を使用することも可能である。
撹拌手段としては、撹拌機、マグネチックスターラーなどの任意の撹拌子を用いることができ、撹拌速度は、粉が沈殿せずに流動する程度、目安としては例えば回転速度200~250rpmで撹拌するのが好ましい。
撹拌後の静置時間は、粉体の大半が沈降し、且つ微粉が浮遊している状態の適宜時間を設定するのが好ましく、目安としては例えば1分~5分が好ましく、中でも2分以上或いは3分以下であるのが特に好ましい。
回収したスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物(粉体)は、300℃以上に加熱するなど、表面近傍の水素(H)を十分に除去するのが好ましい。
次に、上記のようにして得た本スピネル粉末に対して、チタンカップリング剤又はアルミカップリング剤又はジルコニウムカップリング剤又はチタン・アルミカップリング剤又はアルミ・ジルコニウムカップリング剤などの表面処理剤を、有機溶媒に混合して表面処理を行い、乾燥させて有機溶媒を揮発させ、その後300℃以上の加熱処理をすることでA層を形成して本正極活物質を得ることができる。
このように300℃以上で加熱することで、A層の炭素量を低減できると共にA層を酸化させることができ、カップリング剤の種類によっては、寿命特性をさらに高めることができる場合がある。
なお、酸素雰囲気とは、大気雰囲気よりも酸素存在量が多い雰囲気を示す。
本正極活物質は、必要に応じて解砕・分級した後、各種リチウム電池の正極活物質として有効に利用することができる。
本明細書において「X~Y」(X,Yは任意の数字)と表現する場合、特にことわらない限り「X以上Y以下」の意と共に、「好ましくはXより大きい」或いは「好ましくはYより小さい」の意も包含する。
また、「X以上」(Xは任意の数字)或いは「Y以下」(Yは任意の数字)と表現した場合、「Xより大きいことが好ましい」或いは「Y未満であることが好ましい」旨の意図も包含する。
炭酸リチウムと、電解二酸化マンガンと、水酸化ニッケルと、酸化チタンと、四硼酸リチウム(Li2B4O7)とを、Li:3.9質量%、Mn:40.1質量%、Ni:15.5質量%、Ti:5.3質量%、B:0.14質量となるように秤量し、水を加えて混合攪拌して固形分濃度10wt%のスラリーを調製した。
得られたスラリー(原料粉500g)に、分散剤としてポリカルボン酸アンモニウム塩(サンノプコ(株)製 SNディスパーサント5468)を前記スラリー固形分の6wt%添加し、湿式粉砕機で1300rpm、20分間粉砕して平均粒径(D50)を0.5μm以下とした。
得られた造粒粉を、静置式電気炉を用いて、大気中950℃で70時間焼成した後、大気中700℃で70時間熱処理した。熱処理して得られた焼成粉を目開き75μmの篩で分級し、篩下粉を回収してスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末を得た。
得られたスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末は、X線回折装置(XRD)を用いて同定したところ、式(1):Li[LiaMn2-a-cM1bM2c]O4-δで示される5V級スピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物であった。
比較例1と同様にして得たスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末100質量部と、表面処理剤としてチタンカップリング剤(味の素ファインテクノ株式会社 プレンアクト(登録商標)KR-46B)1.0質量部と、溶媒としてのイソプロピルアルコール1.4質量部とをカッターミル(岩谷産業株式会社製ミルサー720G)を用いて混合した。次いで、混合したスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末を大気下で100℃、1時間の条件で乾燥器内に置いて乾燥を行い、次いで品温が500℃となる状態を5時間維持するように加熱して、表面処理層付きスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)を得た。
実施例1で使用した表面処理剤を、アルミカップリング剤(味の素ファインテクノ株式会社 プレンアクト(登録商標)AL-M)に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で表面処理層付きスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)を得た。
このように作製したスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)について、粒子表面付近の断面を透過型電子顕微鏡(日本電子株式会社製「JEM-ARM200F」)で観察したところ、スピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物からなるコア部の表面に部分的にA層が存在していた。また、該A層をEDSで分析したところ、アルミニウム(Al)を含有することが分かった。また、該A層の厚さは、場所によって異なっており、薄い部分は0.1nm、厚い部分は40nmであった。
比較例1の焼成温度950℃を、880℃に変更した以外は、比較例1と同様にしてスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末を得た。そして、このスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末に対して実施例1と同様に表面処理、乾燥、熱処理を行い、表面処理層付きスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)を得た。
このように作製したスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)について、粒子表面付近の断面を透過型電子顕微鏡(日本電子株式会社製「JEM-ARM200F」)で観察したところ、スピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物からなるコア部の表面に部分的にA層が存在していた。また、該A層をEDSで分析したところ、チタン(Ti)とリン(P)を含有することが分かった。また、該A層の厚さは、場所によって異なっており、薄い部分は0.1nm、厚い部分は20nmであった。
炭酸リチウムと、電解二酸化マンガンと、水酸化ニッケルと、酸化チタンと、四硼酸リチウム(Li2B4O7)とを、Li:3.9質量%、Mn:42.3質量%、Ni:14.3質量%、Ti:3.8質量%、B:0.14質量となるように秤量して混合した以外は、比較例1と同様にしてスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)を得た。
比較例2と同様にしてスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末を得た。そして、このスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末に対して表1に示した表面処理を実施し、表面処理層付きスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)を得た。
このように作製したスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)について、粒子表面付近の断面を透過型電子顕微鏡(日本電子株式会社製「JEM-ARM200F」)で観察したところ、スピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物からなるコア部の表面に部分的にA層が存在していた。また、該A層をEDSで分析したところ、アルミニウム(Al)を含有することが分かった。また、該A層の厚さは、場所によって異なっており、薄い部分は0.1nm、厚い部分は30nmであった。
比較例2と同様にしてスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末を得た。そして、このスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末に対して、表1に示した表面処理を実施し、表面処理層付きスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)を得た。
このように作製したスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)について、粒子表面付近の断面を透過型電子顕微鏡(日本電子株式会社製「JEM-ARM200F」)で観察したところ、スピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物からなるコア部の表面に部分的にA層が存在していた。また、該A層をEDSで分析したところ、チタン(Ti)とP(リン)を含有することが分かった。また、該A層の厚さは、場所によって異なっており、薄い部分は0.1nm、厚い部分は20nmであった。
比較例2と同様にしてスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末を得た。そして、表1に示した表面処理を実施し、表面処理層付きスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)を得た。表面処理剤はジルコニウムカップリング剤(ケンリッチ・ペトロケミカルズ社製のKen-React(登録商標)のNZ12)を用いた。
このように作製したスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)について、粒子表面付近の断面を透過型電子顕微鏡(日本電子株式会社製「JEM-ARM200F」)で観察したところ、スピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物からなるコア部の表面に部分的にA層が存在していた。また、該A層をEDSで分析したところ、Zr(ジルコニウム)とP(リン)を含有することが分かった。また、該A層の厚さは、場所によって異なっており、薄い部分は0.1nm、厚い部分は90nmであった。
実施例及び比較例で得られたスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)の各種物性値を次のように測定した。
実施例及び比較例で得られたスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)の比表面積(BET)を次のようにして測定した。
先ず、サンプル(粉体)0.5gを流動方式ガス吸着法比表面積測定装置MONOSORB LOOP(ユアサアイオニクス株式会社製「製品名MS‐18」)用ガラスセルに秤量し、前記MONOSORB LOOP用前処理装置にて、30mL/minのガス量にて5分間窒素ガスでガラスセル内を置換した後、前記窒素ガス雰囲気中で250℃10分間、熱処理を行った。その後、前記MONOSORB LOOPを用い、サンプル(粉体)をBET式一点法にて測定した。
なお、測定時の吸着ガスは、窒素30%:ヘリウム70%の混合ガスを用いた。
実施例及び比較例で得られたスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)について、レーザー回折粒子径分布測定装置用自動試料供給機(日機装株式会社製「Microtorac SDC」)を用い、サンプル(粉体)を水溶性溶媒に投入し、40%の流速中、40Wの超音波を360秒間照射した後、日機装株式会社製レーザー回折粒度分布測定機「MT3000II」を用いて粒度分布を測定し、得られた体積基準粒度分布のチャートからD10、D50、Dminを測定した。
なお、測定の際の水溶性溶媒は60μmのフィルターを通し、溶媒屈折率を1.33、粒子透過性条件を透過、粒子屈折率2.46、形状を非球形とし、測定レンジを0.133~704.0μm、測定時間を30秒とし、2回測定した平均値をD10、D50、Dminとした。
実施例及び比較例で得られたスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)について、炭素含有率(表3中の「C量」)の測定を行った。分析装置及び測定条件下次に示すとおりである。
・分析装置:固体中炭素分析装置(堀場製作所製、EMIA-110)
・キャリアーガス:酸素(純度99.95%以上)、ガス圧0.75±0.05kgf/ cm2
・測定条件:EMIA-110取扱説明書に記載の標準的な設定条件(燃焼設定時間は60秒に変更)
実施例1、4、6及び比較例1、2で得たスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)のリチウム量、マンガン量、ニッケル量、チタン量、アルミニウム量及びジルコニウム量を、誘導結合プラズマ(ICP)発光分光分析により測定し、表2に示した。
実施例・比較例で作製したスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)を、正極活物質として用いてラミネート型電池を作製しガス発生評価試験を実施し、2032型コイン型電池を作製し、高温サイクル評価試験を行った。
実施例・比較例で作製したスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末(サンプル)89wt%と、導電助材としてのアセチレンブラック5wt%と、結着材としてのPVDF6wt%とを混合し、NMP(N-メチルピロリドン)を加えてペースト状に調整した。このペーストを厚さ15μmのAl箔集電体に塗布し、120℃で乾燥させた。その後、厚さ80μmにプレスして正極シートを作製した。
上記した方法で作製したラミネート型電池を、12時間放置した後、電流密度0.2mA/cm2で、測定環境25℃で両電極間の電位差が4.9Vになるまで充電を行い、その後3.0Vになるまで0.2mA/cm2で放電を行った。その後測定環境温度を45℃にして4時間放置し上記と同電流値で、両電極間の電位差が4.9Vになるまでの充電を行い、その電圧を7日間維持した後3.0Vまでの放電行った。
ここまでに発生するガス発生量(mL)は、浸漬容積法(アルキメデスの原理に基づく溶媒置換法)により計測した。
なお、表3の結果は、ラミネート型電池2個について、それぞれ測定した数値の平均値から算出したものであり、各実施例のガス発生量は、比較例1のガス発生量を100%とした際の相対値(%)で示した。
上記で得られた正極シートをφ13の大きさに切り出して正極とする一方、上記で得られた負極シートをφ14の大きさに切り出して負極とし、正極と負極の間に、エチレンカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネートの混合溶媒(容量比=20:20:60)に、LiPF6を1mol/Lになるように溶解させ、更に添加剤としてビニレンカーボネートを2容積%添加した電解液を含浸させたセパレータ(多孔性ポリエチレンフィルム)を置き、2032型コイン電池を作製した。
これら2032型コイン電池を常温で4.9Vまで充電、3.0Vまで放電をし、これを3サイクル繰り返して初期活性を行った。
その後、2032型コイン電池を45℃の環境下にして0.5Cの充放電サイクル試験を実施した。
サイクル試験の指標としては、45℃の環境下でサイクル試験の3サイクル目の容量を基準に100%として、放電容量が70%に到達したサイクル数を用い、表3には、そのサイクル数を示した。
以上の結果、上記のようにコア粒子表面の全面又は一部に、少なくともチタン(Ti)又はアルミニウム(Al)又はジルコニウム(Zr)又はこれらのうちの2種類以上を含有するA層を備えたリチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粉末であれば、寿命特性を向上させることができ、しかも、電解液との反応により発生するガスの発生量を有効に抑えることができることが分かった。これは、コア粒子表面の活性点に選択的にA層が形成されるためと思われる。なお、A層の存在についてはX線光電子分光分析装置(XPS)でも確認されている。
さらに、表2において、実施例1と比較例1、実施例4、6と比較例2を対比すると、カップリング剤成分由来の組成変化が確認できた。EDSによる分析結果と併せて、コア粒子表面の全面又は一部にA層が形成されたことを示している。
また、酸素存在雰囲気で熱処理を行った実施例4、5及び6を見ると、ガス発生量がさらに低減されていることが分かった。これは、熱処理時に正極活物質から酸素が抜けることが、雰囲気中の酸素の供給によって抑制されたためと推察することができる。
Claims (12)
- 金属Li基準電位において、4.3Vを超える領域の充電電圧で作動するリチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粒子(「コア粒子」とも称する)の表面の全面又は一部に、少なくともチタン(Ti)又はアルミニウム(Al)又はジルコニウム(Zr)又はこれらのうちの2種類以上を含有する層(「A層」と称する)を備えた正極活物質粒子を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 金属Li基準電位において、4.3Vを超える領域の充電電圧で作動するリチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粒子(「コア粒子」とも称する)の表面の全面又は一部に、少なくともチタン(Ti)又はアルミニウム(Al)又はこれら両方を含有する層(「A層」と称する)を備えた正極活物質粒子を含むリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 炭素(C)含有量が0.1質量%未満であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- A層は、さらにリン(P)を含有することを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- A層の厚さは0.1nm~200nmであることを特徴とする請求項1~4の何れかに記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 比表面積が0.01~3.00m2/gであることを特徴とする請求項1~5の何れかに記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定法により測定して得られる体積基準粒度分布によるD50が3μm~40μmであることを特徴とする請求項1~6の何れかに記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定法により測定して得られる体積基準粒度分布によるD10が1μm~20μmであることを特徴とする請求項1~7の何れかに記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定法により測定して得られる体積基準粒度分布によるDminが10μm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~8の何れかに記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粒子は、金属Li基準電位で4.5V以上の作動電位を有するスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粒子であることを特徴とする請求項1~9の何れかに記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粒子は、LiMn2O4-δにおけるMnサイトの一部を、Liと、金属元素M1と、他の金属元素M2とで置換してなる結晶相を含むスピネル型リチウムマンガン含有複合酸化物粒子であることを特徴とする、請求項1~10の何れかに記載のリチウム二次電池用正極活物質。
- 請求項1~11の何れかに記載されたリチウム二次電池用正極活物質を備えたリチウム二次電池。
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| US20190051900A1 (en) * | 2016-02-29 | 2019-02-14 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. | Spinel-Type Lithium-Manganese-Containing Complex Oxide |
| US10468677B2 (en) * | 2016-02-29 | 2019-11-05 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. | Spinel-type lithium-manganese-containing complex oxide |
| US10763499B2 (en) | 2016-07-14 | 2020-09-01 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. | Cathode active material for all-solid-state lithium secondary battery |
| JPWO2018012522A1 (ja) * | 2016-07-14 | 2019-03-07 | 三井金属鉱業株式会社 | 全固体型リチウム二次電池用正極活物質 |
| JP7131056B2 (ja) | 2017-04-28 | 2022-09-06 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 非水系電解液二次電池用正極活物質、非水系電解液二次電池 |
| JP2018190720A (ja) * | 2017-04-28 | 2018-11-29 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 非水系電解液二次電池用正極活物質、非水系電解液二次電池 |
| US11824188B2 (en) | 2017-08-14 | 2023-11-21 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. | Positive electrode active material for all-solid-state lithium secondary batteries |
| US12347856B2 (en) | 2017-08-28 | 2025-07-01 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. | Positive electrode active substance for all solid-state lithium secondary battery |
| US12614723B2 (en) | 2017-08-28 | 2026-04-28 | Mitsui Kinzoku Company, Limited | Positive electrode active substance for all solid-state lithium secondary battery |
| WO2022044720A1 (ja) * | 2020-08-24 | 2022-03-03 | 住友化学株式会社 | リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、リチウム二次電池用正極及びリチウム二次電池 |
| WO2022259755A1 (ja) | 2021-06-10 | 2022-12-15 | 三井金属鉱業株式会社 | 活物質及びその製造方法 |
| KR20220167280A (ko) | 2021-06-10 | 2022-12-20 | 미쓰이금속광업주식회사 | 활물질 및 그 제조 방법 |
| US12374682B2 (en) | 2021-06-10 | 2025-07-29 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. | Active material and process for producing the same |
| US12531235B2 (en) | 2021-06-10 | 2026-01-20 | Mitsui Kinzoku Company, Limited | Active material and process for producing the same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20160009015A (ko) | 2016-01-25 |
| KR102188380B1 (ko) | 2020-12-08 |
| GB2528222B (en) | 2021-11-24 |
| JP5828989B2 (ja) | 2015-12-09 |
| US20160111716A1 (en) | 2016-04-21 |
| US10186706B2 (en) | 2019-01-22 |
| GB2528222A (en) | 2016-01-13 |
| JPWO2014185547A1 (ja) | 2017-02-23 |
| GB201519834D0 (en) | 2015-12-23 |
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