WO2013164919A1 - 炊飯方法 - Google Patents
炊飯方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013164919A1 WO2013164919A1 PCT/JP2013/052740 JP2013052740W WO2013164919A1 WO 2013164919 A1 WO2013164919 A1 WO 2013164919A1 JP 2013052740 W JP2013052740 W JP 2013052740W WO 2013164919 A1 WO2013164919 A1 WO 2013164919A1
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- rice
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Images
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L7/10—Cereal-derived products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
- A23L5/10—General methods of cooking foods, e.g. by roasting or frying
- A23L5/13—General methods of cooking foods, e.g. by roasting or frying using water or steam
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L7/10—Cereal-derived products
- A23L7/101—Addition of antibiotics, vitamins, amino-acids, or minerals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L7/10—Cereal-derived products
- A23L7/196—Products in which the original granular shape is maintained, e.g. parboiled rice
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a rice cooking method.
- Rice cooking is generally a water absorption process for absorbing water into rice, a rising heating process for adding water to the absorbed water to bring it to a boiling state, a boiling maintenance process for maintaining the boiling state and continuing to cook rice, It is performed by a steaming process in which cooked rice is steamed after heating.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a rice cooking apparatus that temporarily stores rice balls that are blown from the pot in the rice cooking process and returns the rice balls stored in the steaming process to the inside of the pot. Has been.
- Patent Documents 2 to 5 disclose rice cookers that can cook rice continuously.
- the rice cooking apparatus disclosed in Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 3 is a primary steaming device that performs primary steaming on rice grains while being transported by a conveyor, and for alpha conversion of rice grains
- rice grains are heated by saturated steam at 110 to 115 ° C. in a primary steaming apparatus or a secondary steaming apparatus, and hot water at about 80 ° C. is sprinkled for water addition.
- the rice cooking devices disclosed in Patent Literature 4 and Patent Literature 5 are each a first conveyor means provided in the first steam chamber and a second conveyor chamber provided immediately below the first conveyor means. Conveyor means, third conveyor means provided in the three steam chambers provided immediately below, first steaming means for performing primary steaming in the first steam chamber, and the second steam Secondary steaming means for performing secondary steaming indoors and watering means for spraying water between the primary steaming and the secondary steaming are provided.
- rice grains are heated by superheated steam at about 140 ° C. and about 0.36 MPa in the first steam chamber, by superheated steam at about 150 ° C. and about 0.48 MPa in the second steam chamber, About 60-90 ° C. warm water is sprinkled for hydration.
- tertiary steaming may be performed in the third steam chamber.
- Patent Document 6 proposes a method of cooking glutinous rice having an amylose content of 15% or less, particularly 10% or less.
- Patent Document 6 is a method of cooking rice using varieties of rice having a low amylose content, and can only be applied to rice of specific varieties.
- JP 2009-000187 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-107896 JP 9-294678 A JP 2001-169915 A Registered Utility Model No. 3142166 JP 9-322725 A
- the inventors of the present application have studied rice cooking conditions using trial and error using a continuous rice cooking apparatus having a steaming process using high-temperature steam, and rice with less deterioration in taste even when stored at room temperature or low temperature is cooked. As a result, the present invention has been completed.
- an object of the present invention is to provide cooked rice that is suppressed in aging without using low amylose rice having a low amylose content, and that has little deterioration in taste even when stored at room temperature or low temperature.
- the present invention is a rice cooking method comprising a step of washing away amylose eluted from rice during cooking.
- cooked rice is provided in which aging is suppressed and deliciousness is maintained even at room temperature storage or low temperature storage.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a rice cooking apparatus used in a rice cooking method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the hydrated state and the amount of amylose that has flowed out in the rice cooker of FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing changes over time in the surface color of cooked rice (white rice) cooked with the rice cooker in FIG. 1 and the surface color of cooked rice (white rice) cooked with a commercially available rice cooker.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the time-dependent changes in the elasto-viscosity of cooked rice (white rice) cooked with the rice cooker of FIG. (A) shows the change over time in hardness, and (b) shows the change over time in stickiness.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a rice cooking apparatus used in a rice cooking method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the hydrated state and the amount of amylose that has flowed out in the rice cooker of
- FIG. 5 is a diagram comparing the result of sensory test of cooked rice (white rice) cooked with the rice cooker of FIG. 1 and the result of sensory test of cooked rice (white rice) cooked with a commercially available rice cooker.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the hydrated state and the amount of amylose that has flowed out in the rice cooker of FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing changes over time in the hardness of cooked rice (white rice) cooked by the rice cooker of FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing changes over time in the stickiness of cooked rice (white rice) cooked with the rice cooker of FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the change over time in the hardness of sushi rice obtained by cooking with the rice cooker of FIG.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the change over time in the stickiness of sushi rice obtained by cooking with the rice cooker of FIG.
- the rice cooking method of the present invention is a rice cooking method including a step of adding water to the water-absorbed rice and heating the rice, and the step of washing away amylose eluted from the rice in the step of adding and heating the water. is there.
- the rice cooking method of the present invention includes a steaming process using high-temperature steam, and can be easily carried out by a continuous rice cooking method in which water is added using warm water in the steaming process. That is, in a continuous rice cooking method involving a steaming step, it can be carried out by pouring hot water in an amount greater than the amount of water required for rice cooking and washing away amylose eluted from the rice in the steaming step.
- the continuous rice cooking method includes transfer means such as a conveyor for transferring absorbed rice, a steaming device for steaming rice on the conveyor as the transfer means with high-temperature steam, and hot water for the rice on the conveyor in the steaming device. It can be carried out by a rice cooker equipped with a watering device that supplies water.
- the steaming device is a device that includes a steam chamber to which high-temperature steam is supplied and steams rice moving on a conveyor in the steam chamber.
- the steaming device has a watering device that pours (or sprinkles) hot water for adding water to rice moving on the conveyor. If it is such a rice cooker, what kind of structure may be sufficient, and the rice cooking apparatus (for example, the rice cooking apparatus shown in FIG. 1) which performs a steaming process on the conveyor of 1 line, or the rice cooking which performs a steaming process on the conveyor of multiple lines An apparatus (for example, a rice cooking apparatus disclosed in Patent Documents 2 to 5) may be used.
- the amount of water normally required for cooking rice is generally 10 to 20% more than the amount of rice, that is, 110 to 120% of the amount of rice.
- the amount of water is more than that, and the amount of water added is 130-160% of the amount of rice, and the amount of water absorption before cooking rice, the water absorption time and the temperature at the time of water absorption, It is set as appropriate depending on the softness.
- the amount of warm water may be an amount that can wash away a part of the amylose eluted on the surface of the rice in the steaming process, and it is not necessary to wash out the entire amount of amylose that is eluted. That is, it is necessary for the hot water poured from the watering device to fall under the conveyor, and the amount of water added to the extent that the steam supplied like ordinary rice is cooled and dropped is insufficient. There is a possibility that the amount of amylose remaining on the surface of the rice grain increases and the progress of aging cannot be delayed. Specifically, it is 1.1 times the amount of water required, 1.5 times, 2 times, 2.5 times, and 3 times, preferably 1.5 times, Preferably it is twice or more.
- the amount of water injection is determined by the outflow rate from the sprinkler, the amount of water injection is actually adjusted by increasing the outflow rate.
- the amount of water usually required varies depending on the size of the equipment (processing capacity), but an example is about 0.65 in the case of a rice cooker with a processing capacity of 0.5 kg per minute. ⁇ 0.8 L / min. Therefore, in the present invention, a larger amount of water is required, and the apparatus has a water amount of at least about 0.72 L / min or more, preferably more than 0.8 L / min, and more desirably 1.0 L. A water amount of at least / min is required.
- the temperature of the hot water is about 60 to 90 ° C. and is appropriately set by those skilled in the art. Further, the temperature of the high-temperature steam used in the steaming process is about 90 to 150 ° C., and is appropriately set by those skilled in the art.
- the rice cooking conditions other than the amount of hot water injection such as the temperature and pressure of the hot water, the temperature and pressure of the high-temperature steam, the washing conditions and the soaking conditions before cooking, are almost the same as the conventional rice cooking conditions. It is characterized by rinsing away amylose eluted on the surface of rice during the steaming process by increasing the amount of water injected, compared to the rice cooking conditions.
- An excessive amount of water injection required to wash away amylose may be performed at any timing during the steaming process.
- the water injection may be performed in an equal amount in the steaming process, or the amount of water injection may be increased at a certain time of the steaming process.
- the water injection amount is increased for a while after the start of the steaming process, that is, at the initial stage of the steaming process, and the water injection quantity is decreased in the subsequent processes.
- the timing and mechanism of amylose eluting are unknown in detail, but it is based on the fact that a large amount of amylose was detected at the initial stage of the steaming process (see Examples).
- the temperature of the rice rises immediately after the start of the steaming process, and amylose is eluted at this time. That is, if the amount of water injection is increased in the initial stage of the steaming process, amylose eluted on the surface of the rice is effectively washed away, so that it is assumed that aging can be suppressed while being delicious rice.
- the initial stage is, for example, between 10 minutes after the start of cooking rice and between 8 minutes.
- amylose can be washed away with an excess amount of water, it is possible to inject hot water evenly in the steaming process as described above, and it goes without saying that the amount of water injection can be increased at the final stage of the steaming process. Yes.
- an excessive amount of water injection can be set as appropriate depending on the elution state of amylose (for example, elution time and elution amount) and the cooked state of cooked rice.
- the rice cooking method according to the present invention is characterized in that the amylose eluted in the steaming step is washed away with warm water, and the washed liquid (waste liquid) contains amylose among starch contained in rice. Was detected and the amylopectin was generated from the fact that almost no detection was detected. Even if an excessive amount of warm water is poured in the rice cooking method, not all amylose contained in the rice is eluted, and the rice cooking method is a method in which all amylose contained in the rice is eluted and washed away. Needless to say, it is not a method of washing away all the eluted amylose. Furthermore, it is not a method of selectively washing out amylose without washing off amylopectin eluted from rice, and includes a case where amylopectin is washed away.
- the rice cooking method of the present invention can be applied not only to a continuous rice cooking method in which water is added during the steaming step, but also to a batch type rice cooking method using a kettle.
- the batch-type rice cooking method means a method of cooking using a kettle, a method of cooking using a single kettle like rice cooking with a rice cooker, or a plurality of arranged in a row It means a method of cooking rice continuously using a kettle.
- a batch-type rice cooking method for example, in the rising heating process in which water is added to the absorbed rice to bring it to a boiling state, the heated water is discarded at a certain time in the process, and the rising heating is performed.
- An example is a method in which rice in the middle is washed with warm water, and then a predetermined amount of water or warm water is added again to bring it to a boiling state. Moreover, in the boiling maintenance process which maintains a boiling state and continues cooking rice, after taking out the rice in the said process and wash
- the rice cooking method according to the present invention includes a step of washing out amylose eluted from rice during cooking, the amount of amylose adhering to the surface of the rice after cooking is reduced, and aging of the rice is suppressed.
- rice that has little rustling and yellowing due to aging and is kept delicious is provided. Therefore, it is possible to provide cooked rice that is less likely to age without questioning whether the rice to be cooked is low amylose rice, such as low amylose rice.
- by increasing the amount of water added there is little change in the characteristics of cooked rice even after refrigerated storage, and aging tends to be further suppressed. That is, when the amount of amylose adhering to the surface of rice after cooking is decreased by increasing the amount of water added, aging can be further suppressed.
- the cooked rice cooked by the rice cooking method according to the present invention can be eaten as it is, but aging can also be suppressed by using, for example, mixed rice with a seasoning such as sushi vinegar. Therefore, it can be said that the cooked rice obtained by the rice cooking method according to the present invention is preferable as cooked rice mixed with sushi vinegar and other seasonings.
- a rice cooker 1 shown in FIG. 1 injects hot water from above into a conveyor 2 that transfers rice, a steam chamber 3 that performs a steaming process using high-temperature steam, and rice that moves on the conveyor 2 in the steam chamber 3.
- a watering device 4 is provided.
- the said rice cooking device 1 is provided with the steam supply means which supplies high temperature steam, and the warm water supply means which supplies warm water, these means are not illustrated.
- the watering device 4 is provided in four locations in the moving direction of the conveyor 2 in the steam chamber 3, and is disposed in each section in which the conveyor length in the steam chamber 2 is divided into four sections (Figs. 1 to 3 in FIG. 1). See time zone 4). Further, in the width direction of the conveyor 2, a plurality of watering devices 4 are appropriately arranged so that hot water is evenly injected into rice moving on the conveyor 2 in each section.
- the conveyor 2 is housed in a storage chamber 5 to which high temperature steam is supplied, and the high temperature steam supplied into the storage chamber 5 is supplied into the steam chamber 3 from below the conveyor 2.
- rice was cooked using a commercially available rice cooker.
- the polished rice soaked in tap water was automatically cooked with the soaking water (eco-mode, time required for cooking rice was about 43 minutes).
- steaming was performed at room temperature for 30 minutes in the same manner as in the case of continuous cooking.
- the water content was measured by a 105 ° C. atmospheric pressure drying method.
- the cooked rice was heated for 48 hours from the start of heating, and the water content was determined from the value at which the mass after drying was minimized.
- the waste liquid produced when cooking again was collected 6 minutes, 10 minutes, 14 minutes, and 18 minutes after the start of cooking, and the collected waste liquid was freeze-dried to measure the amount of solids.
- the results are shown in FIG.
- water injection was performed in the time zone shown in FIG.
- three bars shown for each elapsed time in FIG. 2 indicate the amount of waste liquid sugar, the weight of solids, and the amount of reducing sugar from the left.
- the cooked rice obtained above was subjected to a storage test on the following items (2) to (5). Each cooked rice was subdivided into 100 gram wraps and wrapped in food wrap. The cooked rice was stored in a refrigerator at 5 ° C. (refrigerated storage) and at about 25 ° C. at room temperature (room temperature storage). In addition, the cooked rice from the rice cooker was collected from the central part where it does not touch the kettle.
- Gelatinization degree was determined by the BAP method ( ⁇ -amylase-pullulanase method: Kainuma et al., “New method for measuring gelatinization degree and aging degree of starch using ⁇ -amylase-pullulanase (BAP) system”, J Jap. Soc. Starch Science, 28 (4), 235-240) was measured by a test method with some modifications.
- the enzyme soybean ⁇ -amylase (manufactured by Nagase Sangyo Co., Ltd., crude enzyme preparation 5 IU / mg) and pullulanase (manufactured by Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratory, crude 2 IU / mg) were used. 170 mg of pullulanase and 17 mg of ⁇ -amylase were dissolved in 100 ml of 0.8M acetic acid buffer (pH 6.0), and then centrifuged to use the supernatant as the enzyme solution.
- Degree of gelatinization (%) decomposition rate of sample / decomposition rate of completely gelatinized sample ⁇ 100
- decomposition rate (%) (reducing sugar amount produced ⁇ reducing sugar amount of blank) / total sugar amount ⁇ 100 (The amount of sugar is maltose equivalent)
- the degree of gelatinization was corrected using the moisture content of the sample measured separately.
- Viscoelasticity was measured as physical properties. It was measured using a hardness viscometer (SATAKE, RHS1A, Loadcell A & D LC-205-K020). According to the operation procedure of the apparatus, 8 g of sample cooked rice was taken in a dedicated metal petri dish and pressed at 18.5 kgf for 10 seconds on both sides to harden the cooked rice. The hardened cooked rice was placed on a sample table, and the plunger cylinder (diameter 24 mm) was moved twice by creep operation at a speed of 13.3 mm / sec. The measurement was performed 7 times. The results are shown in FIG.
- Rice cooked to about 25 ° C after steaming was used as a sample on the cooking day.
- the refrigerated product was taken out 2 hours before the sensory test, returned to room temperature, and used as a sample after refrigerated storage.
- 16 to 20 general monitors ate sample cooked rice and evaluated the appearance, fragrance (identification and preference by two-point comparison method), texture, taste, and overall evaluation (identification and preference by scoring method). .
- the appearance and aroma were subjected to a comparison test using a two-point comparison test table, and the texture, taste, and overall evaluation were compared using Mann-Whitney's Utest. The results are shown in Table 2 and FIG.
- the waste liquid generated during cooking of rice contained sugar in all time zones.
- the amount of reducing sugar in the waste liquid was below the detection limit, and the sugar content in the waste liquid was a polysaccharide (non-reducing sugar).
- the color reaction in which an iodine reagent is added to the waste liquid exhibits a blue color characteristic of the coloration of amylose, and does not show the reddish purple coloration when amylose and amylopectin are present. It was.
- the elution amount of amylose rises rapidly from 6 minutes after the start of cooking, and reaches an elution peak after 8 minutes. It is estimated that the elution amount of amylose in this time zone is larger than that in other time zones. Is done. The amount of amylose eluted from 4 minutes to 5 minutes is small, which is considered to be due to the large amount of hot water absorbed by rice during this time period. On the other hand, since rice cooking by a rice cooker is performed in a closed system, amylose eluted during the rice cooking process is considered to be left on the rice.
- the cooked rice was evaluated as significantly soft (p ⁇ 0.01) on both the cooking day and after refrigerated storage.
- the cooked rice after continuous cooking is significantly stronger (p ⁇ 0.05) and is also preferred in the overall texture evaluation (p ⁇ 0.01). Can be said to be held.
- cooked rice after refrigerated storage was also favored by the overall evaluation of appearance, texture and flavor (p ⁇ 0.05).
- the rice was cooked by increasing the amount of water added by a continuous rice cooking method.
- the cooking conditions excluding the amount of water are the same as those in Experiment 1, and the three stages of Experiment Example 1 in which the amount of water was set almost the same as Experiment 1, Experiment Example 2 slightly more than that, and Experiment Example 3 having more than that The amount of water was set.
- the amount of water added in Experimental Example 1 is 0.35 L / min, 0.26 L / min, 0.25 L / min, 0, in order from the sprinkler at the inlet of the steam chamber toward the outlet of the steam chamber.
- the outflow amount of amylose is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 6, when the amount of water increased, the amount of saccharides flowing out increased. Since most of the saccharides were amylose, it was shown that more amylose was washed away by increasing the amount of water.
- FIG. 7 shows the change over time in the hardness of white rice
- FIG. 8 shows the change over time in the stickiness of white rice
- FIG. 9 shows the change in the hardness over time of sushi rice
- FIG. 10 shows the change over time in the stickiness of sushi rice.
- the hardness is similar to that when white rice is stored refrigerated.
- the increase in the hardness of cooked rice cooked by continuous rice cooking suppresses the increase in hardness as the amount of water added is increased. Was shown to be difficult to age.
- the cooked rice obtained by the rice cooking method according to the present invention can be said to be preferable as cooked rice for mixed rice such as sushi rice as well as eaten with white rice as it is.
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Abstract
Description
連続式の炊飯方式(連続炊飯)では、米の加熱時間(蒸気室入口から蒸気室出口までの移動時間)を22分(炊飯開始から投入した全ての米(仕込み量1kg)が炊きあがるまでの時間が26分)となるように設定した。また、高温蒸気の温度や加水温度を調整し、炊きあがりが炊飯器と同程度の硬さになるように加水量を通常の1.6倍(当該炊飯時間では、通常時の加水量は米量の130%=0.66L/minである。以下同じ。)に設定した。その上で、米の上方から注水された温水がコンベアの下方に流れ落ちるように調整した。具体的には、蒸気室入口方の散水装置から蒸気室出口方に向かって順に0.35L/min、0.25L/min、0.25L/min、0.2L/min(全量で1.05L/min)とした。加水温度は約90℃、蒸気温度は約125℃、蒸気室内温度は99~100℃であった。
105℃常圧乾燥法により水分含量を測定した。加熱開始から48時間経過まで米飯を加熱し、乾燥後の質量が最小になった値から水分含量を求めた。
コンベアの下方に流れ出た液(米飯洗浄液=廃液)を投入開始4分後から1分経過ごとに15秒間採取し、その液を直接、還元糖量及び全糖量の測定に用いた。還元糖量は、ソモジーネルソン法(Nelson N、A photometric adaptation of the somogyi method for the determination of glucose、Journal of Biological Chemistry、153(2009)、375-380)により、全糖量をフェノール硫酸法(Dubois,M.et al.、Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.、Anal Chem.、28(1956),350-356)により求めた。参考として、改めて炊飯した際に生じた廃液を、炊飯開始6分後、10分後、14分後、18分後に採取し、採取した廃液を凍結乾燥することで固形物量を測定した。その結果を図2に示した。なお、注水は図2に示す時間帯に行われた。また、図2の経過時間毎に示された3つの棒は左から廃液糖量、固形物重量、還元糖量を示す。
上記で得られた米飯について、下記(2)~(5)の項目について保存試験を行った。100gずつに小分けした米飯をそれぞれ食品用のラップに包み、5℃の冷蔵庫内(冷蔵保存)及び約25℃の室温下(室温保存)で保存した米飯をそれぞれ試験試料とした。なお、炊飯器による米飯は釜に触れない中心部分から採取した。
小分けされた米飯をできるだけ米粒同士の隙間がなくなるように広げ、ラップの上から分光測色計(KONICAMINOLTA CM-700d)により測定を行った。測定はSCE方式、測定径8mmで行い、結果はL*(明度)、a*(赤-緑方向)、b*(黄-青方向)で表した。また白色度(WI、ASTEM E 3113-73に基づく計算式(WI=0.847Z-3Y)による)についても比較した。測定は各条件で3個ずつ試料をつくり、10回の測定値の平均値を求めた。その結果を図3に示す。
糊化度は、BAP法(βアミラーゼ-プルラナーゼ法:貝沼ら、「βアミラーゼ-プルラナーゼ(BAP)系を用いた澱粉の糊化度、老化度の新測定法」、J. Jap. Soc. Starch Science、28(4)、235-240)に一部修正を加えた試験方法で測定した。酵素として、ダイズβ-アミラーゼ(長瀬産業製、粗酵素標品5IU/mg)、プルラナーゼ(林原生物化学研究所製、crude 2IU/mg)を用いた。プルラナーゼ170mg、β-アミラーゼ17mgを0.8M酢酸緩衝液(pH6.0)100mlに溶解後、遠心分離し上清を酵素液とした。
糊化度(%)=試料の分解率/完全糊化試料の分解率×100
ただし、分解率(%)=(生成還元糖量-ブランクの還元糖量)/全糖量×100
(糖量はいずれもmaltose当量)
また、糊化度は、別に測定した試料の水分含量を用いて補正した。
物性として粘弾性を測定した。硬さ粘り計(SATAKE、RHS1A、ロードセルA&D社 LC-205-K020)を用いて測定した。装置の操作手順に従い、8gの試料米飯を専用金属製シャーレに採り、18.5kgfで裏表10秒ずつプレスを行って米飯を固めた。固めた米飯を試料台に置き、13.3mm/secのスピードでプランジャー円柱(直径24mm)を二回のクリープ動作で動かして測定した。測定は7回ずつ行った。その結果を図4に示した。
炊飯方法の違いによる食味の差を比較するために、炊飯当日の米飯及び5℃で1日間冷蔵保存した米飯について官能検査を行った。
(水分含量)
試料とした米飯の水分含量は、連続炊飯では約63%、炊飯器では約62%であり、わずかに連続炊飯の水分含量が炊飯器のそれよりも高い傾向にあったが、ほぼ同じような炊飯状態に炊飯できた。
次に、コンベアの下方に流れ出た廃液を採取して、その廃液中に含まれる糖分を測定したところ、図2に示すような結果となった。図2から理解されるように、炊飯中に生じる廃液は全ての時間帯で糖分を含んでいた。廃液中の還元糖量は検出限界以下であり、廃液中の糖分は多糖類(非還元糖類)であった。また、図には示さないが、廃液にヨウ素試薬を加えた呈色反応では、アミロースの呈色に特徴的な青色を呈し、アミロースとアミロペクチンが存在する場合に示す赤紫色の呈色は示さなかった。また、廃液中の固形物量と全糖類(非還元糖類)の量はほぼ一致することから、廃液中の固形物量はほぼデンプン(アミロース)であると言える。これらのことより、廃液中の非還元糖類のほとんどはアミロースであって、実施例1の炊飯条件では炊飯中に溶出されるアミロースが注水中に洗い流されたと結論づけられる。この点は、廃液中の固形物が示すゲル濾過分析による分子量分布からも確認されている(結果は図示せず。)。また、図2より、アミロースの溶出量は炊飯開始6分後から急上昇し、8分後に溶出のピークとなっており、この時間帯におけるアミロースの溶出量は他の時間帯に比べて多いと推定される。なお、4分後から5分後に掛けてのアミロースの溶出量は少ないが、このことはこの時間帯では米に吸収される温水量が多いためであると考えられる。一方、炊飯器による炊飯は閉鎖系で行われるので、炊飯過程で溶出されたアミロースはおねばとなって米飯に残るものと考えられる。
(1)表面色
米飯の明度(L*)は、炊飯当日、翌日には有意差がみられないものの、連続炊飯による米飯の方がわずかに高く、4日後、7日後になると連続炊飯による米飯の方が有意に高かった。また、赤み-緑を表すa値は連続炊飯による米飯の方がわずかに大きかったが、黄色みを表すb値は連続炊飯による米飯の方が有意に小さかった。明度、a値及びb値から計算される白色度(WI)は連続炊飯による米飯の方が有意に高くなった。また、炊飯当日の米飯を目視で見たところ、後述するように連続炊飯による米飯の方がやや白く、炊飯器による米飯の方がやや黄みがかっていた(比較を示す画像は示さず。)。これらのことから、視覚から看取される老化度(白色度の変化)は、アミロースの洗浄を行った連続炊飯の方が小さいと言える。
糊化度について、冷蔵保存すると、炊飯当日では連続炊飯の場合も炊飯器による場合もいずれもほぼ100%であった糊化度は、炊飯翌日(1日後)には連続炊飯では84.5%、炊飯器では79.7%となり、両者には差がみられた。さらに、保存日数が経つにつれ両者の差が開き、連続炊飯では糊化度の低下が抑えられることが明らかになった。
炊飯当日の硬さは連続炊飯、炊飯器ともにほぼ同値であり、同じくらいの硬さに炊けていることが確認できた。常温で保存した場合、連続炊飯、炊飯器のいずれの米飯も硬さに大きな変化はみられなかった。一方、冷蔵保存した場合、炊飯器の米飯では1日後に5.3kgf、2日後に6.8kgf、3日後に7.5kgfと急激に硬さが上昇したが、連続炊飯の米飯でも硬さの上昇がみられたが、炊飯器に比べると穏やかな上昇であった。
「白さ」について、炊飯当日又は冷蔵保存後のいずれにおいても、連続炊飯による米飯は炊飯器による米飯に比べて有意(p<0.05)に白いと評価された。「光沢」については有意な差はなかったが、冷蔵保存後の米飯において連続炊飯による米飯の方が、光沢があると答えた人が多かった。「外観」についても有意な差はないものの、連続炊飯による米飯の方がおいしそうと評価した人が多かった。
実験1と同様にして、米飯(白米)の水分含量を測定した。
実験1と同様にしてコンベアの下方に流れ出た廃液を採取して、その廃液中に含まれる糖分を測定した。測定は実験例1と実験例2の米飯(白米)について行った。
上記で得られた米飯(実験例1~3、比較例1~2)及びすし飯(実験例1~3、比較例1、2)について、物性(粘弾性:硬さ及び粘り)の変化を調べた。100gずつに小分けした米飯をそれぞれ食品用のラップに包み、5℃の冷蔵庫内(冷蔵保存)で保存した米飯をそれぞれ試験試料とした。物性の測定は、実験1と同様にして行った。
(水分含量)
試料とした米飯の水分含量は、実験例1では63.7%、実験例2では65.2%、実験例3では65.5%、比較例1では60.9%、比較例2では63.1%であった。また、炊き増え率は、実施例1では2.3倍、実施例2では2.4倍、実施例3では2.5倍、比較例1では2.3倍、比較例2では2.4倍であり、連続炊飯による米飯は、炊飯器による米飯とほぼ同様の炊飯状態であった。
アミロースの流出量を図6に示した。図6に示すように、加水量を増やすと糖類の流出量が多くなった。糖類中のほとんどがアミロースであったことから、加水量を多くすることで、より多くのアミロースが洗い流されることが示された。
白米の硬さの経時変化を図7に、白米の粘りの経時変化を図8に、すし飯の経時硬さの変化を図9に、すし飯の粘りの経時変化を図10に示した。白米を冷蔵保存した場合、連続炊飯により炊飯された米飯では、加水量を増やすにつれて硬さの上昇が抑えられた。
粘りについて、炊飯器により炊飯された米飯(白米)は、加水量を増した場合でも、実施例1と同様に冷蔵保存することにより急激に粘りがなくなった。連続炊飯による米飯(白米)では、炊飯器による炊飯に比べて初期の急激な減少が抑えられ、加水量を増すことにより粘りの減少がさらに抑制された。
Claims (3)
- 吸水させた米に水を加えて加熱する工程を含む炊飯方法であって、
前記水を加えて加熱する工程において米から溶出したアミロースを洗い流す工程を備えたことを特徴とする炊飯方法。 - 高温蒸気による蒸し工程を含み、当該蒸し工程において温水による加水を行う連続式の炊飯方法であって、
前記蒸し工程において、炊飯に通常必要な加水量よりも多い量の温水を注水して、米から溶出したアミロースを洗い流す工程を含むことを特徴とする炊飯方法。 - 前記蒸し工程の初期段階における温水の注水量を、その後の蒸し工程における温水の注水量よりも多くすることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の炊飯方法。
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JP2014150742A (ja) * | 2013-02-06 | 2014-08-25 | Ace System Kk | 混ぜご飯の製造方法 |
JP2022066738A (ja) * | 2020-10-19 | 2022-05-02 | エースシステム株式会社 | 凍結乾燥米の製造方法及び製造装置 |
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GB201919158D0 (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2020-02-05 | Element Six Tech Ltd | Non-planner diamond body |
EP4140314A4 (en) * | 2021-07-13 | 2023-11-22 | CJ Cheiljedang Corporation | METHOD FOR PREPARING INSTANT RICE USING SUPERHEATED STEAM |
ES2941279B2 (es) * | 2021-11-18 | 2024-02-20 | Seleccion Mediterranea Fine Foods S L | Procedimiento de encapsulación de aromas y sabores en granos de arroz y producto obtenido para cocinado inmediato sin líquido de cocción adicional |
US20230389562A1 (en) * | 2022-06-06 | 2023-12-07 | lace foods Co., Ltd. | Method and apparatus for producing freeze-dried rice |
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CN101006836B (zh) * | 2006-01-27 | 2011-05-11 | 本视力(香港)有限公司 | 健康电饭煲及去除大米中淀粉的方法 |
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