WO2013108618A1 - 有機el素子及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/805—Electrodes
- H10K50/81—Anodes
- H10K50/818—Reflective anodes, e.g. ITO combined with thick metallic layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
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- H10K50/82—Cathodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/85—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
- H10K50/858—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices comprising refractive means, e.g. lenses
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an organic electroluminescence element (hereinafter referred to as “organic EL element”) and a method for producing the organic EL element.
- organic EL element organic electroluminescence element
- Organic EL elements have been studied and put into practical use as various light-emitting devices, and are used, for example, as flat panel displays, liquid crystal display backlights, or illumination light sources.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a general organic EL element.
- the organic EL element 100 is generally configured by laminating a reflective electrode 111, an organic layer 112, a transparent electrode 113, and a transparent substrate 114 in this order.
- the organic layer 112 is configured by stacking an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a light emitting layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer, and the like (not shown).
- an electron injection layer and an electron transport layer are disposed on the cathode side
- a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer are disposed on the anode side
- a light emitting layer is disposed between the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer. .
- the reflective electrode 111 is a cathode and the transparent electrode 113 is an anode, and it is assumed that the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer are disposed in contact with the cathode and the anode, respectively.
- the transparent electrode 113 is used as an anode and the reflective electrode 111 is used as a cathode.
- the distance between the light emitting position and the reflective electrode may be set short (for example, 30 to 70 nm) in order to enhance the light in the front direction (upward in the figure) using the light interference effect. Many.
- the influence of surface plasmon occurs.
- the surface plasmon is a vibration mode in which electrons existing on the surface of the metal collectively vibrate, and is a phenomenon in which free electrons in the metal interact with light.
- metals such as aluminum (Al) or silver (Ag) are often used as the main material of the reflective electrode.
- the organic EL element has a problem that the light emission efficiency is lowered due to the influence of the surface plasmon.
- Patent Document 1 there is a problem that when an organic EL element is produced, if the organic layer is provided with a protrusion, stress is generated and the organic layer collapses. In addition, in order to form the protrusions uniformly in the surface, it is necessary to align the porous mask with high accuracy. However, when producing a large-area organic EL element, it is very difficult to align the porous mask. There is also a problem.
- the present invention has been made in view of such problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an organic EL element in which light emission efficiency is improved by reducing the influence of surface plasmons and a manufacturing method capable of realizing the organic EL element. .
- an organic EL element is provided with a reflective electrode, a transparent electrode provided to face the reflective electrode, and between the reflective electrode and the transparent electrode.
- a low refractive index layer provided between the reflective electrode and the light emitting layer, the low refractive index layer has a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes, and The refractive index is lower than that of the light emitting layer, the distance between the surface of the reflective electrode and the central light emitting position of the light emitting layer is 300 nm or less, and the reflective electrode is formed of Al.
- the center emission wavelength of the generated light is ⁇
- the refractive index difference between the low refractive index layer and the light emitting layer when the refractive index of the light emitting layer is used as a reference is ⁇ n
- the thickness of the low refractive index layer is d. Then, ⁇ n ⁇ d / ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.009. It is a sign.
- An organic EL element includes a reflective electrode, a transparent electrode provided to face the reflective electrode, and a light emitting layer provided between the reflective electrode and the transparent electrode. And a low refractive index layer provided between the reflective electrode and the light emitting layer, the low refractive index layer has a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes, and more than the light emitting layer.
- the refractive index is low, the distance between the surface of the reflective electrode and the central light emission position of the light emitting layer is 300 nm or less, the reflective electrode is formed of Ag, and the light generated in the light emitting layer
- the central emission wavelength is ⁇
- the refractive index difference between the low refractive index layer and the light emitting layer with respect to the refractive index of the light emitting layer is ⁇ n
- the thickness of the low refractive index layer is d, ⁇ n Xd / ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.02
- the manufacturing method of the organic EL element which concerns on 1 aspect of this invention has the process of forming a reflective electrode, the process of forming the low-refractive-index layer containing a nanoparticle on the said reflective electrode, and the said low-refractive index.
- the influence of surface plasmons can be suppressed, so that the light emission efficiency can be improved.
- a low refractive index layer having a lower refractive index than that of the light emitting layer can be easily formed.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the organic EL element according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the refractive index of the low refractive index layer and the light emission efficiency in the organic EL element according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the organic EL element according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the refractive index of the low refractive index layer and the light emission efficiency in the organic EL element according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration of an organic EL element according to Modification 1.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a general organic EL element.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between the light emission efficiency and the distance (x) between the light emitting point S and the reflective electrode (Al).
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the relationship between the light emission efficiency and the distance (x) between the light emitting point S and the reflective electrode (Ag).
- One aspect of the organic EL device includes a reflective electrode, a transparent electrode provided to face the reflective electrode, a light emitting layer provided between the reflective electrode and the transparent electrode, and the reflective electrode.
- a low refractive index layer provided between the electrode and the light emitting layer, the low refractive index layer has a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes, and has a lower refractive index than the light emitting layer.
- the distance between the surface of the reflective electrode and the central emission position of the light emitting layer is 300 nm or less, the reflective electrode is made of Al, and the central emission wavelength of the light generated in the light emitting layer is Assuming that ⁇ is a difference in refractive index between the low refractive index layer and the light emitting layer with reference to the refractive index of the light emitting layer, ⁇ n and the thickness of the low refractive index layer is d, ⁇ n ⁇ d / ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.009.
- the low refractive index layer is provided between the light emitting layer and the reflective electrode, the ratio of the light generated in the light emitting layer to the surface plasmon is reduced.
- the distance between the surface of the reflective electrode and the central light emission position of the light emitting layer is configured to be 300 nm or less, it is effective even in the case where the light emission efficiency is significantly reduced by the surface plasmon.
- the luminous efficiency can be improved.
- the reflective electrode is Al, by setting ⁇ n ⁇ d / ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.009, light emission efficiency of 80% or more can be realized.
- An organic EL element includes a reflective electrode, a transparent electrode provided to face the reflective electrode, and a light emitting layer provided between the reflective electrode and the transparent electrode. And a low refractive index layer provided between the reflective electrode and the light emitting layer, the low refractive index layer has a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes, and more than the light emitting layer.
- the refractive index is low, the distance between the surface of the reflective electrode and the central light emission position of the light emitting layer is 300 nm or less, the reflective electrode is formed of Ag, and the light generated in the light emitting layer
- the central emission wavelength is ⁇
- the refractive index difference between the low refractive index layer and the light emitting layer with respect to the refractive index of the light emitting layer is ⁇ n
- the thickness of the low refractive index layer is d, ⁇ n Xd / ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.02.
- the low refractive index layer is provided between the light emitting layer and the reflective electrode, the ratio of the light generated in the light emitting layer to the surface plasmon is reduced. Thereby, since the influence of surface plasmon can be suppressed, luminous efficiency can be improved.
- the distance between the surface of the reflective electrode and the central light emission position of the light emitting layer is configured to be 300 nm or less, it is effective even in the case where the light emission efficiency is significantly reduced by the surface plasmon. In addition, the luminous efficiency can be improved.
- the reflective electrode is Ag, luminous efficiency of 80% or more can be realized by setting ⁇ n ⁇ d / ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.02.
- an organic layer that injects or transports electrons or holes may be further provided between the reflective electrode and the low refractive index layer.
- the low refractive index layer may be configured to be in contact with the light emitting layer.
- the interface where the refractive index of the organic EL element changes may include any one of a diffraction grating, a light diffusion layer, a microlens, and a pyramid structure. Good.
- This configuration can improve the light extraction efficiency.
- the low refractive index layer may be composed of a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes and nanoparticles mixed in the material.
- the low refractive index layer includes a nanoparticle layer made of nanoparticles, and a functional layer made of a material laminated on the nanoparticle layer and having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes, It is good.
- the low refractive index layer includes two functional layers each having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes, and a nanoparticle layer made of nanoparticles formed between the two functional layers. It may be included.
- the nanoparticles have a particle size not larger than the film thickness of the low refractive index layer.
- the nanoparticles may be porous particles.
- the refractive index of the nanoparticles is preferably 1.5 or less.
- a low refractive index layer having a lower refractive index than that of the light emitting layer can be easily formed.
- one aspect of the method for producing an organic EL element according to the present invention includes a step of forming a reflective electrode, a step of forming a low refractive index layer containing nanoparticles on the reflective electrode, and the low refractive index.
- a step of forming a light emitting layer on the layer, and a step of forming a transparent electrode on the light emitting layer, and the low refractive index layer has a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes, The refractive index is lower than that of the light emitting layer.
- the nanoparticles are mixed with a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes.
- a low refractive index layer may be formed.
- the step of forming the low refractive index layer includes a step of forming a nanoparticle layer made of nanoparticles, and an electron or an electron on the nanoparticle layer. And a step of forming a functional layer made of a material having a function of transporting or injecting holes.
- the step of forming the low refractive index layer forms a first functional layer made of a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes.
- a step of forming the functional layer forms a first functional layer made of a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the organic EL element according to the first embodiment.
- the organic EL element 1 is configured by laminating a reflective electrode 11, a low refractive index layer 15, an organic layer 12, a transparent electrode 13 and a transparent substrate 14 in this order. ing.
- the organic EL element 1 configured as described above, when a predetermined voltage is applied to the reflective electrode 11 and the transparent electrode 13, the light emitting layer included in the organic layer 12 passes through the low refractive index layer 15 from the reflective electrode 11.
- Carriers electrosprays
- either the carrier injection layer or the carrier transport layer is formed between the reflective electrode 11 and the low refractive index layer 15 or between the transparent electrode 13 and the organic layer 12. Either or both may be inserted. Further, a carrier transport layer may be inserted between the low refractive index layer 15 and the light emitting layer.
- the carrier injection layer, the carrier transport layer, and the light emitting layer are collectively referred to as an organic layer.
- the organic EL element in this Embodiment is not limited to these materials.
- the reflective electrode 11 is an electrode having light reflectivity and has a function of returning light generated in the light emitting layer in the organic layer 12 in a direction toward the air layer (a region outside the transparent substrate 14).
- a material of the reflective electrode 11 for example, a metal such as Ag, Al, Cu, Mg, Li, or Na can be used.
- the reflective electrode 11 may be configured by laminating a transparent conductive material such as ITO (indium tin oxide) or PEDOT: PSS (mixture of polythiophene and polystyrene sulfonic acid) so as to be in contact with these metals.
- the reflective electrode 11 is a cathode.
- the reflective electrode 11 can be formed on a substrate (not shown), for example.
- the organic layer 12 includes a light-emitting layer.
- a light-emitting layer For example, an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole transport layer, a hole injection layer, and the like, or their functions are sequentially arranged from the reflective electrode 11 side toward the transparent electrode 13. It is configured by stacking a part of the layers.
- the transparent electrode 13 is an anode, the hole transport layer and the hole injection layer are disposed on the transparent electrode 13 side.
- ITO indium zinc oxide
- PEDOT poly(ethylene glycol)
- PSS poly(ethylene glycol)
- ITO indium zinc oxide
- IZO indium zinc oxide
- PEDOT PEDOT: PSS, or the like
- Examples of the material for the hole transport layer include 4,4′-bis [N- (naphthyl) -N-phenyl-amino] biphenyl ( ⁇ -NPD), N, N′-bis (3-methylphenyl)-( 1,1′-biphenyl) -4,4′-diamine (TPD), 2-TNATA, 4,4 ′, 4 ′′ -tris (N- (3-methylphenyl) N-phenylamino) triphenylamine (MTDATA ), 4,4′-N, N′-dicarbazole biphenyl (CBP), spiro-NPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-TAD, or TNB as representative examples, triarylamine compounds, carbazole groups
- a hole transporting material such as an amine compound containing or an amine compound containing a fluorene derivative can be used.
- the light emitting layer is an organic light emitting layer provided between the reflective electrode 11 and the transparent electrode 13.
- the material of the light emitting layer for example, in the case of a red light emitting layer capable of emitting red light, [2- [2- [4- (dimethylamino) phenyl] ethynyl] -6-methyl-4H-ylidene] is added to Alq3.
- -A layer doped with propanepropanedinitrile (DCM dye) can be used.
- a layer made of Alq3 can be used, and blue light is emitted.
- a layer in which bis (2-methyl-8-quinolitrato, para-phenylphenolato) aluminum (BAlq3) is doped with penylene can be used.
- a white light source can also be provided by laminating
- the refractive index of the light emitting layer is about 1.7 to 1.9.
- a metal complex known as an electron transport material such as Alq3, or a compound having a hetero ring such as a phenanthroline derivative, a pyridine derivative, a tetrazine derivative, or an oxadiazole derivative can be used.
- a metal-doped organic material can be used as the material for the electron injection layer.
- examples of the doping material include Li, Cs, and Na.
- a thin film such as Li, Mg, or a compound thereof, which is a low work function material, may be laminated so as to be in contact with the reflective electrode 11.
- the transparent electrode 13 is a light-transmitting electrode and is provided to face the reflective electrode 11. When a voltage is applied between the reflective electrode 11 and the transparent electrode 13, carriers (electrons or holes) are injected from the transparent electrode 13 into the organic layer 12.
- a transparent conductive material such as ITO, IZO or PEDOT: PSS can be used.
- the transparent electrode 13 does not have to be transparent, and is configured to transmit light by thinning a conductor such as Ag (silver) or Al (aluminum) to a film thickness of 100 nm or less.
- a thin film conductor formed into a thin film can be used as the transparent electrode 13.
- the transparent electrode 13 is an anode.
- the transparent substrate 14 is a substrate having optical transparency provided on the transparent electrode 13.
- the transparent substrate 14 is provided to protect the surface of the transparent electrode 13.
- a material of the transparent substrate 14 for example, a glass substrate made of glass or a plastic barrier film made of a transparent resin can be used.
- the low refractive index layer 15 is provided between the reflective electrode 11 and the light emitting layer.
- the low refractive index layer 15 is provided between the reflective electrode 11 and the organic layer 12 as shown in FIG. .
- the low refractive index layer 15 is a low refractive index functional layer configured to transport or inject electrons or holes and have a refractive index lower than that of the light emitting layer.
- the low refractive index layer 15 functions as a phase control layer that changes the phase of light passing through the low refractive index layer 15 in accordance with the refractive index.
- the low refractive index layer 15 is transparent. A phase difference can be produced between the light directly traveling toward the electrode 13 and the light traveling toward the transparent electrode 13 after being reflected by the reflective electrode 11. This phase difference can be controlled by adjusting the refractive index of the low refractive index layer 15.
- any material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes and having a refractive index lower than that of the light emitting layer can be used.
- the material having a function of transporting electrons can be appropriately selected from a group of compounds having electron transport properties.
- this type of compound include metal complexes known as electron transporting materials such as Alq3, and compounds having a heterocyclic ring such as phenanthroline derivatives, pyridine derivatives, tetrazine derivatives, or oxadiazole derivatives.
- the material is not limited to these materials, and any generally known electron transporting material can be used, and it is particularly preferable to use a material having a high electron transporting property.
- the material having a function of transporting holes can be appropriately selected from a group of compounds having a hole transporting property.
- this type of compound include 4,4′-bis [N- (naphthyl) -N-phenyl-amino] biphenyl ( ⁇ -NPD), N, N′-bis (3-methylphenyl)-(1 , 1′-biphenyl) -4,4′-diamine (TPD), 2-TNATA, 4,4 ′, 4 ′′ -tris (N- (3-methylphenyl) N-phenylamino) triphenylamine (MTDATA) 4,4'-N, N'-dicarbazole biphenyl (CBP), spiro-NPD, spiro-TPD, spiro-TAD, or TNB, and the like, and triarylamine compounds, including carbazole groups Examples include amine compounds, amine compounds containing fluorene derivatives, etc. However, the present invention is not limited to these materials,
- a low refractive index material such as nanoparticles may be mixed with the above material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes.
- the low refractive index layer 15 can be a nanoparticle mixed layer composed of a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes and nanoparticles mixed with the material.
- the low refractive index layer 15 having a desired low refractive index can be easily obtained by using and forming a film by mixing the above materials with a low refractive index material such as nanoparticles. Moreover, a refractive index can also be made low by mixing a nanoparticle. In addition, the refractive index of the low refractive index layer 15 can be easily controlled by adjusting the amount of nanoparticles mixed in the layer.
- the low refractive index layer 15 having a refractive index lower than that of the light emitting layer can be obtained by mixing nanoparticles with this material.
- nanoparticles may be mixed with a material having a refractive index lower than that of the light emitting layer, and by mixing the nanoparticles with a material having a refractive index lower than that of the light emitting layer, the refractive index is lower than that of the material.
- the low refractive index layer 15 can also be obtained.
- the low refractive index layer 15 containing such nanoparticles may be formed by a dry process such as vapor deposition or transfer, or may be formed by a coating process such as spin coating, spray coating, die coating, or gravure printing. However, it is easier to form a film by a coating process in which nanoparticles can be mixed in advance with the above materials.
- the particle diameter of the nanoparticles is preferably set to be equal to or less than the film thickness of the low refractive index layer 15.
- the particle size of the nanoparticles is sufficiently smaller than the emission wavelength (for example, the emission wavelength in the visible light region). It can be effectively reduced. Thereby, the low refractive index layer 15 having a desired low refractive index can be easily obtained.
- the refractive index of the nanoparticles is preferably 1.5 or less.
- the low refractive index layer 15 having a lower refractive index than that of the light emitting layer can be easily obtained.
- the refractive index of the light emitting layer is about 1.75
- the refractive index is 1.5 even when the refractive index of the low refractive index layer 15 is not lower than the low refractive index of the light emitting layer with the above materials alone.
- the low refractive index layer 15 having a refractive index lower than 1.75 can be easily obtained by mixing the following nanoparticles.
- the nanoparticles for example, porous particles capable of lowering the refractive index can be used.
- the refractive index of the porous particles can be obtained by the following formula (1) using the porosity [%] of the porous particles.
- porous particle material examples include metal oxides, but a material having a low refractive index may be used as the porous particle material from the above formula (1).
- porous silica porous silica
- porous silica examples include hollow silica, nanoporous silica, and mesoporous silica.
- the refractive index of silica (SiO 2 ) is approximately 1.5, and the porosity of porous silica can be about 40%. In this case, from the above formula (1), the refractive index of the porous silica is 1.3.
- the reflective electrode 11 is a cathode.
- the electron injection layer and the electron transport layer are disposed on the transparent electrode 13 side, and the hole injection layer and the hole transport are arranged.
- the layer is arranged on the reflective electrode 11 side.
- an organic EL element with high luminous efficiency can be realized by using the material configuration as described above.
- the organic EL element 1 (100) shown in FIGS. 1 and 6 when a predetermined voltage is applied to the reflective electrode 11 (111) and the transparent electrode 13 (113), the reflective electrode 11 (111) and the transparent electrode 13 (113), electrons and holes are respectively injected into the organic layer 12 (112). Light is generated by combining these holes and electrons in the light emitting layer in the organic layer 12 (112). The light generated in the light emitting layer passes through the transparent electrode 13 (113) and the transparent substrate 14 (114) and is extracted to the air layer outside the organic EL element 1 (100).
- light is generated at the light emission position (light emission point) S in the light emitting layer of the organic layer 12 (112).
- the light emission position S is determined by the configuration of the organic layer 12 (112).
- the organic EL element is often called a surface light source, but in reality, it has a configuration in which a large number of molecules that contribute to light emission exist on the light emitting surface in a planar shape. It is reasonable to think with a model. Therefore, in the following description, light from one light emitting position S is considered.
- the light emission position S is determined.
- the light emission position S is finitely expanded in the thickness direction of the light emitting layer. Therefore, in the following description, as the light emission position S, the center light emission position S that is averaged by weighting the light emission intensity for each position is used. Note that the position of the central light emission position S can also be detected by observing the layer configuration by cross-sectional observation. The position of the central light emission position S can also be detected by the method described in Nature Photonics, vol4, p329 (2010).
- the light emission wavelength ⁇ of light generated at the central light emission position S is determined by the material of the organic layer 12 (112).
- the emission wavelength ⁇ a central emission wavelength ⁇ obtained by weighting each wavelength with its intensity and taking an average is used.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the result of calculating the dependence of the luminous efficiency on the distance x between the light emitting point (center light emitting position) S and the Al reflective electrode.
- the light emission efficiency is smaller as the distance x between the light emission point (center light emission position) S and the surface of the reflective electrode 111 is shorter. This is because, as the distance x between the light emitting point S and the surface of the reflective electrode 111 is shorter, the light toward the reflective electrode 111 out of the light when the carriers are coupled is coupled to the surface plasmon and propagates toward the transparent substrate 114. This is because the proportion of As described above, in the organic EL element 100 having the configuration shown in FIG. 6, the light emission efficiency is lowered by the surface plasmon, and particularly, the light emission efficiency starts to be lowered when the distance x is 300 nm or less. That is, when the distance x is 300 nm or less, the influence of surface plasmon becomes significant.
- the organic EL element 1 shown in FIG. 1 in order to reduce the loss due to such surface plasmons, between the light emitting point (center light emitting position) S and the reflective electrode 11, that is, between the light emitting layer and the reflective electrode 11.
- a low refractive index layer 15 having a refractive index lower than that of the light emitting layer is provided therebetween.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the refractive index of the low refractive index layer and the luminous efficiency in Embodiment 1, and the dependence of the luminous efficiency on the refractive index of the low refractive index layer was calculated in the configuration shown in FIG. Results are shown.
- FIG. 2 in the configuration of FIG.
- the emission wavelength is 520 nm
- the refractive index of the light emitting layer is 1.75
- the reflective electrode 11 is aluminum (refractive index 1 + 6i)
- the direction (z direction) is perpendicular to the light emitting molecule (solid line in the figure) in the horizontal direction (xy direction) with respect to the surface of the low refractive index layer. The calculation was performed for each luminescent molecule (broken line in the figure).
- the luminous efficiency shows an interference effect depending on the refractive index of the low refractive index layer, and a high luminous efficiency can be obtained periodically with a refractive index within a certain range, and the influence of surface plasmon is It can be seen that the state of suppression is changing.
- the refractive index of the low refractive index layer is 2 or less
- the refractive index of the low refractive index layer is It can be seen that the region is lower than the refractive index (1.75) of the light emitting layer.
- the inventor of the present application has found that the luminous efficiency depends on the refractive index of the low refractive index layer, and a low refractive index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the light emitting layer is provided between the reflective electrode and the light emitting layer. By providing it, the idea of suppressing the influence of surface plasmon and improving luminous efficiency could be obtained.
- a molecule having a low refractive index can be realized by designing a molecule such as increasing bonds with a low polarizability or increasing the volume of the molecule.
- the refractive index can be lowered by introducing a low refractive index material such as fluorine into the molecule.
- the low refractive index layer can be configured using, for example, a material in which the above-described molecular design is incorporated in the material of the carrier injection layer or the carrier transport layer that already exists.
- FIGS. 3A to 3C are diagrams showing the relationship between the phase difference generated by the low refractive index layer and the light emission efficiency in the organic EL element according to Embodiment 1.
- the horizontal axis indicates the phase difference and the vertical axis indicates the luminous efficiency.
- the emission wavelength is 520 nm
- the refractive index of the light emitting layer is 1.75
- the reflective electrode 11 is made of aluminum. The calculation was performed by changing (refractive index 1 + 6i), changing the thickness d of the low refractive index layer to 10 nm ⁇ d ⁇ 50 nm, and changing the refractive index difference ⁇ n to ⁇ 0.75 ⁇ n ⁇ 0.75.
- phase difference is ⁇ n ⁇ d / ⁇ , where ⁇ n is the difference in refractive index between the low refractive index layer and the light emitting layer with respect to the refractive index of the light emitting layer (the refractive index of the low refractive index layer minus the refractive index of the light emitting layer). Rate).
- the luminous efficiency is increased when the refractive index of the low refractive index layer is lower than the refractive index of the light emitting layer (when ⁇ n is a negative value).
- the light emission efficiency when the low refractive index layer is not provided is about 0.5 as shown in FIG. 7, but the low refractive index is low as shown in FIG. 3A.
- the luminous efficiency when the layer is provided is improved from 0.5 by making the refractive index difference ⁇ n negative, that is, by making the refractive index of the low refractive index layer lower than the refractive index of the light emitting layer. .
- the light emission efficiency when the low refractive index layer is not provided is about 0.65, but as shown in FIG. 3B, the low refractive index is low.
- the luminous efficiency when the layer is provided is improved from 0.65 by setting the refractive index difference ⁇ n to be negative.
- the light emission efficiency when the low refractive index layer is not provided is about 0.7 as shown in FIG. 7, but the low refractive index is low as shown in FIG. 3C.
- the luminous efficiency when the layer is provided is improved from 0.7 by setting the refractive index difference ⁇ n to be negative.
- the light emission efficiency can be improved by setting the phase difference ( ⁇ n ⁇ d / ⁇ ) of the low refractive index layer 15 to 0 or less.
- the luminous efficiency is preferably 80% or more. This is because when an organic EL element is considered as a product, if the luminous efficiency can exceed that of existing devices, it can be won in the market competition, and the standard of luminous efficiency in this case is 80%.
- the organic EL lighting needs to exceed the efficiency of a fluorescent lamp.
- the power efficiency of the device is about 40%.
- the organic EL element there is a loss of at least about 50% due to the internal quantum efficiency and the loss due to total reflection. Therefore, in order to exceed the power efficiency of 40%, the light emission efficiency determined by the loss due to the plasmon is preferably 80% or more.
- the condition for setting the luminous efficiency to 80% or more in all cases in each figure is that the phase difference is minus 0.009 or less. Accordingly, the phase difference ( ⁇ n ⁇ d / ⁇ ) of the low refractive index layer 15 is preferably set to ⁇ 0.009 or less.
- a reflective electrode 11 made of Al is formed on a substrate (not shown) (reflecting electrode forming step).
- the low refractive index layer 15 including a low refractive index material such as nanoparticles is formed on the reflective electrode 11 (low refractive index layer forming step).
- the low refractive index layer 15 is formed by mixing nanoparticles with a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes.
- the organic layer 12 composed of a plurality of layers including the light emitting layer is formed on the low refractive index layer 15 (organic layer forming step).
- the transparent electrode 13 is formed on the organic layer 12 (transparent electrode forming step). Thereafter, the transparent substrate 14 is bonded onto the transparent electrode 13. Thereby, the organic EL element 1 can be produced.
- the material of each structure in the organic EL element 1 can use the above-mentioned material suitably.
- the low refractive index layer 15 in the first embodiment is formed by mixing a low refractive index material such as nanoparticles with a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes as an example.
- the low refractive index layer in this modification is laminated on the low refractive index material layer (nanoparticle layer) made of a low refractive index material such as nanoparticles and the low refractive index material layer (nanoparticle layer).
- a laminated film with a functional layer made of a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes are examples of a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes.
- the refractive index is lower than that of the light emitting layer by laminating the low refractive index material layer such as the nanoparticle layer and the functional layer of the carrier transport layer or the carrier injection layer made of a general material.
- a low refractive index layer 15 is formed.
- the method for forming the organic EL element according to the present modification and the method for manufacturing the organic EL element 1 according to Embodiment 1 described above are different in the low refractive index layer forming step. That is, the low refractive index layer forming step in this modification includes a step of forming a low refractive index material layer (nanoparticle layer) made of a low refractive index material such as nanoparticles, and an electron on the low refractive index material layer. Alternatively, a step of forming a functional layer made of a material having a function of transporting or injecting holes is included. That is, a low refractive index material layer made of a low refractive index material and a functional layer of a carrier transport layer or a carrier injection layer made of a general material are separately formed.
- the same effect as that of the organic EL element according to the first embodiment described above can be obtained, and the luminous efficiency can be improved by suppressing the influence of the surface plasmon. Can be improved.
- the degree of freedom of the refractive index of the low refractive index layer is reduced.
- a short circuit or darkness caused by nanoparticles is caused. Spot generation can be suppressed.
- a film forming process of a general functional layer electron transport material or hole transport material
- a dry process such as vapor deposition or transfer, spin coating, spray coating, die coating, or the like.
- a coating process such as gravure printing can be easily applied.
- the configuration of the low refractive index layer is different between the organic EL element according to the present modification and the organic EL element 1 according to Embodiment 1 described above.
- the low refractive index layer in this modification is a low functional layer such as a first functional layer made of a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes and a nanoparticle layer laminated on the first functional layer. It is configured by a laminated film of a refractive index material layer and a second functional layer made of a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes, which is laminated on the low refractive index material layer.
- a low refractive index material layer (nanoparticle layer, etc.) made of a low refractive index material such as nanoparticles is laminated so as to be sandwiched between two functional layers of a carrier transport layer or a carrier injection layer made of a general material.
- the low refractive index layer 15 having a refractive index lower than that of the light emitting layer is configured.
- the method for forming the organic EL element according to the present modification and the method for manufacturing the organic EL element 1 according to Embodiment 1 described above are different in the low refractive index layer forming step. That is, the low refractive index layer forming step in the present modification includes a step of forming a first functional layer made of a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes, and a nano layer on the first functional layer. A step of forming a low refractive index material layer such as a particle layer, and a step of forming a second functional layer made of a material having a function of transporting or injecting electrons or holes on the nanoparticle layer. That is, a nanoparticle layer made of a low refractive index material and a functional layer of a carrier transport layer or carrier injection layer made of a general material are separately formed.
- the same effect as that of the organic EL element according to the first embodiment described above can be obtained, and the luminous efficiency can be improved by suppressing the influence of the surface plasmon. Can be improved.
- Modification 1 the degree of freedom of the refractive index of the low refractive index layer is reduced, but compared to the method of Embodiment 1, the short-circuit or dark spot caused by nanoparticles is a cause. Occurrence can be suppressed.
- a general functional layer (electron transport material or hole transport material) film formation process can be used, and a dry process such as vapor deposition or transfer, or A coating process such as spin coating, spray coating, die coating or gravure printing can be easily applied.
- Embodiment 2 Next, the organic EL element according to Embodiment 2 will be described. Since the basic configuration of the organic EL element according to the present embodiment is the same as that of the organic EL element 1 shown in FIG. 1, differences between them will be described below. In addition, since the configuration of the organic EL element in the present embodiment is the same as that in the first embodiment, the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
- the material of the reflective electrode 11 is different between the organic EL element according to the second embodiment and the organic EL element according to the first embodiment. That is, the material of the reflective electrode 11 in the first embodiment is made of aluminum (Al), but the reflective electrode 11 in the second embodiment is made of silver (Ag). The configuration other than the material of the reflective electrode 11 is the same as that of the first embodiment. Further, the organic EL element according to the present embodiment can be manufactured by the same method as in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the result of calculating the dependence of the light emission efficiency on the distance x between the light emission point (center light emission position) S and the Ag reflection electrode.
- the light toward the reflective electrode 111 out of the light when carriers are coupled is coupled to the surface plasmon and propagates toward the transparent substrate 114 side.
- the ratio of light decreases.
- the light emission efficiency is lowered by the surface plasmon, and particularly, the light emission efficiency starts to be lowered when the distance x is 300 nm or less. That is, even when the reflective electrode 111 is Ag, the influence of surface plasmon becomes significant when the distance x is 300 nm or less.
- the low refractive index layer 15 is provided between the light emitting layer and the reflective electrode in this embodiment as well as the first embodiment. Thereby, the luminous efficiency of the organic EL element can be improved.
- FIG. 4A to 4C are diagrams showing the relationship between the phase difference generated by the low refractive index layer and the light emission efficiency in the organic EL element according to Embodiment 2.
- the horizontal axis indicates the phase difference
- the vertical axis indicates the luminous efficiency.
- the emission wavelength is 520 nm
- the refractive index of the light emitting layer is 1.75
- the reflective electrode 11 is silver.
- the thickness d of the low refractive index layer was changed to 10 nm ⁇ d ⁇ 50 nm
- the refractive index difference ⁇ n was changed to ⁇ 0.75 ⁇ n ⁇ 0.75.
- the phase difference is ⁇ n ⁇ d / ⁇
- ⁇ n is the difference in refractive index between the low refractive index layer (phase control layer) and the light emitting layer with reference to the refractive index of the light emitting layer. It is.
- the luminous efficiency is increased when the refractive index of the low refractive index layer is lower than the refractive index of the light emitting layer (when ⁇ n is a negative value).
- the light emission efficiency when the low refractive index layer is not provided is about 0.4 as shown in FIG. 8, but the low refractive index is low as shown in FIG. 4A.
- the luminous efficiency when the layer is provided is improved from 0.4 by making the refractive index difference ⁇ n negative, that is, by making the refractive index of the low refractive index layer lower than the refractive index of the light emitting layer. .
- the light emission efficiency when the low refractive index layer is not provided is about 0.55 as shown in FIG. 8, but the low refractive index is low as shown in FIG. 4B.
- the luminous efficiency when the layer is provided is improved from 0.55 by setting the refractive index difference ⁇ n to be negative.
- the light emission efficiency when the low refractive index layer is not provided is about 0.68 as shown in FIG. 8, but the low refractive index is low as shown in FIG. 4C.
- the luminous efficiency when the layer is provided is improved from 0.68 by setting the refractive index difference ⁇ n to be negative.
- the light emission efficiency can be improved by setting the phase difference ( ⁇ n ⁇ d / ⁇ ) of the low refractive index layer 15 to 0 or less.
- the luminous efficiency is desirably 80% or more.
- the condition for setting the luminous efficiency to 80% or more in all the cases in each figure is that the phase difference is minus 0.02 or less. Therefore, when the reflective electrode 11 is Ag, the phase difference ( ⁇ n ⁇ d / ⁇ ) of the low refractive index layer 15 is preferably ⁇ 0.02 or less.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of an organic EL element according to Modification 1.
- the organic EL element according to the first and second embodiments and the organic EL element according to this modification are different in the position of the low refractive index layer 15, and the low refractive index layer 15 in the first and second embodiments described above is a reflective electrode. 11 and the organic layer 12, the low refractive index layer 15 in this modification is provided between the two organic layers.
- the organic EL element 1A includes a reflective electrode 11, an organic layer (first organic layer) 12A, a low refractive index layer 15, an organic layer (second layer).
- the organic layer) 12 the transparent electrode 13, and the transparent substrate 14 are stacked in this order.
- the low refractive index layer 15 is the first organic layer (organic layer) on the reflective electrode 11 side. 12A) and the second organic layer (organic layer 12) on the transparent electrode 13 side.
- the organic EL element 1 ⁇ / b> A has a configuration in which an organic layer 12 ⁇ / b> A is further provided between the reflective electrode 11 and the low refractive index layer 15 in the first and second embodiments.
- the organic layer 12A includes a carrier transport layer that transports electrons or holes or a carrier injection layer that injects electrons or holes, and does not include a light emitting layer. Since the reflective electrode 11 is a cathode in this modification, the organic layer 12A is composed of one or both of an electron injection layer and an electron transport layer.
- the material of the above-mentioned carrier transport layer or carrier injection layer can be used for the material of the organic layer 12A.
- the low refractive index layer 15 suppresses the influence of the surface plasmon and improves the light emission efficiency. be able to.
- the same effect can be obtained regardless of where the low refractive index layer is disposed between the light emitting point S and the reflective electrode 11. Therefore, the low refractive index layer 15 may be disposed so as to be in contact with the light emitting layer, or may be disposed so as to be in contact with the reflective electrode 11.
- a light extraction structure such as a diffraction grating, a light diffusion layer, a microlens, or a pyramid structure may be provided at the interface where the refractive index changes. Examples of the position where such a light extraction structure is provided include the interface between the transparent substrate 14 and the air layer, and the interface between the transparent substrate 14 and the transparent electrode 13. In addition, these light extraction structures may be provided as a structure different from each structure of the organic EL element shown in FIG. 1 or the like, or may be formed in a part of each structure as a shape of each structure. .
- the light extraction efficiency can be improved by the light extraction structure, so that the light emission efficiency can be further improved compared to the first and second embodiments.
- the organic EL element according to the present invention can be widely used for light emitting devices such as flat panel displays, backlights for liquid crystal display devices, and light sources for illumination.
Abstract
Description
まず、実施の形態1に係る有機EL素子1について、図1を用いて説明する。図1は、実施の形態1に係る有機EL素子の構成を模式的に示す断面図である。
次に、実施の形態1の変形例1に係る有機EL素子について説明する。本変形例に係る有機EL素子は、図1に示す有機EL素子1と基本的な構成は同じであるので、以下、両者の異なる点について説明する。
次に、実施の形態1の変形例2に係る有機EL素子について説明する。本変形例に係る有機EL素子は、図1に示す有機EL素子1と基本的な構成は同じであるので、以下、両者の異なる点について説明する。
次に、実施の形態2に係る有機EL素子について説明する。本実施の形態に係る有機EL素子は、図1に示す有機EL素子1と基本的な構成は同じであるので、以下、両者の異なる点について説明する。また、本実施の形態における有機EL素子の構成は実施の形態1と同様であるので、本実施の形態でも図1を参照しながら説明する。
以下、本実施の形態に係る有機EL素子の変形例について説明する。なお、本変形例の構成は、上記実施の形態1、2のいずれに対しても適用可能である。
まず、変形例1に係る有機EL素子1Aについて、図5を用いて説明する。図5は、変形例1に係る有機EL素子の構成を模式的に示す図である。
次に、変形例2に係る有機EL素子について説明する。
以上、有機EL素子及びその製造方法について、実施の形態及び変形例に基づいて説明したが、本発明は、上記の実施の形態及び変形例に限定されるものではない。例えば、各実施の形態及び変形例に対して当業者が思いつく各種変形を施して得られる形態や、本発明の趣旨を逸脱しない範囲で各実施の形態及び変形例における構成要素および機能を任意に組み合わせることで実現される形態も本発明に含まれる。
11、111 反射電極
12、12A、112 有機層
13、113 透明電極
14、114 透明基板
15 低屈折率層
Claims (15)
- 反射電極と、
前記反射電極に対向して設けられた透明電極と、
前記反射電極と前記透明電極との間に設けられた発光層と、
前記反射電極と前記発光層との間に設けられた低屈折率層とを備え、
前記低屈折率層は、電子あるいは正孔を輸送又は注入する機能を有すると共に、前記発光層よりも屈折率が低く、
前記反射電極の表面と前記発光層の中心発光位置との間の距離は300nm以下であり、
前記反射電極は、Alによって形成されており、
前記発光層にて発生した光の中心発光波長をλとし、
前記発光層の屈折率を基準にしたときの前記低屈折率層と前記発光層との屈折率差をΔnとし、
前記低屈折率層の厚みをdとすると、
Δn×d/λ≦-0.009である
有機EL素子。 - 反射電極と、
前記反射電極に対向して設けられた透明電極と、
前記反射電極と前記透明電極との間に設けられた発光層と、
前記反射電極と前記発光層との間に設けられた低屈折率層とを備え、
前記低屈折率層は、電子あるいは正孔を輸送又は注入する機能を有すると共に、前記発光層よりも屈折率が低く、
前記反射電極の表面と前記発光層の中心発光位置との間の距離は300nm以下であり、
前記反射電極は、Agによって形成されており、
前記発光層にて発生した光の中心発光波長をλとし、
前記発光層の屈折率を基準にしたときの前記低屈折率層と前記発光層との屈折率差をΔnとし、
前記低屈折率層の厚みをdとすると、
Δn×d/λ≦-0.02である
有機EL素子。 - さらに、前記反射電極と前記低屈折率層との間に、電子あるいは正孔を注入又は輸送する有機層を備える
請求項1又は2に記載の有機EL素子。 - 前記低屈折率層は前記発光層に接している
請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の有機EL素子。 - 当該有機EL素子における屈折率が変化する界面に、回折格子、光拡散層、マイクロレンズ、及びピラミッド構造のいずれか一つを備える
請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の有機EL素子。 - 前記低屈折率層は、電子あるいは正孔を輸送又は注入する機能を有する材料と、当該材料に混合されたナノ粒子とからなる
請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の有機EL素子。 - 前記低屈折率層は、ナノ粒子からなるナノ粒子層と、当該ナノ粒子層の上に積層された、電子あるいは正孔を輸送又は注入する機能を有する材料からなる機能層とを含む
請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の有機EL素子。 - 前記低屈折率層は、各々が電子あるいは正孔を輸送又は注入する機能を有する2つの機能層と、当該2つの機能層の間に形成された、ナノ粒子からなるナノ粒子層とを含む
請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の有機EL素子。 - 前記ナノ粒子の粒径が前記低屈折率層の膜厚以下である
請求項6~8のいずれか1項に記載の有機EL素子。 - 前記ナノ粒子は多孔質粒子である
請求項6~9のいずれか1項に記載の有機EL素子。 - 前記ナノ粒子の屈折率は、1.5以下である
請求項6~10のいずれか1項に記載の有機EL素子。 - 反射電極を形成する工程と、
前記反射電極の上に、ナノ粒子を含む低屈折率層を形成する工程と、
前記低屈折率層の上に発光層を形成する工程と、
前記発光層の上に透明電極を形成する工程と、を含み、
前記低屈折率層は、電子あるいは正孔を輸送又は注入する機能を有すると共に、前記発光層よりも屈折率が低い
有機EL素子の製造方法。 - 前記低屈折率層を形成する工程において、電子あるいは正孔を輸送又は注入する機能を有する材料にナノ粒子を混合することで前記低屈折率層を形成する
請求項12に記載の有機EL素子の製造方法。 - 前記低屈折率層を形成する工程は、ナノ粒子からなるナノ粒子層を形成する工程と、前記ナノ粒子層の上に電子あるいは正孔を輸送又は注入する機能を有する材料からなる機能層を形成する工程とを含む
請求項12に記載の有機EL素子の製造方法。 - 前記低屈折率層を形成する工程は、電子あるいは正孔を輸送又は注入する機能を有する材料からなる第1の機能層を形成する工程と、前記第1の機能層の上にナノ粒子からなるナノ粒子層を形成する工程と、前記ナノ粒子層の上に電子あるいは正孔を輸送又は注入する機能を有する材料からなる第2の機能層を形成する工程とを含む
請求項12に記載の有機EL素子の製造方法。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP6089338B2 (ja) | 2017-03-08 |
US20140027748A1 (en) | 2014-01-30 |
JPWO2013108618A1 (ja) | 2015-05-11 |
DE112013000629T5 (de) | 2014-10-23 |
CN103460430A (zh) | 2013-12-18 |
US9461276B2 (en) | 2016-10-04 |
CN103460430B (zh) | 2016-06-01 |
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