WO2012090644A1 - ガスバリア性フィルム及び電子デバイス - Google Patents
ガスバリア性フィルム及び電子デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012090644A1 WO2012090644A1 PCT/JP2011/077837 JP2011077837W WO2012090644A1 WO 2012090644 A1 WO2012090644 A1 WO 2012090644A1 JP 2011077837 W JP2011077837 W JP 2011077837W WO 2012090644 A1 WO2012090644 A1 WO 2012090644A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B9/00—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
- C08J7/04—Coating
- C08J7/048—Forming gas barrier coatings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D3/06—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/24—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
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- C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
- C08J7/04—Coating
- C08J7/042—Coating with two or more layers, where at least one layer of a composition contains a polymer binder
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
- C08J7/04—Coating
- C08J7/043—Improving the adhesiveness of the coatings per se, e.g. forming primers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/0676—Oxynitrides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/56—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating; Arrangements for maintaining the vacuum, e.g. vacuum locks
- C23C14/562—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating; Arrangements for maintaining the vacuum, e.g. vacuum locks for coating elongated substrates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C16/0272—Deposition of sub-layers, e.g. to promote the adhesion of the main coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
- C23C16/308—Oxynitrides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
- C23C16/34—Nitrides
- C23C16/345—Silicon nitride
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/564—Details not otherwise provided for, e.g. protection against moisture
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2383/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2383/02—Polysilicates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
- H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a gas barrier film and an electronic device, and more specifically, a gas barrier film mainly used for an electronic device such as an organic electroluminescence (EL) element, a solar cell element, and a liquid crystal display element, and an electron using the same. It is about the device.
- EL organic electroluminescence
- a gas barrier film formed by laminating a plurality of layers including thin films of metal oxides such as aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, and silicon oxide on the surface of a plastic substrate or film is used to block various gases such as water vapor and oxygen.
- metal oxides such as aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, and silicon oxide
- a chemical deposition method (plasma CVD method: Chemical Vapor) in which an organosilicon compound typified by tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) is oxidized with oxygen plasma under reduced pressure.
- TEOS tetraethoxysilane
- a vapor phase method such as a deposition method or a physical deposition method (vacuum evaporation method or sputtering method) in which metal silicon is evaporated using a semiconductor laser in the presence of oxygen and deposited on a substrate is known.
- inorganic vapor deposition methods using a vapor phase method have been preferably applied to the formation of inorganic films such as silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride because a thin film having an accurate composition can be formed on a substrate.
- inorganic films such as silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride
- a gas barrier film obtained by an inorganic film forming method has a gas barrier property required for a flexible electronic device. It is not enough.
- studies have been made to simply increase the film thickness and stack multiple layers of inorganic films by the vapor phase method, the film has the desired gas barrier properties because defects grow continuously or cracks increase on the contrary. Is not obtained.
- a gas barrier film in which a laminated body in which a plurality of inorganic films and organic films are alternately laminated by a vapor phase method has been studied.
- the film thickness of the inorganic film can be increased without continuously growing defects, and further, the gas permeation path length is increased due to different positions in the in-plane direction of the defects of the inorganic film.
- the gas barrier property can be improved by utilizing the so-called maze effect.
- a gas barrier film combining such organic films cannot be said to have realized a sufficient gas barrier property at present. In view of the complexity of the manufacturing process and the extremely low productivity of performance, it is considered difficult to put it to practical use in terms of cost.
- Patent Document 1 a solution containing polysilazane as an inorganic precursor compound is laminated and applied on a gas barrier layer formed by a vacuum plasma CVD method on a resin base material, and this is heat-treated to form a silicon oxide layer.
- a gas barrier film with improved gas barrier properties is disclosed.
- the factors that improve the gas barrier property are that the adhesion at the laminated interface is good and that the polysilazane heat treatment layer functions as a protective layer for the gas barrier layer.
- this gas barrier film is extremely inferior in productivity because the heat treatment of the polysilazane coating layer requires heating at 160 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the improvement level of water vapor transmission rate due to the application of the polysilazane heat treatment layer is about 1/10, and the level of water vapor transmission rate is about 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 g / m 2 ⁇ day. It was far from the gas barrier property required by the company.
- Patent Document 2 discloses an organic EL device in which a polysilazane is applied to a gas barrier layer formed on an organic EL element by a plasma CVD method and then a baking process is performed to form a protective layer.
- the defect of the gas barrier layer that may be formed by the plasma CVD method is filled with a protective layer formed by baking polysilazane to prevent moisture from entering.
- polysilazane is made into a semi-dried state, leaving an unreacted portion, which is allowed to react with the infiltrated moisture to prevent the ingress of moisture.
- a protective layer mainly composed of silicon oxide formed by baking polysilazane does not substantially have a gas barrier property required for a flexible electronic device.
- the unreacted polysilazane film gradually reacts with moisture in the atmosphere to form silicon oxide, the reaction is completed in a few days to several months, so it has a long-term moisture infiltration prevention function. In addition, since the reaction rate of the reaction is not fast, it is not possible to prevent intrusion of moisture that has not reacted.
- Patent Document 3 discloses an electronic component in which an inorganic film and a polysilazane film formed by a vapor phase method are sequentially formed on a resin substrate.
- the unreacted portion of the polysilazane film is reacted with moisture to prevent moisture from entering the electronic component element portion.
- the inorganic film formed by the vapor phase method penetrates the polysilazane layer. It is said that moisture intrusion can be suppressed over a long period of time by reducing the amount of moisture to be generated.
- the polysilazane thermosetting film and the wet thermosetting film itself have substantially no gas barrier property, and the reaction between unreacted polysilazane and moisture is not fast, so the moisture permeation preventing effect is sufficient. Therefore, the gas barrier properties required for flexible electronic devices cannot be obtained.
- Patent Document 4 discloses, as another attempt, a transparent laminate in which a silicon nitride film is formed on a transparent substrate under specific CVD conditions.
- the transparent laminate described in Patent Document 4 prevents moisture from entering by reacting a silicon nitride compound with moisture.
- the silicon nitride film becomes a chemically unstable film that can be oxidized in an atmosphere containing oxygen or water. It is said that oxygen and water vapor can be prevented from permeating through the transparent laminate by absorption.
- there is no description of how a chemically formed silicon nitride film that should function as a gas barrier layer becomes a chemically unstable film and there is no mention of the film composition.
- the transparent laminate described in Patent Document 4 needs to maintain the silicon nitride film in a chemically unstable state by forming a chemically stable gas barrier film on both sides of the silicon nitride film. Therefore, at least three inorganic layers formed by a vapor phase method such as CVD are substantially required, and the productivity is poor.
- polysilazane having a basic structure of (Si—N) has a relatively small volume shrinkage due to direct substitution of nitrogen to oxygen by oxygen or water vapor in the air by heat treatment or wet heat treatment.
- the state changes to silicon oxide.
- a relatively dense film with few defects in the film due to volume shrinkage can be obtained.
- Vacuum ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 100 to 200 nm (hereinafter also referred to as “VUV” or “VUV light”) has a light energy larger than the interatomic bonding force of polysilazane.
- VUV vacuum ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 100 to 200 nm
- a silicon oxide film can be formed at a relatively low temperature by advancing the oxidation reaction with active oxygen or ozone while directly breaking the atomic bond by the action of photons alone (photon quantum). process).
- Patent Document 5 and Non-Patent Document 1 disclose a method for producing a gas barrier film by irradiating a polysilazane compound coating film with VUV light using an excimer lamp.
- production conditions have not been studied in detail, and the gas barrier properties of the obtained gas barrier film are far from the gas barrier properties required for flexible electronic devices.
- the relationship between the film composition of the polysilazane modified film obtained by irradiating the polysilazane compound with VUV light and the gas barrier property is hardly studied at present.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and its purpose is to achieve high productivity by combining gas phase method film formation such as vacuum film formation and coating film formation, and to achieve gas barrier performance and heat resistance. It is an object to provide an excellent gas barrier film and an electronic device excellent in durability using the film.
- a first gas barrier layer containing Si and N formed by physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition on a substrate, and a solution containing a polysilazane compound formed adjacent to the first gas barrier layer.
- the composition of the second gas barrier layer when expressed in SiO x N y, distribution of the composition SiO x N y in the thickness direction of the second gas barrier layer satisfies the condition specified in the following (a), the gas barrier properties the film.
- the second gas barrier layer has a region of 0.25 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.1 and 0.4 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.75 in the thickness direction of 50 nm or more.
- the second gas barrier layer has a region of 0.25 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.55 and 0.55 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.75 in the thickness direction of 50 nm or more.
- the first gas barrier layer has a maximum y value in the first gas barrier layer and the second gas barrier layer.
- (D) x / y in the surface layer region of the second gas barrier layer is 6.0 or more.
- An electronic device comprising the gas barrier film according to any one of 1 to 4 above.
- a gas barrier film formed by vapor deposition is not required, and a gas barrier film having high productivity combined with coating, excellent gas barrier performance and heat resistance, and excellent durability using the same.
- An electronic device can be provided.
- the inventor of the present invention has a first gas barrier layer containing Si and N formed on a substrate by physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition, and adjacent thereto.
- the composition of the second gas barrier layer formed by the coating method and modified by irradiation with vacuum ultraviolet rays is controlled within a specific composition ratio range.
- a gas barrier film having a very high gas barrier property could be obtained.
- the desired “gas barrier performance” means corrosion of metal calcium when stored for 20 hours in water vapor barrier property evaluation using metal calcium, which is one of the evaluation methods employed in the examples described later. The area is less than 5%.
- a first gas barrier layer formed by physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition is formed on at least one surface side of the substrate, and a solution containing at least a polysilazane compound is adjacent thereto.
- a second gas barrier layer formed by coating is formed by coating.
- the gas barrier property can be further improved by stacking a plurality of gas barrier layer units using the stack configuration of the first gas barrier layer and the second gas barrier as a gas barrier layer unit.
- positioned the gas barrier layer unit on both surfaces of a base material may be sufficient.
- the substrate used in the present invention is a long support and can hold a gas barrier layer (also simply referred to as “barrier property”) having a gas barrier property (also simply referred to as “barrier property”). is there.
- a gas barrier layer also simply referred to as “barrier property”
- a gas barrier property also simply referred to as “barrier property”.
- the said base material is specifically formed with the following materials, it is not specifically limited to these.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate
- PC polycarbonate
- a heat-resistant transparent film having a basic skeleton of silsesquioxane having an organic-inorganic hybrid structure is preferably used.
- the process temperature may exceed 200 ° C. in the array manufacturing process.
- the base material temperature becomes the glass transition temperature. If it exceeds 1, the elastic modulus of the base material rapidly decreases, and the base material is stretched due to tension, which may cause damage to the gas barrier layer. Therefore, in such applications, it is preferable to use a heat-resistant material having a glass transition point of 150 ° C. or higher as the base material.
- a heat-resistant transparent film having polyimide, polyetherimide, or silsesquioxane having an organic / inorganic hybrid structure as a basic skeleton.
- the heat-resistant resin represented by these is non-crystalline, the water absorption rate is larger than that of crystalline PET or PEN, and the dimensional change of the base material due to humidity becomes larger, which makes it a gas barrier layer. There is a concern of damaging it.
- a gas barrier layer or a gas barrier layer unit (a layer made up of a plurality of gas barrier layers) is formed on both sides, so that the substrate can be used under severe conditions of high temperature and high humidity.
- the thickness of the substrate is preferably about 5.0 to 500 ⁇ m, more preferably 25 to 250 ⁇ m.
- the base material is preferably transparent.
- the transparent substrate means that the light transmittance of visible light (400 to 700 nm) is 80% or more.
- the base material is transparent and the gas barrier layer formed on the base material is also transparent, a transparent gas barrier film can be obtained. Therefore, a transparent substrate such as an organic EL element can be obtained. Because.
- the base material using the above-described resins or the like may be an unstretched film or a stretched film.
- the base material used in the present invention can be produced by a conventionally known general method.
- an unstretched substrate that is substantially amorphous and not oriented can be produced by melting a resin as a material with an extruder, extruding it with an annular die or a T-die, and quenching.
- the unstretched base material is subjected to a known method such as uniaxial stretching, tenter-type sequential biaxial stretching, tenter-type simultaneous biaxial stretching, tubular simultaneous biaxial stretching, etc.
- a stretched substrate can be produced by stretching in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction of the substrate (horizontal axis).
- the stretching ratio in this case can be appropriately selected according to the resin as the raw material of the base material, but is preferably 2 to 10 times in the vertical axis direction and the horizontal axis direction, respectively.
- the surface may be subjected to corona treatment before the gas barrier layer is formed.
- An anchor coat layer may be formed on the surface of the base material according to the present invention on the side where the coating film is formed for the purpose of improving the adhesion with the gas barrier layer unit.
- anchor coating agent used for the anchor coat layer examples include polyester resin, isocyanate resin, urethane resin, acrylic resin, ethylene vinyl alcohol resin, vinyl modified resin, epoxy resin, modified styrene resin, modified silicon resin, and alkyl titanate. Or it can be used in combination of two or more.
- the above-mentioned anchor coating agent is coated on the support by a known method such as roll coating, gravure coating, knife coating, dip coating, spray coating, etc., and anchor coating is performed by drying and removing the solvent, diluent, etc. be able to.
- the application amount of the anchor coating agent is preferably about 0.1 to 5.0 g / m 2 (dry state).
- the anchor coat layer can be formed by a vapor phase method such as physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition.
- a vapor phase method such as physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition.
- an inorganic film mainly composed of silicon oxide can be formed for the purpose of improving adhesion and the like.
- an anchor coat layer as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-314626, when an inorganic thin film is formed thereon by a vapor phase method, the gas generated from the substrate side is blocked to some extent.
- an anchor coat layer can be formed for the purpose of controlling the composition of the inorganic thin film.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention may have a smooth layer between the substrate and the gas barrier layer unit.
- the smooth layer used in the present invention flattens the rough surface of the transparent resin film support with protrusions or the like, or fills the irregularities and pinholes generated in the transparent inorganic compound layer with the protrusions present on the transparent resin film support.
- Such a smooth layer is basically produced by curing a photosensitive material or a thermosetting material.
- Examples of the photosensitive material used for the smooth layer include a resin composition containing an acrylate compound having a radical reactive unsaturated group, a resin composition containing an acrylate compound and a mercapto compound having a thiol group, epoxy acrylate, and urethane.
- Examples thereof include a resin composition in which a polyfunctional acrylate monomer such as acrylate, polyester acrylate, polyether acrylate, polyethylene glycol acrylate, or glycerol methacrylate is dissolved. It is also possible to use the resin composition as described above by arbitrarily mixing it, and it is a photosensitive resin containing a reactive monomer having at least one photopolymerizable unsaturated bond in the molecule. If there is no particular limitation.
- thermosetting materials include Tutprom Series (Organic Polysilazane) manufactured by Clariant, SP COAT heat-resistant clear paint manufactured by Ceramic Coat, Nano Hybrid Silicon manufactured by Adeka, and Unidic V manufactured by DIC. -8000 series, EPICLON EXA-4710 (ultra-high heat resistance epoxy resin), various silicon resins manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., inorganic / organic nanocomposite material SSG coat manufactured by Nittobo Co., Ltd., heat composed of acrylic polyol and isocyanate prepolymer Examples thereof include curable urethane resins, phenol resins, urea melamine resins, epoxy resins, unsaturated polyester resins, and silicon resins. Among these, an epoxy resin-based material having heat resistance is particularly preferable.
- the method for forming the smooth layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably formed by a wet coating method such as a spray method, a blade coating method, or a dip method, or a dry coating method such as a vapor deposition method.
- additives such as an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber, and a plasticizer can be added to the above-described photosensitive resin as necessary.
- an appropriate resin or additive may be used in order to improve the film formability and prevent the generation of pinholes in the film.
- the smoothness of the smooth layer can be evaluated by the surface roughness specified by JIS B 0601, and the maximum cross-sectional height Rt (p) is preferably 10 nm or more and 30 nm or less.
- Rt (p) is preferably 10 nm or more and 30 nm or less.
- the gas barrier film according to the present invention may have a bleed-out preventing layer on the side opposite to the smooth layer of the substrate.
- the bleed-out prevention layer is for the purpose of suppressing the phenomenon that, when a film having a smooth layer is heated, unreacted oligomers etc. migrate from the film having the smooth layer to the surface and contaminate the contact surface.
- the bleed-out prevention layer may basically have the same configuration as the smooth layer as long as it has this function.
- the unsaturated organic compound having a polymerizable unsaturated group that can be contained as a hard coat agent in the bleed-out prevention layer is a polyunsaturated organic compound having two or more polymerizable unsaturated groups in the molecule.
- numerator can be mentioned.
- Matting agents may be added as other additives.
- inorganic particles having an average particle diameter of about 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m are preferable.
- silica, alumina, talc, clay, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, barium sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide and the like can be used in combination.
- the matting agent composed of inorganic particles is 2 parts by mass or more, preferably 4 parts by mass or more, more preferably 6 parts by mass or more and 20 parts by mass or less, preferably 18 parts per 100 parts by mass of the solid content of the hard coat agent. It is desirable that they are mixed in a proportion of not more than part by mass, more preferably not more than 16 parts by mass.
- the bleed-out prevention layer contains a thermoplastic resin other than the hard coat agent, a thermosetting resin, an ionizing radiation curable resin, a photopolymerization initiator, and the like as components other than the hard coat agent and the matting agent. Also good.
- the bleed-out prevention layer as described above is mixed with a hard coat agent, a matting agent, and other components as necessary, and is prepared as a coating solution by using a diluent solvent as necessary, and supports the coating solution. It can form by apply
- ultraviolet rays in a wavelength region of 100 to 400 nm, preferably 200 to 400 nm, emitted from an ultrahigh pressure mercury lamp, a high pressure mercury lamp, a low pressure mercury lamp, a carbon arc, a metal halide lamp, etc. are irradiated or scanned.
- the irradiation can be performed by irradiating an electron beam having a wavelength region of 100 nm or less emitted from a type or curtain type electron beam accelerator.
- the thickness of the bleed-out prevention layer improves the heat resistance of the film, facilitates the balance adjustment of the optical properties of the film, and prevents curling when the bleed-out prevention layer is provided only on one side of the gas barrier film. From the viewpoint, a range of 1.0 to 10 ⁇ m is preferable, and a range of 2 to 7 ⁇ m is more preferable.
- the first gas barrier layer is formed by physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition, and contains at least Si and N.
- the configuration of the first gas barrier layer according to the present invention is preferably SiO x N y or SiN.
- SiO x N y it is preferable that x ⁇ 0, y ⁇ 0.5, and x ⁇ y.
- methods for forming a functional thin film on a substrate mainly include physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition (chemical vapor deposition).
- the physical vapor deposition method is a method in which a thin film of a target substance (for example, a carbon film) is deposited on the surface of the substance in a gas phase by a physical method. Heating method, electron beam evaporation method, molecular beam epitaxy method), ion plating method, sputtering method and the like.
- the chemical vapor deposition method chemical vapor deposition method
- a raw material gas containing a target thin film component is supplied onto a base material, and a film is deposited by a chemical reaction on the substrate surface or in the gas phase.
- the method for forming the first gas barrier layer according to the present invention may be any method, but is a sputtering method, a vacuum plasma CVD method, or an atmospheric pressure plasma CVD method.
- the vacuum plasma CVD method or the atmospheric pressure plasma CVD method is more preferable, and the atmospheric pressure plasma CVD method is more preferable.
- the first gas barrier layer to be obtained is selected by appropriately selecting an organometallic compound and a decomposition gas to be used, and reacting under suitable conditions.
- the configuration of the gas barrier layer can be controlled.
- the constituent elements of the first gas barrier layer that can be controlled include metal carbide, metal nitride, metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal halide, and mixtures thereof (metal oxynitride, metal oxyhalide, Metal nitride carbide).
- silicon oxide is generated when a vacuum plasma CVD method or an atmospheric pressure plasma CVD method is performed under suitable conditions using a silicon compound as an organometallic compound and oxygen as a decomposition gas.
- the organometallic compound that can be used in the vacuum plasma CVD method and the atmospheric pressure plasma CVD method is not particularly limited, but includes silicon compounds, titanium compounds, zirconium compounds, aluminum compounds, boron compounds, tin compounds, and other organometallic compounds. Can be mentioned.
- the silicon compound includes silane, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetra-n-propoxysilane, tetraisopropoxysilane, tetra-n-butoxysilane, tetra-t-butoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, Dimethyldiethoxysilane, diethyldimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) trimethoxysilane, hexamethyldisiloxane, bis ( Dimethylamino) dimethylsilane, bis (dimethylamino) methylvinylsilane, bis (ethylamino) dimethylsilane, N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) ace
- Titanium compounds include titanium methoxide, titanium ethoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium tetraisoporooxide, titanium-n-butoxide, titanium diisopropoxide (bis-2,4-pentanedionate), titanium dioxide Examples thereof include isopropoxide (bis-2,4-ethylacetoacetate), titanium di-n-butoxide (bis-2,4-pentanedionate), titanium acetylacetonate, and butyl titanate dimer.
- Zirconium compounds include zirconium-n-propoxide, zirconium-n-butoxide, zirconium-t-butoxide, zirconium tri-n-butoxide acetylacetonate, zirconium di-n-butoxide bisacetylacetonate, zirconium acetylacetonate, Zirconium acetate, zirconium hexafluoropentanedionate, etc. are mentioned.
- Aluminum compounds include aluminum ethoxide, aluminum triisopropoxide, aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum-n-butoxide, aluminum-s-butoxide, aluminum-t-butoxide, aluminum acetylacetonate, and triethyl dialumonium tri-s. -Butoxide and the like.
- boron compounds include diborane, tetraborane, boron fluoride, boron chloride, boron bromide, borane-diethyl ether complex, borane-THF complex, borane-dimethyl sulfide complex, boron trifluoride diethyl ether complex, triethylborane, trimethoxy.
- Examples include borane, triethoxyborane, tri (isopropoxy) borane, borazole, trimethylborazole, triethylborazole, and triisopropylborazole.
- tin compounds include tetraethyltin, tetramethyltin, di-n-butyltin diacetate, tetrabutyltin, tetraoctyltin, tetraethoxytin, methyltriethoxytin, diethyldiethoxytin, triisopropylethoxytin, diethyltin, dimethyltin, Diisopropyltin, dibutyltin, diethoxytin, dimethoxytin, diisopropoxytin, dibutoxytin, tin dibutyrate, tin diacetoacetonate, ethyltin acetoacetonate, ethoxytin ace
- organometallic compounds include antimony ethoxide, arsenic triethoxide, barium-2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptanedionate, beryllium acetylacetonate, bismuth hexafluoropentanedionate, dimethylcadmium, calcium-2, 2,6,6-tetramethylheptanedionate, chromium trifluoropentanedionate, cobalt acetylacetonate, copper hexafluoropentanedionate, magnesium hexafluoropentanedionate-dimethyl ether complex, gallium ethoxide, tetraethoxygermane, tetra Methoxygermane, hafnium-t-butoxide, hafnium ethoxide, indium acetylacetonate, indium-2,6-dimethylaminoheptanedionate, Sen, lanthanum isoprop
- the decomposition gas that can be used in the vacuum plasma CVD method and the atmospheric pressure plasma CVD method is not particularly limited, but hydrogen gas, methane gas, acetylene gas, carbon monoxide gas, carbon dioxide gas, nitrogen gas, ammonia gas, nitrous oxide.
- Examples thereof include gas, nitrogen oxide gas, nitrogen dioxide gas, oxygen gas, water vapor, fluorine gas, hydrogen fluoride, trifluoroalcohol, trifluorotoluene, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, and chlorine gas.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of a vacuum plasma CVD apparatus used for forming a first gas barrier layer according to the present invention.
- the vacuum plasma CVD apparatus 101 has a vacuum chamber 102, and a susceptor 105 is disposed on the bottom surface side inside the vacuum chamber 102. Further, a cathode electrode 103 is disposed on the ceiling side inside the vacuum chamber 102 at a position facing the susceptor 105.
- a heat medium circulation system 106, a vacuum exhaust system 107, a gas introduction system 108, and a high-frequency power source 109 are disposed outside the vacuum chamber 102.
- a heat medium is disposed in the heat medium circulation system 106.
- the heat medium circulation system 106 stores a pump for moving the heat medium, a heating device for heating the heat medium, a cooling device for cooling, a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the heat medium, and a set temperature of the heat medium.
- a heating / cooling device 160 having a storage device is provided.
- the heating / cooling device 160 is configured to measure the temperature of the heat medium, heat or cool the heat medium to a stored set temperature, and supply the heat medium to the susceptor 105.
- the supplied heat medium flows inside the susceptor 105, heats or cools the susceptor 105, and returns to the heating / cooling device 160.
- the temperature of the heat medium is higher or lower than the set temperature, and the heating and cooling device 160 heats or cools the heat medium to the set temperature and supplies the heat medium to the susceptor 105.
- the cooling medium circulates between the susceptor and the heating / cooling device 160, and the susceptor 105 is heated or cooled by the supplied heating medium having the set temperature.
- the vacuum chamber 102 is connected to an evacuation system 107, and before the film formation process is started by the vacuum plasma CVD apparatus 101, the inside of the vacuum chamber 102 is evacuated in advance and the heat medium is heated from room temperature. The temperature is raised to a set temperature, and a heat medium having the set temperature is supplied to the susceptor 105. The susceptor 105 is at room temperature at the start of use, and when a heat medium having a set temperature is supplied, the susceptor 105 is heated.
- the substrate 110 to be deposited is carried into the vacuum chamber 102 while maintaining the vacuum atmosphere in the vacuum chamber 102 and placed on the susceptor 105.
- a large number of nozzles (holes) are formed on the surface of the cathode electrode 103 facing the susceptor 105.
- the cathode electrode 103 is connected to a gas introduction system 108.
- a CVD gas is introduced from the gas introduction system 108 into the cathode electrode 103, the CVD gas is ejected from the nozzle of the cathode electrode 103 into the vacuum chamber 102 in a vacuum atmosphere.
- the cathode electrode 103 is connected to a high frequency power source 109, and the susceptor 105 and the vacuum chamber 102 are connected to a ground potential.
- a high-frequency power source 109 is activated while a heating medium having a constant temperature is supplied from the heating / cooling device 160 to the susceptor 105, and a high-frequency voltage is applied to the cathode electrode 103, Plasma of the introduced CVD gas is formed.
- a heating medium having a constant temperature is supplied from the heating / cooling device 160 to the susceptor 105, and the susceptor 105 is heated or cooled by the heating medium, and a thin film is formed while being maintained at a constant temperature.
- the lower limit temperature of the growth temperature when forming a thin film is determined by the film quality of the thin film
- the upper limit temperature is determined by the allowable range of damage to the thin film already formed on the substrate 110.
- the lower limit temperature and the upper limit temperature vary depending on the material of the thin film to be formed, the material of the already formed thin film, etc., but when forming the SiN film or the SiON film constituting the first gas barrier layer according to the present invention, the gas barrier In order to ensure high quality film quality, the lower limit temperature is preferably 50 ° C. or higher, and the upper limit temperature is preferably lower than the heat resistant temperature of the substrate.
- the correlation between the film quality of the thin film formed by the vacuum plasma CVD method and the deposition temperature, and the correlation between the damage to the deposition object (substrate 110) and the deposition temperature are obtained in advance, and the lower limit temperature and the upper limit temperature are determined. Is done.
- the lower limit temperature of the substrate 110 during the vacuum plasma CVD process is 50 ° C.
- the upper limit temperature is 250 ° C.
- the relationship between the temperature of the heat medium supplied to the susceptor 105 and the temperature of the substrate 110 when plasma is formed by applying a high frequency voltage of 13.56 MHz or more to the cathode electrode 103 is measured in advance, and a vacuum plasma CVD process is performed.
- the temperature of the heat medium supplied to the susceptor 105 is required in order to maintain the temperature of the substrate 110 at not less than the lower limit temperature and not more than the upper limit temperature.
- the lower limit temperature (here, 50 ° C.) is stored, and a heat medium whose temperature is controlled to a temperature equal to or higher than the lower limit temperature is set to be supplied to the susceptor 105.
- the heat medium refluxed from the susceptor 105 is heated or cooled, and a heat medium having a set temperature of 50 ° C. is supplied to the susceptor 105.
- a CVD gas a mixed gas of silane gas, ammonia gas, and nitrogen gas is supplied, and the SiN film is formed in a state where the substrate 110 is maintained at a temperature condition not lower than the lower limit temperature and not higher than the upper limit temperature.
- the susceptor 105 Immediately after the startup of the vacuum plasma CVD apparatus 101, the susceptor 105 is at room temperature, and the temperature of the heat medium returned from the susceptor 105 to the heating / cooling apparatus 160 is lower than the set temperature. Therefore, immediately after the start-up, the heating / cooling device 160 heats the refluxed heat medium to raise the temperature to the set temperature and supplies it to the susceptor 105. In this case, the susceptor 105 and the substrate 110 are heated and heated by the heat medium, and the substrate 110 is maintained in a range between the lower limit temperature and the upper limit temperature.
- the susceptor 105 When a thin film is continuously formed on a plurality of substrates 110, the susceptor 105 is heated by heat flowing from the plasma. In this case, since the heat medium recirculated from the susceptor 105 to the heating / cooling device 160 is higher than the lower limit temperature (50 ° C.), the heating / cooling device 160 cools the heat medium and converts the heat medium at the set temperature into the susceptor. It supplies to 105. Thereby, it is possible to form a thin film while maintaining the substrate 110 in a range between the lower limit temperature and the upper limit temperature.
- the heating / cooling device 160 heats the heating medium when the temperature of the refluxed heating medium is lower than the set temperature, and cools the heating medium when the temperature is higher than the set temperature.
- a heat medium having a set temperature is supplied to the susceptor, and as a result, the substrate 110 is maintained in a temperature range between the lower limit temperature and the upper limit temperature.
- the substrate 110 is unloaded from the vacuum chamber 102, the undeposited substrate 110 is loaded into the vacuum chamber 102, and a heating medium having a set temperature is supplied as described above. A thin film is formed.
- FIG. 2 is an example of a vacuum plasma CVD apparatus capable of forming a film by a roll-to-roll method while continuously conveying a roll-shaped film substrate in a vacuum chamber. It can be preferably used.
- the vacuum plasma CVD apparatus shown in FIG. 2 includes a vacuum chamber 1, a pair of film-forming rolls 2 and 3 disposed so as to face each other so that the roll axes are parallel in the vacuum chamber 1, and wound in a roll shape.
- An unwinding roll 4 for holding and unwinding the strip-shaped substrate S, and a facing space between the one and the other film forming rolls 2 and 3 of the substrate S unwound from the unwinding roll 4 5, a plurality of transport rolls 6 that are wound around the film forming rolls 2 and 3, a take-up roll 7 that winds the substrate S after film formation, and a gas supply device (not shown)
- a film-forming gas supply pipe 8 disposed in parallel with the roll axis directly above the opposing space 5, a vacuum exhaust port 9 opened in the bottom wall of the vacuum chamber 1, and a vacuum connected to the vacuum exhaust port 9.
- a pump 10 is provided.
- a plurality of gas ejection nozzles directed to the facing space 5 are provided in the length direction, and the vacuum exhaust port 9 is disposed directly below the facing space 5.
- magnetic field generating members 12 and 13 are provided inside the film forming rolls 2 and 3, and a plasma power source 14 for supplying plasma power to the film forming rolls 2 and 3 is provided.
- the atmospheric pressure plasma CVD method is a method of performing plasma CVD processing near atmospheric pressure. Compared with the plasma CVD method under vacuum, it is not necessary to reduce the pressure of the thin film formation environment, and the productivity is high and the plasma density is high. The film formation speed is high because of the high density. Furthermore, compared with the conditions of normal CVD, under a high pressure condition under atmospheric pressure, the mean free path of gas is very short, so that a very homogeneous film can be obtained.
- nitrogen gas or an 18th group atom of the periodic table specifically helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, or the like is used as the discharge gas.
- nitrogen, helium, and argon are preferably used, and nitrogen is particularly preferable because of low cost.
- the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment is one in which two or more electric fields having different frequencies are formed in the discharge space, as described in the specification of International Publication No. 2007-026545. It is preferable to use a method in which an electric field is formed by superimposing two high-frequency electric fields.
- the frequency ⁇ 2 of the second high-frequency electric field is higher than the frequency ⁇ 1 of the first high-frequency electric field, the intensity V1 of the first high-frequency electric field, the intensity V2 of the second high-frequency electric field, and the discharge start electric field
- the output density of the second high-frequency electric field is preferably 1 W / cm 2 or more.
- the discharge can be started and a high density and stable plasma state can be maintained, and a high performance thin film can be formed. It can be carried out.
- a discharge gas having a high discharge starting electric field strength such as nitrogen gas
- the discharge start electric field strength IV (1/2 Vp-p) is about 3.7 kV / mm. Therefore, in the above relationship, the first applied electric field strength is V1.
- the nitrogen gas can be excited and put into a plasma state.
- the frequency of the first power source is preferably 200 kHz or less.
- the electric field waveform may be a continuous wave or a pulse wave.
- the lower limit is preferably about 1 kHz.
- the frequency of the second power source is preferably 800 kHz or more.
- the upper limit is preferably about 200 MHz.
- the first high-frequency electric field is necessary for starting discharge of a discharge gas having a high discharge starting electric field strength, and the plasma density can be increased by the high frequency and high power density of the second high-frequency electric field.
- the atmospheric pressure or a pressure in the vicinity thereof is about 20 kPa to 110 kPa, and 93 kPa to 104 kPa is preferable in order to obtain the good effects described in the present invention.
- the excited gas as used in the present invention means that at least a part of the molecules in the gas move from the existing energy state to a higher energy state by obtaining energy, and the excited gas molecules are radicalized.
- the first gas barrier layer forming method according to the present invention includes a discharge in which a gas containing a source gas containing silicon is excited in a discharge space where a high-frequency electric field is generated under atmospheric pressure or a pressure in the vicinity thereof.
- a method of forming a secondary excitation gas by mixing with a gas and exposing the substrate to the secondary excitation gas can be mentioned.
- the pressure between the counter electrodes (discharge space) is set to atmospheric pressure or a pressure near it, a discharge gas is introduced between the counter electrodes, a high frequency voltage is applied between the counter electrodes, and the discharge gas is converted into plasma.
- the discharge gas and the raw material gas that are in a plasma state are mixed outside the discharge space, the substrate is exposed to the mixed gas (secondary excitation gas), and the first gas barrier is formed on the substrate. Form a layer.
- the composition of the first gas barrier layer is represented by SiO x N y
- the maximum value of y (nitrogen atom content) in the first gas barrier layer and the second gas barrier layer has in the first gas barrier layer region.
- the second gas barrier layer according to the present invention is formed by laminating and applying a coating liquid containing a polysilazane compound adjacent to the first gas barrier layer formed by physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition.
- the second gas barrier layer according to the present invention is formed by applying a coating liquid containing a polysilazane compound on a band-shaped substrate on which the first gas barrier layer is formed.
- Any appropriate method can be adopted as a coating method.
- Specific examples include a roll coating method, a flow coating method, an ink jet method, a spray coating method, a printing method, a dip coating method, a casting film forming method, a bar coating method, and a gravure printing method.
- the thickness of the coating film is appropriately set according to the purpose of use of the gas barrier film, and is not particularly limited.
- the thickness of the coating film is 50 nm or more, preferably 100 nm as the thickness after drying. It can be set to ⁇ 2 ⁇ m, more preferably 150 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the “polysilazane compound” used in the present invention is a polymer having a silicon-nitrogen bond in its structure, and is composed of Si—N, Si—H, NH, etc., SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 and intermediate solid solutions of both. It is a ceramic precursor inorganic polymer such as SiO x N y .
- a polysilazane compound that is modified to SiO x N y at a relatively low temperature is preferable, as described in JP-A-8-112879.
- polysilazane compound those having the following structure are preferably used.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylsilyl group, an alkylamino group or an alkoxy group.
- perhydropolysilazane in which all of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen atoms is particularly preferred from the viewpoint of the denseness of the resulting gas barrier layer as a film.
- the organopolysilazane in which the hydrogen part bonded to Si is partially substituted with an alkyl group or the like has an alkyl group such as a methyl group, so that the adhesion to the base substrate is improved and the polysilazane which is hard and brittle It is possible to impart toughness to the ceramic film produced by the above, and there is an advantage that generation of cracks can be suppressed even when the film thickness is increased.
- these perhydropolysilazane and organopolysilazane may be selected as appropriate and may be used in combination.
- Perhydropolysilazane is presumed to have a structure in which a linear structure and a ring structure centered on a 6- and / or 8-membered ring coexist.
- the molecular weight of polysilazane is about 600 to 2000 (polystyrene conversion) in terms of number average molecular weight (Mn), and is a liquid or solid substance, and varies depending on the molecular weight.
- polysilazanes are commercially available in a solution state dissolved in an organic solvent, and a commercially available product can be used as it is as a polysilazane-containing coating solution.
- polysilazane compound that becomes ceramic at low temperature examples include silicon alkoxide-added polysilazane obtained by reacting the above polysilazane with silicon alkoxide (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-23827), glycidol-added polysilazane obtained by reacting glycidol ( JP-A-6-122852), an alcohol-added polysilazane obtained by reacting an alcohol (JP-A-6-240208), a metal carboxylate-added polysilazane obtained by reacting a metal carboxylate (JP-A-6-206) 299118), acetylacetonate complex-added polysilazane obtained by reacting a metal-containing acetylacetonate complex (JP-A-6-306329), metal fine particle-added polysilazane obtained by adding metal fine particles (JP-A-7). -1 JP) or the like 6986 and the like.
- an organic solvent for preparing a coating solution containing a polysilazane compound it is preferable to avoid using an alcohol or water-containing one that easily reacts with polysilazane.
- hydrocarbon solvents such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers such as halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, aliphatic ethers, and alicyclic ethers
- specific examples include hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, toluene, xylene, solvesso and turben, halogen hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and trichloroethane, and ethers such as dibutyl ether, dioxane and tetrahydrofuran.
- organic solvents may be selected according to purposes such as the solubility of polysilazane and the evaporation rate of the solvent, and a plurality of organic solvents may be mixed.
- the concentration of the polysilazane compound in the polysilazane compound-containing coating solution is about 0.2 to 35% by mass, although it varies depending on the film thickness of the target second gas barrier layer and the pot life of the coating solution.
- an amine or metal catalyst can be added in order to promote modification to the silicon oxide compound.
- Specific examples include Aquamica NAX120-20, NN110, NN310, NN320, NL110A, NL120A, NL150A, NP110, NP140, and SP140 manufactured by AZ Electronic Materials.
- the amount of these catalysts added is preferably adjusted to 2% by mass or less based on the polysilazane compound in order to avoid excessive silanol formation by the catalyst, reduction in film density, increase in film defects, and the like.
- the coating liquid containing the polysilazane compound can contain an inorganic precursor compound.
- the inorganic precursor compound other than the polysilazane compound is not particularly limited as long as the coating liquid can be prepared.
- polysiloxane polysilsesquioxane, tetramethylsilane, trimethylmethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, trimethylethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, Methyltriethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilazane, 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane, trimethylvinylsilane, methoxydimethylvinylsilane, trimethoxyvinylsilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, Dimethyldivinylsilane, dimethylethoxyethynylsilane, diacetoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxymethyl-3,3,3-tri
- methyl hydrogen polysiloxane examples include TSF484 manufactured by Momentive.
- the polysilsesquioxane a cage, ladder, or random structure can be preferably used.
- the cage-like polysilsesquioxane for example, Mayaterials Co.
- polysilsesquioxanes that are thought to be a mixture of cage-like, ladder-like, and random structures are polyphenylsilsesquioxanes manufactured by Konishi Chemical Co., Ltd., SR-20, SR-21, SR- 23, SR-13 which is polymethylsilsesquioxane, SR-33 which is polymethyl phenylsilsesquioxane.
- the Fox series manufactured by Toray Dow Corning which is a polyhydrogensilsesquioxane solution commercially available as a spin-on-glass material, can also be preferably used.
- inorganic silicon compounds that are solid at normal temperature are preferred, and silsesquioxane hydride is more preferably used.
- the second gas barrier layer according to the present invention has a composition of SiO x N y as a whole layer by modifying at least a part of polysilazane in the step of irradiating the coating film containing the polysilazane compound with vacuum ultraviolet rays.
- a gas barrier layer containing silicon oxynitride is formed.
- hydrogen and carbon are present, they are not shown in this composition formula.
- it is preferable that the number of hydrogen atoms is small.
- the distribution of the composition SiO x N y is a predetermined condition, that is, the second gas barrier layer satisfies 0.25 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.1 and 0.4 The condition that the region where ⁇ y ⁇ 0.75 is 50 nm or more in the thickness direction is satisfied.
- perhydropolysilazane will be specifically described as an example.
- Perhydropolysilazane can be represented by the composition “— (SiH 2 —NH) n —”.
- the oxygen supply source after forming the second gas barrier layer by a wet coating method includes the following items: (A) Supply with oxygen or moisture contained in the polysilazane coating solution, (B) Supply with oxygen or moisture taken into the coating film from the atmosphere of the coating and drying process, (C) Supply with oxygen, moisture, ozone, singlet oxygen taken into the coating film from the atmosphere in the vacuum ultraviolet irradiation process, (D) Supply by oxygen or moisture that moves into the coating film as outgas from the base material or intermediate layer by the energy applied in the vacuum ultraviolet irradiation process; (E) When the vacuum ultraviolet irradiation process is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, supply from oxygen or moisture taken into the coating film from the atmosphere when moving from the non-oxidizing atmosphere to the oxidizing atmosphere; Etc.
- x and y are basically in the range of 2x + 3y ⁇ 4.
- the coating film contains silanol groups, and there are cases where 2 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.5.
- Si—H bonds and N—H bonds in perhydropolysilazane are relatively easily cleaved by excitation with vacuum ultraviolet irradiation and the like. It is considered that they are recombined as N (a dangling bond of Si may be formed). That is, the cured as SiN y composition without oxidizing. In this case, the polymer main chain is not broken. The breaking of Si—H bonds and N—H bonds is promoted by the presence of a catalyst and heating. The cut H is released out of the membrane as H 2 .
- the second gas barrier layer according to the present invention is a region where 0.25 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.1 and 0.4 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.75 when the composition of the gas barrier layer is expressed by SiO x N y Is 50 nm or more in the thickness direction. Therefore, as described above, the thickness of the second gas barrier layer is at least 50 nm or more, preferably 100 nm to 2 ⁇ m, more preferably 150 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- composition distribution in the thickness direction of the first gas barrier layer and the second gas barrier layer can be determined by measuring by the following method using XPS analysis.
- the thickness in the XPS analysis is obtained once based on the etching rate in terms of SiO 2 and the same sample.
- the thicknesses of the first gas barrier layer and the second gas barrier layer are obtained from the cross-sectional TEM images. While comparing this with the composition distribution in the thickness direction obtained from the XPS analysis, the region corresponding to the first gas barrier layer and the second gas barrier layer in the composition distribution in the thickness direction is identified, and the first gas barrier layer
- the thickness direction correction is performed by uniformly applying a coefficient so that the thickness of the corresponding region and the region corresponding to the second gas barrier layer individually match the film thickness obtained from the cross-sectional TEM image.
- the XPS analysis in the present invention was performed under the following conditions, but even if the apparatus and measurement conditions are changed, any measurement method that conforms to the gist of the present invention can be applied without any problem.
- the measurement method according to the gist of the present invention is mainly the resolution in the thickness direction, and the etching depth per measurement point (corresponding to the conditions of the following sputter ion and depth profile) is 1 to 15 nm.
- the thickness is preferably 1 to 10 nm.
- the etching depth (etching rate) per measurement point corresponds to 5.12 nm in terms of SiO 2 .
- composition of the surface layer of the gas barrier layer in the present invention is obtained by measuring the gas barrier layer surface after sputtering for 1 minute under the following conditions.
- ⁇ XPS analysis conditions >> ⁇ Equipment: ULVAC-PHI QUANTERASXM ⁇ X-ray source: Monochromatic Al-K ⁇ Measurement area: Si2p, C1s, N1s, O1s ⁇ Sputtering ion: Ar (2 keV) Depth profile: after sputtering for 1 minute, repeat measurement. Quantification: The background was determined by the Shirley method, and quantified using the relative sensitivity coefficient method from the obtained peak area. For data processing, MultiPak manufactured by ULVAC-PHI was used.
- the region where the composition x, y of the second gas barrier layer is in the above range has a good gas barrier property and can be oxidized by reacting mainly with water vapor in the long term. Since it is a coating film formed by coating, there are few defects and it has good gas barrier properties.
- the second gas barrier layer reacts and oxidizes little by little while suppressing the diffusion of water vapor that has entered through the defects of the first gas barrier layer. It is possible to trap water vapor in a region where the water vapor exists without substantially permeating water vapor. If this region is 50 nm or more, water vapor can be continuously captured over a long period exceeding the warranty period of the electronic device.
- the upper limit of the water vapor capturing layer is not particularly set, but in the vacuum ultraviolet light irradiation process, since there is a limit to the film thickness that can be satisfactorily modified, it is preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or less, and 500 nm or less. It is more preferable.
- the oxidation during modification may break the —Si—N—Si— bond, which is the main chain of polysilazane, and replace O with N. It is considered that the modified polysilazane bond is recombined as a finer structure. Therefore, it is considered that sufficient gas barrier properties cannot be obtained when a certain amount or more of O is not present.
- x exceeds 1.1, the gas barrier property is obtained, but the water vapor capturing ability (capable of being oxidized) is greatly reduced. As a result, the water vapor transmission rate as the gas barrier layer is increased.
- x and y are in the range of 0.25 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.55 and 0.55 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.75. Since the balance between the gas barrier property and the water vapor capturing ability (capable of being oxidized) is further improved, the water vapor transmission rate can be reduced most as the gas barrier layer.
- (A) as defined in the present invention “A region where the second gas barrier layer satisfies 0.25 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.1 and 0.4 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.75 is 50 nm in the thickness direction.
- Specific means for achieving “the above-mentioned conditions”, that is, means for controlling the numerical values of x and y will be described.
- Examples of means for controlling the numerical values of x and y include a method of appropriately controlling each of the above-described oxygen supply sources (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e). There have been examples in which the control of (a), (b), and (c) has been studied so far, but this alone cannot stably control the composition of the modified layer of polysilazane within the scope of the present invention. It was.
- the film thickness of the first gas barrier layer is reduced or the film composition is controlled (controlling oxygen permeability).
- the amount of oxygen supplied to the second gas barrier layer can be increased.
- control of the above (d) mainly by forming the composition of the first gas barrier layer according to the purpose.
- Control of the composition of the second gas barrier layer requires an oxygen source that passes through the first gas barrier layer when irradiated with vacuum ultraviolet rays, so that the gas barrier property of the first gas barrier layer does not require so high performance.
- the first gas barrier layer formed under conditions with a high film formation rate and higher productivity can also be preferably used.
- the maximum value of y in the first gas barrier layer and the second gas barrier layer is present in the region of the first gas barrier layer.
- the first gas barrier layer is not required to have a water vapor capturing ability (capable of being oxidized), but is required to exist in a stable composition. In general, in a silicon oxynitride film formed by a vapor phase method, it is considered that the higher the nitrogen ratio, the higher the oxidation resistance.
- the maximum value of the y value in the first gas barrier layer and the second gas barrier layer exists in the region of the first gas barrier layer. This means that the first gas barrier layer has higher oxidation resistance than the second gas barrier layer. It becomes an index of having. It is also a preferred embodiment that the first gas barrier layer is a silicon nitride film (meaning that the film is formed without introducing an oxygen source).
- the composition of the first gas barrier layer is the same layer as that of polysilazane and contains Si and N
- the interface between the first gas barrier layer and the second gas barrier layer is bonded with substantially the same composition. It is very good, and it is a great merit that defects existing in the first gas barrier layer can be repaired by infiltrating a material having substantially the same composition, and the effect of improving the gas barrier property by the lamination becomes very high.
- vacuum ultraviolet rays in a thin film having a thickness of several tens to 100 nm, it can be mentioned that it is absorbed by the SiN y layer but is hardly absorbed by the SiO x layer.
- the vacuum ultraviolet irradiation process when the first gas barrier layer is a SiO x layer, the vacuum ultraviolet rays reaching the first gas barrier layer while being absorbed by the second gas barrier layer are not absorbed in the first gas barrier layer. Since it is hardly absorbed, the first gas barrier layer does not contribute energetically to the modification of polysilazane that has entered the interface or the defect portion.
- the surface layer of the first gas barrier layer also absorbs vacuum ultraviolet rays. It is thought that it contributes to the modification of polysilazane that has entered the interface and the defect portion, and this is also considered to be one of the factors that the effect of improving the gas barrier property by stacking becomes very high.
- the surface layer satisfy x / y ⁇ 6.
- the surface layer of the second gas barrier layer is most modified. This is because the surface layer receives the highest energy.
- a layer having a very high barrier property of SiO x N y composition with a high oxygen ratio is formed by incorporating an oxygen source in the vacuum ultraviolet irradiation process atmosphere.
- a high barrier region of the surface layer is formed prior to reforming the entire layer or simultaneously, so that the oxygen source in the vacuum ultraviolet irradiation process atmosphere is located inside the high barrier region of the surface layer. Virtually inaccessible.
- the high barrier region on the surface layer is very stable against oxygen and water vapor, the internal water vapor capturing ability (capable of being oxidized) is stabilized without providing another gas barrier layer on the second gas barrier layer. Can be maintained.
- the gas barrier film before being used as a sealing film for an electronic device also has good storage stability.
- the surface layer has a composition of x / y ⁇ 6, the storage stability becomes better.
- the oxygen concentration of the atmosphere in the vacuum ultraviolet irradiation process of the second gas barrier layer is appropriately adjusted, that is, the oxygen concentration is increased by increasing the oxygen concentration.
- / Y can be increased.
- x / y can be reduced by reducing the oxygen concentration.
- the surface layer of the second gas barrier layer means a region from the second gas barrier surface to about 5 nm in the depth direction, and x / y is specifically obtained when the surface is analyzed by XPS analysis. This is the average value obtained.
- the illuminance of the vacuum ultraviolet light on the coating surface received by the second gas barrier layer coating is preferably 30 mW / cm 2 or more and 200 mW / cm 2 or less, 50 mW / cm 2 or more, 160 mW. / Cm 2 or less is more preferable. It is preferable that the illuminance is 30 mW / cm 2 or less because sufficient reforming efficiency can be ensured. On the other hand, when the illuminance is 200 mW / cm 2 or less, ablation of the coating film and damage to the substrate can be suppressed, which is preferable.
- Irradiation energy amount of the VUV in the second gas barrier layer coating film surface 200 mJ / cm 2 or more, preferably 5000 mJ / cm 2 or less, 500 mJ / cm 2 or more, more not less 3000 mJ / cm 2 or less preferable. It is preferable that the irradiation energy amount is 200 mJ / cm 2 or less because sufficient modification can be secured. On the other hand, it is preferable that the irradiation energy amount is 5000 mJ / cm 2 or more because crack generation due to excessive modification and thermal deformation of the base material can be suppressed.
- a rare gas excimer lamp is preferably used as the vacuum ultraviolet light source.
- Atoms of noble gases such as Xe, Kr, Ar, and Ne are called inert gases because they are not chemically bonded to form molecules.
- a rare gas atom (excited atom) that has gained energy by discharge or the like can combine with other atoms to form a molecule.
- the rare gas is xenon, e + Xe ⁇ Xe * Xe * + 2Xe ⁇ Xe 2 * + Xe Xe 2 * ⁇ Xe + Xe + h ⁇ (172 nm)
- excimer light of 172 nm is emitted.
- ⁇ Excimer lamps are characterized by high efficiency because radiation concentrates on one wavelength and almost no other light is emitted. Further, since no extra light is emitted, the temperature of the object can be kept low. Furthermore, since no time is required for starting and restarting, instantaneous lighting and blinking are possible.
- Dielectric barrier discharge is a lightning generated in a gas space by arranging a gas space between both electrodes via a dielectric (transparent quartz in the case of an excimer lamp) and applying a high frequency high voltage of several tens of kHz to the electrode.
- a dielectric transparent quartz in the case of an excimer lamp
- a high frequency high voltage of several tens of kHz
- Electrodeless electric field discharge by capacitive coupling also called RF discharge.
- the lamp and electrodes and their arrangement may be basically the same as those of dielectric barrier discharge, but the high frequency applied between the two electrodes is lit at several MHz. Since the electrodeless field discharge can provide a spatially and temporally uniform discharge in this way, a long-life lamp without flickering can be obtained.
- the outer electrode covers the entire outer surface and transmits light to extract light to the outside in order to cause discharge in the entire discharge space. Must be a thing.
- an electrode in which fine metal wires are meshed is used. Since this electrode uses as thin a line as possible so as not to block light, it is easily damaged by ozone generated by vacuum ultraviolet light in an oxygen atmosphere. In order to prevent this, it is necessary to provide an atmosphere of an inert gas such as nitrogen around the lamp, that is, the inside of the irradiation apparatus, and provide a synthetic quartz window to extract the irradiation light. Synthetic quartz windows are not only expensive consumables, but also cause light loss.
- the outer diameter of the double-cylindrical lamp is about 25 mm, the difference in distance to the irradiation surface cannot be ignored directly below the lamp axis and on the side of the lamp, resulting in a large difference in illuminance. Therefore, even if the lamps are closely arranged, a uniform illuminance distribution cannot be obtained. If the irradiation device is provided with a synthetic quartz window, the distance in the oxygen atmosphere can be made uniform, and a uniform illuminance distribution can be obtained.
- the biggest feature of the capillary excimer lamp is its simple structure.
- the quartz tube is closed at both ends, and only gas for excimer light emission is sealed inside.
- the outer diameter of the tube of the thin tube lamp is about 6 nm to 12 mm. If it is too thick, a high voltage is required for starting.
- the discharge mode can be either dielectric barrier discharge or electrodeless field discharge.
- the electrode may have a flat surface in contact with the lamp, but if the shape is matched to the curved surface of the lamp, the lamp can be firmly fixed and the discharge is more stable when the electrode is in close contact with the lamp. Also, if the curved surface is made into a mirror surface with aluminum, it also becomes a light reflector.
- the Xe excimer lamp emits ultraviolet light having a short wavelength of 172 nm at a single wavelength, and thus has excellent luminous efficiency. Since this light has a large oxygen absorption coefficient, it can generate radical oxygen atom species and ozone at a high concentration with a very small amount of oxygen.
- the energy of light having a short wavelength of 172 nm which dissociates the bonds of organic substances, is highly capable. Due to the high energy of the active oxygen, ozone and ultraviolet radiation, the polysilazane layer can be modified in a short time.
- ⁇ Excimer lamps have high light generation efficiency and can be lit with low power.
- light with a long wavelength that causes a temperature increase due to light is not emitted, and energy of a single wavelength is irradiated in the ultraviolet region, so that an increase in the surface temperature of the object to be fired is suppressed.
- it is suitable for flexible film materials such as PET that are easily affected by heat.
- Oxygen concentration during irradiation with vacuum ultraviolet rays (VUV) Oxygen is required for the reaction at the time of ultraviolet irradiation, but vacuum ultraviolet rays are absorbed by oxygen, so the efficiency in the ultraviolet irradiation process is likely to decrease. Preferably.
- the oxygen concentration at the time of vacuum ultraviolet ray (VUV) irradiation according to the present invention is preferably 10 to 10000 ppm (1%), more preferably 50 to 5000 ppm.
- the gas satisfying the irradiation atmosphere used at the time of irradiation with vacuum ultraviolet rays is preferably a dry inert gas, and particularly preferably dry nitrogen gas from the viewpoint of cost.
- the oxygen concentration can be adjusted by measuring the flow rate of oxygen gas and inert gas introduced into the irradiation chamber and changing the flow rate ratio.
- An overcoat layer may be provided on the gas barrier layer according to the present invention.
- organic resins such as organic monomers, oligomers, and polymers can be preferably used. These organic resins preferably have a polymerizable group or a crosslinkable group, contain these organic resins, and are formed by coating from an organic resin composition coating solution containing a polymerization initiator, a crosslinking agent, or the like as necessary.
- the layer is preferably cured by applying light irradiation treatment or heat treatment.
- the “crosslinkable group” is a group that can crosslink the binder polymer by a chemical reaction that occurs during light irradiation treatment or heat treatment.
- the chemical structure is not particularly limited as long as it is a group having such a function.
- Examples of the functional group capable of addition polymerization include cyclic ether groups such as an ethylenically unsaturated group and an epoxy group / oxetanyl group.
- the functional group which can become a radical by light irradiation may be sufficient, and as such a crosslinkable group, a thiol group, a halogen atom, an onium salt structure etc. are mentioned, for example.
- ethylenically unsaturated groups are preferable, and include functional groups described in paragraphs 0130 to 0139 of JP-A No. 2007-17948.
- the elastic modulus of the overcoat layer can be adjusted to a desired value by appropriately adjusting the structure of the organic resin, the density of the polymerizable group, the density of the crosslinkable group, the ratio of the crosslinking agent, the curing conditions, and the like.
- the organic resin composition examples include a resin composition containing an acrylate compound having a radical reactive unsaturated group, a resin composition containing an acrylate compound and a mercapto compound having a thiol group, epoxy acrylate, and urethane acrylate. And a resin composition in which a polyfunctional acrylate monomer such as polyester acrylate, polyether acrylate, polyethylene glycol acrylate, or glycerol methacrylate is dissolved. It is also possible to use the resin composition as described above by arbitrarily mixing it, and it is a photosensitive resin containing a reactive monomer having at least one photopolymerizable unsaturated bond in the molecule. If there is no particular limitation.
- Examples of reactive monomers having at least one photopolymerizable unsaturated bond in the molecule include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, n- Pentyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-decyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, allyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, butoxyethyl acrylate, butoxyethylene glycol acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, di Cyclopentanyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, glycerol acrylate, Lysidyl acrylate, 2-
- the composition of the photosensitive resin contains a photopolymerization initiator.
- Photopolymerization initiators include benzophenone, methyl o-benzoylbenzoate, 4,4-bis (dimethylamine) benzophenone, 4,4-bis (diethylamine) benzophenone, ⁇ -amino acetophenone, 4,4-dichlorobenzophenone, 4-benzoyl-4-methyldiphenyl ketone, dibenzyl ketone, fluorenone, 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone, p-tert- Butyldichloroacetophenone, thioxanthone, 2-methylthioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, diethylthioxanthone, benzyldimethyl ketal, benzylmethoxy
- the overcoat layer can contain an inorganic material. Inclusion of an inorganic material generally leads to an increase in the elastic modulus of the overcoat layer.
- the elastic modulus of the overcoat layer can also be adjusted to a desired value by appropriately adjusting the content ratio of the inorganic material.
- inorganic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 1 to 200 nm are preferable, and inorganic fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 3 to 100 nm are more preferable.
- inorganic fine particles metal oxides are preferable from the viewpoint of transparency.
- metal oxide is not specifically limited, SiO 2, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2, ZrO 2, ZnO, SnO 2, In 2 O 3, BaO, SrO, CaO, MgO, VO 2, V 2 O 5, CrO 2, MoO 2, MoO 3, MnO 2, Mn 2 O 3, WO 3, LiMn 2 O 4, Cd 2 SnO 4, CdIn 2 O 4, Zn 2 SnO 4, ZnSnO 3, Zn 2 In 2 O 5 , Cd 2 SnO 4 , CdIn 2 O 4 , Zn 2 SnO 4 , ZnSnO 3 , Zn 2 In 2 O 5 and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- inorganic fine particle dispersions In order to obtain a dispersion of inorganic fine particles, it may be adjusted according to recent academic papers, but commercially available inorganic fine particle dispersions can also be preferably used.
- dispersions of various metal oxides such as Snowtex series and organosilica sol manufactured by Nissan Chemical Co., NANOBYK series manufactured by Big Chemie Japan, NanoDur manufactured by Nanophase Technologies, and the like can be mentioned.
- These inorganic fine particles may be surface-treated.
- mica groups such as natural mica and synthetic mica, and tabular fine particles such as talc, teniolite, montmorillonite, saponite, hectorite and zirconium phosphate represented by MgO.4SiO.H 2 O can also be used. .
- examples of the natural mica include muscovite, soda mica, phlogopite, biotite and sericite.
- examples of the synthetic mica include non-swelling mica such as fluorine phlogopite mica KMg 3 (AlSi 3 O 10 ) F 2 , potassium tetrasilicon mica KMg 2.5 (Si 4 O 10 ) F 2 , and Na tetrasilic mica.
- NaMg 2.5 (Si 4 O 10 ) F 2 Na or Li Teniolite (Na, Li) Mg 2 Li (Si 4 O 10 ) F 2 , Montmorillonite Na or Li Hectorite (Na, Li) 1/8 Examples thereof include swellable mica such as Mg 2/5 Li 1/8 (Si 4 O 10 ) F 2 . Synthetic smectite is also useful.
- the ratio of the inorganic material in the overcoat layer is preferably in the range of 10 to 95% by mass and more preferably in the range of 20 to 90% by mass with respect to the entire overcoat layer.
- a so-called coupling agent can be used alone or mixed with other materials.
- the coupling agent is not particularly limited, such as a silane coupling agent, a titanate coupling agent, and an aluminate coupling agent, but a silane coupling agent is preferable from the viewpoint of the stability of the coating solution.
- silane coupling agent examples include halogen-containing silane coupling agents (2-chloroethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-chloroethyltriethoxysilane, 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane).
- Epoxy group-containing silane coupling agent [2- (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyltrimethoxysilane, 2- (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyltriethoxysilane, 3- (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ) Propyltrimethoxysilane, 2-glycidyloxyethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-glycidyloxyethyltriethoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane], amino Containing silane coupling agent (2-aminoethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 2- [N- (2-aminoethyl) amino] ethyltrimethoxysilane
- (Meth) acryloyl group-containing silane coupling agents (2-methacryloyloxyethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-methacryloyloxyethyltriethoxysilane, 2-acryloyloxyethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3- Methacryloyloxypropyltriethoxysilane, 3-acryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, etc.).
- silane coupling agents can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the overcoat layer is blended with the organic resin and inorganic material, and other components as necessary, and prepared as a coating solution by using a diluting solvent as necessary, and the coating solution is conventionally applied to the surface of the barrier layer. It is preferable to form by applying ionizing radiation after being applied by a known application method and then curing.
- ionizing radiation ultraviolet rays in a wavelength region of 100 to 400 nm, preferably 200 to 400 nm, emitted from an ultrahigh pressure mercury lamp, a high pressure mercury lamp, a low pressure mercury lamp, a carbon arc, a metal halide lamp, or the like are irradiated.
- the irradiation can be performed by irradiating an electron beam having a wavelength region of 100 nm or less emitted from a scanning or curtain type electron beam accelerator.
- the gas barrier film according to the present invention can be applied mainly to packages such as electronic devices, or display materials such as organic EL elements, solar cells, and plastic substrates such as liquid crystals, resin substrates for various devices, and various device elements. it can.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention can be preferably applied as various sealing materials and films.
- An organic photoelectric conversion element will be described as an example of an electronic device having the gas barrier film of the present invention.
- the gas barrier film When used in an organic photoelectric conversion element, the gas barrier film is preferably transparent, and the gas barrier film is used as a base material (also referred to as a support), and is configured to receive sunlight from this surface side. it can.
- a transparent conductive thin film such as ITO can be provided as a transparent electrode to constitute a resin support for an organic photoelectric conversion element.
- An ITO transparent conductive film provided on the support is used as an anode, a porous semiconductor layer is provided thereon, and a cathode made of a metal film is formed to form an organic photoelectric conversion element.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element can be sealed by stacking a stopper material (which may be the same gas barrier film as used for the support) and adhering the gas barrier film support to the periphery. It is possible to seal the influence on the device by gas such as moisture and oxygen.
- the resin support for an organic photoelectric conversion element is a ceramic layer (barrier layer) of a gas barrier film formed in this manner (here, a ceramic layer is a silicon oxide layer formed by modifying a polysilazane layer) It is obtained by forming a transparent conductive film on the above.
- the transparent conductive film can be formed by using a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, or the like, or by a coating method such as a sol-gel method using a metal alkoxide such as indium or tin.
- the transparent conductive film preferably has a thickness of 0.1 to 1000 nm.
- each layer (component layer) of the organic photoelectric conversion element material constituting the organic photoelectric conversion element will be described.
- At least 1 layer or more of the electric power generation layer (The layer in which the p-type semiconductor and the n-type semiconductor were mixed, a bulk heterojunction layer, i layer) was sandwiched between the anode and the cathode. Yes, any element that generates a current when irradiated with light may be used.
- Anode / power generation layer / cathode (i) Anode / hole transport layer / power generation layer / cathode (iii) Anode / hole transport layer / power generation layer / electron transport layer / cathode (iv) Anode / hole transport layer / P-type semiconductor layer / power generation layer / n-type semiconductor layer / electron transport layer / cathode (v) anode / hole transport layer / first power generation layer / electron transport layer / intermediate electrode / hole transport layer / second power generation layer / Electron transport layer / cathode.
- the power generation layer needs to contain a p-type semiconductor material capable of transporting holes and an n-type semiconductor material capable of transporting electrons.
- a bulk heterojunction in a mixed state in one layer may be manufactured, but a bulk heterojunction configuration is preferable because of higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- a p-type semiconductor material and an n-type semiconductor material used for the power generation layer will be described later.
- the efficiency of taking out holes and electrons to the anode / cathode can be increased by sandwiching the power generation layer between the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer. Therefore, the structure having them ((ii), ( iii)) is preferred.
- the power generation layer itself is composed of a p-type semiconductor material single layer and an n-type semiconductor material single layer as shown in (iv). It may be a structure sandwiched (also referred to as “pin structure”).
- the tandem configuration (configuration (v)) in which sunlight of different wavelengths is absorbed by each power generation layer may be employed.
- Organic photoelectric conversion element material The material used for forming the power generation layer (also referred to as “photoelectric conversion layer”) of the organic photoelectric conversion element will be described.
- Examples of the p-type semiconductor material preferably used as the power generation layer (bulk heterojunction layer) of the organic photoelectric conversion element include various condensed polycyclic aromatic low molecular compounds and conjugated polymers / oligomers.
- condensed polycyclic aromatic low-molecular compound examples include anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, hexacene, heptacene, chrysene, picene, fluorene, pyrene, peropyrene, perylene, terylene, quaterylene, coronene, ovalene, circumanthracene, bisanthene, zeslen, Compounds such as heptazeslen, pyranthrene, violanthene, isoviolanthene, cacobiphenyl, anthradithiophene, porphyrin, copper phthalocyanine, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) -tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) complex, bisethylenetetrathiafulvalene (BEDTTTTF ) -Perchloric acid complexes, and derivatives and precursors thereof.
- TTF tetra
- Examples of the derivative having the above condensed polycycle include International Publication No. 03/16599, International Publication No. 03/28125, US Pat. No. 6,690,029, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-107216.
- conjugated polymer for example, a polythiophene such as poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and its oligomer, or a technical group described in Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-17, Fukuoka, Japan, 2007, P1225.
- Polythiophene Nature Material, (2006) vol. 5, p328, a polythiophene-thienothiophene copolymer, a polythiophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole copolymer described in WO08 / 000664, and a polythiophene-thiazolothiazole copolymer described in Adv Mater, 2007p4160.
- P3HT poly-3-hexylthiophene
- polypyrrole and its oligomer polyaniline, polyphenylene and its oligomer, polyphenylene vinylene and its oligomer, polythienylene vinylene and its oligomer, polyacetylene, polydiacetylene, Examples thereof include polymer materials such as ⁇ -conjugated polymers such as polysilane and polygermane.
- oligomeric materials not polymer materials, include thiophene hexamer ⁇ -seccithiophene ⁇ , ⁇ -dihexyl- ⁇ -sexualthiophene, ⁇ , ⁇ -dihexyl- ⁇ -kinkethiophene, ⁇ , ⁇ -bis (3 Oligomers such as -butoxypropyl) - ⁇ -sexithiophene can be preferably used.
- the electron transport layer is formed on the power generation layer by coating, there is a problem that the electron transport layer solution dissolves the power generation layer. Therefore, a material that can be insolubilized after coating by a solution process may be used. .
- Such materials include materials that can be insolubilized by polymerizing the coating film after coating, such as polythiophene having a polymerizable group described in Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-17, Fukuoka, Japan, 2007, P1225. Or by applying energy such as heat, as described in US Patent Application Publication No. 2003/136964, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-16834, etc., the soluble substituent reacts to insolubilize ( And materials).
- n-type semiconductor material used for a bulk heterojunction layer For example, perfluoro body (Perfluoropentacene, perfluorophthalocyanine, etc.) which substituted the hydrogen atom of the p-type semiconductor with the fluorine atom, such as fullerene and octaazaporphyrin ), Aromatic carboxylic acid anhydrides such as naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, perylenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, and polymer compounds containing the imidized product as a skeleton. be able to.
- perfluoro body Perfluoropentacene, perfluorophthalocyanine, etc.
- Aromatic carboxylic acid anhydrides such as naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic
- fullerene derivatives that can perform charge separation efficiently with various p-type semiconductor materials at high speed ( ⁇ 50 fs) are preferable.
- Fullerene derivatives include fullerene C60, fullerene C70, fullerene C76, fullerene C78, fullerene C84, fullerene C240, fullerene C540, mixed fullerene, fullerene nanotubes, multi-walled nanotubes, single-walled nanotubes, nanohorns (conical), etc.
- PCBM [6,6] -phenyl C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester
- PCBnB [6,6] -phenyl C 61 -butyric acid-n butyl ester
- PCBiB [6,6] -phenyl C 61 -butyric acid-isobutyl ester
- PCBH [6,6] -phenyl C 61 -butyric acid-n hexyl ester
- a fullerene derivative having a substituent and having improved solubility such as fullerene having a cyclic ether group such as a calligraphy.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element according to the present invention preferably has a hole transport layer between the bulk heterojunction layer and the anode. By having such a layer, it is possible to extract charges generated in the bulk heterojunction layer more efficiently.
- PEDOT poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene
- Startron Vtec trade name BaytronP
- polyaniline polyaniline and its doped material
- JP 06/19270 pamphlet international The cyanide compounds described in JP 06/19270 pamphlet and the like can be used.
- the hole transport layer having a LUMO level shallower than the LUMO level of the n-type semiconductor material used for the bulk heterojunction layer has a rectifying effect that prevents electrons generated in the bulk heterojunction layer from flowing to the anode side.
- the electronic block function is provided.
- Such a hole transport layer is also called an electron block layer, and it is preferable to use a hole transport layer having such a function.
- a hole transport layer having such a function triarylamine compounds described in JP-A-5-271166, metal oxides such as molybdenum oxide, nickel oxide, and tungsten oxide can be used.
- a single layer of p-type semiconductor material used for the bulk heterojunction layer can be used.
- a vacuum vapor deposition method or a solution coating method may be used, but a solution coating method is preferable. It is preferable to produce a coating film in the lower layer before producing the bulk heterojunction layer because it has the effect of leveling the application surface and reduces the influence of leakage and the like.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element preferably has an electron transport layer between the bulk hetero junction layer and the cathode. By having such a layer, it is possible to extract charges generated in the bulk heterojunction layer more efficiently.
- octaazaporphyrin and p-type semiconductor perfluoro can be used as the electron transport layer.
- HOMO of p-type semiconductor material used for the bulk heterojunction layer is given a hole blocking function having a rectifying effect so that holes generated in the bulk heterojunction layer do not flow to the cathode side.
- Such an electron transport layer is also called a hole blocking layer, and it is preferable to use an electron transport layer having such a function.
- Such materials include phenanthrene compounds such as bathocuproine, n-type semiconductor materials such as naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, perylenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, and titanium oxide.
- n-type semiconductor materials such as naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, perylenetetracarboxylic acid anhydride, perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide, and titanium oxide.
- N-type inorganic oxides such as zinc oxide and gallium oxide, and alkali metal compounds such as lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, and cesium fluoride can be used.
- n-type semiconductor material used for the bulk heterojunction layer can be used.
- a vacuum vapor deposition method or a solution coating method may be used, but a solution coating method is preferable.
- a structure having various intermediate layers in the element may be employed.
- the intermediate layer include a hole block layer, an electron block layer, a hole injection layer, an electron injection layer, an exciton block layer, a UV absorption layer, a light reflection layer, and a wavelength conversion layer.
- the transparent electrode is not particularly limited to a cathode and an anode, and can be selected depending on the element configuration.
- the transparent electrode is used as an anode.
- an electrode that transmits light 380 to 800 nm.
- transparent conductive metal oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO), SnO 2 and ZnO, metal thin films such as gold, silver and platinum, metal nanowires and carbon nanotubes can be used.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- SnO 2 and ZnO metal thin films such as gold, silver and platinum
- metal nanowires and carbon nanotubes can be used.
- Conductive polymers can also be used. A plurality of these conductive compounds can be combined to form a transparent electrode.
- the counter electrode may be a single layer of a conductive material, but in addition to a conductive material, a resin that holds these may be used in combination.
- a conductive material of the counter electrode a material having a small work function (4 eV or less) metal, alloy, electrically conductive compound and a mixture thereof is used.
- Electrode materials include sodium, sodium-potassium alloy, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) Mixtures, indium, lithium / aluminum mixtures, rare earth metals and the like.
- a mixture of these metals and a second metal which is a stable metal having a larger work function value than this for example, a magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / Aluminum mixtures, magnesium / indium mixtures, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) mixtures, lithium / aluminum mixtures, aluminum and the like are preferred.
- the counter electrode can be produced by producing a thin film of these electrode materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 50 to 200 nm.
- the light coming to the counter electrode side is reflected to the first electrode side, and this light can be reused and absorbed again by the photoelectric conversion layer, further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency. It is preferable.
- the counter electrode may be a metal (for example, gold, silver, copper, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, aluminum, magnesium, indium, etc.), carbon nanoparticle, nanowire, or nanostructure. If the dispersion is, a transparent and highly conductive counter electrode can be produced by a coating method.
- a conductive material suitable for the counter electrode such as aluminum and aluminum alloy
- silver and silver compound is formed in a thin film with a thickness of about 1 to 20 nm.
- (Intermediate electrode) As a material of the intermediate electrode required in the case of the tandem configuration as in (v) of the layer configuration of the organic photoelectric conversion element, a layer using a compound having both transparency and conductivity is preferable.
- Materials used in the transparent electrode transparent metal oxides such as ITO, AZO, FTO and titanium oxide, very thin metal layers such as Ag, Al and Au, or layers containing nanoparticles / nanowires, PEDOT: PSS, conductive polymer materials such as polyaniline, etc. can be used.
- Metal nanowires As the conductive fibers, organic fibers and inorganic fibers coated with metal, conductive metal oxide fibers, metal nanowires, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, and the like can be used, but metal nanowires are preferable.
- a metal nanowire means a linear structure having a metal element as a main component.
- the metal nanowire in the present invention means a linear structure having a diameter of nm size.
- an average length of 3 ⁇ m or more is preferable in order to produce a long conductive path with one metal nanowire and to exhibit appropriate light scattering properties.
- 500 ⁇ m is preferable, and 3 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m is particularly preferable.
- the relative standard deviation of the length is preferably 40% or less.
- the average diameter is preferably small from the viewpoint of transparency, while it is preferably large from the viewpoint of conductivity.
- the average diameter of the metal nanowire is preferably 10 nm to 300 nm, and more preferably 30 nm to 200 nm.
- the relative standard deviation of the diameter is preferably 20% or less.
- metal composition of metal nanowire can be comprised from 1 type or several metals of a noble metal element and a base metal element (metal elements other than a noble metal element), noble metals (for example, gold, platinum, silver) , Palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, etc.) and at least one metal belonging to the group consisting of iron, cobalt, copper, and tin, and more preferably at least silver from the viewpoint of conductivity.
- a noble metal element and a base metal element metal elements other than a noble metal element
- noble metals for example, gold, platinum, silver
- the metal nanowire according to the present invention includes two or more kinds of metal elements, for example, the metal composition may be different between the inside and the surface of the metal nanowire, or the entire metal nanowire has the same metal composition. You may have.
- the means for producing the metal nanowire there are no particular limitations on the means for producing the metal nanowire, and for example, known means such as a liquid phase method or a gas phase method can be used. Moreover, there is no restriction
- a manufacturing method of Ag nanowire Adv. Mater. , 2002, 14, 833-837; Chem. Mater. , 2002, 14, 4736-4745, etc., as a method for producing Au nanowires, such as JP-A-2006-233252, and as a method for producing Cu nanowires, as disclosed in JP-A-2002-266007, etc.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-149871 can be referred to.
- the method for producing Ag nanowires reported in 1) can be easily produced in an aqueous system, and the electrical conductivity of silver is the highest among metals, so it is preferably applied as a method for producing silver nanowires. can do.
- Metal nanowires come into contact with each other to create a three-dimensional conductive network, exhibiting high conductivity, and allowing light to pass through the conductive network window where no metal nanowire exists, Due to the scattering effect of the metal nanowires, it is possible to efficiently generate power from the organic power generation layer. If a metal nanowire is installed in the 1st electrode at the side close
- the organic photoelectric conversion element may have various optical functional layers for the purpose of more efficient light reception of sunlight.
- a light condensing layer such as an antireflection layer or a microlens array, or a light diffusion layer that can scatter light reflected by the cathode and enter the power generation layer again may be provided. .
- the antireflection layer can be provided as the antireflection layer.
- the refractive index of the easy adhesion layer adjacent to the film is 1.57. It is more preferable to set it to ⁇ 1.63 because the transmittance can be improved by reducing the interface reflection between the film substrate and the easy adhesion layer.
- the method for adjusting the refractive index can be carried out by appropriately adjusting the ratio of the oxide sol having a relatively high refractive index such as tin oxide sol or cerium oxide sol and the binder resin.
- the easy-adhesion layer may be a single layer, but may be composed of two or more layers in order to improve adhesion.
- the condensing layer for example, it is processed so as to provide a structure on the microlens array on the sunlight receiving side of the support substrate, or the amount of light received from a specific direction is increased by combining with a so-called condensing sheet. Conversely, the incident angle dependency of sunlight can be reduced.
- quadrangular pyramids having a side of 30 ⁇ m and an apex angle of 90 degrees are arranged two-dimensionally on the light extraction side of the substrate.
- One side is preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m. If it is smaller than this, the effect of diffraction is generated and colored, and if it is too large, the thickness becomes thick, which is not preferable.
- the light diffusion layer examples include various antiglare layers, layers in which nanoparticles or nanowires such as metals or various inorganic oxides are dispersed in a colorless and transparent polymer, and the like.
- Examples of a method for producing a bulk heterojunction layer in which an electron acceptor and an electron donor are mixed, and a transport layer / electrode include a vapor deposition method and a coating method (including a cast method and a spin coat method).
- examples of the method for producing the bulk heterojunction layer include a vapor deposition method and a coating method (including a casting method and a spin coating method).
- the coating method is preferable in order to increase the area of the interface where charge and electron separation of the above-described holes is performed and to produce a device having high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Also, the coating method is excellent in production speed.
- the coating method used in this case is not limited, and examples thereof include spin coating, casting from a solution, dip coating, blade coating, wire bar coating, gravure coating, and spray coating. Furthermore, patterning can also be performed by a printing method such as an ink jet method, a screen printing method, a relief printing method, an intaglio printing method, an offset printing method, or a flexographic printing method.
- a printing method such as an ink jet method, a screen printing method, a relief printing method, an intaglio printing method, an offset printing method, or a flexographic printing method.
- the bulk heterojunction layer can have an appropriate phase separation structure. As a result, the carrier mobility of the bulk heterojunction layer is improved and high efficiency can be obtained.
- the power generation layer may be composed of a single layer in which an electron acceptor and an electron donor are uniformly mixed.
- the power generation layer is a plurality of layers in which the mixing ratio of the electron acceptor and the electron donor is changed. It may be configured. In this case, it can be manufactured by using a material that can be insolubilized after coating as described above.
- mask evaporation can be performed during vacuum deposition of the electrode, or patterning can be performed by a known method such as etching or lift-off.
- the pattern may be produced by transferring a pattern produced on another substrate.
- Example 1 ⁇ Production of base material> [Production of substrate (a)] As a thermoplastic resin substrate (support), a 125 ⁇ m thick polyester film (extra-low heat yield PET Q83, manufactured by Teijin DuPont Films Ltd.) that is easily bonded on both sides is used. A bleed-out prevention layer having a smooth layer formed on the opposite surface was used as the base material (a).
- ⁇ Formation of bleed-out prevention layer> After applying UV curable organic / inorganic hybrid hard coat material OPSTAR Z7535 manufactured by JSR Corporation on one surface of the thermoplastic resin substrate so that the film thickness after drying becomes 4.0 ⁇ m, curing conditions are applied.
- a bleed-out prevention layer was formed by performing a curing treatment for 3 minutes at 80 ° C. under dry conditions using a high-pressure mercury lamp in an air atmosphere with an irradiation energy amount of 1.0 J / cm 2 .
- UV curable organic / inorganic hybrid hard coat material OPSTAR Z7501 manufactured by JSR Corporation is applied to the surface opposite to the surface on which the bleed-out prevention layer of the thermoplastic resin substrate is formed, and the film thickness after drying is 4 After coating to a thickness of 0.0 ⁇ m, drying at 80 ° C. for 3 minutes, using a high-pressure mercury lamp in an air atmosphere, curing and irradiating with an irradiation energy of 1.0 J / cm 2 A smooth layer was formed.
- the surface roughness Rz measured according to the method defined in JIS B 0601 of the obtained smooth layer was about 25 nm.
- the surface roughness was measured using an AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) SPI3800N DFM manufactured by SII.
- the measurement range of one time was 80 ⁇ m ⁇ 80 ⁇ m, the measurement location was changed, three measurements were performed, and the average of the Rz values obtained in each measurement was taken as the measurement value.
- substrate (I) As a heat-resistant substrate, a 200 ⁇ m thick transparent polyimide film (manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Ltd., Neoprim L) with easy-adhesion processing on both sides is used. As shown below, a smooth layer is formed on both sides of the substrate. What was formed was made into the base material (I).
- a smooth layer 2 was formed on the surface of the heat resistant substrate opposite to the surface on which the smooth layer 1 was formed in the same manner as the method for forming the smooth layer 1.
- the surface roughness of the formed smooth layer 1 and smooth layer 2 was measured by the same method as that for the base material (a), and the surface roughness Rz was about 20 nm.
- the first gas barrier layer was formed on the smooth layer surface of the target base material using the vacuum plasma CVD apparatus described in FIG. At this time, the high frequency power source used was a 27.12 MHz high frequency power source, and the distance between the electrodes was 20 mm.
- the raw material gas was introduced into the vacuum chamber under conditions of 7.5 sccm with silane gas as flow rate, 50 sccm with ammonia gas as flow rate, and 200 sccm with hydrogen gas as flow rate.
- the temperature of the target substrate was set to 100 ° C.
- the gas pressure during film formation was set to 4 Pa
- an inorganic film mainly composed of silicon nitride was formed to a thickness of 30 nm.
- the gas pressure was changed to 30 Pa, and an inorganic film containing silicon nitride as a main component was continuously formed with a film thickness of 30 nm to form a first gas barrier layer having a total film thickness of 60 nm.
- This method was designated as formation method a.
- the raw material gas is introduced into the vacuum chamber under conditions of 7.5 sccm as the flow rate of silane, 50 sccm as the flow rate of ammonia gas, and 200 sccm as the flow rate of hydrogen gas.
- the first gas barrier is similarly formed except that the film substrate temperature is set to 100 ° C. at the start of the film, the gas pressure at the time of film formation is set to 30 Pa, and an inorganic film mainly composed of silicon nitride is formed to a thickness of 40 nm. A layer was formed. This method was designated as formation method b.
- the raw material gas is introduced into the vacuum chamber under conditions of 7.5 sccm as the flow rate of silane, 50 sccm as the flow rate of ammonia gas, and 200 sccm as the flow rate of hydrogen gas.
- the first gas barrier is similarly formed except that the film substrate temperature is set to 100 ° C. at the start of the film, the gas pressure at the time of film formation is set to 30 Pa, and an inorganic film mainly composed of silicon nitride is formed to a thickness of 100 nm. A layer was formed. This method was designated as formation method c.
- the raw material gas is introduced into the vacuum chamber under conditions of 7.5 sccm as the flow rate of silane, 100 sccm as the flow rate of ammonia gas, and 50 sccm as the flow rate of nitrous oxide gas,
- the film substrate temperature was set to 100 ° C. at the start of film formation
- the gas pressure during film formation was set to 100 Pa
- an inorganic film mainly composed of silicon oxynitride was formed to a thickness of 50 nm. 1 gas barrier layer was formed. This method was designated as formation method d.
- the raw material gas is introduced into the vacuum chamber under conditions of 7.5 sccm as the flow rate of silane, 100 sccm as the flow rate of ammonia gas, and 50 sccm as the flow rate of nitrous oxide gas,
- the film substrate temperature was set to 100 ° C. at the start of film formation
- the gas pressure during film formation was set to 100 Pa
- an inorganic film mainly composed of silicon oxynitride was formed to a thickness of 200 nm. 1 gas barrier layer was formed. This method was designated as formation method e.
- the raw material gas is introduced into the vacuum chamber under the conditions of argon gas at a flow rate of 150 sccm, silane gas at a flow rate of 7.5 sccm, and nitrous oxide gas at a flow rate of 130 sccm, First, except that the film substrate temperature was set to 100 ° C. at the start of film formation, the gas pressure during film formation was set to 200 Pa, and an inorganic film mainly composed of silicon oxide was formed to a thickness of 50 nm, The gas barrier layer was formed. This method was designated as formation method f.
- Formation method g In the same manner as in the first gas barrier layer forming method f, an inorganic film mainly composed of silicon oxide was formed to a thickness of 10 nm. Next, an inorganic film having silicon nitride as a main component was formed to a thickness of 100 nm on this in the same manner as in the first gas barrier layer forming method c, thereby forming a first gas barrier layer. This formation method was designated as formation method g.
- Formation method h A first gas barrier layer was formed by forming an inorganic film mainly composed of silicon oxide with a thickness of 40 nm on the surface of the smooth layer of the target substrate by a known vacuum deposition method. This formation method was designated as formation method h.
- a first gas barrier layer was formed by forming an inorganic film mainly composed of aluminum oxide with a thickness of 40 nm on the surface of the smooth layer of the target substrate by a known vacuum deposition method. This forming method was designated as forming method i.
- the second coating solution 1 for forming a gas barrier layer containing an inorganic precursor compound includes a dibutyl ether solution containing 20% by mass of non-catalytic perhydropolysilazane (Aquamica NN120-20 manufactured by AZ Electronic Materials Co., Ltd.), an amine A mixture of a 20% by weight dibutyl ether solution of perhydropolysilazane containing 5% by weight of catalyst in solid content (Aquamica NAX120-20 manufactured by AZ Electronic Materials Co., Ltd.) is used, and 1% by weight of amine catalyst as a solid content. Then, a second gas barrier layer forming coating solution 1 was prepared as a dibutyl ether solution having a total solid content of 5 mass% by further diluting with dibutyl ether.
- reference numeral 21 denotes an apparatus chamber, which is supplied with appropriate amounts of nitrogen and oxygen from a gas supply port (not shown) and exhausted from a gas discharge port (not shown), so that it is substantially from the inside of the chamber. In addition, the water vapor can be removed to maintain the oxygen concentration at a predetermined concentration.
- Reference numeral 22 denotes an Xe excimer lamp having a double tube structure that irradiates vacuum ultraviolet rays of 172 nm
- reference numeral 23 denotes an excimer lamp holder that also serves as an external electrode.
- Reference numeral 24 denotes a sample stage. The sample stage 24 can be reciprocated horizontally at a predetermined speed in the apparatus chamber 21 by a moving means (not shown).
- the sample stage 24 can be maintained at a predetermined temperature by a heating means (not shown).
- Reference numeral 25 denotes a sample on which a polysilazane compound coating layer is formed. When the sample stage moves horizontally, the height of the sample stage is adjusted so that the shortest distance between the surface of the sample coating layer and the excimer lamp tube surface is 3 mm.
- Reference numeral 26 denotes a light shielding plate, which prevents the application layer of the sample from being irradiated with vacuum ultraviolet light during aging of the Xe excimer lamp 22.
- the energy applied to the surface of the sample coating layer in the vacuum ultraviolet irradiation process was measured using a 172 nm sensor head using a UV integrating photometer: C8026 / H8025 UV POWER METER manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics.
- the sensor head is installed at the center of the sample stage 24 so that the shortest distance between the Xe excimer lamp tube surface and the measurement surface of the sensor head is 3 mm, and the atmosphere in the apparatus chamber 21 is irradiated with vacuum ultraviolet rays. Nitrogen and oxygen were supplied so that the oxygen concentration was the same as that in the process, and the sample stage 24 was moved at a speed of 0.5 m / min for measurement.
- an aging time of 10 minutes was provided after the Xe excimer lamp was turned on, and then the sample stage was moved to start the measurement.
- the irradiation distance was 3 mm
- the oxygen concentration was 0.1%
- the maximum illuminance was 90 mW / cm 2
- the integrated irradiation energy was 2000 mJ / cm 2 .
- the temperature of the sample stage 24 was set to 80 ° C.
- the moving speed V of the sample stage 24 was set to 0.6 mm / min.
- Gas barrier films 1 to 23 were produced by combining the base material, the first gas barrier layer forming method, and the second gas barrier layer forming method described above as shown in Table 1.
- a gas barrier film 1 was produced by forming a first gas barrier layer on the surface side of the smooth layer of the substrate (a) according to the first gas barrier layer forming method c. In the gas barrier film 1, the second gas barrier layer was not formed.
- a gas barrier film 3 was produced by forming a second gas barrier layer on the surface side of the smooth layer of the substrate (a) in accordance with the second gas barrier layer forming method 1. In the gas barrier film 3, the first gas barrier layer was not formed.
- the first gas barrier layer 1 was formed on one surface side of the base material (a) according to the first gas barrier layer forming method c.
- the first gas barrier layer 2 is formed on the surface of the base material (a) opposite to the surface on which the first gas barrier layer 1 is formed according to the first gas barrier layer forming method c.
- a gas barrier film 18 provided with a first gas barrier layer on both sides was produced.
- the second gas barrier layer is formed on the formed first gas barrier layer 1.
- the second gas barrier layer 1 was formed according to the formation method 5 in FIG.
- the first gas barrier layer 2 is formed on the surface of the base material (a) opposite to the surface on which the first gas barrier layer 1 and the second gas barrier layer 1 are formed according to the first gas barrier layer forming method c.
- the second gas barrier layer 2 is formed on the formed first gas barrier layer 2 according to the second gas barrier layer forming method 5, and the first gas barrier layer and A gas barrier film 19 provided with a second gas barrier layer was produced.
- the second gas barrier layer is formed on the formed first gas barrier layer. According to the method 5, the 2nd gas barrier layer was formed and the gas barrier film 20 was produced.
- the first gas barrier layer 1 was formed on one surface side of the substrate (c) according to the first gas barrier layer forming method c.
- the first gas barrier layer 2 is formed on the surface of the base material (c) opposite to the surface on which the first gas barrier layer 1 is formed according to the first gas barrier layer forming method c.
- a gas barrier film 21 provided with a first gas barrier layer on both sides was produced.
- the second gas barrier layer is formed on the formed first gas barrier layer 1.
- the second gas barrier layer 1 was formed according to the formation method 8 in (1).
- the first gas barrier layer 2 is formed on the surface of the substrate (c) opposite to the surface on which the first gas barrier layer 1 and the second gas barrier layer 1 are formed according to the first gas barrier layer forming method c.
- the second gas barrier layer 2 is formed on the formed first gas barrier layer 2 in accordance with the second gas barrier layer forming method 8, and the first gas barrier layer and A gas barrier film 22 provided with a second gas barrier layer was produced.
- the second gas barrier layer 1 was formed on one surface side of the base material (c) according to the second gas barrier layer forming method 5.
- the second gas barrier layer 2 is formed on the surface of the substrate (c) opposite to the surface on which the second gas barrier layer 1 is formed according to the second gas barrier layer forming method 5, and the substrate A gas barrier film 23 provided with a second gas barrier layer on both sides was produced.
- Table 1 shows the structures of the gas barrier films 1 to 23 produced as described above.
- Comparative Sample (I) After the first gas barrier layer is formed by the first gas barrier layer forming method a on the smooth layer surface of the substrate (a), it is oxidized according to the method described in the examples of JP-A-2009-029070. An inorganic film containing silicon nitride as a main component was formed to a thickness of 200 nm to prepare a comparative sample (I). The comparative sample (I) was stored in a desiccator until the evaluation described later.
- the thickness in the XPS analysis is obtained once based on the etching rate in terms of SiO 2 and the same sample.
- the thicknesses of the first gas barrier layer and the second gas barrier layer were determined from the cross-sectional TEM images. While comparing this with the composition distribution in the thickness direction obtained from the XPS analysis, the region corresponding to the first gas barrier layer and the second gas barrier layer in the composition distribution in the thickness direction is identified, and the first gas barrier layer The thickness direction was corrected by uniformly applying a coefficient so that the thickness of the corresponding region and the region corresponding to the second gas barrier layer were individually matched with the film thickness obtained from the cross-sectional TEM image.
- the storage environment was 60 ° C. and 90% RH, and XPS analysis was performed on each sample every storage period.
- the amount of N in the second gas barrier layer for each gas barrier film according to the present invention, the amount of N in the CVD silicon nitride layer that can be oxidized for the comparative sample (I), and the amount of N for the comparative sample (II) The amount of N in the polysilazane layer in which the cured portion remained was confirmed, and the number of days in which N in each layer substantially disappeared and was completely oxidized was determined.
- Comparative sample (II) was completely oxidized in the storage period of 1 day. Comparative sample (I) was completely oxidized after a storage period of 3 days. On the other hand, almost no change in composition was observed for each gas barrier film of the present invention even after a storage period of 14 days.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention has a very good storage stability as a gas barrier film alone because the surface layer of the second gas barrier layer has a high gas barrier property.
- the mask was removed in a vacuum state, and aluminum was vapor-deposited on the entire surface of one side of the sheet and temporarily sealed.
- the vacuum state is released, quickly transferred to a dry nitrogen gas atmosphere, and a quartz glass with a thickness of 0.2 mm is bonded to the aluminum vapor deposition surface via a sealing ultraviolet curable resin (manufactured by Nagase ChemteX).
- a water vapor barrier property evaluation sample was produced by irradiating ultraviolet rays to cure and adhere the resin to perform main sealing.
- the obtained sample was stored under high temperature and high humidity of 85 ° C. and 90% RH for 20 hours, 40 hours, and 60 hours, respectively, and the area where metal calcium corroded with respect to the metal calcium vapor deposition area of 12 mm ⁇ 12 mm was displayed in%. And the water vapor barrier property was evaluated according to the following criteria.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention has a very high barrier performance.
- the gas barrier film of the present invention is excellent in heat resistance and has a very high barrier property.
- Example 2 Production of organic thin film electronic devices >> Organic EL elements 1 to 16, which are organic thin film electronic devices, were produced using the cas barrier films 1, 3, 4, 7 to 11 and 16 to 23 produced in Example 1 as sealing films.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- first electrode layer On the gas barrier layer of each gas barrier film, ITO (indium tin oxide) having a thickness of 150 nm was formed by sputtering, and patterned by photolithography to form a first electrode layer. The pattern was such that the light emission area was 50 mm square.
- the following hole transport layer forming coating solution was applied by an extrusion coater and then dried to form a hole transport layer. .
- the coating liquid for forming the hole transport layer was applied so that the thickness after drying was 50 nm.
- cleaning surface modification treatment of the barrier film was carried out using a low pressure mercury lamp with a wavelength of 184.9 nm at an irradiation intensity of 15 mW / cm 2 and a distance of 10 mm.
- a static eliminator using weak X-rays was used for the charge removal treatment.
- PEDOT / PSS polystyrene sulfonate
- Baytron P AI 4083 manufactured by Bayer
- ⁇ Drying and heat treatment conditions After applying the hole transport layer forming coating solution, the solvent is removed at a height of 100 mm toward the film formation surface, a discharge air velocity of 1 m / s, a wide air velocity distribution of 5%, and a temperature of 100 ° C., followed by heat treatment.
- the back surface heat transfer type heat treatment was performed at a temperature of 150 ° C. using an apparatus to form a hole transport layer.
- the following coating solution for forming a white light-emitting layer was applied by an extrusion coater and then dried to form a light-emitting layer.
- the white light emitting layer forming coating solution was applied so that the thickness after drying was 40 nm.
- the host material HA is 1.0 g
- the dopant material DA is 100 mg
- the dopant material DB is 0.2 mg
- the dopant material DC is 0.2 mg
- 100 g of toluene was prepared as a white light emitting layer forming coating solution.
- the coating process was performed in an atmosphere having a nitrogen gas concentration of 99% or more, a coating temperature of 25 ° C., and a coating speed of 1 m / min.
- the coating process was performed in an atmosphere having a nitrogen gas concentration of 99% or more, the coating temperature of the electron transport layer forming coating solution was 25 ° C., and the coating speed was 1 m / min.
- the electron transport layer was prepared by dissolving EA in 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol to obtain a 0.5 mass% solution as a coating solution for forming an electron transport layer.
- an electron injection layer was formed on the formed electron transport layer.
- the substrate was put into a vacuum chamber and the pressure was reduced to 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa.
- cesium fluoride prepared in a tantalum vapor deposition boat was heated in a vacuum chamber to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 3 nm.
- Second electrode Except for the portion that becomes the extraction electrode on the first electrode, aluminum is used as the second electrode forming material on the formed electron injection layer under a vacuum of 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa so as to have the extraction electrode. Then, a mask pattern was formed by vapor deposition so that the light emission area was 50 mm square, and a second electrode having a thickness of 100 nm was laminated.
- Each gas barrier film formed up to the second electrode was moved again to a nitrogen atmosphere and cut into a prescribed size using an ultraviolet laser to produce an organic EL device.
- Crimping conditions Crimping was performed at a temperature of 170 ° C. (ACF temperature 140 ° C. measured using a separate thermocouple), a pressure of 2 MPa, and 10 seconds.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- dry lamination adhesive two-component reaction type urethane adhesive
- thermosetting adhesive was uniformly applied to the aluminum surface with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m along the adhesive surface (glossy surface) of the aluminum foil.
- thermosetting adhesive The following epoxy adhesive was used as the thermosetting adhesive.
- the sealing substrate is closely attached and arranged so as to cover the joint between the take-out electrode and the electrode lead, and pressure bonding conditions using a pressure roll: pressure roll temperature 120 ° C., pressure 0. Close sealing was performed at 5 MPa and an apparatus speed of 0.3 m / min.
- Element deterioration tolerance rate (area of black spots generated in elements not subjected to accelerated deterioration processing / area of black spots generated in elements subjected to accelerated deterioration processing) ⁇ 100 (%)
- the gas barrier film of the present invention has a very high gas barrier property that can be used as a sealing film for organic EL elements.
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Abstract
Description
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムでは、基材の少なくとも一方の面側に、物理蒸着法または化学蒸着法で形成された第1のガスバリア層と、これに隣接して、少なくともポリシラザン化合物を含有する溶液を塗布して形成された第2のガスバリア層とを有する。第1のガスバリア層と第2のガスバリアとの積層構成をガスバリア層ユニットとし、複数のガスバリア層ユニットを積層することにより、ガスバリア性を更に向上させることもできる。また、基材の両面に、ガスバリア層ユニットを配置させた構成であっても良い。
本発明に用いられる基材は、長尺な支持体であって、ガスバリア性(単に「バリア性」ともいう)を有するガスバリア層(単に「バリア層」ともいう)を保持することができるものである。当該基材は、具体的には下記のような材料で形成されるが、特にこれらに限定されるものではない。
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムにおいては、基材とガスバリア層ユニットとの間に、各機能を有する各種の中間層を設けることができる。
本発明に係る基材の塗膜を形成する側の表面には、ガスバリア層ユニットとの密着性の向上を目的として、アンカーコート層を形成してもよい。
本発明のガスバリア性フィルムにおいては、基材とガスバリア層ユニットとの間に、平滑層を有してもよい。本発明に用いられる平滑層は突起等が存在する透明樹脂フィルム支持体の粗面を平坦化し、あるいは、透明樹脂フィルム支持体に存在する突起により透明無機化合物層に生じた凹凸やピンホールを埋めて平坦化するために設けられる。このような平滑層は、基本的には感光性材料、または、熱硬化性材料を硬化させて作製される。
本発明に係るガスバリア性フィルムは、基材の平滑層とは反対側にブリードアウト防止層を有してもよい。
本発明において、第1のガスバリア層は、物理蒸着法または化学蒸着法で形成され、少なくともSiとNとを含有することを特徴の1つとする。
V1≧IV>V2 または V1>IV≧V2
を満たし、第2の高周波電界の出力密度が、1W/cm2以上であることが好ましい。
本発明に係る第2のガスバリア層は、物理蒸着法または化学蒸着法で形成した第1のガスバリア層に隣接して、ポリシラザン化合物を含有する塗布液を積層塗布することにより形成される。
本発明に係る第2のガスバリア層は、第1のガスバリア層が形成された帯状の基材上に、ポリシラザン化合物を含有する塗布液を塗布することにより形成される。
式中、R1、R2、R3は、各々水素原子、アルキル基、アルケニル基、シクロアルキル基、アリール基、アルキルシリル基、アルキルアミノ基、アルコキシ基を表す。
本発明に係る第2のガスバリア層は、ポリシラザン化合物を含む塗膜に真空紫外線を照射する工程において、ポリシラザンの少なくとも一部が改質されることで、層全体としてSiOxNyの組成で示される酸化窒化ケイ素を含むガスバリア層が形成される。ここで、水素と炭素が存在する場合には、この組成式では示されないが、良好なガスバリア性を得るためには、第2のガスバリア層中には、炭素原子は実質的に存在しないことが好ましく、第2のガスバリア層の安定性を高めるためには、水素原子は少ないことが好ましい。
(a)ポリシラザン塗布液に含まれる酸素や水分による供給、
(b)塗布乾燥過程の雰囲気中から塗膜に取り込まれる酸素や水分による供給、
(c)真空紫外線照射工程での雰囲気中から塗膜に取り込まれる酸素や水分、オゾン、一重項酸素による供給、
(d)真空紫外線照射工程で印加されるエネルギーにより基材や中間層からアウトガスとして塗膜中に移動してくる酸素や水分による供給、
(e)真空紫外線照射工程が非酸化性雰囲気で行われる場合には、その非酸化性雰囲気から酸化性雰囲気へと移動した際に、その雰囲気から塗膜に取り込まれる酸素や水分による供給、
等が挙げられる。
パーヒドロポリシラザン中のSi-H結合やN-H結合は真空紫外線照射による励起等で比較的容易に切断され、不活性雰囲気下ではSi-Nとして再結合すると考えられる(Siの未結合手が形成される場合もある)。すなわち、酸化することなくSiNy組成として硬化する。この場合はポリマー主鎖の切断は生じない。Si-H結合やN-H結合の切断は触媒の存在や、加熱によって促進される。切断されたHはH2として膜外に放出される。
パーヒドロポリシラザン中のSi-N結合は水により加水分解され、ポリマー主鎖が切断されてSi-OHを形成する。二つのSi-OHが脱水縮合してSi-O-Si結合を形成して硬化する。これは大気中でも生じる反応であるが、不活性雰囲気下での真空紫外線照射中では、照射の熱によって基材からアウトガスとして生じる水蒸気が主な水分源となると考えられる。水分が過剰となると脱水縮合しきれないSi-OHが残存し、SiO2.1~2.3の組成で示されるガスバリア性の低い硬化膜となる。
真空紫外線照射中、雰囲気下に適当量の酸素が存在すると、酸化力の非常に強い一重項酸素が形成される。パーヒドロポリシラザン中のHやNはOと置き換わってSi-O-Si結合を形成して硬化する。ポリマー主鎖の切断により結合の組み換えを生じる場合もあると考えられる。
真空紫外線のエネルギーはパーヒドロポリシラザン中のSi-Nの結合エネルギーよりも高いため、Si-N結合は切断され、周囲に酸素源(酸素、オゾン、水等)が存在すると酸化されてSi-O-Si結合(場合によってはSi-O-N結合)を生じると考えられる。ポリマー主鎖の切断により結合の組み換えを生じる場合もあると考えられる。
・装置:アルバックファイ製QUANTERASXM
・X線源:単色化Al-Kα
・測定領域:Si2p、C1s、N1s、O1s
・スパッタイオン:Ar(2keV)
・デプスプロファイル:1分間スパッタ後、測定を繰り返す
・定量:バックグラウンドをShirley法で求め、得られたピーク面積から相対感度係数法を用いて定量した。データ処理は、アルバックファイ社製のMultiPakを用いた。
e+Xe→Xe*
Xe*+2Xe→Xe2 *+Xe
Xe2 *→Xe+Xe+hν(172nm)
となり、励起されたエキシマ分子であるXe2 *が基底状態に遷移するときに172nmのエキシマ光を発光する。
紫外線照射時の反応には、酸素が必要であるが、真空紫外線は、酸素による吸収があるため紫外線照射工程での効率を低下しやすいため、真空紫外線の照射は、できるだけ酸素濃度の低い状態で、行うことが好ましい。
本発明に係るガスバリア層上には、オーバーコート層を設けてもよい。
オーバーコート層に用いられる有機物としては、有機モノマー、オリゴマー、ポリマー等の有機樹脂を好ましく用いることができる。これらの有機樹脂は重合性基や架橋性基を有することが好ましく、これらの有機樹脂を含有し、必要に応じて重合開始剤や架橋剤等を含有する有機樹脂組成物塗布液から塗布形成した層に、光照射処理や熱処理を加えて硬化させることが好ましい。ここで「架橋性基」とは、光照射処理や熱処理で起こる化学反応によりバインダーポリマーを架橋することができる基のことである。このような機能を有する基であれば特にその化学構造は限定されないが、例えば、付加重合し得る官能基としてエチレン性不飽和基、エポキシ基/オキセタニル基等の環状エーテル基が挙げられる。また光照射によりラジカルになり得る官能基であってもよく、そのような架橋性基としては、例えば、チオール基、ハロゲン原子、オニウム塩構造等が挙げられる。中でも、エチレン性不飽和基が好ましく、特開2007-17948号公報の段落0130~0139に記載された官能基が含まれる。
本発明に係るガスバリア性フィルムは、主に電子デバイス等のパッケージ、又は有機EL素子や太陽電池、液晶等のプラスチック基板といったディスプレイ材料、各種デバイス用樹脂基材、及び各種デバイス素子に適用することができる。
有機光電変換素子に用いる際には、ガスバリア性フィルムは透明であることが好ましく、このガスバリア性フィルムを基材(支持体ともいう)として用い、この面側から太陽光の受光を行うように構成できる。
有機光電変換素子及び太陽電池の好ましい態様を説明する。なお、以下、本発明に係る有機光電変換素子の好ましい態様について詳細に説明するが、当該太陽電池は当該有機光電変換素子をその構成として有するものであり、太陽電池の好ましい構成も有機光電変換素子と同様に記載することができる。
(ii)陽極/正孔輸送層/発電層/陰極
(iii)陽極/正孔輸送層/発電層/電子輸送層/陰極
(iv)陽極/正孔輸送層/p型半導体層/発電層/n型半導体層/電子輸送層/陰極
(v)陽極/正孔輸送層/第1発電層/電子輸送層/中間電極/正孔輸送層/第2発電層/電子輸送層/陰極。
有機光電変換素子の発電層(「光電変換層」ともいう)の形成に用いられる材料について説明する。
有機光電変換素子の発電層(バルクヘテロジャンクション層)として好ましく用いられるp型半導体材料としては、種々の縮合多環芳香族低分子化合物や共役系ポリマー・オリゴマーが挙げられる。
バルクヘテロジャンクション層に用いられるn型半導体材料としては特に限定されないが、例えば、フラーレン、オクタアザポルフィリン等、p型半導体の水素原子をフッ素原子に置換したパーフルオロ体(パーフルオロペンタセンやパーフルオロフタロシアニン等)、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ナフタレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸無水物、ペリレンテトラカルボン酸ジイミド等の芳香族カルボン酸無水物や、そのイミド化物を骨格として含む高分子化合物等を挙げることができる。
本発明に係る有機光電変換素子は、バルクヘテロジャンクション層と陽極との間に正孔輸送層を有することが好ましい。このような層を有することによりバルクヘテロジャンクション層で発生した電荷をより効率的に取り出すことが可能となる。
有機光電変換素子は、バルクヘテロジャンクション層と陰極との間に電子輸送層を有することが好ましい。このような層を有することによりバルクヘテロジャンクション層で発生した電荷をより効率的に取り出すことが可能となる。
エネルギー変換効率の向上や、素子寿命の向上を目的に、各種中間層を素子内に有する構成としてもよい。中間層の例としては、正孔ブロック層、電子ブロック層、正孔注入層、電子注入層、励起子ブロック層、UV吸収層、光反射層、波長変換層等を挙げることができる。
透明電極は、陰極、陽極は特に限定せず、素子構成により選択することができるが、好ましくは透明電極を陽極として用いることである。例えば、陽極として用いる場合、380~800nmの光を透過する電極を使用することが好ましい。
対電極は導電材単独層であってもよいが、導電性を有する材料に加えて、これらを保持する樹脂を併用してもよい。対電極の導電材としては、仕事関数の小さい(4eV以下)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが用いられる。
また、前記有機光電変換素子の層構成の(v)のようなタンデム構成の場合に必要となる中間電極の材料としては、透明性と導電性を併せ持つ化合物を用いた層であることが好ましく、前記透明電極で用いたような材料(ITO、AZO、FTO、酸化チタン等の透明金属酸化物、Ag、Al、Au等の非常に薄い金属層又はナノ粒子・ナノワイヤーを含有する層、PEDOT:PSS、ポリアニリン等の導電性高分子材料等)を用いることができる。
導電性繊維としては、金属でコーティングした有機繊維や無機繊維、導電性金属酸化物繊維、金属ナノワイヤー、炭素繊維、カーボンナノチューブ等を用いることができるが、金属ナノワイヤーが好ましい。
有機光電変換素子は、太陽光のより効率的な受光を目的として、各種の光学機能層を有していてもよい。光学機能層としては、例えば、反射防止層、マイクロレンズアレイ等の集光層、陰極で反射した光を散乱させて再度発電層に入射させることができるような光拡散層等を設けてもよい。
電子受容体と電子供与体とが混合されたバルクヘテロジャンクション層、及び輸送層・電極の作製方法としては、蒸着法、塗布法(キャスト法、スピンコート法を含む)等を例示することができる。このうち、バルクヘテロジャンクション層の作製方法としては、蒸着法、塗布法(キャスト法、スピンコート法を含む)等を例示することができる。
電極、発電層、正孔輸送層、電子輸送層等をパターニングする方法やプロセスには特に制限はなく、公知の手法を適宜適用することができる。
《基材の作製》
〔基材(ア)の作製〕
熱可塑性樹脂基材(支持体)として、両面に易接着加工された厚さ125μmのポリエステルフィルム(帝人デュポンフィルム株式会社製、極低熱収PET Q83)を用い、下記に示すように、片面にブリードアウト防止層を、反対面に平滑層を形成したものを基材(ア)とした。
上記熱可塑性樹脂基材の一方の面に、JSR株式会社製のUV硬化型有機/無機ハイブリッドハードコート材OPSTAR Z7535を、乾燥後の膜厚が4.0μmになるように塗布した後、硬化条件として、照射エネルギー量1.0J/cm2で、空気雰囲気下、高圧水銀ランプを使用し、乾燥条件80℃で、3分間の硬化処理を行い、ブリードアウト防止層を形成した。
次いで、上記熱可塑性樹脂基材のブリードアウト防止層を形成した面とは反対の面に、JSR株式会社製のUV硬化型有機/無機ハイブリッドハードコート材OPSTAR Z7501を、乾燥後の膜厚が4.0μmになるように塗布した後、80℃で、3分間乾燥した後、空気雰囲気下、高圧水銀ランプを使用し、硬化条件として、照射エネルギー量1.0J/cm2で照射、硬化して、平滑層を形成した。
耐熱性基材として、両面に易接着加工が施された200μm厚みの透明ポリイミド系フィルム(三菱瓦斯化学株式会社製、ネオプリムL)を用い、下記に示すように、基材の両面に平滑層を形成したものを、基材(イ)とした。
〈平滑層塗布液の作製〉
トリメチロールプロパントリグリシジルエーテル(エポライト100MF 共栄社化学社製)を8.0g、エチレングリコールジグリシジルエーテル(エポライト40E 共栄社化学社製)を5.0g、オキセタニル基を有するシルセスキオキサン:OX-SQ-H(東亞合成社製)を12.0g、3-グリシドキシプロピルトリメトキシシランを32.5g、Al(III)アセチルアセトネートを2.2g、メタノールシリカゾル(日産化学社製、固形分濃度30質量%)を134.0g、BYK333(ビックケミー・ジャパン社製、シリコン系界面活性剤)を0.1g、ブチルセロソルブを125.0g、0.1モル/Lの塩酸水溶液を15.0g混合し、充分に攪拌した。これを室温でさらに静置脱気して、平滑層塗布液を得た。
上記耐熱性基材の一方の面に、定法によりコロナ放電処理を施した後、作製した平滑層塗布液を、乾燥後の膜厚が4.0μmとなるように塗布した後、80℃で3分間乾燥した。更に、120℃で10分間の加熱処理を行って、平滑層1を形成した。
上記耐熱性基材の平滑層1を形成した面とは反対の面に、平滑層1の形成方法と同様にして、平滑層2を形成した。
上記基材(イ)の作製において、耐熱性基材として、有機無機ハイブリッド構造を有するシルセスキオキサンを基本骨格としたフィルムである、100μm厚の新日鐵化学社製のシルプラスH100を用いた以外は基材(イ)と同様の方法で、基材(ウ)を作製した。なお、基材(ウ)の平滑層1及び平滑層2の表面粗さは、基材(ア)と同様の方法で測定し、表面粗さRzは約20nmであった。
〔形成方法a〕
図1に記載の真空プラズマCVD装置を用いて、対象とする基材の平滑層表面上へ第1のガスバリア層の形成を行った。この時、使用した高周波電源は、27.12MHzの高周波電源で、電極間距離は20mmとした。
上記第1のガスバリア層の形成方法aにおいて、原料ガスとして、シランガスを流量として7.5sccm、アンモニアガスを流量として50sccm、水素ガスを流量として200sccmの条件で真空チャンバー内へ導入し、次いで、成膜開始時にフィルム基板温度を100℃とし、成膜時のガス圧を30Paに設定して窒化ケイ素を主成分とする無機膜を40nmの膜厚で形成した以外は同様にして、第1のガスバリア層を形成した。この方法を、形成方法bとした。
上記第1のガスバリア層の形成方法aにおいて、原料ガスとして、シランガスを流量として7.5sccm、アンモニアガスを流量として50sccm、水素ガスを流量として200sccmの条件で真空チャンバー内へ導入し、次いで、成膜開始時にフィルム基板温度を100℃とし、成膜時のガス圧を30Paに設定して窒化ケイ素を主成分とする無機膜を100nmの膜厚で形成した以外は同様にして、第1のガスバリア層を形成した。この方法を、形成方法cとした。
上記第1のガスバリア層の形成方法aにおいて、原料ガスとして、シランガスを流量として7.5sccm、アンモニアガスを流量として100sccm、亜酸化窒素ガスを流量として50sccmの条件で真空チャンバー内へ導入し、次いで、成膜開始時にフィルム基板温度を100℃とし、成膜時のガス圧を100Paに設定して酸窒化ケイ素を主成分とする無機膜を50nmの膜厚で形成した以外は同様にして、第1のガスバリア層を形成した。この方法を、形成方法dとした。
上記第1のガスバリア層の形成方法aにおいて、原料ガスとして、シランガスを流量として7.5sccm、アンモニアガスを流量として100sccm、亜酸化窒素ガスを流量として50sccmの条件で真空チャンバー内へ導入し、次いで、成膜開始時にフィルム基板温度を100℃とし、成膜時のガス圧を100Paに設定して酸窒化ケイ素を主成分とする無機膜を200nmの膜厚で形成した以外は同様にして、第1のガスバリア層を形成した。この方法を、形成方法eとした。
上記第1のガスバリア層の形成方法aにおいて、原料ガスとして、アルゴンガスを流量として150sccm、シランガスを流量として7.5sccm、亜酸化窒素ガスを流量として130sccmの条件で真空チャンバー内へ導入し、次いで、成膜開始時にフィルム基板温度を100℃とし、成膜時のガス圧を200Paに設定して酸化ケイ素を主成分とする無機膜を50nmの膜厚で形成した以外は同様にして、第1のガスバリア層を形成した。この方法を、形成方法fとした。
上記第1のガスバリア層の形成方法fと同様にして、酸化ケイ素を主成分とする無機膜を10nmの膜厚で形成した。次いで、この上に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法cと同様にして、窒化ケイ素を主成分とする無機膜を100nmの膜厚で形成して、第1のガスバリア層を形成した。この形成方法を、形成方法gとした。
公知の真空蒸着法により、対象とする基材の平滑層表面上へ酸化ケイ素を主成分とする無機膜を40nmの膜厚で形成して、第1のガスバリア層を形成した。この形成方法を、形成方法hとした。
公知の真空蒸着法により、対象とする基材の平滑層表面上へ酸化アルミニウムを主成分とする無機膜を40nmの膜厚で形成して、第1のガスバリア層を形成した。この形成方法を形成方法iとした。
〔形成方法1〕
(第2のガスバリア層塗膜の形成)
対象とする基材あるいは第1のガスバリア層上に、下記ポリシラザン化合物を含有する第2のガスバリア層形成用塗布液1を、ワイヤレスバーを用いて、乾燥後の膜厚が300nmとなるように塗布した。乾燥条件は、100℃で2分とした。
無機前駆体化合物を含有する第2のガスバリア層形成用塗布液1は、無触媒のパーヒドロポリシラザンを20質量%含むジブチルエーテル溶液(AZエレクトロニックマテリアルズ(株)製アクアミカ NN120-20)と、アミン触媒を固形分で5質量%含有するパーヒドロポリシラザンの20質量%ジブチルエーテル溶液(AZエレクトロニックマテリアルズ(株)製アクアミカ NAX120-20)とを混合して用い、アミン触媒を固形分として1質量%になるように調整した後、さらにジブチルエーテルで希釈することにより、総固形分量が5質量%のジブチルエーテル溶液として、第2のガスバリア層形成用塗布液1を調製した。
上記の様にして第2のガスバリア層塗膜を形成した後、下記の方法に従って、真空紫外線照射を行って改質処理を施して、第2のガスバリア層を形成した。この第2のガスバリア層の形成方法を、形成方法1とする。
真空紫外線照射は、図3に断面模式図で示した装置を用いて行った。
上記形成方法1において、改質処理における真空紫外線照射条件を下記のように変更した以外は同様にして、第2のガスバリア層を形成した。この形成方法を、形成方法2とする。
酸素濃度:0.5%
試料ステージ24の温度:80℃
試料ステージ24の移動速度V:0.6mm/min
積算照射エネルギー:1800mJ/cm2
〔形成方法3~8〕
同様にして、上記形成方法1において、第2のガスバリア層塗膜の形成する膜厚及び改質処理における真空紫外線照射条件を、表1に記載の条件に変更した以外は同様にして第2のガスバリア層を形成し、これらの形成方法を形成方法3~8とした。
〔ガスバリアフィルム1~23の作製〕
上記に記載した基材、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法及び第2のガスバリア層の形成方法を、表1に記載の様に組み合わせて、ガスバリアフィルム1~23を作製した。
基材(ア)の平滑層の面側に、上記第1のガスバリア層の形成方法cに従って、第1のガスバリア層を形成して、ガスバリアフィルム1を作製した。ガスバリアフィルム1では、第2のガスバリア層の形成は行わなかった。
上記ガスバリアフィルム1の作製において、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法を、形成方法cに代えて形成方法eを用いた以外は同様にして、ガスバリアフィルム2を作製した。
基材(ア)の平滑層の面側に、第2のガスバリア層の形成方法1に従って、第2のガスバリア層を形成して、ガスバリアフィルム3を作製した。ガスバリアフィルム3では、第1のガスバリア層の形成は行わなかった。
基材(ア)の平滑層の面側に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法aに従って、第1のガスバリア層を形成した後、形成した第1のガスバリア層上に、第2のガスバリア層の形成方法2に従って、第2のガスバリア層を形成して、ガスバリアフィルム4を作製した。
上記ガスバリアフィルム4の作製において、使用する基材の種類、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法、第2のガスバリア層の形成方法を、表1に記載の組み合わせに変更した以外は同様にして、ガスバリアフィルム5~17を作製した。
基材(イ)の一方の面側に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法cに従って、第1のガスバリア層1を形成した。次いで、基材(イ)の第1のガスバリア層1を形成した面とは反対側の面に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法cに従って、第1のガスバリア層2を形成し、基材の両面に、第1のガスバリア層を設けたガスバリアフィルム18を作製した。
基材(イ)の一方の面側に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法cに従って、第1のガスバリア層1を形成した後、形成した第1のガスバリア層1上に、第2のガスバリア層の形成方法5に従って、第2のガスバリア層1を形成した。次いで、基材(イ)の第1のガスバリア層1及び第2のガスバリア層1を形成した面とは反対側の面に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法cに従って、第1のガスバリア層2を形成し、次いで、形成した第1のガスバリア層2上に、第2のガスバリア層の形成方法5に従って、第2のガスバリア層2を形成し、基材の両面に、第1のガスバリア層及び第2のガスバリア層を設けたガスバリアフィルム19を作製した。
基材(ウ)の一方の面側に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法cに従って、第1のガスバリア層を形成した後、形成した第1のガスバリア層上に、第2のガスバリア層の形成方法5に従って、第2のガスバリア層を形成して、ガスバリアフィルム20を作製した。
基材(ウ)の一方の面側に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法cに従って、第1のガスバリア層1を形成した。次いで、基材(ウ)の第1のガスバリア層1を形成した面とは反対側の面に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法cに従って、第1のガスバリア層2を形成し、基材の両面に、第1のガスバリア層を設けたガスバリアフィルム21を作製した。
基材(ウ)の一方の面側に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法cに従って、第1のガスバリア層1を形成した後、形成した第1のガスバリア層1上に、第2のガスバリア層の形成方法8に従って、第2のガスバリア層1を形成した。次いで、基材(ウ)の第1のガスバリア層1及び第2のガスバリア層1を形成した面とは反対側の面に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法cに従って、第1のガスバリア層2を形成し、次いで、形成した第1のガスバリア層2上に、第2のガスバリア層の形成方法8に従って、第2のガスバリア層2を形成し、基材の両面に、第1のガスバリア層及び第2のガスバリア層を設けたガスバリアフィルム22を作製した。
基材(ウ)の一方の面側に、第2のガスバリア層の形成方法5に従って、第2のガスバリア層1を形成した。次いで、基材(ウ)の第2のガスバリア層1を形成した面とは反対側の面に、第2のガスバリア層の形成方法5に従って、第2のガスバリア層2を形成し、基材の両面に、第2のガスバリア層を設けたガスバリアフィルム23を作製した。
基材(ア)の平滑層表面上に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法aにより第1のガスバリア層を形成した後、特開2009-029070号公報の実施例に記載の方法に従って、酸化されうる窒化ケイ素を主成分とする無機膜を200nmの膜厚で形成し、比較試料(I)を作製した。なお、比較試料(I)は、後述の評価までデシケータ中で保管した。
基材(ア)の平滑層表面上に、第1のガスバリア層の形成方法aにより第1のガスバリア層を形成した後、前記ポリシラザン化合物を含有する塗布液1を乾燥膜厚が200nmとなるように塗布して、ポリシラザン層を形成した。乾燥条件は100℃、2分とした。このポリシラザン層は未硬化部分が多く残っていると考えられ、これを比較試料(II)とした。この比較試料(II)は後述の評価までデシケータ中で保管した。
上記作製したガスバリアフィルム1~23について、第1のガスバリア層、第2のガスバリア層の厚さ方向の組成分布を、XPS分析を用いた方法で測定して求めた。
・装置:アルバックファイ製QUANTERASXM
・X線源:単色化Al-Kα
・測定領域:Si2p、C1s、N1s、O1s
・スパッタイオン:Ar(2keV)
・デプスプロファイル:1分間スパッタ後、測定を繰り返す
・定量:バックグラウンドをShirley法で求め、得られたピーク面積から相対感度係数法を用いて定量した。データ処理は、アルバックファイ社製のMultiPakを用いた。
(1)第2のガスバリア層における条件(A)である0.25≦x≦1.1、0.4≦y≦0.75を満たす領域の深さ方向における厚さを求めた。
作製した本発明のガスバリアフィルム4~10、12、15~17、19、20、22と比較試料(I)、比較試料(II)を用いて、高温高湿下での組成分布の変化を評価した。
(水蒸気バリア性評価試料の作製装置)
蒸着装置:日本電子(株)製真空蒸着装置JEE-400
恒温恒湿度オーブン:Yamato Humidic ChamberIG47M
(原材料)
水分と反応して腐食する金属:カルシウム(粒状)
水蒸気不透過性の金属:アルミニウム(φ3~5mm、粒状)
(水蒸気バリア性評価試料の作製)
真空蒸着装置(日本電子製真空蒸着装置 JEE-400)を用い、作製したガスバリアフィルム1~23のガスバリア層表面に、マスクを通して12mm×12mmのサイズで金属カルシウムを蒸着させた。両面にガスバリア層を作成した試料については、最後に第1のガスバリア層あるいは第2のガスバリア層を形成した側のガスバリア層表面を用いた。
△:金属カルシウムが腐食した面積が1.0%以上、5.0%未満である
×:金属カルシウムが腐食した面積が、5.0%以上である
以上により得られた評価結果を、XPS分析結果とともに表2に示す。
上記作製したガスバリアフィルム16、17、19、20、22について、220℃で10分間の大気雰囲気下で加熱処理を施した。この際、ガスバリアフィルムのガスバリア層表面(後述の水蒸気バリア性評価試料として用いる部位)には部材が接触しないように保持した。加熱処理後、室温の大気中に取り出し、そのまま室温まで冷却した。次いで、上記評価1の水蒸気バリア性の評価と同様にして、水蒸気バリア性評価を行い、得られた結果を表3に示す。
《有機薄膜電子デバイスの作製》
実施例1で作製したカスバリアフィルム1、3、4、7~11、16~23を封止フィルムとして用いて、有機薄膜電子デバイスである有機EL素子1~16を作製した。
(第1電極層の形成)
各ガスバリアフィルムのガスバリア層上に、厚さ150nmのITO(インジウムチンオキシド)をスパッタ法により成膜し、フォトリソグラフィー法によりパターニングを行い、第1電極層を形成した。なお、パターンは発光面積が50mm平方になるようなパターンとした。
第1電極層が形成された各ガスバリアフィルムの第1電極層の上に、以下に示す正孔輸送層形成用塗布液を押出し塗布機で塗布した後、乾燥し、正孔輸送層を形成した。正孔輸送層形成用塗布液は乾燥後の厚みが50nmになるように塗布した。
塗布工程は大気中、25℃、相対湿度(RH)50%の環境で行った。
ポリエチレンジオキシチオフェン・ポリスチレンスルホネート(PEDOT/PSS、Bayer社製 Bytron P AI 4083)を純水で65%、メタノール5%で希釈した溶液を正孔輸送層形成用塗布液として準備した。
正孔輸送層形成用塗布液を塗布した後、成膜面に向け高さ100mm、吐出風速1m/s、幅手の風速分布5%、温度100℃で溶媒を除去した後、引き続き、加熱処理装置を用い温度150℃で裏面伝熱方式の熱処理を行い、正孔輸送層を形成した。
引き続き、正孔輸送層まで形成した各ガスバリアフィルムの正孔輸送層上に、以下に示す白色発光層形成用塗布液を押出し塗布機で塗布した後、乾燥し発光層を形成した。白色発光層形成用塗布液は乾燥後の厚みが40nmになるように塗布した。
ホスト材のH-Aを1.0gと、ドーパント材のD-Aを100mgと、ドーパント材のD-Bを0.2mgと、ドーパント材のD-Cを0.2mgと、を100gのトルエンに溶解し白色発光層形成用塗布液として準備した。
塗布工程を窒素ガス濃度99%以上の雰囲気で、塗布温度を25℃とし、塗布速度1m/minで行った。
白色発光層形成用塗布液を塗布した後、成膜面に向け高さ100mm、吐出風速1m/s、幅手の風速分布5%、温度60℃で溶媒を除去した。次いで、温度130℃で加熱処理を行い、発光層を形成した。
次に、以下に示す電子輸送層形成用塗布液を押出し塗布機で塗布した後、乾燥し電子輸送層を形成した。電子輸送層形成用塗布液は乾燥後の厚みが30nmになるように塗布した。
塗布工程は窒素ガス濃度99%以上の雰囲気で、電子輸送層形成用塗布液の塗布温度を25℃とし、塗布速度1m/minで行った。
電子輸送層はE-Aを2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロ-1-プロパノール中に溶解し0.5質量%溶液とし電子輸送層形成用塗布液とした。
電子輸送層形成用塗布液を塗布した後、成膜面に向け高さ100mm、吐出風速1m/s、幅手の風速分布5%、温度60℃で溶媒を除去した。次いで、加熱処理部で、温度200℃で加熱処理を行い、電子輸送層を形成した。
次に、形成された電子輸送層上に電子注入層を形成した。まず、基板を減圧チャンバーに投入し、5×10-4Paまで減圧した。あらかじめ、真空チャンバーにタンタル製蒸着ボートに用意しておいたフッ化セシウムを加熱し、厚さ3nmの電子注入層を形成した。
第1電極の上に取り出し電極になる部分を除き、形成された電子注入層の上に5×10-4Paの真空下にて第2電極形成材料としてアルミニウムを使用し、取り出し電極を有するように蒸着法で、発光面積が50mm平方になるようにマスクパターン成膜し、厚さ100nmの第2電極を積層した。
第2電極まで形成した各ガスバリアフィルムを、再び窒素雰囲気に移動し、規定の大きさに、紫外線レーザーを用いて裁断し、有機EL素子を作製した。
作製した有機EL素子に、ソニーケミカル&インフォメーションデバイス株式会社製の異方性導電フィルムDP3232S9を用いて、フレキシブルプリント基板(ベースフィルム:ポリイミド12.5μm、圧延銅箔18μm、カバーレイ:ポリイミド12.5μm、表面処理NiAuメッキ)を接続した。
電極リード(フレキシブルプリント基板)を接続した有機EL素子を、市販のロールラミネート装置を用いて封止部材を接着し、有機EL素子1~16を製作した。
ジシアンジアミド(DICY)
エポキシアダクト系硬化促進剤
しかる後、封止基板を、取り出し電極および電極リードの接合部を覆うようにして密着・配置して、圧着ロールを用いて圧着条件:圧着ロール温度120℃、圧力0.5MPa、装置速度0.3m/minで密着封止した。
上記作製した有機EL素子1~16について、下記の方法に従って、耐久性の評価を行った。
(加速劣化処理)
上記作製した各有機EL素子を、60℃、90%RHの環境下で400時間の加速劣化処理を施した後、加速劣化処理を施していない有機EL素子と共に、下記の黒点に関する評価を行った。
加速劣化処理を施した有機EL素子及び加速劣化処理を施していない有機EL素子に対し、それぞれ1mA/cm2の電流を印加し、24時間連続発光させた後、100倍のマイクロスコープ(株式会社モリテックス製MS-804、レンズMP-ZE25-200)でパネルの一部分を拡大し、撮影を行った。撮影画像を2mm四方に切り抜き、黒点の発生面積比率を求め、下式に従って素子劣化耐性率を算出し、下記の基準に従って耐久性を評価した。評価ランクが、◎、○であれば、実用上好ましい特性であると判定した。
◎:素子劣化耐性率が、90%以上である
○:素子劣化耐性率が、60%以上、90%未満である
△:素子劣化耐性率が、20%以上、60%未満である
×:素子劣化耐性率が、20%未満である
以上により得られた結果を、表4に示す。
2、3 成膜ロール
4 巻き出しロール
5 対向空間
6 搬送ロール
7 巻き取りロール
8 成膜ガス供給管
9 真空排気口
10 真空ポンプ
12、13 磁場発生部材
14 プラズマ電源
21 装置チャンバー
22 Xeエキシマランプ
23 エキシマランプのホルダー
24 試料ステージ
25 試料
26 遮光板
101 プラズマCVD装置
102 真空槽
103 カソード電極
105 サセプタ
106 熱媒体循環系
107 真空排気系
108 ガス導入系
109 高周波電源
110 基板
S 基材
Claims (5)
- 基材上に、物理蒸着法または化学蒸着法により形成されたSiとNとを含有する第1のガスバリア層と、これに隣接して、ポリシラザン化合物を含有する溶液を塗布して形成された第2のガスバリア層とを、この順で有するガスバリア性フィルムであって、該第2のガスバリア層は真空紫外線を照射して改質処理が施されたものであり、該第1のガスバリア層及び第2のガスバリア層の組成をSiOxNyで表したときに、該第2のガスバリア層の厚さ方向における組成SiOxNyの分布が、下記(A)で規定する条件を満たす、ガスバリア性フィルム。
(A)該第2のガスバリア層が、0.25≦x≦1.1で、かつ0.4≦y≦0.75である領域を、厚さ方向で50nm以上有すること。 - 前記第2のガスバリア層の厚さ方向における組成SiOxNyの分布が、下記(B)で規定する条件を満たす、請求項1に記載のガスバリア性フィルム。
(B)該第2のガスバリア層が、0.25≦x≦0.55で、かつ0.55≦y≦0.75である領域を、厚さ方向で50nm以上有すること。 - 前記第1のガスバリア層及び第2のガスバリア層の厚さ方向における組成SiOxNyの分布が、下記(C)で規定する条件を満たす、請求項1または2に記載のガスバリア性フィルム。
(C)前記第1のガスバリア層及び第2のガスバリア層におけるy値の最大値が、該第1のガスバリア層に有すること。 - 前記第2のガスバリア層の厚さ方向における組成SiOxNyの分布が、下記(D)で規定する条件を満たす、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のガスバリア性フィルム。
(D)前記第2のガスバリア層の表層領域におけるx/yが、6.0以上であること。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のガスバリア性フィルムを具備する、電子デバイス。
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EP11852550.0A EP2660041B1 (en) | 2010-12-27 | 2011-12-01 | Gas-barrier film and electronic device |
US13/976,300 US9646940B2 (en) | 2010-12-27 | 2011-12-01 | Gas barrier film and electronic device |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP5761203B2 (ja) | 2015-08-12 |
CN103269851B (zh) | 2015-04-01 |
CN103269851A (zh) | 2013-08-28 |
KR20130086381A (ko) | 2013-08-01 |
EP2660041B1 (en) | 2015-06-17 |
EP2660041A1 (en) | 2013-11-06 |
EP2660041A4 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
KR101430892B1 (ko) | 2014-08-18 |
US20130280521A1 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
US9646940B2 (en) | 2017-05-09 |
JPWO2012090644A1 (ja) | 2014-06-05 |
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