WO2014015709A1 - 高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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WO2014015709A1
WO2014015709A1 PCT/CN2013/076592 CN2013076592W WO2014015709A1 WO 2014015709 A1 WO2014015709 A1 WO 2014015709A1 CN 2013076592 W CN2013076592 W CN 2013076592W WO 2014015709 A1 WO2014015709 A1 WO 2014015709A1
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graphene
porous carbon
carbon material
material according
graphene porous
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PCT/CN2013/076592
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English (en)
French (fr)
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杨全红
陶莹
吕伟
李宝华
游从辉
张辰
康飞宇
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清华大学深圳研究生院
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Priority to JP2015523381A priority Critical patent/JP6019228B2/ja
Priority to EP13823871.2A priority patent/EP2876082A4/en
Publication of WO2014015709A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014015709A1/zh
Priority to US14/370,260 priority patent/US10193156B2/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
    • C01B32/182—Graphene
    • C01B32/184—Preparation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
    • C01B32/182—Graphene
    • C01B32/194—After-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/30—Active carbon
    • C01B32/312—Preparation
    • C01B32/336—Preparation characterised by gaseous activating agents
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a high-density, high-hardness, one-time forming porous carbon material based on graphene, a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of graphene.
  • graphene is a monoatomic layer of graphite, that is, a sp 2 hybrid single-layer carbon atom crystal closely packed into a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice structure, which is uneven and wrinkled, and is a true two-dimensional crystal. It is the basic structural unit for constructing other sp 2 carbonaceous materials. Graphene has excellent electrical, mechanical, thermal and optical properties. Since its discovery in 2004, it has attracted widespread attention and continues to be a research boom.
  • the preparation of molded articles by physical pressing generally has the disadvantages of requiring additional binder, uneven molding, poor microscopic contact, and high temperature treatment to cause cracks.
  • activated carbon has a relatively large specific surface area.
  • the basic structural unit graphite microchip layer is small, resulting in poor conductivity and hindering to some extent. Its application in energy storage, and its independent molding is also difficult, even if it is formed, its density and hardness are relatively low.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a high-density, high-hardness graphene-based porous carbon material and a self-assembly preparation method and application thereof.
  • a method for preparing a graphene porous carbon material comprising the steps of:
  • Step 1 the original sol preparation: the graphene-based component, or a mixture of the graphene-based component and the auxiliary component is added to the solvent to obtain the original sol of the graphene porous carbon material;
  • Step 2 preparation of graphene-based gel: the raw sol prepared in step 1 is placed in a reaction vessel to a temperature of 20 to 500 ° C, and the reaction is carried out for 0.1 to 100 hours to prepare a graphene-based gel;
  • Step 3 Drying treatment: After drying the graphene-based gel at 0 to 200 ° C, a high-density and high-hardness graphene porous carbon material is obtained.
  • Step 4 The material obtained in the third step is heated to 100 to 3600 ° C for 0.1 to 100 h in an anoxic atmosphere, or / and reacted at 200 to 2000 ° C for 0.1 to 50 h by an activation reaction.
  • the graphene-based component described in the first step is at least one of graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, and graphene.
  • the auxiliary component described in the first step is at least one of carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphite or polyvinyl alcohol, sucrose, and glucose, and the added content thereof is less than 98%, and preferably the added content is less than 30%.
  • the conductive network of the graphene porous carbon material prepared by adding at least one of the auxiliary component carbon nanotubes, carbon black and graphite is more complete, has better electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity; and the auxiliary component polyvinyl alcohol and sucrose are added. After at least one of the glucose, the bridge between the graphene-based components can be strengthened, and the density and hardness of the prepared graphene porous carbon material are greatly improved, and the porous material is prepared because of different carbon sources.
  • Carbon has the characteristics of soft carbon and hard carbon, which provides great convenience for its application in energy storage.
  • Graphene is a primary molded high-density high-hardness porous material constructed of basic structural units, but it is preferably added in an amount of less than 30% from the viewpoint of dispersibility of the auxiliary component.
  • the solvent in the first step is at least one of water, ethanol, methanol, dimethylformamide, ethylene glycol, and methylpyrrolidone.
  • the dispersion method according to the first step is at least one of mechanical stirring, magnetic stirring, ultrasonic dispersion, ball milling dispersion, and high energy treatment dispersion.
  • the pH of the raw sol prepared in the first step is adjusted to 8 or less, thereby optimizing the preparation conditions, reducing the critical reaction temperature and the reaction time, greatly reducing the energy consumption of the preparation process, and reducing the energy consumption of the preparation process.
  • a graphene porous material having both high density and large surface area is prepared while safety hazards in mass production.
  • the heating mode is at least one of electric heating, microwave heating, infrared heating, and electromagnetic heating.
  • the heating temperature is 100 to 200 ° C, and the reaction time is 1 to 20 h.
  • Step 4 The oxygen-deficient atmosphere is realized by vacuuming and/or passing an inert gas and/or a reducing gas, and the inert gas is one or two of nitrogen, argon and helium, or two In the above mixture, the reducing gas is one or two or a mixture of two or more of ammonia gas, hydrogen gas, and carbon monoxide.
  • the heat treatment temperature is 300 to 2400 ° C, and the treatment time is 2 to 10 h.
  • step four The manner of activation reaction described in step four is chemical activation and/or physical activation.
  • the chemical activation mode is at least one of solid phase activation and liquid phase activation.
  • the activation reaction temperature is 600 to 900 ° C, and the activation reaction time is 0.5 to 8 h.
  • a graphene porous carbon material prepared by the method described above has a physical property of high density and high hardness relative to a common graphene material, and the basic constituent unit thereof is graphene, characterized in that the porous carbon material is characterized by Having a network structure formed by overlapping graphene sheets, the graphene porous carbon material has a density of 0.3 to 4.0 g/cm 3 , a hardness H of 0.01 to 6.0 GPa, and a specific surface area of 5 to 3000 m 2 /g, The pore volume is 0.1 to 2.0 cm 3 /g. The more the pH of the original sol is acidic, the tighter the graphene-based gel formed, and the greater the density of the product after drying.
  • Heat treatment involves the loss of functional groups, the pore structure of the material will be more developed, the specific surface area is larger, but the hardness will be lost to some extent, and the graphene sheet will shrink further under high temperature treatment conditions, resulting in increased hardness, but due to partial closure.
  • the pores cause a decrease in specific surface area.
  • additional pores are formed to obtain a binder-free porous carbon material having a more porous surface and a larger specific surface area.
  • the porous material has a pore wall thickness in the range of 0.335 to 3350 nm.
  • the density is from 0.8 to 2.2 g/cm 3 .
  • the hardness H is 0.05 to 3.0 GPa
  • the elastic modulus E of the material is 0.5 to 40 GPa.
  • the density is from 0.3 to 1.5 g/cm 3 and it is not pulverized.
  • the porous carbon material has an average pore diameter of 0.5 to 600 nm.
  • An adsorbent material comprising the aforementioned graphene porous carbon material.
  • a particulate filler for a chromatography column comprising the aforementioned graphene porous carbon material.
  • a porous container comprising the aforementioned graphene porous carbon material.
  • the graphene porous carbon material is used as an electrode material in the manufacture of a lithium ion battery and a super capacitor.
  • a high volume energy density electrode material comprising the aforementioned graphene porous carbon material.
  • a catalyst carrier comprising the aforementioned graphene porous carbon material.
  • a thermally conductive material comprising the aforementioned graphene porous carbon material.
  • the invention has the following beneficial effects: the method of the invention makes the graphene sheets overlap each other, self-assembled and formed, and can be formed without adding an additional binder, and the macroscopic structure is set in addition. It is solidified in the process of water drying, and can obtain a graphene porous carbon material with high density, high hardness, uniform structure, good thermal conductivity, large specific surface area and abundant pores.
  • the method of the present invention comprises a preparation process of a graphene-based gel, and the presence of the process makes it possible to simply and efficiently load the catalyst by the impregnation method, thereby effectively increasing the doping range and uniformity of the catalyst.
  • the graphene porous carbon material prepared by the method of the invention can be molded not only without adding a binder, but also has a considerable hardness at a specific surface area of 800 to 3000 m 2 /g. Powdering provides great convenience for its applications in adsorption, catalysis and energy storage.
  • a monolithic graphene porous material having a specific surface area of 3000 m 2 /g can be prepared, and a high hardness material having a specific surface area can be obtained.
  • the porous carbon material is hard and wear-resistant; the conductivity is good, no additional conductive agent is added; the plasticity is strong, the mold can be used to prepare various shapes according to the needs, and the desired shape can be prepared by simple means such as cutting in the preparation process;
  • the pore structure makes the material an ideal place for filling various metal oxides, Co, Au, Ag, Pt, Ru, etc. and their alloy nanoparticles, polymers, proteins, amino acids, enzyme biomolecules;
  • the pore structure is reasonable, not only has a considerable number of micropores, but also has a proper amount of mesopores, which is more conducive to ion transport.
  • heat treatment and/or activation steps during the preparation process especially heat treatment at a high temperature of 300 to 2400 ° C and activation at a high temperature of 600 to 900 ° C, and further heat treatment or activation at a temperature of 850 ° C or higher may further
  • the porosity and strength of the material are adjusted to obtain a specific target product.
  • heat treatment or activation below 850 ° C can increase the porosity and specific surface area of the material, while the hardness is only slightly reduced, which can fully meet the needs of using the overall graphene material, and the graphene-based porous under the same porosity conditions.
  • Carbon is a powder with low density and low strength. If it needs to be formed, it needs to be added with a binder.
  • the method of the present invention can prepare a porous material having a hardness of more than 0.01 GPa and a specific surface area of more than 5 m 2 /g by adjusting drying conditions, heat treatment conditions, and addition of auxiliary components, and the hardness can be up to 6.0 GPa and the specific surface area is maximum. It can reach 3000 m 2 /g.
  • the hydrogen bonding between the graphene sheets is enhanced, so that the graphene gel formed by the assembly is more compact; and because the interaction between the layers of the graphene itself is enhanced,
  • the preparation of the graphene-based gel reduces the pressure requirement in the reaction vessel, thereby reducing the material requirements of the reaction vessel, reducing the critical reaction time, greatly reducing the energy consumption, and greatly reducing the material preparation process under large-scale industrial production. Security risks in the middle.
  • the high-density and high-hardness graphene porous carbon material of the present invention can be used as a porous container to fill various metal oxides, Co, Au, Ag, Pt, Ru, etc. and alloy nanoparticles thereof.
  • the graphene porous carbon material has excellent thermal conductivity and can be used as a heat conductive material; as an electrode material, it has outstanding volume specific capacity in a lithium ion battery and a super capacitor; in the material preparation process, a catalyst precursor can be added, which is simple The uniform loading of the catalyst is realized, the doping range and uniformity are effectively improved, and the catalyst carrier can be used for a fixed bed, a fluidized bed reactor, a fuel cell, and the like.
  • Example 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of a high density and high hardness graphene porous carbon material prepared in Example 1 of the present invention.
  • Example 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of a high density and high hardness graphene porous carbon material prepared in Example 4 of the present invention.
  • Example 3 is a nitrogen adsorption-desorption curve of a high-density high-hardness graphene porous carbon material prepared in Example 1 of the present invention.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a graphene porous carbon material, which is used for preparing a high-density and high-hardness graphene porous carbon material having a stable macro structure.
  • the preparation method mainly comprises three steps: 1) preparing a raw sol: graphene
  • the base component, or a mixture of the graphene-based component and the auxiliary component, is added to the solvent, and the raw sol of the graphene porous carbon material is prepared by mechanical stirring, magnetic stirring, ultrasonic dispersion, ball-milling dispersion or high-energy treatment.
  • the solvent is at least one of water, ethanol, methanol, dimethylformamide, ethylene glycol, and methylpyrrolidone
  • the graphene-based component is graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, graphene.
  • At least one auxiliary component may be at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphite, polyvinyl alcohol, sucrose, and glucose, and the auxiliary component is added in an amount of less than 98%, preferably less than 30%.
  • the hardness and porosity of the material may be further adjusted by the following steps: 4)
  • the material obtained in the step 3) is heated to a temperature of 100 to 3600 ° C for 0.1 to 100 hours, preferably 300 to 70 ° C.
  • the anoxic atmosphere is achieved by vacuuming and / or through inert gas and / or pass reducing gas
  • the inert gas is one or two of nitrogen, argon, helium, Or a mixture of two or more kinds
  • the reducing gas being one or two or a mixture of two or more of ammonia gas, hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide; or / and reacting at a temperature of 200 to 2000 ° C by an activation reaction 0.1 to 0.1 50h, preferably activated at 600-900 ° C for 0.5 ⁇ 8h
  • the activation reaction is chemical activation and / or physical activation
  • chemical activation is solid phase activation, liquid phase activation, after cooling to obtain high density and high hardness graphene porous Carbon material.
  • the present invention also relates to a graphene-based porous carbon material obtained by the above method. It can be seen from a scanning electron microscope that the material has a network structure formed by laminating graphene sheets, and the density ranges from 0.3 to 4.0 g/cm. 3 , the hardness is in the range of 0.01 ⁇ 6.0 GPa, the specific surface area is in the range of 5 ⁇ 3000 m 2 / g, and the pore volume is in the range of 0.1 ⁇ 2.0 cm 3 / g.
  • the hardness parameter is 0.05 to 3.0 GPa
  • the elastic modulus is 0.5 to 40 GPa
  • the density parameter is preferably 0.8 to 2.2 g/cm 3
  • the average pore diameter is 0.5 to 600 nm
  • the pore wall thickness is in the range of 0.335 to 3350 nm.
  • the material is used for preparing an adsorbent material, a particulate filler of a chromatography column, a porous vessel, a catalyst carrier, an electrode material, and a heat conductive material.
  • a smooth cylindrical material ie, a graphene-based gel, is obtained, which is dried at 1 ° C; then it is heated to a temperature of 700 ° C at 5 ° C / min under an argon atmosphere, and is heated at a constant temperature for 5 h to obtain a high
  • a high-density graphene porous carbon material having a specific surface area of 750 m 2 /g, a surface area per unit volume (1 cm 3 ) of 960 m 2 , a hardness H of 0.78 GPa, and an elastic modulus E of 4.36 GPa.
  • the temperature was raised to 3600 °C at 5 °C/min under argon atmosphere, and the high-density and high-hardness graphene porous carbon material was obtained after constant temperature treatment for 2 h.
  • the density of the material was 0.34 g/cm 3 and the hardness H was 1.68 GPa with a specific surface area of 5.7 m 2 /g.
  • the liquid phase After the liquid phase is discharged, it is left to dry at room temperature; then it is treated by chemical activation, that is, it is immersed in a 3 mol/L KOH solution for 24 hours, then dried, and heated to a temperature at 10 ° C/min under an argon atmosphere. After 900 ° C, constant temperature 0.1 h, a high-density and high-hardness graphene porous carbon material was obtained, and the specific surface area of the material was 2980 m 2 /g.
  • the material is overlapped by graphene sheets, and spherical sucrose carbon is dotted therein, wherein graphene accounts for 10% of the material, and has a hardness H of 5.93 GPa and a density of 2.76 g/cm 3 .
  • the hydrothermal reaction kettle was placed in a muffle furnace at 150 °C for 6 h; after the hydrothermal reaction vessel was cooled, the inner liner was opened, the aqueous phase was poured out, and dried at a temperature of 110 ° C for 20 h; Under the atmosphere, the temperature was raised to 800 °C at 5 °C/min, and the high-density and high-hardness graphene porous carbon material was obtained after 6 hours of constant temperature treatment. As shown in Fig. 2, the scanning electron microscope of the graphene porous carbon material prepared in the present example was used. image. Since the graphite oxide sheet in the raw material is thin, a clear network structure formed by the overlap of graphene sheets can be seen from the scanning electron microscope.
  • a graphene porous carbon material having a specific surface area of 1600 m 2 /g, a hardness H of 0.03 GPa, and a density of 0.83 g/cm 3 .
  • Example 7 The process and conditions of this example and Example 7 were the same except that the water vapor activation temperature was changed to 2000 ° C to obtain a high density and high hardness graphene porous material.
  • the process and the conditions of the present embodiment and the embodiment 2 are the same except that the graphene-based hydrogel is cut into a tetrahedral shape and then air-dried at room temperature to obtain a tetrahedral high-density and high-hardness graphene porous carbon material.
  • a high-density and high-hardness graphene porous carbon material having a shape such as a cube, a rectangular parallelepiped or a quadrangular prism can be obtained.
  • Example 7 The process and conditions of this example and Example 7 were the same except that the water vapor activation temperature was changed to 200 ° C to obtain a high density and high hardness graphene porous material.
  • the process and the conditions of the present embodiment and the embodiment 8 are the same, except that the graphene-based hydrogel is added one step before drying, and then it is immersed in a 5% amino acid solution for 10 hours, and then dried, and the other conditions are the same to obtain an amino acid filling.
  • the high-density and high-hardness graphene porous carbon material has a filling amount of 37%.
  • the material obtained in Example 2 is used as a lithium ion negative electrode material.
  • the specific method is: after the material is sufficiently ground into a powder, the active material and PTFE (60 wt%) are mixed in NMP according to a mass ratio of 90:10. Stir and ultrasonically disperse for 30 min. The slurry was coated on a copper foil with an applicator, and after 12 hours of treatment in a vacuum oven at 120 ° C, the pole piece was cut into 1 cm 2 .
  • the present embodiment provides a method for using a graphene porous carbon material as a catalyst carrier.
  • the method of the present embodiment is the same as that of the embodiment 1, except that the graphene oxide alkene hydrogel is first placed in 100 mL and placed in 28 wt% of PdCl. 2 The solution was immersed for 24 hours and then dried to obtain a Pd catalyst having high strength, molding and uniform loading, which was used for catalyzing the Heck reaction with a selectivity of 96% and a yield close to 100%.
  • the material obtained in Embodiment 2 is used as a heat conductive material.
  • the specific method is as follows: the sheet material is mounted under a heat generating device as a heat sink, and the thermal conductivity is found to be 800 W/(m ⁇ K), and the heat dissipation effect is excellent. .
  • the material obtained in Example 8 is used as a supercapacitor electrode material, in particular, after the material is sufficiently ground into a powder, the active material and PTFE (60 wt%) are mixed in ethanol at a mass ratio of 90:10. Stir and ultrasonically disperse for 30 min. The slurry was applied by drop coating on a foamed nickel of 1 cm ⁇ 1 cm size, and dried in an oven at 70 ° C overnight, and then immersed in an alkaline electrolyte for 12 hours. The electrochemical performance of the three-electrode system was tested and the volumetric specific capacity was 368 F/cm 3 .

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料及其制备方法和应用，所述方法包括以下步骤：步骤一、原始溶胶制备：将石墨烯基组分、或石墨烯基组分与辅助组分的混合物加入溶剂中分散得到制备所述石墨烯多孔炭材料的原始溶胶；步骤二、石墨烯基凝胶制备：将步骤一制备的原始溶胶置于反应容器并在20～500℃，反应0.1～100h，制备得到石墨烯基凝胶；步骤三、高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料制备：将石墨烯基凝胶在0～200℃下干燥后，将其在缺氧的气氛下升温至100～3600℃热处理0.1～100h，或/和在200～2000℃采用活化反应的方法反应0.1～50h即可。本发明与现有技术相比，所制备的石墨烯基材料具有高密度、高硬度、孔隙丰富、比表面积大、孔结构稳定的优点。

Description

高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料及其制备方法和应用 技术领域
本发明涉及一种基于石墨烯的高密度、高硬度、一次成型的多孔炭材料及其制备方法和应用，属于石墨烯技术领域。
背景技术
严格意义上的石墨烯是单原子层的石墨，即紧密堆积成二维蜂窝状晶格结构的sp2杂化单层碳原子晶体，不平整，有褶皱，是真正的二维晶体，被认为是构筑其它sp2碳质材料的基本结构单元。石墨烯具有优异的电学、力学、热学、光学性质，自2004年被发现以来，引起广泛的关注和持续至今的研究热潮。
作为前沿科学引领者的石墨烯实际上与我们息息相关，比如我们写字留下的铅笔划痕中就能找到它的身影。但是由于常规条件下制备的粉末状石墨烯填充密度极小，杂乱堆积，实际上很多场合下直接利用石墨烯比较困难，为了满足这些场合对石墨烯的要求，需要构筑具有一定结构的石墨烯基材料。像石墨一样，石墨烯很难直接制备成型，需要用一定的方法间接制备石墨烯组装体，比如从氧化石墨烯出发，采用溶胶-凝胶法[Marcus A. Worsley, Peter J. Pauzauskie, et al. Synthesis of Graphene Aerogel with High Electrical Conductivity[J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132 (40), 14067–14069. Marcus A. Worseley等，高导电性的石墨烯气凝胶的合成]、水热法[Yuxi Xu, Gaoquan Shi, et al. Self-Assembled Graphene Hydrogel via a One-Step Hydrothermal Process[J]. ACS Nano, 2010, 4, 4324-4330.徐玉玺，石高全等，一步水热法制备自组装石墨烯水凝胶]、水煮法[Wei Lv, Quan-Hong Yang, et al. One-Pot Self-Assembly of Three-Dimensional Graphene Macroassemblies with Porous Core and Layered Shell[J]. J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 12352-12357.吕伟，杨全红等，One-Pot自组装制备多孔核-层状壳结构三维石墨烯宏观体]等制备。杨全红等通过引入连结剂运用水热法制备出大表面积石墨烯基多孔三维组装体材料[杨全红，陶莹，吕伟，基于石墨烯的多孔宏观体碳材料及其制备方法，专利号：CN 201010568996.8]，但该多孔材料的和其他气凝胶材料一样，表现为密度低，强度小等特点。总之，这类多孔材料着眼于将石墨烯片层搭接交联形成一定的宏观结构，对其石墨烯成型性、强度等方面专注较少，并且通过主流的热膨胀法制备的石墨烯密度非常小，为其进一步实际应用带来困难。而通过物理压制法制备成型品普遍具有需要额外增加粘结剂、成型品不均一、微观接触差、高温处理易产生裂纹等缺点。活性炭作为典型的碳基多孔材料，虽然具有比较大的比表面积，但由于活化过程中引入很多缺陷，其基本结构单元石墨微晶片层较小，导致其导电性较差，在一定程度上阻碍了其在储能方面的应用，并且其自主成型也比较困难，即使成型，其密度和硬度也都比较低。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是：提供一种高密度、高硬度石墨烯基多孔炭材料及其自组装制备方法和应用。
本发明的技术问题通过以下技术手段予以实现：
一种石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
步骤一、原始溶胶制备：将石墨烯基组分、或石墨烯基组分与辅助组分的混合物加入溶剂中分散得到制备所述石墨烯多孔炭材料的原始溶胶；
步骤二、石墨烯基凝胶制备：将步骤一制备的原始溶胶置于反应容器升温至20～500℃，反应0.1～100h，制备得到石墨烯基凝胶；
步骤三、干燥处理：将石墨烯基凝胶在0～200℃下干燥后，即得到高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料。
优选地，
还包括以下步骤：
步骤四：将步骤三所得到的材料在缺氧的气氛下升温至100～3600℃热处理0.1～100h，或/和在200～2000℃采用活化反应的方法反应0.1～50h。
步骤一所述的石墨烯基组分为石墨、氧化石墨、氧化石墨烯、石墨烯中的至少一种。
步骤一所述的辅助组分为碳纳米管、炭黑、石墨或聚乙烯醇、蔗糖、葡萄糖中的至少一种，其添加含量低于98%，优选添加含量低于30%。添加辅助组分碳纳米管、炭黑、石墨中的至少一种后制备出的石墨烯多孔炭材料的导电网络更加完整，具有更优异的导电、导热性能；添加辅助组分聚乙烯醇、蔗糖、葡萄糖中的至少一种后，可以加强石墨烯基组分之间的桥联作用，制备出的石墨烯多孔炭材料的密度和硬度得到大幅提高，并且因为碳源的不同，所制备的多孔炭兼具软炭和硬炭的特征，为其在储能领域的应用提供了极大的方便。而由于辅助组分和石墨烯基组分在密度和体积上的悬殊以及在水（溶剂）热反应过程中失重情况及形态的不同，即便在辅助组分添加量为98%时也会获得以石墨烯为基本结构单元构建而成的一次成型的高密度高硬度多孔材料，但从辅助组分的分散性考虑，优选添加含量低于30%。
步骤一所述溶剂为水、乙醇、甲醇、二甲基甲酰胺、乙二醇、甲基吡咯烷酮中的至少一种。
步骤一所述的分散方法为机械搅拌、磁力搅拌、超声分散、球磨分散、高能处理法分散中的至少一种。
在步骤二中，将所述的步骤一制备的原始溶胶的pH值调节至8以下，从而优化了制备条件，在使临界反应温度和反应时间减少，大大降低了制备过程的能耗，减少了大规模生产中的安全隐患的同时制备出兼具高密度和大表面积的石墨烯多孔材料。
步骤二所述加热方式为电加热、微波加热、红外加热、电磁加热中的至少一种。
步骤二所述加热温度为100～200 ℃，反应时间为1～20 h。
步骤四所述缺氧气氛的实现方式为抽真空和/或通惰性气体和/或通还原性气体，所述惰性气体为氮气、氩气、氦气中的一种或两种、或两种以上的混合物，所述还原性气体为氨气、氢气、一氧化碳中的一种或两种、或两种以上的混合物。
步骤四所述热处理温度为300～2400 ℃，处理时间为2～10 h。
步骤四所述的活化反应的方式为化学活化和/或物理活化。
所述的化学活化方式为固相活化、液相活化中的至少一种。
步骤四所述活化反应温度为600～900 ℃，活化反应时间为0.5～8 h。
一种如前述的方法制备的石墨烯多孔炭材料，相对于普通石墨烯材料，该材料具有高密度、高硬度的物理性质，其基本组成单元为石墨烯，其特征在于：所述多孔炭材料具有由石墨烯片层搭接形成的网络结构，所述石墨烯多孔炭材料的密度为0.3～4.0 g/cm3，硬度H为0.01～6.0 GPa，比表面积为5～3000 m2/g，孔容为0.1～2.0 cm3/g。原始溶胶的pH值越偏向酸性，形成的石墨烯基凝胶越紧致，干燥后的产品密度也更大。另外干燥温度越高，所形成的多孔炭材料密度、硬度越大，并且由于热处理温度和时间的不同，所制备的石墨烯多孔炭材料硬度呈现一个先减少后上升的变化趋势，这是由于低温热处理涉及到官能团的脱失，材料孔隙结构会更加发达，比表面积更大，但会使硬度有一定程度的损失，而高温处理条件下石墨烯片层进一步收缩导致硬度增加，但由于形成部分闭孔，导致比表面积下降。活化条件下除了能解放材料的本征孔，还会额外造孔，从而获得孔隙更加丰富，比表面积更大的无粘结剂的多孔炭材料。
优选地：
所述多孔材料的孔壁厚度在0.335~3350nm范围内。
所述密度为0.8～2.2 g/cm3。
所述的硬度H为0.05～3.0 GPa，材料的弹性模量E为0.5～40 GPa。
所述比表面积为800～3000 m2/g时，其密度为0.3～1.5 g/cm3，且不会粉化。
所述多孔炭材料的平均孔径为0.5～600 nm。
一种吸附材料，包含前述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
一种色谱柱的微粒填料，包含前述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
一种多孔容器，包含前述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料作为电极材料在锂离子电池及超级电容制造中的应用。
一种高体积能量密度电极材料，包含前述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
一种催化剂载体，包含前述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
一种导热材料，包含前述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果：采用本发明的方法使得石墨烯片层相互搭接，自组装成型，无需额外添加粘结剂即可成型，其宏观结构在设定的除水干燥过程中得到固化，能够得到高密度、高硬度、结构均一、导热性好、比表面积大、孔隙丰富的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
本发明的方法包括石墨烯基凝胶的制备过程，该过程的存在使采用浸渍法简单高效负载催化剂成为可能，有效提高了催化剂的掺杂范围和均匀性。
采用本发明的方法制备出的石墨烯多孔炭材料不仅不需添加粘结剂即可成型，而且在比表面积为800～3000 m2/g的条件下，材料依然具有相当大的硬度，不会粉化，为其在吸附、催化、储能领域的应用提供了很大的方便。
采用本发明的方法既能制备得到比表面积为3000m2/g的整体式石墨烯多孔材料，又能得到具有一定比表面积的高硬度材料。
该多孔炭材料坚硬耐磨损；导电性好，无需额外添加导电剂；可塑性强，可根据需要运用模具制备各种形状，亦可在制备过程中通过切割等简单手段制备所需形状；丰富的孔隙结构使该材料成为填充各种金属氧化物，Co、Au、Ag、Pt、Ru等及其合金纳米粒子，聚合物，蛋白质，氨基酸，酶生物分子的理想场所；该多孔炭材料孔隙发达，孔结构分布合理，不仅具有数量可观的微孔，还具备适量的中孔，更利于离子传输。
优选方案中：
在制备过程中增加热处理和/或活化步骤，尤其是在300～2400℃的高温下热处理及600～900℃的高温下进行活化，更有选在850℃以上的温度进行热处理或活化，可以进一步调节材料的孔隙率和强度，获得特定的目标产物。具体来说，在850℃以下进行热处理或活化可以增加材料的孔隙率和比表面积，而硬度只是略微减少，完全能够满足使用整体石墨烯材料的需要，而同等孔隙率条件下的石墨烯基多孔炭为密度低、强度小的粉体，如需成型，还需外加粘结剂。而温度在850℃以上，石墨烯片层发生进一步卷曲收缩使硬度增加，但由于形成部分闭孔，导致比表面积下降。总之，通过调整干燥条件、热处理条件以及辅助组分的添加，本发明的方法能够制备出硬度大于0.01GPa，比表面积大于5 m2/g的多孔材料，硬度最大可达到6.0GPa，比表面积最大可达到3000 m2/g。
原始溶胶的pH范围在偏酸性条件下时，使得石墨烯片层间的氢键作用增强，从而组装形成的石墨烯凝胶更加紧致；并且因为石墨烯自身片层间作用力的增强，使制备石墨烯基凝胶对反应容器内压力的需求降低，从而降低了对反应容器的材质要求，也使临界反应时间减少，大大降低了能量消耗，同时大幅减少了大规模工业化生产下材料制备过程中的安全隐患。
由于其丰富的孔隙和良好的机械强度，本发明的高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料可作为多孔容器，填充各种金属氧化物，Co、Au、Ag、Pt、Ru等及其合金纳米粒子，聚合物，蛋白质，氨基酸，酶生物分子等；亦可在吸附重金属离子、染料、有毒化学品、油品等方面发挥作用，也是色谱柱的微粒填料的良好选择；用于重金属离子检测有良好的性能；该石墨烯多孔炭材料导热性能优异，可作为导热材料使用；作为电极材料在锂离子电池和超级电容器方面具有突出的体积比容量；在材料制备过程中，可添加催化剂前驱体，简便实现催化剂的均匀负载，有效提高掺杂范围和均匀性，作为催化剂载体可用于固定床、流动床反应器、燃料电池等方面。
 附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1制备的高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料的扫描电子显微镜图片。
图2为本发明实施例4制备的高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料的扫描电子显微镜图片。
图3为本发明实施例1制备的高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料的氮气吸脱附曲线。
具体实施方式
下面对照附图并结合优选的实施方式对本发明作进一步说明。
本发明提供一种石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，以制备具有稳定宏观结构的高密度、高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料，该制备方法主要包括三个步骤：1）制备原始溶胶：将石墨烯基组分、或石墨烯基组分与辅助组分的混合物加入溶剂中，采用机械搅拌、磁力搅拌、超声分散、球磨分散或高能处理法分散得到制备所述石墨烯多孔炭材料的原始溶胶，其中，所述溶剂为水、乙醇、甲醇、二甲基甲酰胺、乙二醇、甲基吡咯烷酮中的至少一种，石墨烯基组分为石墨、氧化石墨、氧化石墨烯、石墨烯中的至少一种，辅助组分则可选碳纳米管、炭黑、石墨、聚乙烯醇、蔗糖、葡萄糖中的至少一种，辅助组分的添加含量低于98%，优选添加含量低于30%；2）制备石墨烯基凝胶：将步骤一制备的原始溶胶置于反应容器中，优选原始溶胶pH值在8以下，升温至20～500℃，优选100～200℃，反应0.1～100h，优选1～20h，制备得到石墨烯基凝胶，其中反应容器根据所制备材料的要求，可以选择水热反应釜等压力容器以及常压反应容器，可根据反应条件选择，加热升温的方式可选择电加热、微波加热、红外加热或电磁加热；3）干燥处理：将石墨烯基凝胶在0～200℃下干燥后，即得到高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料。对于以上步骤制备的材料，还可采用以下步骤进一步调整材料的硬度及孔隙率：4）将步骤3）所得到的材料缺氧的气氛下升温至100～3600℃热处理0.1～100h，优选300～2400℃处理2～10h，缺氧气氛的实现方式为抽真空和/或通惰性气体和/或通还原性气体，所述惰性气体为氮气、氩气、氦气中的一种或两种、或两种以上的混合物，所述还原性气体为氨气、氢气、一氧化碳中的一种或两种、或两种以上的混合物；或/和在200～2000℃采用活化反应的方法反应0.1～50h，优选在600～900℃下活化0.5～8h，活化反应的方式为化学活化和/或物理活化，化学活化方式为固相活化、液相活化，冷却后即得到高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料。本发明还涉及采用上述方法所获得的石墨烯基多孔炭材料，从扫描电子显微镜上可以看到该材料具有由石墨烯片层搭接形成的网络结构，其密度范围在0.3~4.0 g/cm3，硬度在0.01~6.0GPa范围内，比表面积范围在5～3000 m2/g，孔容在0.1～2.0 cm3/g范围内。优选硬度参数为0.05~3.0GPa，弹性模量为0.5~40GPa，优选密度参数为0.8～2.2 g/cm3，平均孔径为0.5～600 nm，孔壁厚度在0.335~3350nm范围内。该材料用于制备吸附材料、色谱柱的微粒填料、多孔容器、催化剂载体、电极材料、导热材料。
为进一步公开本发明的技术方案，以下提供多个更加具体的实施例：
实施例1：
称取170 mg经Hummer法制备的氧化石墨粉体材料，加入85 mL去离子水，在200W的功率下超声分散2h，得到氧化石墨烯水溶胶；调节上述溶胶pH约为3，将上述均一分散的氧化石墨烯水溶胶置于100 mL的水热反应釜中，将水热反应釜放入温度150 ℃的马弗炉中恒温6 h；待水热反应釜冷却后打开内胆，倒出水相，得到光滑圆柱体材料，即石墨烯基凝胶，将其在1 ℃下烘干；然后将其在氩气保护气氛下以5 ℃/min升温至温度700 ℃，恒温5 h处理后得到高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料，该多孔材料的比表面积为750 m2/g，单位体积（1 cm3）的表面积达960 m2，硬度H为0.78 GPa，弹性模量E为4.36 GPa。
实施例2：
称取510 mg经Hummer法制备的氧化石墨粉体材料，加入85 mL去离子水，在200 W的功率下超声分散2 h，得到氧化石墨烯水溶胶；调节上述溶胶pH约为8，将上述均一分散的氧化石墨烯水溶胶置于100 mL的反应容器中，将反应容器升温至温度500 ℃并恒温3 h；待反应容器冷却后打开内胆，倒出水相，得到光滑圆柱体材料。将其切为1～5 mm的薄片，置于室温下晾干。将其在氩气保护气氛下以5 ℃/min升温至温度3600 ℃，恒温处理2 h后得到高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料，该材料的密度为0.34 g/cm3，其硬度H为1.68 GPa，比表面积为5.7 m2/g。
实施例3：
称取170 mg经Hummer法制备的氧化石墨粉体材料和17mg碳纳米管，加入85 mL二甲基甲酰胺，在200W的功率下超声分散3 h，得到原始溶胶；调节上述溶胶pH约为3，将上述均一分散的原始溶胶置于100 mL的水热反应釜中，将水热反应釜放入温度150 ℃的马弗炉中恒温10 h；待水热反应釜冷却后打开内胆，倒出液相后置于室温下晾干；然后采用化学活化的方法进行处理，即将其在3 mol/L的KOH溶液中浸泡24h后烘干，氩气保护气氛下以10 ℃/min升温至温度900 ℃，恒温0.1 h处理后得到一次成型的高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料，该材料的比表面积为2980 m2/g。
实施例4：
称取170 mg经Hummer法制备的氧化石墨粉体材料和8.729g辅助组分蔗糖，加入85 mL去离子水，在200 W的功率下超声分散2 h，得到含辅助组分蔗糖0.3mol/L的氧化石墨烯水溶胶；调节上述溶胶pH约为3，将上述均一分散的水溶胶置于特定的高压反应器中，将高压反应器放入温度180 ℃的马弗炉中恒温3 h；待高压反应器冷却后，倒出水相，得到光滑水凝胶，将其置于200 ℃下烘干。该材料由石墨烯片层相互搭接，球形蔗糖碳点缀其中，其中石墨烯占该材料的比例为10%，其硬度H为5.93 GPa，密度2.76 g/cm3。
实施例5：
量取经Hummer法制备的氧化石墨过程中产生的滤液1800 mL，加入6 mL 20 mg/mL的聚乙烯醇溶液，在3800 rpm下离心20 min；收集离心下层物质85 g放入100 mL水热反应釜中，将水热反应釜放入150 ℃的马弗炉中6 h；待水热反应釜冷却后打开内胆，倒出水相，在温度110 ℃下干燥20 h；将其在氩气保护气氛下以5 ℃/min升温至温度800 ℃，恒温处理6 h后得到高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料，如图2所示，为本实施例制备的石墨烯多孔炭材料的扫描电子显微镜图片。由于原料中的氧化石墨片层较薄，从扫描电子显微镜上可以看出明显的石墨烯片层搭接形成的网络结构。
实施例6：
超声分散得到6 mg/mL均一的氧化石墨烯水溶胶；调节上述溶胶pH约为3，取80 mL上述均一分散的氧化石墨烯溶液加入100 mL的水热反应釜中，并将螺纹状玻璃管置于釜中，然后将水热反应釜放入120 ℃的马弗炉中20 h；待水热反应釜冷却后打开内胆，倒出水相，在温度110 ℃下干燥10 h；将其在氩气保护气氛下以5 ℃/min升温至温度800 ℃，恒温处理6 h即得螺纹状和线状高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料。
实施例7：
称取170 mg经Hummer法制备的氧化石墨粉体材料，加入85 mL去离子水，在200 W的功率下超声分散2 h，得到氧化石墨烯水溶胶；调节上述溶胶pH约为3，将上述均一分散的氧化石墨烯水溶胶置于100 mL的水热反应釜中，将水热反应釜放入温度150 ℃的马弗炉中恒温6 h；待水热反应釜冷却后打开内胆，倒出水相，得到光滑圆柱体材料，将其在室温下晾干。然后将其在氩气保护气氛下以5 ℃/min升温至温度850 ℃，恒温10 min后，通水蒸气和氮气混合气（水蒸气体积比20%），活化40 min，得到高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料，该多孔材料的比表面积为1600 m2/g，硬度H为0.03 GPa，密度0.83 g/cm3。
实施例8：
称取170 mg经Hummer法制备的氧化石墨粉体材料，加入85 mL去离子水，在200 W的功率下超声分散2 h，得到氧化石墨烯水溶胶；调节上述溶胶pH约为1，取上述均一分散的氧化石墨烯水溶胶加入100 mL的水热反应釜中，将水热反应釜放入温度50 ℃的马弗炉中恒温3 h；待水热反应釜冷却后打开内胆，倒出水相，得到光滑圆柱体材料，将其在室温下晾干。由于将氧化石墨烯溶胶的pH调节到1，使反应温度和反应时间大幅降低，达到了降低能耗的目的。
实施例9：
称取176 mg经Hummer法制备的氧化石墨粉体材料，加入88 mL去离子水，在200 W的功率下超声分散2 h，得到氧化石墨烯水溶胶；调节上述溶胶pH约为11，取上述均一分散的氧化石墨烯水溶胶加入100 mL的水热反应釜中，将水热反应釜放入温度200 ℃的马弗炉中恒温100 h；待水热反应釜冷却后打开内胆，倒出水相，得到光滑圆柱体材料，将其在室温下晾干。
实施例11：
本实施例和实施例7过程与条件相同，只是将水蒸气活化温度改为2000℃，得到高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔材料。
实施例12：
本实施例和实施例2过程与条件相同，只是将石墨烯基水凝胶切割成四面体形后在室温下晾干，得到四面体形高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料。同样的方法可以得到正方体、长方体、四棱柱等形状的高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料。
实施例13：
本实施例和实施例7过程与条件相同，只是将水蒸气活化温度改为200℃，得到高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔材料。
实施例14：
本实施例和实施例8过程与条件相同，只是在石墨烯基水凝胶干燥前增加一步，先将其置于5%的氨基酸溶液中浸泡10 h，然后干燥，其余条件相同，得到氨基酸填充的高密度高硬度石墨烯多孔炭材料，填充量为37%。
实施例15：
本实施例将实施例2获得的材料作为锂离子负极材料使用，具体方式为：把该材料充分研磨成粉末后，将活性物质和PTFE（60wt%）按照质量比为90：10在NMP中混合搅拌，超声分散30 min。将浆料用涂膜器涂覆在铜箔上，在120 ℃真空烘箱中处理12 h后，将极片剪切成1cm2。在Ar气氛的手套箱中，将上述电极为正极，锂片做负极，1M LiPF6（EC:DC:EMC=1：1：1）为电解液，聚乙烯为隔膜装配CR2032纽扣电池，结果表明其体积比容量为910 mAh/cm3。
实施例16：
本实施例提供一种将石墨烯多孔炭材料作为催化剂载体的方法，本实施例的方法与实施例1过程条件相同，只是先将氧化石墨烯基水凝胶置于100mL置于28wt%的PdCl2溶液中浸泡24h后再干燥，获得强度高、成型并且均匀负载的Pd催化剂，将其用于催化赫克反应，其选择性为96%，产率接近100%。
实施例17：
本实施例将实施例2获得的材料作为导热材料使用，具体方式为：将该薄片材料安装到发热器件之下做散热片，测试发现其导热系数为800W/(m•K)，散热效果优异。
实施例18：
本实施例将实施例8获得的材料作为超级电容器电极材料使用，具体方式为：把该材料充分研磨成粉末后，将活性物质和PTFE（60wt%）按照质量比为90：10在乙醇中混合搅拌，超声分散30min。将浆料用滴涂方式涂覆在1cm×1cm大小的泡沫镍上，在70 ℃烘箱中过夜烘干后，将其在碱性电解液当中浸泡12h。采用三电极体系对其进行电化学性能测试，结果表明其体积比容量为368 F/cm3。
以上内容是结合具体的优选实施方式对本发明所作的进一步详细说明，不能认定本发明的具体实施只局限于这些说明。对于本发明所属技术领域的技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，还可以做出若干等同替代或明显变型，而且性能或用途相同，都应当视为属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims (26)

  1. 一种石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    步骤一、原始溶胶制备：将石墨烯基组分、或石墨烯基组分与辅助组分的混合物加入溶剂中分散得到制备所述石墨烯多孔炭材料的原始溶胶；
    步骤二、石墨烯基凝胶制备：将步骤一制备的原始溶胶置于反应容器升温至20～500℃，反应0.1～100h，制备得到石墨烯基凝胶；
    步骤三、干燥处理：将石墨烯基凝胶在0～200℃下干燥后，得到石墨烯多孔炭材料。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：还包括以下步骤：
    步骤四：将步骤三所得到的材料在缺氧的气氛下升温至100～3600℃热处理0.1～100h，或/和在200～2000℃采用活化反应的方法反应0.1～50h。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤一所述的石墨烯基组分为石墨、氧化石墨、氧化石墨烯、石墨烯中的至少一种。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤一所述的辅助组分为碳纳米管、炭黑、石墨或聚乙烯醇、蔗糖、葡萄糖中的至少一种，其添加含量低于98%，优选添加含量低于30%。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤一所述溶剂为水、乙醇、甲醇、二甲基甲酰胺、乙二醇、甲基吡咯烷酮中的至少一种。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤一所述的分散方法为机械搅拌、磁力搅拌、超声分散、球磨分散、高能处理法分散中的至少一种。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：在步骤二中，将所述的步骤一制备的原始溶胶的pH值调节至8以下。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤二所述加热方式为电加热、微波加热、红外加热、电磁加热中的至少一种。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤二所述加热温度为100～200 ℃，反应时间为1～20 h。
  10. 根据权利要求2所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤四所述缺氧气氛的实现方式为抽真空和/或通惰性气体和/或通还原性气体，所述惰性气体为氮气、氩气、氦气中的一种或两种、或两种以上的混合物，所述还原性气体为氨气、氢气、一氧化碳中的一种或两种、或两种以上的混合物。
  11. 根据权利要求2所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤四所述热处理温度为300～2400 ℃，处理时间为2～10h。
  12. 根据权利要求2所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤四所述的活化反应的方式为化学活化和/或物理活化。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：所述的化学活化方式为固相活化、液相活化中的至少一种。
  14. 根据权利要求12所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤四所述活化反应温度为600～900 ℃，活化反应时间为0.5～8h。
  15. 一种如权利要求1所述的方法制备的石墨烯多孔炭材料，其基本组成单元为石墨烯，其特征在于：所述多孔炭材料具有由石墨烯片层搭接形成的网络结构，所述石墨烯多孔炭材料的密度为0.3～4.0 g/cm3，硬度H为0.01～6.0 GPa，比表面积为5～3000 m2/g，孔容为0.1～2.0 cm3/g。
  16. 根据权利要求15所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料，其特征在于：所述多孔材料的孔壁厚度在0.335~3350 nm范围内。
  17. 根据权利要求15所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料，其特征在于：所述密度为0.8～2.2 g/cm3。
  18. 根据权利要求15所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料，其特征在于：所述的硬度H为0.05～3.0 GPa，弹性模量E为0.5～40 GPa。
  19. 根据权利要求15所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料，其特征在于：比表面积为800～3000 m2/g时，其密度为0.3～1.5 g/cm3。
  20. 一种吸附材料，其特征在于：包含权利要求15～19任意一项所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
  21. 一种色谱柱的微粒填料，其特征在于：包含权利要求15～19任意一项所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
  22. 一种多孔容器，其特征在于：包含权利要求15～19任意一项所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
  23. 如权利要求15～19任意一项所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料作为电极材料在锂离子电池及超级电容制造中的应用。
  24. 一种高体积能量密度电极材料，其特征在于：包含权利要求15～19任意一项所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
  25. 一种导热材料，其特征在于：包含权利要求15～19任意一项所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
  26. 一种催化剂载体，其特征在于：包含权利要求15～19任意一项所述的石墨烯多孔炭材料。
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