WO2014021272A1 - 非水電解液及びそれを用いた蓄電デバイス - Google Patents
非水電解液及びそれを用いた蓄電デバイス Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014021272A1 WO2014021272A1 PCT/JP2013/070504 JP2013070504W WO2014021272A1 WO 2014021272 A1 WO2014021272 A1 WO 2014021272A1 JP 2013070504 W JP2013070504 W JP 2013070504W WO 2014021272 A1 WO2014021272 A1 WO 2014021272A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- carbonate
- group
- lithium
- methyl
- carbon atoms
- Prior art date
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- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- -1 phosphoric acid ester compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 130
- VDFVNEFVBPFDSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxane Chemical compound C1COCOC1 VDFVNEFVBPFDSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 79
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 72
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 41
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical group O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000001494 2-propynyl group Chemical group [H]C#CC([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile Chemical group ClCC1=NC=CC=C1C#N FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000005394 methallyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 7
- BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound C=CC1COC(=O)O1 BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004448 alkyl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical group [H]C(*)=O 0.000 claims description 5
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013528 LiN(SO2 CF3)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910012258 LiPO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910012424 LiSO 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005090 alkenylcarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RCIJMMSZBQEWKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propan-2-yl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(C)C RCIJMMSZBQEWKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- GGUBFICZYGKNTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphonoacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CP(=O)(OCC)OCC GGUBFICZYGKNTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UAXKSRSDRMHEJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)oxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CC(=C)C(C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O UAXKSRSDRMHEJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OCHQBKDMQMKXEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-but-3-en-2-yloxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound C=CC(C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O OCHQBKDMQMKXEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HRRASSXPECVOQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-non-1-en-3-yloxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CCCCCCC(C=C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O HRRASSXPECVOQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RYNKSPIWLXKJHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-oct-1-en-3-yloxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CCCCCC(C=C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O RYNKSPIWLXKJHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- SDUUUELMPMYSDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-pent-1-en-3-yloxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CCC(C=C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O SDUUUELMPMYSDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013385 LiN(SO2C2F5)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005087 alkynylcarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005129 aryl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- FWBMVXOCTXTBAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OC FWBMVXOCTXTBAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LWLOKSXSAUHTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound CC1OC(=O)OC1C LWLOKSXSAUHTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FOLJHXWWJYUOJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethynyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OCC(C#C)O1 FOLJHXWWJYUOJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OCCCC QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QCFJPVUGEBJHPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-diethoxyphosphoryl-2,2-difluoroacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(F)(F)P(=O)(OCC)OCC QCFJPVUGEBJHPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FVPISMANESAJQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-diethoxyphosphoryl-2-fluoroacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(F)P(=O)(OCC)OCC FVPISMANESAJQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCC CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CTSAXXHOGZNKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-diethoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)CC(=O)OC CTSAXXHOGZNKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ABTZLZROXOUONJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enyl 2-diethoxyphosphoryl-2-fluoroacetate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)C(F)C(=O)OCC=C ABTZLZROXOUONJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BYXGTJQWDSWRAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl 2-diethoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)CC(=O)OCC#C BYXGTJQWDSWRAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003606 tin compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- ABSFOAMTMLOUAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N C=CC(CCCC)C1C(=O)OC(C1)=O.C=CC(CCC)C1C(=O)OC(C1)=O Chemical compound C=CC(CCCC)C1C(=O)OC(C1)=O.C=CC(CCC)C1C(=O)OC(C1)=O ABSFOAMTMLOUAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ZWQOHPUTIPRMOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1(C)OSCC1=O Chemical compound CC1(C)OSCC1=O ZWQOHPUTIPRMOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- PBWZKZYHONABLN-UHFFFAOYSA-M difluoroacetate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C(F)F PBWZKZYHONABLN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- SJDVCNSZOFCAOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-diethoxyphosphoryl-2,2-difluoroacetate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)C(F)(F)C(=O)OC SJDVCNSZOFCAOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- MEVFDLFNGRSBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-diethoxyphosphoryl-2-fluoroacetate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)C(F)C(=O)OC MEVFDLFNGRSBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ZJWSHRJCDPJYKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl 2-diethoxyphosphoryl-2,2-difluoroacetate Chemical compound C(C)OP(=O)(OCC)C(C(=O)OCC#C)(F)F ZJWSHRJCDPJYKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- RINCXYDBBGOEEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic anhydride Chemical class O=C1CCC(=O)O1 RINCXYDBBGOEEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 47
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 36
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 20
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 19
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 16
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 13
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 10
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 10
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 9
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 150000005687 symmetric chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 6
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 6
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007088 Archimedes method Methods 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 5
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910013733 LiCo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910012225 LiPFO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 235000019241 carbon black Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000004206 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(*)C(F)(F)F 0.000 description 2
- 125000004974 2-butenyl group Chemical group C(C=CC)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000069 2-butynyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C#CC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- NEHRLNWTAMSBTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hept-1-en-3-yloxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CCCCC(C=C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O NEHRLNWTAMSBTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QKOBHBGJERNRBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hex-1-en-3-yloxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CCCC(C=C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O QKOBHBGJERNRBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JDDBKQPRYIYGND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,5-dimethyl-2,2-dioxooxathiolan-4-one Chemical compound CC1(C)OS(=O)(=O)CC1=O JDDBKQPRYIYGND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NNWVHGZNJMRROL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methyl-2,2-dioxooxathiolan-4-one Chemical compound CC1OS(=O)(=O)CC1=O NNWVHGZNJMRROL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910014395 LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000746 allylic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- LISOPUPWQFKGQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-yn-2-yl 2-diethoxyphosphoryl-2,2-difluoroacetate Chemical compound C(C)OP(=O)(OCC)C(C(=O)OC(C#C)C)(F)F LISOPUPWQFKGQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-valerolactone Chemical compound CC1CCC(=O)O1 GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCC LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VUAXHMVRKOTJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2,2-dimethylbutanoate Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)C([O-])=O VUAXHMVRKOTJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000006022 2-methyl-2-propenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PJKSLMMCWVSDRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2,3-dimethylbut-3-en-2-yl)oxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CC(=C)C(C)(C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O PJKSLMMCWVSDRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DACDCELFCYGLHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-methylpent-1-en-3-yl)oxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CCC(C(C)=C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O DACDCELFCYGLHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQTIOTLIYVYKLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)oxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CC(C)=CCC1CC(=O)OC1=O PQTIOTLIYVYKLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VBEHAUTYPUKISB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3-methylbut-3-enyl)oxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CC(=C)CCC1CC(=O)OC1=O VBEHAUTYPUKISB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MNKYDPDQJHEZEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(4-methylpent-1-en-3-yl)oxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CC(C)C(C=C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O MNKYDPDQJHEZEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AQIGIXWOKIEJFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(4-methylpent-4-en-2-yl)oxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CC(=C)CC(C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O AQIGIXWOKIEJFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCYZOWYCOUNUTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-but-2-enyloxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CC=CCC1CC(=O)OC1=O YCYZOWYCOUNUTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CNNCFWUTUQLKNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-but-3-enyloxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound C=CCCC1CC(=O)OC1=O CNNCFWUTUQLKNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004975 3-butenyl group Chemical group C(CC=C)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000474 3-butynyl group Chemical group [H]C#CC([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- VRIMEYAMVZPBDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hex-5-en-2-yloxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound C=CCCC(C)C1CC(=O)OC1=O VRIMEYAMVZPBDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PGEZHWMJHHMVCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-pent-4-enyloxolane-2,5-dione Chemical compound C=CCCCC1CC(=O)OC1=O PGEZHWMJHHMVCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006043 5-hexenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910015902 Bi 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VOVABNJKDWDYGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C(C=C)C1C(=O)OC(C1)=O)(C)C.CC(C(C=C)C1C(=O)OC(C1)=O)CC Chemical compound CC(C(C=C)C1C(=O)OC(C1)=O)(C)C.CC(C(C=C)C1C(=O)OC(C1)=O)CC VOVABNJKDWDYGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910018921 CoO 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012108 LiCo0.98Mg0.02O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012735 LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011281 LiCoPO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015118 LiMO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012748 LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015701 LiNi0.85Co0.10Al0.05O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013086 LiNiPO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SWTCCCJQNPGXLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetaldehyde di-n-butyl acetal Natural products CCCCOC(C)OCCCC SWTCCCJQNPGXLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- QOTQFLOTGBBMEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-angelica lactone Chemical compound CC1=CCC(=O)O1 QOTQFLOTGBBMEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PBWPSDTWPOSIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-yn-2-yl 2-diethoxyphosphoryl-2-fluoroacetate Chemical compound C(C)OP(=O)(OCC)C(C(=O)OC(C#C)C)F PBWPSDTWPOSIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001786 chalcogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006231 channel black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000547 conjugated polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- HHEIMYAXCOIQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)(C)C HHEIMYAXCOIQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BIBOXYUOVLASGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-dimethoxyphosphoryl-2,2-difluoroacetate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)C(C(=O)OCC)(F)F BIBOXYUOVLASGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTBRFSFTMTXCPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-dimethoxyphosphoryl-2-fluoroacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(F)P(=O)(OC)OC MTBRFSFTMTXCPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HUNISAHOCCASGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-dimethoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CP(=O)(OC)OC HUNISAHOCCASGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004216 fluoromethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000398 iron phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;molecular fluorine Chemical compound C.FF QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQIOSYKVBBWRRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylphosphonyl difluoride Chemical group CP(F)(F)=O PQIOSYKVBBWRRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006864 oxidative decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- IUGYQRQAERSCNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M pivalate Chemical class CC(C)(C)C([O-])=O IUGYQRQAERSCNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001844 prenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- YYVSOTFULJDUOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enyl 2-diethoxyphosphoryl-2,2-difluoroacetate Chemical compound C(C)OP(=O)(OCC)C(C(=O)OCC=C)(F)F YYVSOTFULJDUOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZYDNCPMANHAFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl 2-diethoxyphosphoryl-2-fluoroacetate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)C(F)C(=O)OCC#C OZYDNCPMANHAFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QMKUYPGVVVLYSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C(C)(C)C QMKUYPGVVVLYSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003459 sulfonic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/60—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solvent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/64—Liquid electrolytes characterised by additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/166—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solute
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/168—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
- H01M6/162—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte
- H01M6/164—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte characterised by the electrolyte by the solvent
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nonaqueous electrolytic solution capable of improving electrochemical properties at high temperatures and an electricity storage device using the same.
- a lithium secondary battery is mainly composed of a positive electrode and a negative electrode containing a material capable of occluding and releasing lithium, and a non-aqueous electrolyte composed of a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent include ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene. Carbonates such as carbonate (PC) are used.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene
- Carbonates such as carbonate
- negative electrodes of lithium secondary batteries lithium metal, metal compounds capable of inserting and extracting lithium (metal simple substance, oxide, alloy with lithium, etc.) and carbon materials are known.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries using carbon materials that can occlude and release lithium such as coke and graphite (artificial graphite, natural graphite), are widely used.
- materials capable of occluding and releasing lithium such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiFePO 4 and the like used as the positive electrode material, store lithium and electrons at a noble voltage of 3.5 V or more on the basis of lithium. Because of the release, many solvents have the potential to undergo oxidative decomposition, especially at high temperatures, and some of the solvent in the electrolyte solution is oxidatively decomposed on the positive electrode regardless of the type of positive electrode material. However, the deposition of decomposition products and the generation of gas hinder the movement of lithium ions, resulting in a problem that battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics deteriorate.
- Patent Document 1 when a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using an electrolyte containing 1,3-dioxane is stored in a charged state, the positive electrode active material and the non-aqueous electrolyte react to expand the battery. It is possible to prevent the battery capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery from being reduced, and Patent Document 2 discloses that an electrolyte containing triethylphosphonoacetate can suppress gas after continuous charging. It has been shown to be effective in high temperature storage properties. Patent Document 3 shows that an electrolytic solution containing 1,3-dioxane and a chain sulfonic acid ester is effective for cycle characteristics and high-temperature storage characteristics.
- the present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolytic solution capable of improving electrochemical characteristics at high temperatures and reducing not only the capacity retention rate after a high temperature cycle test but also the rate of increase in electrode thickness, and an electricity storage device using the same.
- the issue is to provide.
- the present inventors examined in detail about the performance of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the said patent document.
- the battery of Patent Document 1 can prevent the battery from expanding due to suppression of gas generation, it cannot be said that the problem of reducing the increase rate of the electrode thickness is sufficiently satisfied.
- the non-aqueous electrolytes of Patent Documents 2 and 3 can be sufficiently satisfied with respect to the problem of reducing the increase rate of the electrode thickness although the capacity retention rate after the high-temperature cycle can be improved. There was no actual situation.
- the present inventors contain 1,3-dioxane, and further have a specific phosphate compound, a cyclic sulfonate compound, and allyl hydrogen.
- a specific phosphate compound a cyclic sulfonate compound
- allyl hydrogen By adding at least one selected from cyclic acid anhydrides containing side chains to the non-aqueous electrolyte, it is possible to improve the capacity retention rate after a high temperature cycle and reduce the increase rate of the electrode thickness.
- the present invention has been completed by finding out what can be done.
- the present invention provides the following (1) and (2).
- a non-aqueous electrolyte in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent 0.001 to 5% by mass of 1,3-dioxane is contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the following general formula (I) 0.001 to 5% by mass of at least one selected from a phosphoric acid ester compound represented by formula, a cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound represented by general formula (II), and a cyclic acid anhydride containing a side chain having allyl hydrogen
- a non-aqueous electrolyte characterized by containing containing.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom;
- R 3 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkynyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and
- R 4 and R 5 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom. Or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R 6 and R 7 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, or a halogen atom; , —CH (OR 8 ) — or —C ( ⁇ O) —, wherein R 8 is a formyl group, an alkylcarbonyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkenylcarbonyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, or 3 to 3 carbon atoms.
- 7 represents an alkynylcarbonyl group having 7 or an arylcarbonyl group having 7 to 13 carbon atoms, and R 8 may have at least one hydrogen atom substituted with a halogen atom.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains 0.001 to 5% by mass of 1,3-dioxane.
- the phosphoric acid ester compound represented by the general formula (I) the cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound represented by the general formula (II), and a cyclic acid anhydride containing a side chain having allyl hydrogen are selected.
- An electrical storage device containing 0.001 to 5 mass% of at least one kind.
- capacitance maintenance factor after a high temperature cycle can be improved, and electrical storage devices, such as a lithium battery using the nonaqueous electrolyte solution which reduces the increase rate of electrode thickness, and it can be provided. .
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is a non-aqueous electrolyte in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, and contains 0.001 to 5% by mass of 1,3-dioxane in the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the reason why the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention can greatly improve the electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range is not clear, but is considered as follows.
- the 1,3-dioxane used in the present invention decomposes on the negative electrode to form a film, but by itself, by repeatedly charging and discharging under high temperature conditions, the film grows by dissolution and re-formation, and the thickness of the electrode is reduced. It will increase greatly.
- a phosphoric acid ester compound represented by general formula (I) a cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound represented by general formula (II)
- the content of 1,3-dioxane is 0.001 to 5% by mass in the non-aqueous electrolyte. If the content is 5% by mass or less, a film is excessively formed on the electrode and the high-temperature cycle characteristics are less likely to be deteriorated. If the content is 0.001% by mass or more, the film is sufficiently formed, and the temperature is high. The effect of improving cycle characteristics is enhanced.
- the content is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, and more preferably 0.1% by mass or more in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
- the upper limit is preferably 4% by mass or less, and more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the phosphate ester compound contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (I).
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom;
- R 3 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkynyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and
- R 4 and R 5 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom. Or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R 1 and R 2 include a straight chain alkyl group such as methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, n-butyl group, n-pentyl group, n-hexyl group, isopropyl group, sec-butyl.
- Fluorine in which part of hydrogen atoms such as branched chain alkyl groups such as tert-butyl and tert-amyl groups, fluoromethyl groups and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl groups are substituted with fluorine atoms
- An alkyl group etc. are mentioned.
- a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, or a 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group is preferable, and a methyl group or an ethyl group is more preferable.
- R 3 include linear alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert -Branched alkyl groups such as butyl group, tert-amyl group, 2-propenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 3-butenyl group, 4-pentenyl group, 5-hexenyl group, 2-methyl-2-propenyl group An alkenyl group such as 3-methyl-2-butenyl group, 2-propynyl group, 2-butynyl group, 3-butynyl group, 4-pentynyl group, 5-hexynyl group, 1-methyl-2-propynyl group, 1, Examples thereof include alkynyl groups such as 1-dimethyl-2-propynyl group.
- a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 2-butenyl group, a 2-propynyl group, a 2-butynyl group, or a 1-methyl-2-propynyl group is preferable.
- a methyl group, an ethyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 2-propynyl group, or a 1-methyl-2-propynyl group is more preferable.
- R 4 and R 5 include a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group and other linear alkyl groups, an isopropyl group, and a sec-butyl group.
- Preferred examples include branched chain alkyl groups such as tert-butyl group.
- a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, or an isopropyl group is preferable, and a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a methyl group, or an ethyl group is more preferable.
- Examples of the phosphate ester compound represented by the general formula (I) include the following compounds.
- the structures of I-2, I-4 to I-6, I-14, I-18, I-21 to I-40, I-42 to I-50, and I-52 to I-54 Preferred compounds include ethyl 2- (dimethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (Compound I-2), 2-propynyl 2- (dimethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (Compound I-4), methyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (Compound I -5), ethyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (compound I-6), 2-propenyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (compound I-14), 2-propynyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate ( Compound I-18), 1-methyl-2-propynyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (Compound I-21), 2-propini 2- (dimethoxyphosphoryl) propanoate (compound I-30), 2-propynyl 2- (dimethoxyphosphoryl) propanoate (compound I-34
- the cyclic sulfonate compound contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (II).
- R 6 and R 7 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, or a halogen atom; , —CH (OR 8 ) — or —C ( ⁇ O) —, wherein R 8 is a formyl group, an alkylcarbonyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, an alkenylcarbonyl group having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, or 3 to 3 carbon atoms.
- 7 represents an alkynylcarbonyl group having 7 or an arylcarbonyl group having 7 to 13 carbon atoms, and R 8 may have at least one hydrogen atom substituted with a halogen atom.
- R 6 and R 7 are each preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, or a halogen atom, and a hydrogen atom or at least one hydrogen atom is More preferred is an alkyl group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms which may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- R 8 is preferably a formyl group, an alkylcarbonyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, or an alkenylcarbonyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably a formyl group or an alkylcarbonyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms.
- Examples of the cyclic sulfonate compound represented by the general formula (II) include the following compounds.
- the cyclic acid anhydride containing a side chain having allyl hydrogen contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention contains a cyclic acid anhydride body and a side chain having allyl hydrogen bonded thereto.
- the cyclic acid anhydride body is preferably a cyclic acid anhydride having 4 to 5 carbon atoms, and preferably succinic anhydride.
- the side chain having allyl hydrogen is preferably a linear or branched hydrocarbon group having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
- "allylic hydrogen "Having” means having at least one of the two hydrogens.
- the number of allyl hydrogens is preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 or 2, and still more preferably 2.
- allyl carbon is present between the double bond and the cyclic acid anhydride, and the direct bond is formed between both the double bond and the cyclic acid anhydride. More preferably.
- the number of hydrogen atoms directly bonded to the double bond in the side chain is preferably 2 or 3, and more preferably 3, that is, a terminal double bond. This is because by including allyl hydrogen and a terminal double bond, it is considered that a strong composite film can be easily formed quickly by using together with 1,3-dioxane.
- the side chain having allyl hydrogen may be cyclic, straight chain, or branched, and may be substituted with an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a group containing a hetero atom.
- Specific examples of the side chain having allyl hydrogen include allyl group, 3-buten-2-yl group, 1-penten-3-yl group, 1-hexen-3-yl group, and 1-hepten-3-yl group.
- allyl group 1-penten-3-yl group, 1-hexen-3-yl group, 1-hepten-3-yl group, 1-octen-3-yl group, 1-nonene-3- Yl group, 3-buten-2-yl group, 2-methylallyl group, 3-methyl-3-buten-2-yl group are preferred, allyl water group, 3-buten-2-yl group, 2-methylallyl group, A 3-methyl-3-buten-2-yl group is more preferred.
- cyclic acid anhydride examples include 2-allyl succinic anhydride, 2- (3-buten-2-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (1-penten-3-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (1-hexen-3-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (1-hepten-3-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (1-octen-3-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (1-nonene- 3-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (2-buten-1-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (2,3-dimethyl) -2-buten-1-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (4-methyl-1-penten-3-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (4-methyl-1-hexen-3-yl) succinic anhydride 2- (4,4-dimethyl-1-penten-3-yl) succinic anhydride
- 2-allyl succinic anhydride 2- (1-penten-3-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (1-hexen-3-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (1-heptene-3- Yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (1-octen-3-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (1-nonen-3-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (3-buten-2-yl) succinic anhydride , 2- (2-methylallyl) succinic anhydride, and 2- (3-methyl-3-buten-2-yl) succinic anhydride are more preferable, and 2-allyl succinic anhydride, 2- ( More preferred is at least one selected from 3-buten-2-yl) succinic anhydride, 2- (2-methylallyl) succinic anhydride, and 2- (3-methyl-3-buten-2-yl) succinic anhydride. .
- the phosphoric acid ester compound represented by the general formula (I), the cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound represented by the general formula (II), and allyl hydrogen contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution The content of at least one selected from cyclic acid anhydrides containing a side chain having a value of 0.001 to 5% by mass in the non-aqueous electrolyte. If the content is 5% by mass or less, a film is excessively formed on the electrode and the high-temperature cycle characteristics are less likely to be deteriorated. If the content is 0.001% by mass or more, the film is sufficiently formed, and the temperature is high. The effect of improving cycle characteristics is enhanced.
- the content is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the upper limit thereof is preferably 4% by mass or less, more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the mixing ratio (weight ratio) of the cyclic acid anhydride having a side chain having allyl hydrogen: 1,3-dioxane is preferably 2:98 to 80:20, more preferably 5:95 to 40:60. 10:90 to 30:70 is more preferable.
- a phosphoric acid ester compound represented by the general formula (I) a cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound represented by the general formula (II), and a cyclic acid containing a side chain having allyl hydrogen
- the capacity retention rate after a high-temperature cycle can be improved, and the rate of increase in electrode thickness can be increased. It produces a unique effect of reducing.
- Nonaqueous solvent examples include one or more selected from cyclic carbonates, chain esters, ethers, amides, sulfones, and lactones, and at least one cyclic carbonate. It is preferable that both a cyclic carbonate and a chain ester are included.
- chain ester is used as a concept including chain carbonate and chain carboxylic acid ester.
- Cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (FEC), trans or Cis-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (hereinafter collectively referred to as “DFEC”), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), and 4-ethynyl-1 , 3-dioxolan-2-one (EEC), ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, vinylene carbonate and 4-ethynyl- One selected from 1,3-dioxolan-2-one (EEC) Or two or more is more preferable.
- the carbon-carbon double bond, unsaturated bond such as carbon-carbon triple bond, or cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom because the low-temperature load characteristics after high-temperature charge storage are further improved. More preferably, both a cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond such as a carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond and a cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom are included.
- VC, VEC or EEC is more preferable
- the cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom FEC or DFEC is more preferable.
- the content of the cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond such as a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond is preferably 0.07% by volume or more, more preferably 0.8%, based on the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent. 2 vol% or more, more preferably 0.7 vol% or more, and the upper limit thereof is preferably 7 vol% or less, more preferably 4 vol% or less, further preferably 2.5 vol% or less. It is preferable because the stability of the coating during storage at high temperatures can be further increased without impairing the Li ion permeability at low temperatures.
- the content of the cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom is preferably 0.07% by volume or more, more preferably 4% by volume or more, still more preferably 7% by volume or more, based on the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent.
- the upper limit is preferably 35% by volume or less, more preferably 25% by volume or less, and even more preferably 15% by volume or less, and the stability of the coating during storage at a high temperature is further reduced without impairing the Li ion permeability at low temperatures. Can be increased.
- the carbon content relative to the content of the cyclic carbonate having a fluorine atom is preferably 0.2% by volume or more, more preferably 3% by volume or more, and further preferably 7% by volume or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 40% by volume or less, more preferably 30% by volume or less, and even more preferably 15% by volume or less, and the coating during further high-temperature storage without impairing the Li ion permeability at low temperatures. It is particularly preferable because the stability of the can be increased. Moreover, since the resistance of the film formed on an electrode becomes small when a nonaqueous solvent contains both ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or both ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, it is preferable.
- the content of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or both ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate is preferably at least 3% by volume, more preferably at least 5% by volume, even more preferably at least 7% by volume, based on the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent.
- the upper limit thereof is preferably 45% by volume or less, more preferably 35% by volume or less, and still more preferably 25% by volume or less.
- solvents may be used singly, and when used in combination of two or more, it is preferable because electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range are further improved, and it is particularly preferable to use a combination of three or more.
- Preferred combinations of these cyclic carbonates include EC and PC, EC and VC, PC and VC, VC and FEC, EC and FEC, PC and FEC, FEC and DFEC, EC and DFEC, PC and DFEC, VC and DFEC , VEC and DFEC, VC and EEC, EC and EEC, EC and PC and VC, EC and PC and FEC, EC and VC and FEC, EC and VC and VEC, EC and VC and EEC, EC and EEC and FEC, PC And VC and FEC, EC and VC and DFEC, PC and VC and DFEC, EC and PC and VC and FEC, EC and PC and VC and FEC, EC and PC and VC and
- chain esters examples include asymmetric chain carbonates such as methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), methyl isopropyl carbonate (MIPC), methyl butyl carbonate, and ethyl propyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and diethyl carbonate ( DEC), symmetric chain carbonates such as dipropyl carbonate and dibutyl carbonate, pivalate esters such as methyl pivalate, ethyl pivalate, and propyl pivalate, chains such as methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate Preferred examples include carboxylic acid esters.
- MEC methyl ethyl carbonate
- MPC methyl propyl carbonate
- MIPC methyl isopropyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- symmetric chain carbonates such as dipropyl carbonate
- a negative electrode When using a negative electrode whose charging potential in a fully charged state is less than 1 V on the basis of Li, among the chain esters, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate, methyl propionate, acetic acid
- a chain ester having a methyl group selected from methyl and ethyl acetate is preferable, and a chain carbonate having a methyl group is particularly preferable. This is because decomposition at the negative electrode hardly proceeds and capacity deterioration can be suppressed.
- the chain carbonate which has a methyl group it is preferable to use 2 or more types. Further, it is more preferable that both a symmetric chain carbonate and an asymmetric chain carbonate are contained, and it is more preferable that the content of the symmetric chain carbonate is more than that of the asymmetric chain carbonate.
- the content of the chain ester is not particularly limited, but it is preferably used in the range of 60 to 90% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent. If the content is 60% by volume or more, the effect of lowering the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte is sufficiently obtained, and if it is 90% by volume or less, the electrical conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte is sufficiently increased, and in a wide temperature range.
- the above-mentioned range is preferable since the electrochemical characteristics of the above are improved.
- chain carbonate it is preferable to use 2 or more types.
- both a symmetric chain carbonate and an asymmetric chain carbonate are contained, and it is more preferable that the content of the symmetric chain carbonate is more than that of the asymmetric chain carbonate.
- the volume ratio of the symmetric chain carbonate in the chain carbonate is preferably 51% by volume or more, and more preferably 55% by volume or more. As an upper limit, 95 volume% or less is more preferable, and it is still more preferable in it being 85 volume% or less. It is particularly preferred that the symmetric chain carbonate contains dimethyl carbonate.
- the asymmetric chain carbonate preferably has a methyl group, and methyl ethyl carbonate is particularly preferable. The above case is preferable because the high-temperature cycle characteristics are further improved.
- the ratio between the cyclic carbonate and the chain ester is preferably 10:90 to 45:55, and 15:85 to 40:55 in terms of the cyclic carbonate: chain ester (volume ratio) from the viewpoint of improving electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range. 60 is more preferable, and 20:80 to 35:65 is still more preferable.
- non-aqueous solvents include cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, 1,2- Preferred examples include one or more selected from chain ethers such as dibutoxyethane, amides such as dimethylformamide, sulfones such as sulfolane, lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, and ⁇ -angelicalactone. .
- Electrode salt Preferred examples of the electrolyte salt used in the present invention include the following lithium salts.
- (Lithium salt) Preferred examples of the electrolyte salt used in the present invention include the following lithium salts.
- the lithium salt include inorganic lithium salts such as LiPF 6 , LiPO 2 F 2 , Li 2 PO 3 F, LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiSO 3 F, LiN (SO 2 F) 2 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2.
- LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiPO 2 F 2 , LiSO 3 F, LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 F) 2 bis [oxalate-O, O
- the concentration of the lithium salt is usually preferably 0.3 M or more, more preferably 0.7 M or more, and further preferably 1.1 M or more with respect to the non-aqueous solvent.
- the upper limit is preferably 2.5M or less, more preferably 2.0M or less, and still more preferably 1.6M or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is, for example, mixed with the above-mentioned non-aqueous solvent, and is represented by the general formula (I) with 1,3-dioxane with respect to the electrolyte salt and the non-aqueous electrolyte. It can be obtained by adding at least one selected from a phosphoric acid ester compound, a cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound represented by the general formula (II), and a cyclic acid anhydride containing a side chain having allyl hydrogen. At this time, it is preferable that the compound added to the non-aqueous solvent and the non-aqueous electrolyte to be used is one that is purified in advance and has as few impurities as possible within a range that does not significantly reduce the productivity.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution of the present invention can be used for the following first and second electric storage devices, and as the nonaqueous electrolyte, not only a liquid but also a gelled one can be used. . Furthermore, the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention can be used for a solid polymer electrolyte. Among these, it is preferable to use for the 1st electrical storage device (namely, for lithium batteries) or the 2nd electrical storage device (namely, for lithium ion capacitors) which uses lithium salt for electrolyte salt, It uses for lithium batteries More preferably, it is most suitable to be used for a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium battery of the present invention is a general term for a lithium primary battery and a lithium secondary battery.
- the term lithium secondary battery is used as a concept including a so-called lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium battery of the present invention comprises the nonaqueous electrolyte solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous solvent.
- Components other than the non-aqueous electrolyte, such as a positive electrode and a negative electrode can be used without particular limitation.
- a composite metal oxide with lithium containing one or more selected from cobalt, manganese, and nickel is used as the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- These positive electrode active materials can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- Examples of such lithium composite metal oxides include LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiCo 1-x Ni x O 2 (0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3.
- One type or two or more types selected from Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 1/2 Mn 3/2 O 4 , and LiCo 0.98 Mg 0.02 O 2 may be mentioned.
- LiCoO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCoO 2 and LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 and LiNiO 2 may be used in combination.
- a part of the lithium composite metal oxide may be substituted with another element.
- a part of cobalt, manganese, nickel is replaced with at least one element such as Sn, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, V, Ga, Zn, Cu, Bi, Mo, La,
- a part of O can be substituted with S or F, or a compound containing these other elements can be coated.
- lithium composite metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , and LiNiO 2 that can be used at a charged potential of the positive electrode in a fully charged state of 4.3 V or more on the basis of Li are preferable, and LiCo 1-x M x O 2 (wherein M is one or more elements selected from Sn, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, V, Ga, Zn, Cu, 0.001 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.05) ), LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 , LiNi 0.85 Co 0.10 Al 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 1/2 Mn 3/2 O 4 , Li 2 MnO 3 And LiMO 2 (M is a transition metal such as Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, etc.) and more preferably a lithium composite metal oxide usable at 4.4 V or higher.
- M is one or more elements selected from Sn, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr,
- lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate can also be used as the positive electrode active material.
- lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate containing one or more selected from iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese is preferable. Specific examples thereof include LiFePO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiMnPO 4 and the like. Some of these lithium-containing olivine-type phosphates may be substituted with other elements, and some of iron, cobalt, nickel, and manganese are replaced with Co, Mn, Ni, Mg, Al, B, Ti, V, and Nb.
- Cu, Zn, Mo, Ca, Sr, W and Zr can be substituted by one or more elements selected from these, or can be coated with a compound or carbon material containing these other elements.
- LiFePO 4 or LiMnPO 4 is preferable.
- mold phosphate can also be mixed with the said positive electrode active material, for example, and can be used.
- the positive electrode for lithium primary battery CuO, Cu 2 O, Ag 2 O, Ag 2 CrO 4, CuS, CuSO 4, TiO 2, TiS 2, SiO 2, SnO, V 2 O 5, V 6 O 12 , VO x , Nb 2 O 5 , Bi 2 O 3 , Bi 2 Pb 2 O 5 , Sb 2 O 3 , CrO 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , MoO 3 , WO 3 , SeO 2 , MnO 2 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , FeO, Fe 3 O 4 , Ni 2 O 3 , NiO, CoO 3 , CoO and other oxides of one or more metal elements or chalcogen compounds, sulfur such as SO 2 and SOCl 2 Examples thereof include compounds, and fluorocarbons (fluorinated graphite) represented by the general formula (CF x ) n . Of these, MnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , graphite fluoride and the like are preferable.
- the positive electrode conductive agent is not particularly limited as long as it is an electron conductive material that does not cause a chemical change.
- graphite such as natural graphite (flaky graphite, etc.), graphite such as artificial graphite, acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, or one or more carbon blacks can be used. . Further, graphite and carbon black may be appropriately mixed and used.
- the addition amount of the conductive agent to the positive electrode mixture is preferably 1 to 10% by mass, and particularly preferably 2 to 5% by mass.
- the positive electrode is composed of a conductive agent such as acetylene black and carbon black, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a copolymer of styrene and butadiene (SBR), acrylonitrile and butadiene.
- a conductive agent such as acetylene black and carbon black, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a copolymer of styrene and butadiene (SBR), acrylonitrile and butadiene.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- SBR styrene and butadiene
- SBR styrene and butadiene
- acrylonitrile and butadiene acrylonitrile and butadiene.
- binder such as copolymer (NBR), carb
- this positive electrode mixture was applied to a current collector aluminum foil, a stainless steel lath plate, etc., dried and pressure-molded, and then subjected to vacuum at a temperature of about 50 ° C. to 250 ° C. for about 2 hours. It can be manufactured by heat treatment.
- the density of the part except the collector of the positive electrode is usually at 1.5 g / cm 3 or more, to further enhance the capacity of the battery, is preferably 2 g / cm 3 or more, more preferably, 3 g / cm 3 It is above, More preferably, it is 3.6 g / cm 3 or more. In addition, as an upper limit, 4 g / cm ⁇ 3 > or less is preferable.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery include lithium metal, lithium alloy, and carbon material capable of occluding and releasing lithium [easily graphitized carbon and difficult to have a (002) plane spacing of 0.37 nm or more.
- One or two or more selected from compounds and the like can be used in combination.
- a highly crystalline carbon material such as artificial graphite and natural graphite
- the lattice spacing (002) of the lattice plane ( 002 ) is 0.00.
- a carbon material having a graphite type crystal structure of 340 nm (nanometer) or less, particularly 0.335 to 0.337 nm.
- a mechanical action such as compression force, friction force, shear force, etc.
- the density of the portion excluding the current collector of the negative electrode can be obtained from X-ray diffraction measurement of the negative electrode sheet when pressure-molded to a density of 1.5 g / cm 3 or more.
- the ratio I (110) / I (004) of the peak intensity I (110) of the (110) plane of the graphite crystal and the peak intensity I (004) of the (004) plane is 0.01 or more, the temperature becomes even wider.
- the highly crystalline carbon material is coated with a carbon material having lower crystallinity than the core material because electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range are further improved.
- the crystallinity of the carbon material of the coating can be confirmed by TEM.
- Examples of the metal compound capable of inserting and extracting lithium as the negative electrode active material include Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, Sb, Bi, Al, Ga, In, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu. , Zn, Ag, Mg, Sr, Ba, and other compounds containing at least one metal element.
- These metal compounds may be used in any form such as a simple substance, an alloy, an oxide, a nitride, a sulfide, a boride, and an alloy with lithium, but any of a simple substance, an alloy, an oxide, and an alloy with lithium. Is preferable because the capacity can be increased.
- those containing at least one element selected from Si, Ge and Sn are preferable, and those containing at least one element selected from Si and Sn are particularly preferable because the capacity of the battery can be increased.
- the negative electrode is kneaded using the same conductive agent, binder, and high-boiling solvent as in the production of the positive electrode, and then the negative electrode mixture is applied to the copper foil of the current collector. After being dried and pressure-molded, it can be produced by heat treatment under vacuum at a temperature of about 50 ° C. to 250 ° C. for about 2 hours.
- the density of the portion excluding the current collector of the negative electrode is usually 1.1 g / cm 3 or more, and is preferably 1.5 g / cm 3 or more, particularly preferably 1.7 g in order to further increase the capacity of the battery. / Cm 3 or more.
- 2 g / cm ⁇ 3 > or less is preferable.
- examples of the negative electrode active material for a lithium primary battery include lithium metal and lithium alloy.
- the structure of the lithium battery is not particularly limited, and a coin-type battery, a cylindrical battery, a square battery, a laminated battery, or the like having a single-layer or multi-layer separator can be applied. Although it does not restrict
- the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention has excellent electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range even when the end-of-charge voltage is 4.2 V or more, particularly 4.3 V or more, and the characteristics are also good at 4.4 V or more. is there.
- the end-of-discharge voltage is usually 2.8 V or more, and further 2.5 V or more, but the lithium secondary battery in the present invention can be 2.0 V or more.
- the current value is not particularly limited, but is usually used in the range of 0.1 to 30C.
- the lithium battery in the present invention can be charged / discharged at ⁇ 40 to 100 ° C., preferably ⁇ 10 to 80 ° C.
- a method of providing a safety valve on the battery lid or cutting a member such as a battery can or a gasket can be employed.
- the battery lid can be provided with a current interruption mechanism that senses the internal pressure of the battery and interrupts the current.
- LiPF 6 LiPF 6
- LiPF 6 LiPF 6
- Examples I-1 to I-23, Comparative Examples I-1 to I-3 [Production of lithium ion secondary battery] 94% by mass of LiCoO 2 and 3% by mass of acetylene black (conducting agent) are mixed and added to a solution in which 3% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) is dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in advance. Then, a positive electrode mixture paste was prepared. This positive electrode mixture paste was applied to one surface of an aluminum foil (current collector), dried and pressurized, and cut into a predetermined size to produce a positive electrode sheet. The density of the portion excluding the current collector of the positive electrode was 3.6 g / cm 3 .
- the ratio of the peak intensity I (110) of the (110) plane of the graphite crystal to the peak intensity I (004) of the (004) plane [I (110) / I (004)] was 0.1.
- the positive electrode sheet obtained above, a separator made of a microporous polyethylene film, and the negative electrode sheet obtained above are laminated in this order, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution having the composition shown in Tables 1 and 2 is added to obtain a laminate type battery. Produced.
- the relative amount of gas generated was examined on the basis of the amount of gas generated in Comparative Example 1 as 100%.
- ⁇ Initial anode thickness> The battery cycled by the above method was disassembled and the initial negative electrode thickness was measured.
- ⁇ Negative thickness after cycle> The battery which was cycled at 60 ° C. by the above method was disassembled, and the negative electrode thickness after the high temperature cycle was measured.
- ⁇ Negative electrode thickness increase rate> The negative electrode thickness increase rate was determined by the following formula. Rate of increase in negative electrode thickness (%) [(negative electrode thickness after 100 ° C., 100 cycles ⁇ initial negative electrode thickness) / initial negative electrode thickness] ⁇ 100
- Table 1 shows battery manufacturing conditions and battery characteristics.
- Examples I-26, I-27 and Comparative Example I-5 A positive electrode sheet was produced using LiFePO 4 (positive electrode active material) coated with amorphous carbon instead of the positive electrode active material used in Example I-2 and Comparative Example I-2. 90% by mass of LiFePO 4 coated with amorphous carbon and 5% by mass of acetylene black (conductive agent) are mixed, and 5% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) is dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in advance.
- a positive electrode mixture paste was prepared by adding to and mixing with the previously prepared solution. This positive electrode mixture paste was applied to one side of an aluminum foil (current collector), dried, pressurized, cut into a predetermined size, and a positive electrode sheet was produced.
- a laminated battery was fabricated and evaluated in the same manner as in Example I-2 and Comparative Example I-2 except that 3.6 V and the final discharge voltage were 2.0 V. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Comparative Example I-1 in the case where the 1,3-dioxane of the present invention and the compound of the general formula (I) were not added to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution
- Comparative Example I-3 when only ethyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate was added, the cycle characteristics were While improving, the increase in negative electrode thickness is suppressed.
- Comparative Example I-1 and Comparative Example I-2 were measured by the Archimedes method, Comparative Example I-1 Assuming that the amount of generated gas is 100%, Example I-3 is 77% and Comparative Example I-2 is 78%, and the generated gas is suppressed by adding the compound of the general formula (I). there were. From the above, it has been found that the effect of the present invention is a characteristic effect when a specific compound of the present invention is contained in a nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent.
- non-aqueous electrolytes of Examples I-1 to I-27 also have an effect of improving the discharge characteristics in a wide temperature range of the lithium primary battery.
- Examples II-1 to II-13, Comparative Examples II-1 to II-2 [Production of lithium ion secondary battery] 94% by mass of LiCoO 2 and 3% by mass of acetylene black (conducting agent) are mixed and added to a solution in which 3% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) is dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in advance. Then, a positive electrode mixture paste was prepared. This positive electrode mixture paste was applied to one surface of an aluminum foil (current collector), dried and pressurized, and cut into a predetermined size to produce a positive electrode sheet. The density of the portion excluding the current collector of the positive electrode was 3.6 g / cm 3 .
- the ratio of the peak intensity I (110) of the (110) plane of the graphite crystal to the peak intensity I (004) of the (004) plane [I (110) / I (004)] was 0.1.
- the positive electrode sheet obtained above, a separator made of a microporous polyethylene film, and the negative electrode sheet obtained above were laminated in this order, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution having the composition shown in Table 5 was added to produce a laminate type battery.
- the relative amount of gas generated was examined on the basis of the amount of gas generated in Comparative Example 1 as 100%.
- ⁇ Initial anode thickness> The battery cycled by the above method was disassembled and the initial negative electrode thickness was measured.
- ⁇ Negative thickness after cycle> The battery which was cycled at 60 ° C. by the above method was disassembled, and the negative electrode thickness after the high temperature cycle was measured.
- ⁇ Negative electrode thickness increase rate> The negative electrode thickness increase rate was determined by the following formula. Rate of increase in negative electrode thickness (%) [(negative electrode thickness after 100 ° C., 100 cycles ⁇ initial negative electrode thickness) / initial negative electrode thickness] ⁇ 100
- Table 5 shows battery manufacturing conditions and battery characteristics.
- Example II-2 was compared with Example II-2 except that this negative electrode mixture paste was applied to one side of a copper foil (current collector), dried and pressurized to produce a negative electrode sheet cut into a predetermined size.
- a laminated battery was prepared in the same manner as in Example II-2, and the battery was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 6.
- Example II-15 and Comparative Example II-4 A positive electrode sheet was produced using LiFePO 4 (positive electrode active material) coated with amorphous carbon instead of the positive electrode active material used in Example II-2 and Comparative Example II-2. 90% by mass of LiFePO 4 coated with amorphous carbon and 5% by mass of acetylene black (conductive agent) are mixed, and 5% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) is dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in advance.
- a positive electrode mixture paste was prepared by adding to and mixing with the previously prepared solution. This positive electrode mixture paste was applied to one side of an aluminum foil (current collector), dried, pressurized, cut into a predetermined size, and a positive electrode sheet was produced.
- a laminate type battery was produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example II-2 and Comparative Example II-2 except that 3.6 V and the discharge end voltage were set to 2.0 V. The results are shown in Table 7.
- non-aqueous electrolytes of Examples II-1 to II-15 also have an effect of improving the discharge characteristics in a wide temperature range of the lithium primary battery.
- Examples III-1 to III-8 [Production of lithium ion secondary battery]
- a positive electrode sheet and a negative electrode sheet were prepared, and a positive electrode sheet, a microporous polyethylene film separator, and a negative electrode sheet were laminated in this order, and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution having the composition shown in Table 8 was added.
- a laminate type battery was produced.
- High temperature cycle characteristics were evaluated in the same manner as in Example I-1. Table 8 shows the production conditions and battery characteristics of the battery.
- the Comparative Example was When the gas generation amount of I-1 is 100%, Example III-2 is 76%, Comparative Example I-2 is 78%, and the compound used in combination with 1,3-dioxane is used for suppressing the generated gas. It was equivalent even if added. From the above, it has been found that the effect of the present invention is a characteristic effect when a specific compound of the present invention is contained in a nonaqueous electrolytic solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent.
- nonaqueous electrolytes of Examples III-1 to III-8 also have an effect of improving the discharge characteristics in a wide temperature range of the lithium primary battery.
- the electricity storage device using the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present invention is useful as an electricity storage device such as a lithium secondary battery having excellent electrochemical characteristics in a wide temperature range.
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Abstract
Description
また、リチウム二次電池の負極としては、リチウム金属、リチウムを吸蔵及び放出可能な金属化合物(金属単体、酸化物、リチウムとの合金等)、炭素材料が知られている。特に、炭素材料のうち、例えばコークス、黒鉛(人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛)等のリチウムを吸蔵及び放出することが可能な炭素材料を用いた非水系電解液二次電池が広く実用化されている。上記の負極材料はリチウム金属と同等の極めて卑な電位でリチウムと電子を貯蔵・放出するために、特に高温下において、多くの溶媒が還元分解を受ける可能性を有しており、負極材料の種類に拠らず負極上で電解液中の溶媒が一部還元分解してしまい、分解物の沈着、ガス発生、電極の膨れにより、リチウムイオンの移動が妨げられ、特に高温下でのサイクル特性等の電池特性を低下させる問題や電極の膨れにより電池が変形する等の問題があった。更に、リチウム金属やその合金、スズ又はケイ素等の金属単体や酸化物を負極材料として用いたリチウム二次電池は、初期の容量は高いもののサイクル中に微粉化が進むため、炭素材料の負極に比べて非水溶媒の還元分解が加速的に起こり、特に高温下において電池容量やサイクル特性のような電池性能が大きく低下することや電極の膨れにより電池が変形する等の問題が知られている。
特許文献3には1,3-ジオキサン及び鎖状のスルホン酸エステルを含む電解液が、サイクル特性、高温保存特性に効果を示すことが示されている。
その結果、特許文献1の電池では、ガス発生の抑制により電池が膨化するのを防止できるものの、電極厚みの増加率を低減させるという課題に対しては十分に満足できるとは言えない。
また、特許文献2及び3の非水電解液では、高温サイクル後の容量維持率を向上させることができるものの電極厚みの増加率を低減させるという課題に対しては、十分に満足できるとは言えないのが実情であった。
そこで、本発明者らは、上記課題を解決するために鋭意研究を重ねた結果、1,3-ジオキサンを含有し、更に特定のリン酸エステル化合物、環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、及びアリル水素を有する側鎖を含有する環状酸無水物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を非水電解液に添加することにより、高温サイクル後の容量維持率を向上させることができ、かつ電極厚みの増加率を低減させることができることを見出し、本発明を完成した。
(1)非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、非水電解液中に1,3-ジオキサンを0.001~5質量%含有し、更に下記一般式(I)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、一般式(II)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、及びアリル水素を有する側鎖を含有する環状酸無水物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を0.001~5質量%含有することを特徴とする非水電解液。
本発明の非水電解液は、非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、非水電解液中に1,3-ジオキサンを0.001~5質量%含有し、更に下記一般式(I)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、一般式(II)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、及びアリル水素を有する側鎖を含有する環状酸無水物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を0.001~5質量%含有することを特徴とする。
本発明で使用される1,3-ジオキサンは負極上で分解し被膜を形成するが、単独では高温条件下で充放電を繰り返すことで被膜の溶解、再形成により被膜が成長し電極の厚みが大きく増大してしまう。一方、一般式(I)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、一般式(II)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、及びアリル水素を有する側鎖を含有する環状酸無水物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を併せて使用すると、1,3-ジオキサンの負極上での分解が抑制されるとともに、1,3-ジオキサンとの反応サイトを複数持つ前記の化合物による強固な複合被膜が負極上の活性点に素早く形成され、高温サイクル特性が向上するとともに、被膜の成長が抑制され電極厚みの増加をより一層抑制できることが判明した。
これらの中でも、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、イソプロピル基、又は2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル基が好ましく、メチル基又はエチル基がより好ましい。
これらの中でも、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、イソプロピル基、2-プロペニル基、2-ブテニル基、2-プロピニル基、2-ブチニル基、又は1-メチル-2-プロピニル基が好ましく、メチル基、エチル基、2-プロペニル基、2-プロピニル基、又は1-メチル-2-プロピニル基がより好ましい。
これらの中でも水素原子、フッ素原子、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、又はイソプロピル基が好ましく、水素原子、フッ素原子、メチル基、又はエチル基がより好ましい。
R8は、ホルミル基、炭素数2~7のアルキルカルボニル基、又は炭素数3~5のアルケニルカルボニル基が好ましく、ホルミル基又は炭素数2~5のアルキルカルボニル基がより好ましい。
環状酸無水物本体は、好ましくは炭素数4~5の環状酸無水物であり、好ましくは無水こはく酸である。
アリル水素を有する側鎖は、好ましくは炭素数3~12、より好ましくは炭素数3~10の直鎖又は分岐鎖の炭化水素基が好ましい。
ここで、「アリル水素」とは、例えば右記、CH2=CH-CH2-で示されるアリル基の場合、二重結合の隣のアリル炭素に結合する2つの水素を意味し、「アリル水素を有する」とは、この2つの水素の少なくとも1つを有することを意味する。本発明の化合物において、アリル水素の数は、好ましくは1~4、より好ましくは1又は2、更に好ましくは2である。
前記アリル水素を有する側鎖を含有する環状酸無水物において、アリル炭素が、二重結合と環状酸無水物の間に存在することが好ましく、二重結合と環状酸無水物の両方と直接結合していることがより好ましい。
また、側鎖の二重結合に直接結合した水素原子の数が2つ又は3つであることが好ましく、3つであること、即ち末端二重結合であることがより好ましい。アリル水素と末端二重結合を含むことにより、1,3-ジオキサンと併用することで強固な複合被膜を素早く形成しやすくなると考えられるためである。
アリル水素を有する側鎖の具体例としては、アリル基、3-ブテン-2-イル基、1-ペンテン-3-イル基、1-ヘキセン-3-イル基、1-ヘプテン-3-イル基、1-オクテン-3-イル基、1-ノネン-3-イル基、2-ブテン-1-イル基、3-メチル-2-ブテン-1-イル基、2,3-ジメチル-2-ブテン-1-イル基、4-メチル-1-ペンテン-3-イル基、4-メチル-1-ヘキセン-3-イル基、4,4-ジメチル-1-ペンテン-3-イル基、3-ブテン-1-イル基、3-ペンテン-2-イル基、4-ペンテン-1-イル基、5-ヘキセン-2-イル基、2-メチルアリル基、2-メチル-1-ペンテン-3-イル基、2,4-ジメチル-1-ペンテン-3-イル基、2,3-ジメチル-3-ブテン-2-イル基、3-メチル-3-ブテン-1-イル基、4-メチル-4-ペンテン-2-イル基等が好適に挙げられる。
これらの中では、アリル基、1-ペンテン-3-イル基、1-ヘキセン-3-イル基、1-ヘプテン-3-イル基、1-オクテン-3-イル基、1-ノネン-3-イル基、3-ブテン-2-イル基、2-メチルアリル基、3-メチル-3-ブテン-2-イル基が好ましく、アリル水基、3-ブテン-2-イル基、2-メチルアリル基、3-メチル-3-ブテン-2-イル基がより好ましい。
これらの中でも、2-アリル無水こはく酸、2-(1-ペンテン-3-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(1-ヘキセン-3-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(1-ヘプテン-3-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(1-オクテン-3-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(1-ノネン-3-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(3-ブテン-2-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(2-メチルアリル)無水こはく酸、及び2-(3-メチル-3-ブテン-2-イル)無水こはく酸から選ばれる少なくとも一種がより好ましく、2-アリル無水こはく酸、2-(3-ブテン-2-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(2-メチルアリル)無水こはく酸、及び2-(3-メチル-3-ブテン-2-イル)無水こはく酸から選ばれる少なくとも一種が更に好ましい。
また、アリル水素を有する側鎖を含有する環状酸無水物:1,3-ジオキサンの混合比(重量比)は、2:98~80:20が好ましく、5:95~40:60がより好ましく10:90~30:70が更に好ましい。
更に、一般式(I)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、一般式(II)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、及びアリル水素を有する側鎖を含有する環状酸無水物から選ばれる2種以上を併せて使用すると更に好ましい。
本発明の非水電解液に使用される非水溶媒としては、環状カーボネート、鎖状エステル、エーテル、アミド、スルホン、及びラクトンから選ばれる一種又は二種以上が挙げられ、少なくとも1種の環状カーボネートを含むことが好ましく、環状カーボネートと鎖状エステルの両方が含まれることがより好ましい。
なお、鎖状エステルなる用語は、鎖状カーボネート及び鎖状カルボン酸エステルを含む概念として用いる。
環状カーボネートとしては、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、1,2-ブチレンカーボネート、2,3-ブチレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オン(FEC)、トランス又はシス-4,5-ジフルオロ-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オン(以下、両者を総称して「DFEC」という)、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)、ビニルエチレンカーボネート(VEC)、及び4-エチニル-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オン(EEC)から選ばれる一種又は二種以上が挙げられ、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オン、ビニレンカーボネート及び4-エチニル-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オン(EEC)から選ばれる一種又は二種以上がより好適である。
また、前記炭素-炭素二重結合、炭素-炭素三重結合等の不飽和結合又はフッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートのうち少なくとも一種を使用すると高温充電保存後の低温負荷特性が一段と向上するので好ましく、炭素-炭素二重結合、炭素-炭素三重結合等の不飽和結合を含む環状カーボネートとフッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートを両方含むことがより好ましい。炭素-炭素二重結合、炭素-炭素三重結合等の不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネートとしては、VC、VEC、EECが更に好ましく、フッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートとしては、FEC、DFECが更に好ましい。
フッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートの含有量は、非水溶媒の総体積に対して好ましくは0.07体積%以上、より好ましくは4体積%以上、更に好ましくは7体積%以上であり、また、その上限としては、好ましくは35体積%以下、より好ましくは25体積%以下、更に好ましくは15体積%以下であると、低温でのLiイオン透過性を損なうことなく一段と高温保存時の被膜の安定性を増すことができるので好ましい。
非水溶媒が炭素-炭素二重結合、炭素-炭素三重結合等の不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネートとフッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートの両方を含む場合、フッ素原子を有する環状カーボネートの含有量に対する炭素-炭素二重結合、炭素-炭素三重結合等の不飽和結合を有する環状カーボネートの含有量は、好ましくは0.2体積%以上、より好ましくは3体積%以上、更に好ましくは7体積%以上であり、その上限としては、好ましくは40体積%以下、より好ましくは30体積%以下、更に好ましくは15体積%以下であると、低温でのLiイオン透過性を損なうことなく更に一段と高温保存時の被膜の安定性を増すことができるので特に好ましい。
また、非水溶媒がエチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、又はエチレンカーボネートとプロピレンカーボネートの両者を含むと電極上に形成される被膜の抵抗が小さくなるので好ましい。エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、又はエチレンカーボネートとプロピレンカーボネートの両者の含有量は、非水溶媒の総体積に対し、好ましくは3体積%以上、より好ましくは5体積%以上、更に好ましくは7体積%以上であり、また、その上限としては、好ましくは45体積%以下、より好ましくは35体積%以下、更に好ましくは25体積%以下である。
満充電状態における充電電位がLi基準で1V未満となる負極を用いる場合、前記鎖状エステルの中でも、ジメチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、メチルイソプロピルカーボネート、メチルブチルカーボネート、プロピオン酸メチル、酢酸メチル及び酢酸エチルから選ばれるメチル基を有する鎖状エステルが好ましく、特にメチル基を有する鎖状カーボネートが好ましい。負極での分解が進行しにくく、容量劣化を抑制できるためである。
また、メチル基を有する鎖状カーボネートを用いる場合には、二種以上を用いることが好ましい。更に対称鎖状カーボネートと非対称鎖状カーボネートの両方が含まれるとより好ましく、対称鎖状カーボネートの含有量が非対称鎖状カーボネートより多く含まれると更に好ましい。
また、鎖状カーボネートを用いる場合には、二種以上を用いることが好ましい。更に対称鎖状カーボネートと非対称鎖状カーボネートの両方が含まれるとより好ましく、対称鎖状カーボネートの含有量が非対称鎖状カーボネートより多く含まれると更に好ましい。
鎖状カーボネート中に対称鎖状カーボネートが占める体積の割合は、51体積%以上が好ましく、55体積%以上がより好ましい。上限としては、95体積%以下がより好ましく、85体積%以下であると更に好ましい。対称鎖状カーボネートにジメチルカーボネートが含まれると特に好ましい。また、非対称鎖状カーボネートはメチル基を有するとより好ましく、メチルエチルカーボネートが特に好ましい。
上記の場合に一段と高温サイクル特性が向上するので好ましい。
環状カーボネートと鎖状エステルの割合は、広い温度範囲での電気化学特性向上の観点から、環状カーボネート:鎖状エステル(体積比)が10:90~45:55が好ましく、15:85~40:60がより好ましく、20:80~35:65が更に好ましい。
本発明に使用される電解質塩としては、下記のリチウム塩が好適に挙げられる。
(リチウム塩)
本発明に使用される電解質塩としては、下記のリチウム塩が好適に挙げられる。
リチウム塩としては、LiPF6、LiPO2F2、Li2PO3F、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiSO3F等の無機リチウム塩、LiN(SO2F)2、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiCF3SO3、LiC(SO2CF3)3、LiPF4(CF3)2、LiPF3(C2F5)3、LiPF3(CF3)3、LiPF3(iso-C3F7)3、LiPF5(iso-C3F7)等の鎖状のフッ化アルキル基を含有するリチウム塩や、(CF2)2(SO2)2NLi、(CF2)3(SO2)2NLi等の環状のフッ化アルキレン鎖を有するリチウム塩、ビス[オキサレート-O,O’]ホウ酸リチウム(LiBOB)やジフルオロ[オキサレート-O,O’]ホウ酸リチウム、ジフルオロビス[オキサレート-O,O’]リン酸リチウム(LiPFO)及びテトラフルオロ[オキサレート-O,O’]リン酸リチウム等のオキサレート錯体をアニオンとするリチウム塩が好適に挙げられ、これらの一種又は二種以上を混合して使用することができる。
これらの中でも、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiPO2F2、Li2PO3F、LiSO3F、LiN(SO2F)2、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、ビス[オキサレート-O,O’]ホウ酸リチウム(LiBOB)、ジフルオロビス[オキサレート-O,O’]リン酸リチウム(LiPFO)、及びテトラフルオロ[オキサレート-O,O’]リン酸リチウムから選ばれる一種又は二種以上が好ましく、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiPO2F2、LiSO3F、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2F)2、ビス[オキサレート-O,O’]ホウ酸リチウム及びジフルオロビス[オキサレート-O,O’]リン酸リチウム(LiPFO)から選ばれる一種又は二種以上を含むことがより好ましい。
リチウム塩の濃度は、前記の非水溶媒に対して、通常0.3M以上が好ましく、0.7M以上がより好ましく、1.1M以上が更に好ましい。またその上限は、2.5M以下が好ましく、2.0M以下がより好ましく、1.6M以下が更に好ましい。
本発明の非水電解液は、例えば、前記の非水溶媒を混合し、これに前記の電解質塩及び該非水電解液に対して1,3-ジオキサンと、一般式(I)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、一般式(II)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、及びアリル水素を有する側鎖を含有する環状酸無水物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を添加することにより得ることができる。
この際、用いる非水溶媒及び非水電解液に加える化合物は、生産性を著しく低下させない範囲内で、予め精製して、不純物が極力少ないものを用いることが好ましい。
これらの中でも電解質塩にリチウム塩を使用する第1の蓄電デバイス用(即ち、リチウム電池用)又は第2の蓄電デバイス用(即ち、リチウムイオンキャパシタ用)として用いることが好ましく、リチウム電池用として用いることが更に好ましく、リチウム二次電池用として用いることが最も適している。
本発明のリチウム電池は、リチウム一次電池及びリチウム二次電池の総称である。また、本明細書において、リチウム二次電池という用語は、いわゆるリチウムイオン二次電池も含む概念として用いる。本発明のリチウム電池は、正極、負極及び非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている前記非水電解液からなる。非水電解液以外の正極、負極等の構成部材は特に制限なく使用できる。
例えば、リチウム二次電池用正極活物質としては、コバルト、マンガン、及びニッケルから選ばれる一種又は二種以上を含有するリチウムとの複合金属酸化物が使用される。これらの正極活物質は、一種単独又は二種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
このようなリチウム複合金属酸化物としては、例えば、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiCo1-xNixO2(0.01<x<1)、LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2、LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4、LiCo0.98Mg0.02O2から選ばれる一種又は二種以上が挙げられる。また、LiCoO2とLiMn2O4、LiCoO2とLiNiO2、LiMn2O4とLiNiO2のように併用してもよい。
これらの中では、LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2のような満充電状態における正極の充電電位がLi基準で4.3V以上で使用可能なリチウム複合金属酸化物が好ましく、LiCo1-xMxO2(但し、MはSn、Mg、Fe、Ti、Al、Zr、Cr、V、Ga、Zn、Cuから選ばれる一種又は二種以上の元素、0.001≦x≦0.05)、LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2、LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2、LiNi0.85Co0.10Al0.05O2、LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4、Li2MnO3とLiMO2(Mは、Co、Ni、Mn、Fe等の遷移金属)との固溶体のような4.4V以上で使用可能なリチウム複合金属酸化物がより好ましい。高充電電圧で動作するリチウム複合金属酸化物を使用すると、充電時における電解液との反応により特に広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が低下しやすいが、本発明に係るリチウム二次電池ではこれらの電気化学特性の低下を抑制することができる。
これらのリチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩の一部は他元素で置換してもよく、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、マンガンの一部をCo、Mn、Ni、Mg、Al、B、Ti、V、Nb、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ca、Sr、W及びZr等から選ばれる一種以上の元素で置換したり、又はこれらの他元素を含有する化合物や炭素材料で被覆することもできる。これらの中では、LiFePO4又はLiMnPO4が好ましい。
また、リチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩は、例えば前記の正極活物質と混合して用いることもできる。
正極の集電体を除く部分の密度は、通常は1.5g/cm3以上であり、電池の容量を更に高めるため、好ましくは2g/cm3以上であり、より好ましくは、3g/cm3以上であり、更に好ましくは、3.6g/cm3以上である。なお、上限としては、4g/cm3以下が好ましい。
これらの中では、リチウムイオンの吸蔵及び放出能力において、人造黒鉛や天然黒鉛等の高結晶性の炭素材料を使用することが更に好ましく、格子面(002)の面間隔(d002)が0.340nm(ナノメータ)以下、特に0.335~0.337nmである黒鉛型結晶構造を有する炭素材料を使用することが特に好ましい。
複数の扁平状の黒鉛質微粒子が互いに非平行に集合或いは結合した塊状構造を有する人造黒鉛粒子や、例えば鱗片状天然黒鉛粒子に圧縮力、摩擦力、剪断力等の機械的作用を繰り返し与え、球形化処理を施した黒鉛粒子を用いることにより、負極の集電体を除く部分の密度を1.5g/cm3以上の密度に加圧成形したときの負極シートのX線回折測定から得られる黒鉛結晶の(110)面のピーク強度I(110)と(004)面のピーク強度I(004)の比I(110)/I(004)が0.01以上となると一段と広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が向上するので好ましく、0.05以上となることがより好ましく、0.1以上となることが更に好ましい。また、過度に処理し過ぎて結晶性が低下し電池の放電容量が低下する場合があるので、上限は0.5以下が好ましく、0.3以下がより好ましい。
また、高結晶性の炭素材料(コア材)はコア材よりも低結晶性の炭素材料によって被膜されていると、広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が一段と良好となるので好ましい。被覆の炭素材料の結晶性は、TEMにより確認することができる。
高結晶性の炭素材料を使用すると、充電時において非水電解液と反応し、界面抵抗の増加によって低温もしくは高温における電気化学特性を低下させる傾向があるが、本発明に係るリチウム二次電池では広い温度範囲での電気化学特性が良好となる。
負極の集電体を除く部分の密度は、通常は1.1g/cm3以上であり、電池の容量を更に高めるため、好ましくは1.5g/cm3以上であり、特に好ましくは1.7g/cm3以上である。なお、上限としては、2g/cm3以下が好ましい。
電池用セパレータとしては、特に制限はされないが、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のポリオレフィンの単層又は積層の微多孔性フィルム、織布、不織布等を使用できる。
負極であるグラファイト等の炭素材料へのリチウムイオンのインターカレーションを利用してエネルギーを貯蔵する蓄電デバイスである。リチウムイオンキャパシタ(LIC)と呼ばれる。正極は、例えば活性炭電極と電解液との間の電気二重層を利用したものや、π共役高分子電極のドープ/脱ドープ反応を利用したもの等が挙げられる。電解液には少なくともLiPF6等のリチウム塩が含まれる。
〔リチウムイオン二次電池の作製〕
LiCoO294質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)3質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)3質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、正極合剤ペーストを調製した。この正極合剤ペーストをアルミニウム箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き、正極シートを作製した。正極の集電体を除く部分の密度は3.6g/cm3であった。
また、人造黒鉛(d002=0.335nm、負極活物質)95質量%を、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、負極合剤ペーストを調製した。この負極合剤ペーストを銅箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き負極シートを作製した。負極の集電体を除く部分の密度は1.5g/cm3であった。また、この電極シートを用いてX線回折測定した結果、黒鉛結晶の(110)面のピーク強度I(110)と(004)面のピーク強度I(004)の比〔I(110)/I(004)〕は0.1であった。
上記で得られた正極シート、微多孔性ポリエチレンフィルム製セパレータ、上記で得られた負極シートの順に積層し、表1及び表2に記載の組成の非水電解液を加えて、ラミネート型電池を作製した。
上記の方法で作製した電池を用いて60℃の恒温槽中、1Cの定電流及び定電圧で、終止電圧4.3Vまで3時間充電し、次に1Cの定電流下、放電電圧3.0Vまで放電することを1サイクルとし、これを100サイクルに達するまで繰り返した。そして、以下の式により60℃100サイクル後の放電容量維持率を求めた。
放電容量維持率(%)=(60℃100サイクル後の放電容量/1サイクル後の放電容量)×100
<100サイクル後のガス発生量の評価>
100サイクル後のガス発生量はアルキメデス法により測定した。ガス発生量は、比較例1のガス発生量を100%としたときを基準とし、相対的なガス発生量を調べた。
<初期負極厚み>
上記の方法で1サイクルさせた電池を解体し、初期の負極厚みを測定した。
<サイクル後の負極厚み>
上記の方法で60℃100サイクルさせた電池を解体し、高温サイクル後の負極厚みを測定した。
<負極厚み上昇率>
負極厚み上昇率を以下の式により求めた。
負極厚み上昇率(%)=[(60℃100サイクル後の負極厚み-初期の負極厚み)/初期の負極厚み]×100
また、電池の作製条件及び電池特性を表1に示す。
実施例I-2及び比較例I-2で用いた負極活物質に変えて、ケイ素(単体)(負極活物質)を用いて、負極シートを作製した。ケイ素(単体)40質量%、人造黒鉛(d002=0.335nm、負極活物質)50質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)5質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、負極合剤ペーストを調製した。この負極合剤ペーストを銅箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き負極シートを作製したことの他は、実施例I-2、比較例I-2と同様にラミネート型電池を作製し、電池評価を行った。結果を表3に示す。
実施例I-2及び比較例I-2で用いた正極活物質に変えて、非晶質炭素で被覆されたLiFePO4(正極活物質)を用いて、正極シートを作製した。非晶質炭素で被覆されたLiFePO490質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)5質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、正極合剤ペーストを調製した。この正極合剤ペーストをアルミニウム箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き、正極シートを作製したこと、電池評価の際の充電終止電圧を3.6V、放電終止電圧を2.0Vとしたことの他は、実施例I-2及び、比較例I-2と同様にラミネート型電池を作製し、電池評価を行った。結果を表4に示す。
また、実施例I-3、比較例I-1、比較例I-2と同じ条件で作製したリチウム二次電池の高温サイクル後のガス発生量をアルキメデス法により測定したところ、比較例I-1のガス発生量を100%としたとき、実施例I-3は77%、比較例I-2は78%であり、発生ガス抑制に関しては一般式(I)の化合物を添加しても同等であった。
以上より、本発明の効果は、非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、本願発明の特定の化合物を含有させた場合に特有の効果であることが判明した。
また、実施例I-24、I-25と比較例I-4の対比、実施例I-26、I-27と比較例I-5の対比から、負極にケイ素(単体)を用いた場合や、正極にリチウム含有オリビン型リン酸鉄塩(LiFePO4)を用いた場合にも同様な効果がみられる。従って、本発明の効果は、特定の正極や負極に依存した効果でないことは明らかである。
〔リチウムイオン二次電池の作製〕
LiCoO294質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)3質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)3質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、正極合剤ペーストを調製した。この正極合剤ペーストをアルミニウム箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き、正極シートを作製した。正極の集電体を除く部分の密度は3.6g/cm3であった。
また、人造黒鉛(d002=0.335nm、負極活物質)95質量%を、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、負極合剤ペーストを調製した。この負極合剤ペーストを銅箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き負極シートを作製した。負極の集電体を除く部分の密度は1.5g/cm3であった。また、この電極シートを用いてX線回折測定した結果、黒鉛結晶の(110)面のピーク強度I(110)と(004)面のピーク強度I(004)の比〔I(110)/I(004)〕は0.1であった。
上記で得られた正極シート、微多孔性ポリエチレンフィルム製セパレータ、上記で得られた負極シートの順に積層し、表5に記載の組成の非水電解液を加えて、ラミネート型電池を作製した。
上記の方法で作製した電池を用いて60℃の恒温槽中、1Cの定電流及び定電圧で、終止電圧4.3Vまで3時間充電し、次に1Cの定電流下、放電電圧3.0Vまで放電することを1サイクルとし、これを100サイクルに達するまで繰り返した。そして、以下の式により60℃100サイクル後の放電容量維持率を求めた。
放電容量維持率(%)=(60℃100サイクル後の放電容量/1サイクル後の放電容量)×100
<100サイクル後のガス発生量の評価>
100サイクル後のガス発生量はアルキメデス法により測定した。ガス発生量は、比較例1のガス発生量を100%としたときを基準とし、相対的なガス発生量を調べた。
<初期負極厚み>
上記の方法で1サイクルさせた電池を解体し、初期の負極厚みを測定した。
<サイクル後の負極厚み>
上記の方法で60℃100サイクルさせた電池を解体し、高温サイクル後の負極厚みを測定した。
<負極厚み上昇率>
負極厚み上昇率を以下の式により求めた。
負極厚み上昇率(%)=[(60℃100サイクル後の負極厚み-初期の負極厚み)/初期の負極厚み]×100
また、電池の作製条件及び電池特性を表5に示す。
実施例II-2及び比較例II-2で用いた負極活物質に変えて、ケイ素(単体)(負極活物質)を用いて、負極シートを作製した。ケイ素(単体)40質量%、人造黒鉛(d002=0.335nm、負極活物質)50質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)5質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤);5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、負極合剤ペーストを調製した。この負極合剤ペーストを銅箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き負極シートを作製したことの他は、実施例II-2、比較例II-2と同様にラミネート型電池を作製し、電池評価を行った。結果を表6に示す。
実施例II-2及び比較例II-2で用いた正極活物質に変えて、非晶質炭素で被覆されたLiFePO4(正極活物質)を用いて、正極シートを作製した。非晶質炭素で被覆されたLiFePO490質量%、アセチレンブラック(導電剤)5質量%を混合し、予めポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)5質量%を1-メチル-2-ピロリドンに溶解させておいた溶液に加えて混合し、正極合剤ペーストを調製した。この正極合剤ペーストをアルミニウム箔(集電体)上の片面に塗布し、乾燥、加圧処理して所定の大きさに切り抜き、正極シートを作製したこと、電池評価の際の充電終止電圧を3.6V、放電終止電圧を2.0Vとしたことの他は、実施例II-2及び、比較例II-2と同様にラミネート型電池を作製し、電池評価を行った。結果を表7に示す。
また、実施例II-3、実施例II-9、比較例II-1、比較例II-2と同じ条件で作製したリチウム二次電池の高温サイクル後のガス発生量をアルキメデス法により測定したところ、比較例II-1のガス発生量を100%としたとき、実施例II-3は80%、実施例II-9は79%、比較例II-2は81%であり、発生ガス抑制に関しては一般式(I)の化合物を添加しても同等であった。
以上より、本発明の電極厚みの増加率を低減させる効果は、非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、本願発明の特定の化合物を含有させた場合に特有の効果であることが判明した。
また、実施例II-14と比較例II-3の対比、実施例II-15と比較例II-4の対比から、負極にケイ素(単体)を用いた場合や、正極にリチウム含有オリビン型リン酸鉄塩(LiFePO4)を用いた場合にも同様な効果がみられる。従って、本発明の効果は、特定の正極や負極に依存した効果でないことは明らかである。
〔リチウムイオン二次電池の作製〕
実施例I-1と同様にして、正極シート、負極シートを作製し、正極シート、微多孔性ポリエチレンフィルム製セパレータ、負極シートの順に積層し、表8に記載の組成の非水電解液を加えて、ラミネート型電池を作製した。
実施例I-1と同様にして、高温サイクル特性を評価した。
電池の作製条件及び電池特性を表8に示す。
また、実施例III-2、前記比較例I-1、前記比較例I-2と同じ条件で作製したリチウム二次電池の高温サイクル後のガス発生量をアルキメデス法により測定したところ、前記比較例I-1のガス発生量を100%としたとき、実施例III-2は76%、前記比較例I-2は78%であり、発生ガス抑制に関しては1,3-ジオキサンと組み合わせて用いる化合物を添加しても同等であった。
以上より、本発明の効果は、非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、本願発明の特定の化合物を含有させた場合に特有の効果であることが判明した。
Claims (14)
- 非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液において、非水電解液中に1,3-ジオキサンを0.001~5質量%含有し、更に下記一般式(I)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、一般式(II)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、及びアリル水素を有する側鎖を含有する環状酸無水物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を0.001~5質量%含有することを特徴とする非水電解液。
- 一般式(I)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物が、メチル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)アセテート、2-プロピニル 2-(ジメトキシホスホリル)アセテート、エチル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)アセテート、2-プロペニル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)アセテート、2-プロピニル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)アセテート、2-プロピニル 2-(ジメトキシホスホリル)プロパノエート、2-プロピニル 2-(ジメトキシホスホリル)プロパノエート、メチル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)-2-フルオロアセテート、エチル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)-2-フルオロアセテート、2-プロペニル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)-2-フルオロアセテート、2-プロピニル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)-2-フルオロアセテート、メチル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)-2,2-ジフルオロアセテート、エチル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)-2,2-ジフルオロアセテート、2-プロペニル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)-2,2-ジフルオロアセテート、及び2-プロピニル 2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)-2,2-ジフルオロアセテートから選ばれる少なくとも一種である、請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- 一般式(II)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物が、2,2-ジオキシド-1,2-オキサチオラン-4-イル アセテート、及び5,5-ジメチル-1,2-オキサチオラン-4-オン 2,2-ジオキシドから選ばれる少なくとも一種である、請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- 環状酸無水物が無水こはく酸である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の非水電解液。
- アリル水素を有する側鎖を含有する無水こはく酸が、2-アリル無水こはく酸、2-(1-ペンテン-3-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(1-ヘキセン-3-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(1-ヘプテン-3-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(1-オクテン-3-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(1-ノネン-3-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(3-ブテン-2-イル)無水こはく酸、2-(2-メチルアリル)無水こはく酸、及び2-(3-メチル-3-ブテン-2-イル)無水こはく酸から選ばれる少なくとも一種である、請求項4に記載の非水電解液。
- 非水溶媒が少なくとも一種の環状カーボネートを含む、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の非水電解液。
- 環状カーボネートが、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、1,2-ブチレンカーボネート、2,3-ブチレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オン、トランス又はシス-4,5-ジフルオロ-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オン、ビニレンカーボネート、ビニルエチレンカーボネート、及び4-エチニル-1,3-ジオキソラン-2-オンから選ばれる一種又は二種以上である、請求項6に記載の非水電解液。
- 非水溶媒が、更に鎖状エステルを含有する、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の非水電解液。
- 鎖状エステルが、メチルエチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、メチルイソプロピルカーボネート、メチルブチルカーボネート、及びエチルプロピルカーボネートから選ばれる非対称鎖状カーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジプロピルカーボネート、及びジブチルカーボネートから選ばれる対称鎖状カーボネート、及び鎖状カルボン酸エステルから選ばれる一種又は二種以上である、請求項8に記載の非水電解液。
- 電解質塩が、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiPO2F2、Li2PO3F、LiSO3F、LiN(SO2F)2、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、ビス[オキサレート-O,O’]ホウ酸リチウム、ジフルオロビス[オキサレート-O,O’]リン酸リチウム、及びテトラフルオロ[オキサレート-O,O’]リン酸リチウムから選ばれる一種又は二種以上のリチウム塩を含む、請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の非水電解液。
- リチウム塩の濃度が、非水溶媒に対して0.3~2.5Mである、請求項10に記載の非水電解液。
- 正極、負極及び非水溶媒に電解質塩が溶解されている非水電解液を備えた蓄電デバイスにおいて、非水電解液中に1,3-ジオキサンを0.001~5質量%含有し、更に請求項1に記載の一般式(I)で表されるリン酸エステル化合物、一般式(II)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル化合物、及びアリル水素を有する側鎖を含有する環状酸無水物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を0.001~5質量%含有することを特徴とする蓄電デバイス。
- 正極の活物質が、コバルト、マンガン、及びニッケルから選ばれる一種又は二種以上を含有するリチウムとの複合金属酸化物、又は鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、及びマンガンから選ばれる一種又は二種以上を含有するリチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩である、請求項12に記載の蓄電デバイス。
- 負極の活物質が、リチウム金属、リチウム合金、リチウムを吸蔵及び放出することが可能な炭素材料、スズ、スズ化合物、ケイ素、ケイ素化合物、及びチタン酸リチウム化合物から選ばれる一種又は二種以上を含有する、請求項12又は13に記載の蓄電デバイス。
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US20180248226A1 (en) * | 2015-09-09 | 2018-08-30 | Sumitomo Seika Chemicals Co., Ltd. | Additive for nonaqueous electrolyte solutions, nonaqueous electrolyte solution, and electricity storage device |
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JPWO2018164138A1 (ja) * | 2017-03-08 | 2020-01-09 | 住友精化株式会社 | 非水電解液用添加剤、非水電解液及び蓄電デバイス |
WO2018164138A1 (ja) * | 2017-03-08 | 2018-09-13 | 住友精化株式会社 | 非水電解液用添加剤、非水電解液及び蓄電デバイス |
US11342587B2 (en) | 2017-03-08 | 2022-05-24 | Sumitomo Seika Chemicals Co., Ltd. | Additive for non-aqueous electrolytic solutions, non-aqueous electrolytic solution, and electrical storage device |
JP7034136B2 (ja) | 2017-03-08 | 2022-03-11 | 住友精化株式会社 | 非水電解液用添加剤、非水電解液及び蓄電デバイス |
WO2019189413A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-27 | 2019-10-03 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 非水系電解液及びそれを用いたエネルギーデバイス |
JPWO2019189413A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-27 | 2021-04-15 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 非水系電解液及びそれを用いたエネルギーデバイス |
JP7187125B2 (ja) | 2018-03-27 | 2022-12-12 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 非水系電解液及びそれを用いたエネルギーデバイス |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP6115569B2 (ja) | 2017-04-19 |
CN104508896B (zh) | 2017-06-09 |
EP2882030A4 (en) | 2016-03-16 |
KR20150039751A (ko) | 2015-04-13 |
US20180198166A1 (en) | 2018-07-12 |
EP2882030B1 (en) | 2017-06-21 |
CN104508896A (zh) | 2015-04-08 |
US20150221985A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
US9966632B2 (en) | 2018-05-08 |
JPWO2014021272A1 (ja) | 2016-07-21 |
EP2882030A1 (en) | 2015-06-10 |
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