WO2012060286A1 - 膜形成用組成物 - Google Patents
膜形成用組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012060286A1 WO2012060286A1 PCT/JP2011/074909 JP2011074909W WO2012060286A1 WO 2012060286 A1 WO2012060286 A1 WO 2012060286A1 JP 2011074909 W JP2011074909 W JP 2011074909W WO 2012060286 A1 WO2012060286 A1 WO 2012060286A1
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- 238000010023 transfer printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005369 trialkoxysilyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003258 trimethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940096522 trimethylolpropane triacrylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YRYSAWZMIRQUBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylsulfoxonium Chemical compound C[S+](C)(C)=O YRYSAWZMIRQUBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004072 triols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000404 tripotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019798 tripotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000406 trisodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019801 trisodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000870 ultraviolet spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006337 unsaturated polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[Zn++].[In+3] YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0232—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L79/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon only, not provided for in groups C08L61/00 - C08L77/00
- C08L79/04—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain; Polyhydrazides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/02—Polyamines
- C08G73/0273—Polyamines containing heterocyclic moieties in the main chain
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/0622—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C08G73/0638—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with at least three nitrogen atoms in the ring
- C08G73/0644—Poly(1,3,5)triazines
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L79/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon only, not provided for in groups C08L61/00 - C08L77/00
- C08L79/02—Polyamines
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- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D179/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen, with or without oxygen, or carbon only, not provided for in groups C09D161/00 - C09D177/00
- C09D179/02—Polyamines
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- C09D179/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen, with or without oxygen, or carbon only, not provided for in groups C09D161/00 - C09D177/00
- C09D179/04—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain; Polyhydrazides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/20—Filters
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- H01L31/02—Details
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- H01L31/02167—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
- H01L31/02168—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells the coatings being antireflective or having enhancing optical properties for the solar cells
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- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0232—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device
- H01L31/02327—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device the optical elements being integrated or being directly associated to the device, e.g. back reflectors
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- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/09—Carboxylic acids; Metal salts thereof; Anhydrides thereof
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- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a film-forming composition, and more particularly to a film-forming composition containing a triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer and a dissolution accelerator.
- Patent Document 1 a technique for increasing the refractive index using a hybrid material obtained by mixing a siloxane polymer and a fine particle dispersion material in which zirconia or titania is dispersed has been reported.
- Patent Document 2 a method of introducing a condensed cyclic skeleton having a high refractive index into a part of the siloxane polymer has been reported.
- melamine resin is well known as a triazine resin, but its decomposition temperature is much lower than that of heat-resistant materials such as graphite.
- aromatic polyimides and aromatic polyamides have been mainly used as heat-resistant organic materials composed of carbon and nitrogen. However, these materials have a linear structure, so that the heat-resistant temperature is not so high.
- a triazine-based condensation material has also been reported as a nitrogen-containing polymer material having heat resistance (Patent Document 4).
- a polymer compound into which an aromatic ring or a triazine ring is introduced generally lacks solubility in a solvent, and therefore is insoluble in a resist solvent, which is a safety solvent, while having high solubility.
- the materials shown are generally less transparent.
- a material using an inorganic metal oxide has a trade-off relationship between a refractive index and transparency, and thus it is difficult to improve transparency while maintaining a high refractive index.
- this material contains fine particles with different properties, when a dry process such as etching or ashing is performed, the etch rate becomes unstable and it is difficult to obtain a film with a uniform film thickness. There is also a problem that the process margin becomes narrow.
- hyperbranched polymers are roughly classified into hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers.
- the hyperbranched polymer is, for example, an ABx type polyfunctional monomer (where A and B are functional groups that react with each other, and the number X of B is 2 or more) that has an irregular branched structure obtained by polymerizing. It is a branched polymer.
- a dendrimer is a highly branched polymer having a regular branched structure. Hyperbranched polymers are characterized by being easier to synthesize than dendrimers and easier to synthesize high molecular weight polymers.
- a hyperbranched polymer having a triazine ring has been reported as a flame retardant application (Non-patent Document 1).
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, includes a triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer, is excellent in solubility in organic solvents including a resist solvent, and has low handling property and filterability because of low viscosity.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a film-forming composition that hardly generates foreign matter after filtration.
- a hyperbranched polymer including a repeating unit having a triazine ring and an aromatic ring has a refractive index exceeding 1.7, and the polymer alone has high heat resistance, high transparency, high refractive index, and high solubility. It has already been found that it can achieve low volume shrinkage and is suitable as a film-forming composition for producing electronic devices (PCT / JP2010 / 057761).
- this hyperbranched polymer having a triazine ring is a polymer that can be dissolved in a general resist solvent or the like, depending on its structure, 1) it takes time to dissolve, and 2) the viscosity increases and handling properties are increased.
- a film-forming composition comprising a dissolution accelerator that cleaves hydrogen bonds formed therebetween.
- R and R ′ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group (provided that at least one of R and R ′ is a hydrogen atom);
- Ar represents a divalent organic group containing one or both of an aromatic ring and a heterocyclic ring.
- a film-forming composition wherein Ar represents at least one selected from the group represented by formulas (2) to (18): [Wherein R 1 to R 128 are independently of each other a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a carboxyl group, a sulfone group, an alkyl group which may have a branched structure of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or 1 carbon atom.
- R 132 to R 135 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a carboxyl group, a sulfone group, an alkyl group which may have a branched structure having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or 1 carbon atom
- Y 1 and Y 2 each independently represent an alkylene group which may have a single bond or a branched structure of 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the film-forming composition wherein Ar is at least one selected from the group represented by the following formulas (20) to (22): (In the formula, R 32 to R 37 , R 69 to R 80 , R 129 , R 130 and R 132 to R 135 have the same meaning as described above.) 5.
- At least one terminal is an alkyl group, aralkyl group, aryl group, alkylamino group, alkoxysilyl group-containing alkylamino group, aralkylamino group, arylamino group, alkoxy group, aralkyloxy group, aryloxy group, or ester group. Any one of the film-forming compositions capped 1-7, 9.
- the triazine ring end is an alkyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylamino group, an alkoxysilyl group-containing alkylamino group, an aralkylamino group, an arylamino group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyloxy group 8 film-forming compositions capped with groups, aryloxy groups, or ester groups, 10.
- the film according to any one of 1 to 9, wherein the dissolution accelerator is a compound containing one or more groups selected from a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, an amide bond, a urethane bond, and a urea bond.
- Forming composition 11.
- the film-forming composition according to any one of 1 to 9, wherein the dissolution accelerator is water;
- 12 The film-forming composition according to any one of 1 to 9, wherein the dissolution accelerator is an acid;
- An electronic device comprising a substrate and 14 films formed on the substrate; 16.
- An optical member comprising a substrate and 14 films formed on the substrate; 17.
- a solid-state imaging device comprising a charge-coupled device or a complementary metal oxide semiconductor comprising at least one layer of 14 films, 18.
- a solid-state imaging device comprising 14 films as a planarizing layer on a color filter; 19.
- a lens material, a planarizing material or an embedding material for a solid-state imaging device comprising the film forming composition of any one of 1 to 13.
- a triazine ring-containing polymer that dissolves quickly in various organic solvents including a resist solvent, has low viscosity, good handling properties, good filterability, and does not generate foreign matter after filtration.
- a film-forming composition containing an accelerator can be provided.
- the hyperbranched polymer used in the present invention exhibits a high refractive index because the triazine ring and the aryl (Ar) portion are gathered densely and the electron density is increased by adopting a hyperbranched structure. It is conceivable that.
- R and / or R ′ is a hydrogen atom
- a hyperbranched structure allows the nitrogen atom on the triazine ring and the hydrogen atom at the amine site to form a hydrogen bond. It is thought that the parts gather closely and the electron density increases. Therefore, even a polymer having no sulfur atom in its molecule exhibits a high refractive index of, for example, a refractive index of 1.70 (measured at 550 nm) or more.
- the range of this refractive index depends on the use scene, the lower limit is preferably 1.70 or more, more preferably 1.75 or more, and further preferably 1.80 or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is about 2.00 to 1.95.
- the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer has a hydrogen bond between the nitrogen atom on the triazine ring and the hydrogen atom of the amine moiety between the molecules.
- dissolving 1) it takes time to dissolve, 2) viscosity increases and handling becomes worse, 3) filterability decreases, and 4) foreign substances are removed after filtration by recombination of hydrogen bonds.
- problems such as occurrence may occur, but these problems can be solved by adding a dissolution accelerator.
- the handling of polymers and compositions containing them has been improved, the filtration time has been shortened, and no foreign matter has been generated after filtration. Can be achieved.
- the quality of the manufactured varnish can be managed stably because the varnish can be stably prepared.
- the storage stability of the manufactured varnish is improved and no foreign matter is generated, the film forming property when forming a film on an arbitrary substrate is stabilized, and the film quality and in-plane uniformity are improved, thereby producing the varnish.
- the process margin of the electronic device can be improved.
- the triazine ring containing hyperbranched polymer used by this invention can control the various physical properties which this has by changing the kind of monomer which is a starting material at the time of a synthesis
- the film produced using the film-forming composition comprising the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer of the present invention having the above-described characteristics and a dissolution accelerator includes a liquid crystal display, an organic electroluminescence (EL) display, an optical semiconductor ( LED) elements, solid-state imaging elements, organic thin film solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, organic thin film transistors (TFTs), and the like can be suitably used as a member when producing electronic devices. Moreover, it can utilize suitably as a member for lenses by which high refractive index is calculated
- a buried film and a planarizing film on a photodiode, a planarizing film before and after a color filter, a microlens, and a planarizing film and a conformal film on a microlens which are members of a solid-state imaging device that requires a high refractive index.
- a buried film and a planarizing film on a photodiode, a planarizing film before and after a color filter, a microlens, and a planarizing film and a conformal film on a microlens which are members of a solid-state imaging device that requires a high refractive index.
- FIG. 2 is a 1 H-NMR spectrum diagram of a hyperbranched polymer [3] obtained in Synthesis Example 1.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows the transmittance
- the film-forming composition according to the present invention includes a triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer having a repeating unit structure represented by the formula (1), and at least within the molecule and / or between molecules of the hyperbranched polymer. And a solubility enhancer that cleaves a hydrogen bond formed between the nitrogen atom and the NH group derived from diarylamine.
- R and R ′ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 20, and more preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms in view of further improving the heat resistance of the polymer. Is even more preferable.
- the structure may be any of a chain, a branch, and a ring.
- alkyl group examples include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, cyclopropyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, s-butyl group, t-butyl group, cyclobutyl group, 1-methyl group.
- -Cyclopropyl group 2-methyl-cyclopropyl group, n-pentyl group, 1-methyl-n-butyl group, 2-methyl-n-butyl group, 3-methyl-n-butyl group, 1,1-dimethyl -N-propyl group, 1,2-dimethyl-n-propyl group, 2,2-dimethyl-n-propyl group, 1-ethyl-n-propyl group, cyclopentyl group, 1-methyl-cyclobutyl group, 2-methyl -Cyclobutyl, 3-methyl-cyclobutyl, 1,2-dimethyl-cyclopropyl, 2,3-dimethyl-cyclopropyl, 1-ethyl-cyclopropyl, 2-ethyl Ru-cyclopropyl group, n-hexyl group, 1-methyl-n-pentyl group, 2-methyl-n-pentyl group, 3-methyl-n-pentyl group, 4-methyl-n-pentyl group,
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkoxy group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 20, and more preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms in view of further improving the heat resistance of the polymer. preferable.
- the structure of the alkyl moiety may be any of a chain, a branch, and a ring.
- alkoxy group examples include methoxy group, ethoxy group, n-propoxy group, isopropoxy group, n-butoxy group, isobutoxy group, s-butoxy group, t-butoxy group, n-pentoxy group, 1-methyl- n-butoxy group, 2-methyl-n-butoxy group, 3-methyl-n-butoxy group, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propoxy group, 1,2-dimethyl-n-propoxy group, 2,2-dimethyl -N-propoxy group, 1-ethyl-n-propoxy group, n-hexyloxy group, 1-methyl-n-pentyloxy group, 2-methyl-n-pentyloxy group, 3-methyl-n-pentyloxy group 4-methyl-n-pentyloxy group, 1,1-dimethyl-n-butoxy group, 1,2-dimethyl-n-butoxy group, 1,3-dimethyl-n-butoxy group, 2,2-dimethyl Ru-n-butoxy group, 2, 2,2-
- the number of carbon atoms of the aryl group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 6 to 40. In view of further improving the heat resistance of the polymer, 6 to 16 carbon atoms are more preferable, and 6 to 13 are even more preferable. preferable.
- Specific examples of the aryl group include phenyl group, o-chlorophenyl group, m-chlorophenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, o-fluorophenyl group, p-fluorophenyl group, o-methoxyphenyl group, p-methoxy group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the aralkyl group is not particularly limited, but preferably 7 to 20 carbon atoms, and the alkyl portion may be linear, branched or cyclic. Specific examples thereof include benzyl group, p-methylphenylmethyl group, m-methylphenylmethyl group, o-ethylphenylmethyl group, m-ethylphenylmethyl group, p-ethylphenylmethyl group, 2-propylphenylmethyl group. 4-isopropylphenylmethyl group, 4-isobutylphenylmethyl group, ⁇ -naphthylmethyl group and the like.
- Ar is not particularly limited as long as it is a divalent organic group containing one or both of an aromatic ring and a heterocyclic ring.
- Ar is represented by formulas (2) to (18). At least one is preferred, and in particular, at least one of formulas (5) to (18) is preferred, and formulas (5), (7), (8), (11), (12), (14) to (14) to At least one kind represented by (18) is more preferred.
- R 1 to R 128 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a carboxyl group, a sulfone group, an alkyl group which may have a branched structure having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- X 1 and X 2 each independently represent a single bond, an alkylene group which may have a branched structure having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a group represented by the formula (19).
- R 132 to R 135 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a carboxyl group, a sulfone group, an alkyl group that may have a branched structure having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- An alkoxy group which may have a branched structure is represented, and Y 1 and Y 2 each independently represent an alkylene group which may have a single bond or a branched structure having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of the halogen atom, alkyl group and alkoxy group are the same as those described above.
- alkylene group that may have a branched structure having 1 to 10 carbon atoms include a methylene group, an ethylene group, a propylene group, a trimethylene group, a tetramethylene group, and a pentamethylene group.
- Preferred examples of Ar in the present invention include divalent organic groups containing a fluorene ring.
- divalent organic groups represented by the following formulas (20) and (21) are preferable.
- R 32 to R 37 , R 69 to R 76 , R 129 , R 130 and R 132 to R 135 have the same meaning as described above, but all are preferably hydrogen atoms.
- Specific examples of the aryl group represented by the above formulas (2) to (18) include, but are not limited to, those represented by the following formulae.
- an aryl group represented by the following formula is more preferable because a polymer having a higher refractive index can be obtained.
- the aryl (Ar) moiety has a rigid structure having a cyclic skeleton such as a fluorene skeleton or a carbazole skeleton, and the aryl (Ar) part is likely to be densely gathered, and the electron density is high. It is suitable for improvement, and since a simple benzene ring also has a small structure, aryl (Ar) moieties are easily gathered closely, which is preferable because electron density is improved.
- a functional group such as a carbonyl-containing group or an amine having a high hydrogen bonding ability is a hydrogen atom at the amine site (when R and / or R ′ is a hydrogen atom).
- a hydrogen bond, and the aryl (Ar) portion is more likely to gather more closely, which is preferable because the electron density is improved.
- an aryl group represented by the following formula is preferable.
- an aryl group represented by the following formula is more preferable.
- Suitable examples of the repeating unit structure include those represented by the following formula (23), but are not limited thereto.
- the Ar group is preferably an m-phenylenediamine derivative group represented by the formula (22).
- R 77 to R 80 have the same meaning as described above, but any of them is preferably a hydrogen atom. Accordingly, suitable repeating unit structures for improving the solubility include those represented by the following formula (24), and in particular, repeating units represented by the following formula (25) in which R and R ′ are both hydrogen atoms. A hyperbranched polymer having a structure is optimal.
- the weight average molecular weight of the hyperbranched polymer used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 500 to 500,000, more preferably 500 to 100,000, further improving heat resistance and reducing shrinkage. From the point of lowering, 2,000 or more are preferable, 50,000 or less is preferable, 30,000 or less is more preferable, and 10,000 or less is more preferable from the viewpoint of further improving the solubility and lowering the viscosity of the obtained solution. More preferred are:
- the weight average molecular weight in this invention is an average molecular weight obtained by standard polystyrene conversion by gel permeation chromatography (henceforth GPC) analysis.
- a hyperbranched polymer having a repeating structure (23 ′) is obtained by using a cyanuric halide (26) and a bisaminophenylfluorene compound (27) having an amino group in a suitable organic solvent. It can be obtained by reacting in.
- a hyperbranched polymer having a repeating structure (24 ′) is obtained by reacting cyanuric halide (26) and m-phenylenediamine compound (28) in a suitable organic solvent. be able to.
- a hyperbranched polymer having a repeating structure (23 ′) is prepared by using a cyanuric halide (26) and a bisaminophenylfluorene compound (27) having an amino group in an appropriate organic solvent. It can also be synthesized from the compound (29) obtained by reacting in an equal amount in the reaction.
- a hyperbranched polymer having a repeating structure (24 ′) is obtained by using an equivalent amount of cyanuric halide (26) and m-phenylenediamine compound (28) in an appropriate organic solvent. It can also be synthesized from the compound (30) obtained by the reaction.
- the hyperbranched polymer of the present invention can be produced inexpensively, easily and safely. Since this production method is significantly shorter than the reaction time for synthesizing a general polymer, it is a production method suitable for environmental considerations in recent years and can reduce CO 2 emissions. Moreover, stable production is possible even if the production scale is greatly increased, and the stable supply system at the industrialization level is not impaired. In particular, considering the stability of cyanuric chloride as a raw material and an industrial viewpoint, the production method according to Scheme 2 is more preferable.
- the amount of each raw material charged is arbitrary as long as the desired hyperbranched polymer is obtained, but the diamino compound (27), (28) 0.01 to 10 equivalents are preferred.
- a hyperbranched polymer having many triazine ring ends having various molecular weights it is preferable to use diamino compounds (27) and (28) in an amount of less than 3 equivalents relative to 2 equivalents of cyanuric halide (26).
- diamino compounds (27) and (28) in an amount of less than 3 equivalents relative to 2 equivalents of cyanuric halide (26).
- cyanuric halide (26) is used in an amount of less than 2 equivalents relative to 3 equivalents of diamino compounds (27) and (28).
- a hyperbranched polymer having a large number of triazine ring ends is preferable in terms of having excellent transparency and light resistance.
- the molecular weight of the resulting hyperbranched polymer can be easily adjusted by appropriately adjusting the amounts of the diamino compounds (27), (28) and the cyanuric halide (26).
- organic solvent various solvents usually used in this kind of reaction can be used, for example, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethyl sulfoxide; N, N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, tetramethylurea.
- N, N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylacetamide, and mixed solvents thereof are preferable, and N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone are particularly preferable. Is preferred.
- the reaction temperature may be appropriately set in the range from the melting point of the solvent to be used to the boiling point of the solvent, but is preferably about 0 to 150 ° C., preferably 60 to 100 ° C. is more preferable. Particularly in the reaction of Scheme 1, the reaction temperature is preferably 60 to 150 ° C., preferably 80 to 150 ° C., and preferably 80 to 120 ° C. from the viewpoint of suppressing linearity and increasing the degree of branching. In the first stage method of Scheme 2, the reaction temperature may be appropriately set in the range from the melting point of the solvent used to the boiling point of the solvent, but is preferably about ⁇ 50 to 50 ° C., and preferably about ⁇ 20 to 50 ° C.
- it is preferable to employ a two-step process comprising a first step of reacting at ⁇ 50 to 50 ° C. and a second step of reacting at 60 to 150 ° C. following this step.
- either the component previously dissolved in the solvent or the component added later may be either, but the diamino compounds (27) and (28) are added to the cooled solution of the cyanuric halide (26).
- the technique is preferred.
- Components added later may be added neat or in a solution dissolved in an organic solvent as described above, but the latter method is preferred in view of ease of operation and ease of reaction control. It is. The addition may be gradually added by dropping or the like, or may be added all at once.
- the target triazine ring-containing hyperbranch can be obtained without gelation even when reacted in one step (without increasing the temperature stepwise). A polymer can be obtained.
- various bases usually used at the time of polymerization or after polymerization may be added.
- this base include potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium ethoxide, sodium acetate, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, potassium acetate, magnesium oxide, oxidized Calcium, barium hydroxide, trilithium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate, cesium fluoride, aluminum oxide, ammonia, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylmethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, N-methylpiperidine, 2,2, Examples include 6,6-tetramethyl-N-methylpiperidine, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, N-methylmorpholine and the like.
- the addition amount of the base is preferably 1 to 100 equivalents, more preferably 1 to 10 equivalents per 1 equivalent of cyanuric halide (26). These bases may be used as an aqueous solution. In the polymer obtained, it is preferable that no raw material components remain, but some raw materials may remain as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. In any of the scheme methods, after completion of the reaction, the product can be easily purified by a reprecipitation method or the like.
- At least one of the halogen atoms of the terminal triazine ring is substituted with an alkyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylamino group, an alkoxysilyl group-containing alkylamino group, an aralkylamino group, an arylamino group, You may cap by an alkoxy group, an aralkyloxy group, an aryloxy group, an ester group, etc.
- an alkylamino group, an alkoxysilyl group-containing alkylamino group, an aralkylamino group, and an arylamino group are preferable, an alkylamino group and an arylamino group are more preferable, and an arylamino group is further preferable.
- ester group examples include a methoxycarbonyl group and an ethoxycarbonyl group.
- alkylamino group include methylamino group, ethylamino group, n-propylamino group, isopropylamino group, n-butylamino group, isobutylamino group, s-butylamino group, t-butylamino group, n -Pentylamino group, 1-methyl-n-butylamino group, 2-methyl-n-butylamino group, 3-methyl-n-butylamino group, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propylamino group, 1,2 -Dimethyl-n-propylamino group, 2,2-dimethyl-n-propylamino group, 1-ethyl-n-propylamino group, n-hexylamino group, 1-methyl-n-pentylamino group, 2-methyl -N-p
- aralkylamino group examples include benzylamino group, methoxycarbonylphenylmethylamino group, ethoxycarbonylphenylmethylamino group, p-methylphenylmethylamino group, m-methylphenylmethylamino group, and o-ethylphenylmethylamino group.
- arylamino group examples include phenylamino group, methoxycarbonylphenylamino group, ethoxycarbonylphenylamino group, naphthylamino group, methoxycarbonylnaphthylamino group, ethoxycarbonylnaphthylamino group, anthranylamino group, pyrenylamino group, biphenylamino. Group, terphenylamino group, fluorenylamino group and the like.
- the alkoxysilyl group-containing alkylamino group may be any of a monoalkoxysilyl group-containing alkylamino group, a dialkoxysilyl group-containing alkylamino group, or a trialkoxysilyl group-containing alkylamino group.
- aryloxy group examples include a phenoxy group, a naphthoxy group, an anthranyloxy group, a pyrenyloxy group, a biphenyloxy group, a terphenyloxy group, and a fluorenyloxy group.
- aralkyloxy group examples include benzyloxy group, p-methylphenylmethyloxy group, m-methylphenylmethyloxy group, o-ethylphenylmethyloxy group, m-ethylphenylmethyloxy group, p-ethylphenylmethyl group.
- Examples include an oxy group, 2-propylphenylmethyloxy group, 4-isopropylphenylmethyloxy group, 4-isobutylphenylmethyloxy group, ⁇ -naphthylmethyloxy group, and the like.
- examples of the alkyl group, the aralkyl group, and the aryl group include the same groups as those described above. These groups can be easily introduced by substituting a halogen atom on the triazine ring with a compound that gives a corresponding substituent. For example, as shown in the following schemes 3-a and b, aniline derivatives To give hyperbranched polymers (31) and (32) having a phenylamino group at at least one terminal.
- the organic monoamine is simultaneously charged, that is, by reacting the cyanuric halide compound with the diaminoaryl compound in the presence of the organic monoamine, the rigidity of the hyperbranched polymer is reduced, and the degree of branching is reduced.
- a low soft hyperbranched polymer can be obtained.
- the hyperbranched polymer obtained by this method has excellent solubility in a solvent (inhibition of aggregation) and crosslinkability with a crosslinking agent, and is particularly used when used as a composition in combination with a crosslinking agent described later. It is advantageous.
- the organic monoamine any of alkyl monoamine, aralkyl monoamine, and aryl monoamine can be used as the organic monoamine.
- Alkyl monoamines include methylamine, ethylamine, n-propylamine, isopropylamine, n-butylamine, isobutylamine, s-butylamine, t-butylamine, n-pentylamine, 1-methyl-n-butylamine, 2-methyl- n-butylamine, 3-methyl-n-butylamine, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propylamine, 1,2-dimethyl-n-propylamine, 2,2-dimethyl-n-propylamine, 1-ethyl-n -Propylamine, n-hexylamine, 1-methyl-n-pentylamine, 2-methyl-n-pentylamine, 3-methyl-n-pentylamine, 4-methyl-n-pentylamine, 1,1-dimethyl -N-butylamine, 1,2-dimethyl-n-butylamine, 1,3-dimethyl-n Butylamine, 2,
- aralkyl monoamines include benzylamine, p-methoxycarbonylbenzylamine, p-ethoxycarbonylbenzylamine, p-methylbenzylamine, m-methylbenzylamine, o-methoxybenzylamine and the like.
- aryl monoamine examples include aniline, p-methoxycarbonylaniline, p-ethoxycarbonylaniline, p-methoxyaniline, 1-naphthylamine, 2-naphthylamine, anthranylamine, 1-aminopyrene, 4-biphenylylamine, o- And phenylaniline, 4-amino-p-terphenyl, 2-aminofluorene, and the like.
- the amount of the organic monoamine used is preferably 0.05 to 500 equivalents, more preferably 0.05 to 120 equivalents, and even more preferably 0.05 to 50 equivalents per equivalent of the cyanuric halide compound.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 60 to 150 ° C., preferably 80 to 150 ° C., and preferably 80 to 120 ° C. from the viewpoint of suppressing linearity and increasing the degree of branching.
- the mixing of the three components of the organic monoamine, the halogenated cyanuric compound and the diaminoaryl compound may be performed at a low temperature.
- the temperature is preferably about ⁇ 50 to 50 ° C., and about ⁇ 20 to 50 ° C.
- the reaction After the low temperature charging, it is preferable to carry out the reaction by raising the temperature to the polymerization temperature at once (in one step). Further, the two components of the cyanuric halide compound and the diaminoaryl compound may be mixed at a low temperature. In this case, the temperature is preferably about ⁇ 50 to 50 ° C., more preferably about ⁇ 20 to 50 ° C., More preferably, it is ⁇ 20 to 10 ° C. It is preferable to carry out the reaction by adding an organic monoamine after the low-temperature charging and raising the temperature to a temperature for polymerization (in one step). Moreover, you may perform reaction which makes a halogenated cyanuric compound and a diaminoaryl compound react with presence of such an organic monoamine using the organic solvent similar to the above-mentioned.
- the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer described above forms a strong hydrogen bond in the completely dried solid state because there is no compound serving as a medium in and between molecules.
- Specific hydrogen bonds include the hydrogen bond between the nitrogen atom on the triazine ring of the triazine ring-containing polymer and the hydrogen atom of the amine moiety (derived from diarylamine), or the terminal amines when the polymer ends are capped with amines. In these hydrogen bonds, bonds are formed by non-covalent attractive interactions. Due to this strong hydrogen bond in the solid state, the hydrogen bond is maintained even when preparing a solution using a solvent, although the polymer itself has a property of dissolving itself, so that the polymer dissolves in the solvent. It may be difficult.
- the film forming composition of the present invention is added with a dissolution accelerator, which is a compound having a function of breaking hydrogen bonds formed in and / or between the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer.
- a dissolution accelerator which is a compound having a function of breaking hydrogen bonds formed in and / or between the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer.
- the solubility promoter should just have the effect
- the hydrogen bonding environment when the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer is solid may be any environment that can be changed to a different environment when dissolved in a solvent or after dissolution.
- Such a dissolution accelerator is not particularly limited as long as it has the above-described action, but includes a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, an amide bond, a urethane bond, and a urea bond.
- the compound containing 1 type, or 2 or more types of groups chosen from is preferable.
- Specific examples of the dissolution promoter containing such a group (bond) include water, an acid, a base, and a salt formed from an acid and a base.
- water ion-exchanged water, ultrapure water, or the like can be used. Since water is the smallest unit that acts as a dissolution accelerator, it is easy to enter between the molecules of the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer of the present invention, and it is easy to form a new hydrogen bond. It is.
- acids include Lewis acids, inorganic acids, and organic acids in a broad sense. Specific examples thereof include hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, chloric acid, boric acid, bromic acid, iodic acid, perbromic acid, metaperiodic acid, permanganic acid, thiocyanic acid, tetrafluoroboric acid, hexafluorophosphoric acid, Sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, carbonic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, amino acid, hyaluronic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, tosylic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, anthranilic acid, 5-methylisophthalic acid, p-toluic acid, m-toluic acid
- bases include Lewis bases, inorganic bases, and organic bases in a broad sense. Specific examples thereof include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, water Trimethylsulfonium oxide, diphenyliodonium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, pyridine, triethylamine, 1,8-diazabicyclo [5,4,0] -7-undecene, benzamide, 4-picoline, 4-aminopyridine, 4-hydroxypyridine, 4 -Mercaptopyridine, 3-picoline, 3-aminopyridine, 2-picoline, 2-aminopyridine, 3-hydroxypyridine, 2-hydroxypyridine, 4-ethylpyridine, 3,5-lutidine, 3,4-lutidine, 2 , 6-lutidine,
- the dissolution accelerator may be a combination of the above-described acid and base, and examples of such combinations include amine carboxylates, amine sulfates, amine nitrates, and amine nitrites.
- Specific examples include dicyclohexylammonium nitrite, dicyclohexylammonium salicylate, monoethanolamine benzoate, dicyclohexylammonium benzoate, diisopropylammonium benzoate, diisopropylammonium nitrite, cyclohexylamine carbamate, nitronaphthaleneammonium nitrite, cyclohexylamine benzoate, dicyclohexylammonium cyclohexane.
- Examples thereof include carboxylate, cyclohexylamine cyclohexanecarboxylate, dicyclohexylammonium acrylate, and cyclohexylamine acrylate.
- the content of the dissolution accelerator in the composition is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 to 100 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass (in terms of solid content) of the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer. 1 to 50 parts by mass is more preferable, and 1 to 20 parts by mass is even more preferable.
- the content of the dissolution accelerator can be used as long as the film forming property of the composition is good and the optical properties of the organic film to be produced are not significantly changed.
- the dissolution accelerator exhibits its effectiveness most when the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer is dissolved in a solvent.
- solvents include toluene, p-xylene, o-xylene, m-xylene, ethylbenzene, styrene, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol, propylene glycol monoethyl ether.
- Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, dipro Lenglycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol, 1-octanol, ethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1 -Methoxy-2-butanol, cyclohexanol, diacetone alcohol, furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfury
- the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer and the solvent are mixed, and then the dissolution accelerator is added, or the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer and the dissolution accelerator are mixed, and then the solvent is added.
- the solvent and the dissolution accelerator may be mixed, and then the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer may be added.
- the triazine ring-containing hyperbranched polymer and other components other than the dissolution accelerator for example, a leveling agent, a surfactant, a crosslinking agent, etc. It may be included.
- surfactant examples include polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers such as polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether; polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenol Polyoxyethylene alkyl allyl ethers such as ethers; polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block copolymers; sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan tristearate Sorbitan fatty acid esters such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethyleneso Nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters such as bitane monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate, trade name
- Fluorosurfactant such as FLORARD FC430, FC431 (manufactured by Sumitomo 3M Co., Ltd.), trade names Asahi Guard AG710, Surflon S-382, SC101, SC102, SC103, SC104, SC105, SC106 (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.) Agent Ganosiloxane polymer KP341 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), BYK-302, BYK-307, BYK-322, BYK-323, BYK-330, BYK-333, BYK-370, BYK-375, BYK-378 ( Big Chemie Japan Co., Ltd.).
- surfactants may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the surfactant used is preferably 0.0001 to 5 parts by mass, more preferably 0.001 to 1 part by mass, and still more preferably 0.01 to 0.5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the hyperbranched polymer. preferable.
- the crosslinking agent is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound having a substituent capable of reacting with the hyperbranched polymer of the present invention.
- examples of such compounds include melamine compounds having a crosslinkable substituent such as a methylol group and methoxymethyl group, substituted urea compounds, compounds containing a crosslinkable substituent such as an epoxy group or an oxetane group, and blocked isocyanates.
- the blocked isocyanate group is also preferable from the viewpoint that the refractive index does not decrease because it is crosslinked by a urea bond and has a carbonyl group.
- These compounds only need to have at least one cross-linking substituent when used for polymer terminal treatment, and have at least two cross-linking substituents when used for cross-linking treatment between polymers. There is a need.
- an epoxy compound As an epoxy compound, it has two or more epoxy groups in one molecule, and when exposed to a high temperature at the time of thermosetting, the epoxy is ring-opened and crosslinked with the hyperbranched polymer used in the present invention by an addition reaction. Is something that progresses.
- crosslinking agent examples include tris (2,3-epoxypropyl) isocyanurate, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, 1,2-epoxy-4- (epoxyethyl) cyclohexane, glycerol triglycidyl ether, diethylene glycol Diglycidyl ether, 2,6-diglycidylphenyl glycidyl ether, 1,1,3-tris [p- (2,3-epoxypropoxy) phenyl] propane, 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid diglycidyl ester, 4,4 '-Methylenebis (N, N-diglycidylaniline), 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, trimethylolethane triglycidyl ether, bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether, pentae Examples include lithi
- epoxy resins having at least two epoxy groups YH-434, YH434L (manufactured by Tohto Kasei Co., Ltd.), epoxy resins having a cyclohexene oxide structure, Epolide GT-401 and GT -403, GT-301, GT-302, Celoxide 2021, 3000 (manufactured by Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.), bisphenol A type epoxy resin, Epicoat (currently jER) 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1007, 1009, 1010, 828 (Japan Epoxy Resin Co., Ltd.), Bisphenol F type epoxy resin, Epicoat (currently jER) 807 (Japan Epoxy Resin Co., Ltd.) , Epicoat (a phenol novolac type epoxy resin) , JER) 152, 154 (above, manufactured by Japan Epoxy Resins Co., Ltd.), EPPN 201, 202 (above, manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.
- EX-612, EX-614, EX-622, EX-411, EX-512, EX-522, EX-522, EX-421, EX-313, EX-314, EX-321 can also be used.
- the acid anhydride compound is a carboxylic acid anhydride obtained by dehydrating and condensing two molecules of carboxylic acid. When exposed to a high temperature during thermosetting, the anhydride ring is opened and the hyperbranch used in the present invention is used. A crosslinking reaction proceeds with the polymer by an addition reaction.
- Specific examples of the acid anhydride compound include phthalic anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride, methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, nadic anhydride, methyl nadic anhydride, maleic anhydride.
- a (meth) acrylic compound it has two or more (meth) acrylic groups in one molecule, and when exposed to a high temperature during thermosetting, it is crosslinked by an addition reaction with the hyperbranched polymer used in the present invention.
- the reaction proceeds.
- the compound having a (meth) acryl group include ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate, and ethoxylated tri Methylolpropane triacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, ethoxylated glycerin triacrylate, ethoxylated glycerin trimethacrylate, ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, ethoxylated pentaerythritol te
- the compound having the (meth) acryl group is available as a commercial product. Specific examples thereof include NK ester A-200, same A-400, same A-600, same A-1000, same A- TMPT, UA-53H, 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 9G, 14G, 23G, ABE-300, A-BPE-4, A-BPE-6, A- BPE-10, A-BPE-20, A-BPE-30, BPE-80N, BPE-100N, BPE-200, BPE-500, BPE-900, BPE-1300N, A -GLY-3E, A-GLY-9E, A-GLY-20E, A-TMPT-3EO, A-TMPT-9EO, ATM-4E, ATM-35E KAYAR) D (registered trademark) DPEA-12, PEG400DA, THE-330, RP-1040 (above, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.), M-210, M-350 (above, Toagosei Co
- the isocyanate group (—NCO) has two or more blocked isocyanate groups blocked by an appropriate protective group in one molecule and is exposed to a high temperature during thermal curing
- the protecting group (block portion) is dissociated by thermal dissociation, and the resulting isocyanate group causes a crosslinking reaction with the resin.
- two or more groups represented by the following formula in one molecule (note these The groups may be the same or different from each other).
- R b represents an organic group in the block part.
- Such a compound can be obtained, for example, by reacting an appropriate blocking agent with a compound having two or more isocyanate groups in one molecule.
- the compound having two or more isocyanate groups in one molecule include, for example, isophorone diisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, methylene bis (4-cyclohexyl isocyanate), polyisocyanate of trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, and dimers thereof. , Trimers, and reaction products of these with diols, triols, diamines, or triamines.
- the blocking agent examples include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, 2-ethoxyhexanol, 2-N, N-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, cyclohexanol; phenol, o-nitrophenol , P-chlorophenol, phenols such as o-, m- or p-cresol; lactams such as ⁇ -caprolactam, oximes such as acetone oxime, methyl ethyl ketone oxime, methyl isobutyl ketone oxime, cyclohexanone oxime, acetophenone oxime, benzophenone oxime
- pyrazoles such as pyrazole, 3,5-dimethylpyrazole and 3-methylpyrazole
- thiols such as dodecanethiol and benzenethiol.
- a compound containing a blocked isocyanate is also available as a commercial product.
- Specific examples thereof include B-830, B-815N, B-842N, B-870N, B-874N, B-882N, B -7005, B-7030, B-7075, B-5010 (Mitsui Chemicals Polyurethane Co., Ltd.), Duranate (registered trademark) 17B-60PX, TPA-B80E, MF-B60X, MF-K60X, E402-B80T (above, manufactured by Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation), Karenz MOI-BM (registered trademark) (above, manufactured by Showa Denko Co., Ltd.), and the like.
- an aminoplast compound As an aminoplast compound, it has two or more methoxymethylene groups in one molecule, and when exposed to a high temperature during thermosetting, it undergoes a crosslinking reaction with a hyperbranched polymer used in the present invention by a demethanol condensation reaction. It is a progression.
- Examples of the melamine-based compound include Cymel series such as hexamethoxymethylmelamine CYMEL (registered trademark) 303, tetrabutoxymethylglycoluril 1170, tetramethoxymethylbenzoguanamine 1123 (above, manufactured by Nihon Cytec Industries, Ltd.), Nicalac (registered trademark) MW-30HM, MW-390, MW-100LM, MX-750LM, which are methylated melamine resins, MX-270, MX-280, MX-290, which are methylated urea resins. (Nicarak series, etc., manufactured by Sanwa Chemical Co., Ltd.).
- Cymel series such as hexamethoxymethylmelamine CYMEL (registered trademark) 303, tetrabutoxymethylglycoluril 1170, tetramethoxymethylbenzoguanamine 1123 (above, manufactured by Nihon Cytec Industries, Ltd.), Nicalac (register
- oxetane compound As an oxetane compound, it has two or more oxetanyl groups in one molecule, and when exposed to a high temperature during thermosetting, a crosslinking reaction proceeds by an addition reaction with the hyperbranched polymer used in the present invention. is there.
- the compound having an oxetane group include OX-221-containing oxetane group, OX-SQ-H, and OX-SC (manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.).
- the phenoplast compound has two or more hydroxymethylene groups in one molecule, and when exposed to a high temperature during thermosetting, the crosslinking reaction proceeds with the hyperbranched polymer used in the present invention by a dehydration condensation reaction.
- the phenoplast compound include 2,6-dihydroxymethyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dihydroxymethyl-6-methylphenol, bis (2-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-5-methylphenyl) methane, Bis (4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-5-methylphenyl) methane, 2,2-bis (4-hydroxy-3,5-dihydroxymethylphenyl) propane, bis (3-formyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) methane Bis (4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylphenyl) formylmethane, ⁇ , ⁇ -bis (4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylphenyl) -4-formyltoluene and the like.
- the phenoplast compound is also available as a commercial product, and specific examples thereof include 26DMPC, 46DMOC, DM-BIPC-F, DM-BIOC-F, TM-BIP-A, BISA-F, BI25X-DF. BI25X-TPA (above, manufactured by Asahi Organic Materials Co., Ltd.).
- crosslinking agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the crosslinking agent used is preferably 1 to 100 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the hyperbranched polymer, but considering the solvent resistance, the lower limit is preferably 10 parts by mass, more preferably 20 parts by mass. Furthermore, in consideration of controlling the refractive index, the upper limit is preferably 50 parts by mass, more preferably 30 parts by mass.
- the cross-linking agent and the reactive terminal substituent of the hyperbranched polymer may react to express effects such as improvement in film density, heat resistance, and heat relaxation ability.
- the said other component can be added at the arbitrary processes at the time of preparing the composition of this invention.
- the film-forming composition of the present invention can be applied to a substrate and then heated as necessary to form a desired film.
- the coating method of the composition is arbitrary, for example, spin coating method, dip method, flow coating method, ink jet method, spray method, bar coating method, gravure coating method, slit coating method, roll coating method, transfer printing method, brush Methods such as coating, blade coating, and air knife coating can be employed.
- the firing temperature is not particularly limited for the purpose of evaporating the solvent, and can be performed at 40 to 400 ° C., for example. In these cases, the temperature may be changed in two or more steps for the purpose of expressing a higher uniform film forming property or allowing the reaction to proceed on the substrate.
- the baking method is not particularly limited, and for example, it may be evaporated using a hot plate or an oven in an appropriate atmosphere such as air, an inert gas such as nitrogen, or in a vacuum.
- the firing temperature and firing time may be selected in accordance with the process steps of the target electronic device, and the firing conditions may be selected so that the physical properties of the obtained film meet the required characteristics of the electronic device.
- the film made of the composition of the present invention thus obtained can achieve high heat resistance, high transparency, high refractive index, high solubility, and low volume shrinkage, so that it can be used for liquid crystal displays, organic electroluminescence (EL ) It can be suitably used as a member for producing electronic devices such as displays, optical semiconductor (LED) elements, solid-state imaging elements, organic thin film solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, and organic thin film transistors (TFTs).
- LED optical semiconductor
- TFTs organic thin film transistors
- thermoplastic resin examples include polyolefin resins such as PE (polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer), EEA (ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer); PS (polystyrene) Polystyrene resins such as HIPS (high impact polystyrene), AS (acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer), ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer), MS (methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer); polycarbonate resin; Polyvinyl resin; Polyamide resin; (Meth) acrylic resin such as PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate); PET (polyethylene terephthalate), polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate
- thermosetting resins examples include phenol resin, urea resin, melamine resin, unsaturated polyester resin. , Polyurethane resin, epoxy resin and the like. These resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more, and the amount used is preferably 1 to 10,000 parts by weight, more preferably 100 parts by weight of the hyperbranched polymer. 1 to 1,000 parts by mass.
- a composition with a (meth) acrylic resin can be obtained by blending a (meth) acrylate compound into the composition and polymerizing the (meth) acrylate compound.
- (meth) acrylate compounds include methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, polyethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, propylene glycol di (Meth) acrylate, polypropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di (meth) acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di (meth) acrylate, neopentyl glycol di (meth) acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri Oxyethyl (meth) acrylate, tricyclodecane dimethanol di (meth) acrylate, tricyclodecany
- Polymerization of these (meth) acrylate compounds can be carried out by light irradiation or heating in the presence of a photo radical initiator or a heat radical initiator.
- a photo radical initiator or a heat radical initiator examples include acetophenones, benzophenones, Michler's benzoylbenzoate, amyloxime ester, tetramethylthiuram monosulfide, and thioxanthones.
- photocleavable photoradical polymerization initiators are preferred.
- the photocleavable photoradical polymerization initiator is described in the latest UV curing technology (p. 159, publisher: Kazuhiro Takahisa, publisher: Technical Information Association, Inc., published in 1991).
- radical photopolymerization initiators are, for example, trade names: Irgacure 184, 369, 651, 500, 819, 907, 784, 2959, CGI 1700, CGI 1750, CGI 1850, CG24-61, Darocur, manufactured by Ciba Japan 1116, 1173, manufactured by BASF, Inc.
- Product name Lucillin TPO, manufactured by UCB, Inc.
- Product name Ubekrill P36, manufactured by Fratteri Lamberti, Inc.
- the photopolymerization initiator is preferably used in the range of 0.1 to 15 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the (meth) acrylate compound.
- the solvent used for the polymerization include the same solvents as those exemplified above for the film-forming composition.
- m-phenylenediamine [2] (28.94 g, 0.27 mol, manufactured by Aldrich) was added to a 1000 mL four-necked flask, dissolved in 121 mL of N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and 100 ° C. in an oil bath. Heated. Thereafter, 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine [1] (36.91 g, 0.20 mol, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) dissolved in DMAc (261.5 mL) was added to initiate polymerization. .
- DMAc N, N-dimethylacetamide
- aniline 56.53 g, 0.6 mol, manufactured by Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd.
- 28% ammonia aqueous solution 30.4 g was reprecipitated in a mixed solution in 1,600 mL of water and 520 mL of methanol.
- the precipitate was filtered, redissolved in 400 mL of THF and 15 mL of N, N-dimethylformamide, and reprecipitated in 2,100 mL of ion-exchanged water.
- the resulting precipitate was filtered and dried at 150 ° C.
- HB-TmDA45 the target polymer compound [3] (hereinafter abbreviated as HB-TmDA45).
- the measurement result of 1 H-NMR spectrum of HB-TmDA45 is shown in FIG.
- the obtained HB-TmDA45 is a compound having a structural unit represented by the formula (1).
- the weight average molecular weight Mw measured by GPC of HB-TmDA45 in terms of polystyrene was 4,600, and the polydispersity Mw / Mn was 2.37.
- HB-TmDA45 1.0 g of the obtained HB-TmDA45 was dissolved in 9.0 g of cyclohexanone (hereinafter referred to as CHN) to obtain a light yellow transparent solution.
- CHN cyclohexanone
- the obtained polymer varnish was spin-coated on a glass substrate at 200 rpm for 5 seconds and 2,000 rpm for 30 seconds, baked at 150 ° C. for 2 minutes, and 250 ° C. for 5 minutes to remove the solvent, and the film Got.
- the refractive index at 550 nm was 1.8030.
- Example 1 To a 10 mL eggplant flask, 2.00 g of HB-TmDA45 was added, and then 7.84 g of CHN and 0.16 g of ion-exchanged water were added (ion-exchanged water: 2% by mass of the total amount of solvent, solid content: 20% by mass). When stirring at a rotational speed of 50 rpm using a mechanical stirrer, the time required for complete dissolution was 17 hours. Complete dissolution refers to a state in which the solute is observed with the naked eye and no solute remains and is a uniform transparent solution.
- Example 2 To a 10 mL eggplant flask, 2.00 g of HB-TmDA45 was added, and then 7.68 g of CHN and 0.32 g of ion-exchanged water were added (ion-exchanged water: 4% by mass of the total solvent amount, solid content: 20% by mass). When stirring at a rotational speed of 50 rpm using a mechanical stirrer, the time required for complete dissolution was 16 hours.
- Example 3 To a 10 mL eggplant flask, 2.00 g of HB-TmDA45 was added, and then 7.52 g of CHN and 0.48 g of ion-exchanged water were added (ion-exchanged water: 4% by mass of the total amount of solvent, solid content: 20% by mass). When stirring at a rotational speed of 50 rpm using a mechanical stirrer, the time required for complete dissolution was 16 hours.
- Example 4 To a 10 mL eggplant flask, 1.80 g of HB-TmDA45 was added, and then 7.20 g of CHN and a 20% CHN solution of 0.90 g of acetic acid were added (acetic acid amount: 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of polymer solids, Solid content: 20% by mass). When stirring at a rotational speed of 50 rpm using a mechanical stirrer, the time required for complete dissolution was 16 hours.
- Example 5 To a 10 mL eggplant flask, 1.80 g of HB-TmDA45 was added, and then 7.20 g of CHN and 0.90 g of 20% by mass CHN solution of acrylic acid (acrylic acid amount: 10 mass with respect to 100 mass parts of polymer solid content). Part, solid content: 20% by mass). When stirring at a rotational speed of 50 rpm using a mechanical stirrer, the time required for complete dissolution was 16 hours.
- Example 6 To a 10 mL eggplant flask, 1.80 g of HB-TmDA45 was added, and then 7.20 g of CHN and a 0.9 wt.% CHN solution of 0.90 g of triethylamine were added (triethylamine amount: 10 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of polymer solids, Solid content: 20% by mass). When stirring at a rotational speed of 50 rpm using a mechanical stirrer, the time required for complete dissolution was 12 hours.
- Example 7 To a 10 mL eggplant flask, 1.80 g of HB-TmDA45 was added, and then 7.20 g of CHN and a 0.9 mass of 0.90 g of 3-aminopyrazole were added (amount of 3-aminopyrazole: 100 parts by mass of polymer solids). 10 parts by mass, solid content: 20% by mass). When stirring at a rotational speed of 50 rpm using a mechanical stirrer, the time required for complete dissolution was 13 hours.
- Example 8 To a 10 mL eggplant flask, 1.80 g of HB-TmDA45 was added, and then 20% CHN solution of CHN6.8832 g, ion-exchanged water 0.3168 g, and acetic acid 0.90 g was added (acetic acid amount: polymer solid content 100 parts by mass) 10 parts by mass, ion-exchanged water: 4% by mass of the total solvent amount, solid content: 20% by mass). When stirring at a rotational speed of 50 rpm using a mechanical stirrer, the time required for complete dissolution was 12 hours.
- Example 9 To a 10 mL eggplant flask, 1.80 g of HB-TmDA45 was added, and then a 20 wt% CHN solution of CHN 6.8832 g, ion-exchanged water 0.3168 g, and triethylamine 0.90 g was added (amount of triethylamine: 100 parts by mass of polymer solids). 10 parts by mass, ion-exchanged water: 4% by mass of the total amount of solvent, solid content: 20% by mass). When stirring at a rotational speed of 50 rpm using a mechanical stirrer, the time required for complete dissolution was 11 hours.
- Example 10 To a 1 L eggplant flask, 120.00 g of HB-TmDA45 was added, and then 460.80 g of CHN and 19.20 g of ion-exchanged water were added, and the mixture was stirred using a mechanical stirrer at a rotation speed of 50 rpm and completely dissolved.
- HB-TmDA45V1 20% by mass solution of HB-TmDA45, 120.00 g of 20% CHN solution of B-882N (Mitsui Chemical Polyurethane Co., Ltd.) (20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of polymer solids), 20% of acetic acid 90.00 g of CHN solution (15 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of polymer solids), 6.00 g of 1% CHN solution of the trade name Megafax F-554 (manufactured by DIC Corporation) 0.05 parts by mass) and 84.3330 g of CHN were added, respectively, and stirred for 30 minutes using a mechanical stirrer to obtain a uniform 18% by mass polymer solution (hereinafter abbreviated as HB-TmDA45V1).
- B-882N Mitsubishi Chemical Polyurethane Co., Ltd.
- HB-TmDA45 To this 20% by mass solution of HB-TmDA45, 120.00 g of 20% CHN solution of B-882N (Mitsui Chemical Polyurethane Co., Ltd.) (20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of polymer solids) 1% CHN solution of F-554 (manufactured by DIC Corporation) 6.00 g (0.05 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of polymer solids) and 74.3333 g of CHN were added, and 30 minutes using a mechanical stirrer. The mixture was stirred to obtain a uniform 18% by mass polymer solution (hereinafter abbreviated as HB-TmDA45V2).
- B-882N Mitsubishi Chemical Polyurethane Co., Ltd.
- F-554 manufactured by DIC Corporation
- Example 11 The HB-TmDA45V1 containing water and acetic acid obtained in Example 10 was subjected to pressure filtration in a class 1000 clean room.
- the filter used for the filtration was a microlith optimizer DPR / DPR-L disposable filter manufactured by Nihon Integris Co., Ltd., connection method: compression seal, type: DPR (short type), pore size: 0.05 ⁇ m, inlet / outlet: 6.35 mm, vent / drain: 6.35 mm UPE filter was used.
- Pressure filtration was started, and the first 200 g of the varnish that passed through the filter was discarded, and the collection was started from the next 30 g and collected into 15 100 mL bottles.
- the bottle used for the collection was a clean bottle manufactured by Aicero Chemical Co., Ltd.
- a total of 15 varnishes collected in the bottle were stored independently at 23 ° C, 5 ° C, and -20 ° C for 0, 7, 20, 30, 60 days, and the particles were collected using an in-liquid particle counter. It was measured.
- the varnish stored at ⁇ 20 ° C. and 5 ° C. was allowed to stand at 23 ° C. for 3 hours or more before measurement and measured after the liquid temperature reached 23 ° C.
- the particles in the liquid were measured after confirming that 0.50 ⁇ m ⁇ 1 or less in 1 mL in filtered CHN measured as a blank.
- Tables 1 to 3 show the measurement results of particles in liquid per mL in the measurement ranges of 0.30 ⁇ m ⁇ , 0.50 ⁇ m ⁇ , 1.00 ⁇ m ⁇ , and 2.00 ⁇ m ⁇ .
- Table 1 shows the number of particles in liquid when stored at 23 ° C.
- Table 2 shows the number of particles in liquid when stored at 5 ° C.
- Table 3 shows the number of particles in liquid when stored at ⁇ 20 ° C.
- Comparative Example 3 The HB-TmDA45V2 obtained in Comparative Example 2 was subjected to pressure filtration in the same manner as in Example 11, and particles were measured using an in-liquid particle counter. As a result, a Cell NG error occurred during the measurement, indicating a measurement error caused by too many particles.
- Example 11 When Example 11 was compared with Comparative Example 3, it was found that Comparative Example 3 had too many particles and could not be measured, whereas Example 11 was able to reduce particles very well. In addition, it was found that under storage conditions of 23 ° C., 5 ° C., and ⁇ 20 ° C., the particles in the liquid did not remarkably increase and had good storage stability.
- Example 12 HB-TmDA45V1 prepared in Example 11 was applied on a silicon substrate with a spin coater with a target of 700 nm, baked on a hot plate at 100 ° C. for 1 minute, and then baked on a hot plate at 200 ° C. for 5 minutes. Finally, baking was performed on a hot plate at 300 ° C. for 5 minutes to produce a film (hereinafter abbreviated as HB-TmDA45F1). The refractive index of HB-TmDA45F1 was measured.
- the refractive index was 1.8614 when the wavelength was 400 nm, 1.7642 when the wavelength was 550 nm, 1.7430 when the wavelength was 633 nm, and the average refractive index from 400 nm to 700 nm was 1.7742. Thus, it was found that even when a composition containing a dissolution accelerator and a crosslinking agent was used, a very high refractive index was expressed.
- HB-TmDA45V1 prepared in Example 11 was applied to a quartz substrate with a spin coater with a target of 700 nm, fired on a 100 ° C. hot plate for 1 minute, and then fired on a 200 ° C. hot plate for 5 minutes.
- HB-TmDA45F2 a film (hereinafter abbreviated as HB-TmDA45F2). The result of measuring the transmittance of HB-TmDA45F2 is shown in FIG.
- HB-TmDA45V1 prepared in Example 11 was applied onto a quartz substrate with a spin coater with a target of 700 nm, baked on a hot plate at 100 ° C. for 1 minute, and then baked on a hot plate at 200 ° C. for 5 minutes. Finally, baking was performed on a hot plate at 300 ° C. for 5 minutes to produce a film (hereinafter abbreviated as HB-TmDA45F3).
- the results of measuring the transmittance of HB-TmDA45F3 are also shown in FIG.
- the transmittance of the film at the time of baking at 200 ° C. for 5 minutes and the transmittance of the film at the time of baking at 200 ° C. for 5 minutes and 300 ° C. for 5 minutes are not significantly reduced. It was found to have a high heat-resistant transmittance.
- Example 15 The solvent resistance test of HB-TmDA45F1 obtained in Example 12 was performed.
- the film thickness of HB-TmDA45F1 was 687.9 nm, which was the initial film thickness.
- HB-TmDA45F1 was completely immersed independently in propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, cyclohexanone, acetone, and ethyl lactate, and left for 5 minutes. Next, after drying with air, baking was performed on a hot plate at 200 ° C. for 1 minute to completely evaporate the residual solvent, and then the film thickness was measured and compared with the initial film thickness.
- solvent resistance is a characteristic that is required when a post-process for patterning is performed by recoating a resist or the like on the film. If there is no solvent resistance, the film and resist are dissolved in the resist solvent used for recoating. May be mixed and the original characteristics may not be exhibited.
- Example 16 Using the HB-TmDA45V1 prepared in Example 11, an embedding test was conducted.
- the structure substrate used for the embeddability test is made of silicon, has a depth of 1.6 ⁇ m, and a Via diameter of 400 nm.
- HB-TmDA45V1 is applied to the structure substrate by spin coating with a target of 700 nm, pre-baked for 1 minute on a 100 ° C hot plate, and then fired for 5 minutes on a 200 ° C hot plate in the atmosphere. Finally, main baking was performed for 5 minutes on a 300 ° C. hot plate. The fired structure substrate was scratched at the edge of the substrate using a diamond pen, then the substrate was cleaved and subjected to SEM observation.
- the embeddability was good, suggesting the possibility of being used as an embedding material.
- the highly branched polymer of the present invention is used as a planarizing material on a photodiode, since the refractive index is as high as 1.7 or more, light can be guided to the photodiode by the principle of an optical waveguide, so that the current Via diameter is further increased. It becomes possible to set small, and it becomes possible to produce a highly delicate solid-state imaging device.
- the composition containing the hyperbranched polymer of the present invention and a dissolution accelerator has excellent storage stability as a varnish, excellent transparency and heat resistance when used as a film, and has a high refractive index. It has excellent solubility in various solvents, so it is a protective film for liquid crystal display elements, TFT array flattening films, overcoats such as color filters, spacer materials, light extraction improving films for EL displays, and imaging It can be applied to a light intake improvement layer of an element, a light extraction improvement layer of an LED element, and the like.
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Abstract
Description
例えば、シロキサンポリマーと、ジルコニアまたはチタニアなどを分散させた微粒子分散材料とを混合してなるハイブリッド材料を用いて屈折率を高める手法が報告されている(特許文献1)。
さらに、シロキサンポリマーの一部に高屈折率な縮合環状骨格を導入する手法も報告されている(特許文献2)。
これまで炭素および窒素からなる耐熱性有機材料としては、芳香族ポリイミドや芳香族ポリアミドが主として用いられているが、これらの材料は直鎖構造を有しているため耐熱温度はそれほど高くない。
また、耐熱性を有する含窒素高分子材料としてトリアジン系縮合材料も報告されている(特許文献4)。
求められる具体的な特性としては、1)耐熱性、2)透明性、3)高屈折率、4)高溶解性、5)低体積収縮率などが挙げられる。
しかし、上述した眼鏡用高屈折率レンズ用材料は一般的に耐熱性が乏しく、200℃以下の温度範囲で作製する必要があるため、大気下、300℃で焼成するなどのプロセスには不向きである。
また、芳香族環やトリアジン環を導入した高分子化合物は、一般的に溶媒への溶解性が不足しているため、安全性溶剤であるレジスト溶剤には不溶であり、一方、高溶解性を示す材料は、透明性が低いのが一般的である。
また、この材料は性質の異なる微粒子を含むことから、エッチングやアッシングなどのドライプロセスを経る場合、エッチレートが不安定となって均一な膜厚の被膜が得られにくく、デバイスを作製する際のプロセスマージンが狭くなるという問題もある。
ハイパーブランチポリマーとは、例えば、ABx型の多官能性モノマー(ここでAとBは互いに反応する官能基、Bの数Xは2以上)を重合させて得られる不規則な分岐構造を有する高分岐ポリマーである。
一方、デンドリマーとは、規則的な分岐構造を有する高分岐ポリマーである。ハイパーブランチポリマーは、デンドリマーより合成が容易であり、高分子量体も合成しやすいという特徴がある。
トリアジン環を有するハイパーブランチポリマーは難燃剤用途として合成された報告例がある(非特許文献1)。
このトリアジン環を有するハイパーブランチポリマーは、一般的なレジスト溶剤などに溶解し得るポリマーであるものの、その構造によっては、1)溶解するのに時間を要する、2)粘度が増加してハンドリング性が悪くなる、3)ろ過性が低下する、4)ろ過後に異物が発生する、などの問題が発生する場合があることがわかってきた。
そこで、本発明者らは、トリアジン環含有ハイパーブランチポリマーが、分子間でN-H・・・Nの水素結合を形成し易いことに起因して上記各問題が発生するのではないかと推測し、さらなる検討を重ねた結果、このハイパーブランチポリマーに、水素結合を切断可能な化合物を加えることで溶解を促進し、上述した各種問題点を解消でき、これら各成分を含む組成物が、電子デバイスを作製する際の膜形成用組成物としてより好適なものとなることを見出し、本発明を完成した。
また、この水素結合を切断する手法を利用したポリアミドの接合方法が報告されており(特許文献5)、水素結合の切断によって、強固な接合が可能であることが記載されているが、本発明で用いるような、トリアジン環およびアミノ基の双方を有する化合物が上述した各問題点を有していることや、水素結合切断作用を有する溶解促進剤を加えることで、それらの問題点を解消し得ることについては記載されていない。
1. 下記式(1)で表される繰り返し単位構造を含むトリアジン環含有ハイパーブランチポリマー、および少なくとも前記ハイパーブランチポリマーの分子内および/または分子間で、トリアジン環上の窒素原子とジアリールアミン由来のNH基との間で形成された水素結合を切断する溶解促進剤を含むことを特徴とする膜形成用組成物。
2. 前記Arが、式(2)~(18)で示される群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を表す1の膜形成用組成物、
3. 前記Arが、式(5)~(12)および(14)~(18)で示される群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である2の膜形成用組成物、
4. 前記Arが、下記式(20)~(22)で示される群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である2の膜形成用組成物、
5. 前記繰り返し単位構造が、式(23)で示される1の膜形成用組成物、
7. 前記繰り返し単位構造が、式(25)で示される6の膜形成用組成物、
9. 少なくとも1つのトリアジン環末端を有し、このトリアジン環末端が、アルキル基、アラルキル基、アリール基、アルキルアミノ基、アルコキシシリル基含有アルキルアミノ基、アラルキルアミノ基、アリールアミノ基、アルコキシ基、アラルキルオキシ基、アリールオキシ基、またはエステル基でキャップされている8の膜形成用組成物、
10. 前記溶解促進剤が、水酸基、カルボニル基、カルボキシル基、アミノ基、アミド結合、ウレタン結合、および尿素結合から選ばれる1種または2種以上の基を含む化合物である1~9のいずれかの膜形成用組成物、
11. 前記溶解促進剤が、水である1~9のいずれかの膜形成用組成物、
12. 前記溶解促進剤が、酸である1~9のいずれかの膜形成用組成物、
13. 前記溶解促進剤が、塩基である1~9のいずれかの膜形成用組成物、
14. 1~13のいずれかの膜形成用組成物から得られる膜、
15. 基材と、この基材上に形成された14の膜とを備える電子デバイス、
16. 基材と、この基材上に形成された14の膜とを備える光学部材、
17. 14の膜を少なくとも1層備える、電荷結合素子または相補性金属酸化膜半導体からなる固体撮像素子、
18. 14の膜をカラーフィルター上の平坦化層として備える固体撮像素子、
19. 1~13のいずれかの膜形成用組成物からなる、固体撮像素子用レンズ材料、平坦化材料または埋め込み材料
を提供する。
上記ポリマー骨格とすることで、1)2級アミンをポリマーのスペーサーとして用いる、2)末端に1級アミンが置換している、場合においても高耐熱性、高透明性を維持でき、これまで、耐熱性および透明性が損なわれると考えられていたモノマーユニットを用いた場合でも、ポリマー骨格をハイパーブランチ型に変更するのみで物性をコントロールできる可能性がある。
本発明に用いるハイパーブランチポリマーが高屈折率を発現するのは、ハイパーブランチ型の構造にすることで、トリアジン環とアリール(Ar)部分とが密に集まり、電子密度が上がっているためであると考えられる。特に、上記Rおよび/またはR′が水素原子の場合、ハイパーブランチ型の構造にすることで、トリアジン環上の窒素原子とアミン部位の水素原子が水素結合し、よりトリアジン環とアリール(Ar)部分が密に集まり、電子密度が上がるものと考えられる。
そのため、硫黄原子をその分子中に有しないポリマーであっても、例えば、屈折率1.70(550nmにて測定)以上の高屈折率を示す。
この屈折率の範囲は、使用場面にもよるが、下限値としては、好ましくは1.70以上、より好ましくは1.75以上、さらに好ましくは1.80以上である。上限値は、特に制限されないが、2.00~1.95以下程度である。
高屈折率を発現する一方で、トリアジン環含有ハイパーブランチポリマーは分子間でトリアジン環上の窒素原子とアミン部位の水素原子とが水素結合しており、その結合力が強固なとき、レジスト溶剤に溶解させる際に、1)溶解するのに時間を要する、2)粘度が増加しハンドリング性が悪くなる、3)ろ過性が低下する、4)水素結合の組み換え再結合により、ろ過した後に異物が発生する、などの問題が発生する場合があるが、溶解促進剤を添加することで、これらの問題を解決することができる。
これらの問題を解決できたことで、ポリマーやこれを含む組成物のハンドリング性が向上し、ろ過時間が短縮し、ろ過後に異物が発生しないことから、ワニスの製造時間の短縮、製造マージンの拡大を達成できる。また、安定的にワニスが調製できることで、製造したワニスの品質を安定的に管理できる。さらに、製造したワニスの保存安定性が向上し、異物が発生しないことから、任意の基板に製膜する際の製膜性が安定し、膜質と面内均一性が向上することで、作製する電子デバイスのプロセスマージンを向上できる。作製した電子デバイスは、異物などの欠陥が低減することで、歩留まりが向上し、生産コストの低減、生産スピードの向上が達成できる。
そして、金属酸化物を含まず、ポリマー単独で高屈折率を発現できることから、エッチングやアッシングなどのドライプロセスを経る場合でも、エッチレートが一定となり、均一な膜厚の被膜を得ることができ、デバイスを作製する際のプロセスマージンが拡大する。
また、本発明で用いるトリアジン環含有ハイパーブランチポリマーは、合成時の出発原料であるモノマーの種類を変更することで、これが有する諸物性をコントロールできる。
以上のような特性を有する本発明のトリアジン環含有ハイパーブランチポリマーと溶解促進剤とを含む膜形成用組成物を用いて作製した膜は、液晶ディスプレイ、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス(EL)ディスプレイ、光半導体(LED)素子、固体撮像素子、有機薄膜太陽電池、色素増感太陽電池、有機薄膜トランジスタ(TFT)などの電子デバイスを作製する際の一部材として好適に利用できる。また、高屈折率が求められているレンズ用部材として好適に利用できる。特に高屈折率が求められている固体撮像素子の部材である、フォトダイオード上の埋め込み膜および平坦化膜、カラーフィルター前後の平坦化膜、マイクロレンズ、マイクロレンズ上の平坦化膜およびコンフォーマル膜として好適に利用できる。
本発明に係る膜形成用組成物は、式(1)で表される繰り返し単位構造を含むトリアジン環含有ハイパーブランチポリマー、および少なくとも、ハイパーブランチポリマーの分子内および/または分子間で、トリアジン環上の窒素原子とジアリールアミン由来のNH基との間で形成された水素結合を切断する溶解促進剤を含んで構成される。
本発明において、アルキル基の炭素数としては特に限定されるものではないが、1~20が好ましく、ポリマーの耐熱性をより高めることを考慮すると、炭素数1~10がより好ましく、1~3がより一層好ましい。また、その構造は、鎖状、分岐状、環状のいずれでもよい。
アルコキシ基の具体例としては、メトキシ基、エトキシ基、n-プロポキシ基、イソプロポキシ基、n-ブトキシ基、イソブトキシ基、s-ブトキシ基、t-ブトキシ基、n-ペントキシ基、1-メチル-n-ブトキシ基、2-メチル-n-ブトキシ基、3-メチル-n-ブトキシ基、1,1-ジメチル-n-プロポキシ基、1,2-ジメチル-n-プロポキシ基、2,2-ジメチル-n-プロポキシ基、1-エチル-n-プロポキシ基、n-ヘキシルオキシ基、1-メチル-n-ペンチルオキシ基、2-メチル-n-ペンチルオキシ基、3-メチル-n-ペンチルオキシ基、4-メチル-n-ペンチルオキシ基、1,1-ジメチル-n-ブトキシ基、1,2-ジメチル-n-ブトキシ基、1,3-ジメチル-n-ブトキシ基、2,2-ジメチル-n-ブトキシ基、2,3-ジメチル-n-ブトキシ基、3,3-ジメチル-n-ブトキシ基、1-エチル-n-ブトキシ基、2-エチル-n-ブトキシ基、1,1,2-トリメチル-n-プロポキシ基、1,2,2-トリメチル-n-プロポキシ基、1-エチル-1-メチル-n-プロポキシ基、1-エチル-2-メチル-n-プロポキシ基等が挙げられる。
アリール基の具体例としては、フェニル基、o-クロルフェニル基、m-クロルフェニル基、p-クロルフェニル基、o-フルオロフェニル基、p-フルオロフェニル基、o-メトキシフェニル基、p-メトキシフェニル基、p-ニトロフェニル基、p-シアノフェニル基、α-ナフチル基、β-ナフチル基、o-ビフェニリル基、m-ビフェニリル基、p-ビフェニリル基、1-アントリル基、2-アントリル基、9-アントリル基、1-フェナントリル基、2-フェナントリル基、3-フェナントリル基、4-フェナントリル基、9-フェナントリル基等が挙げられる。
その具体例としては、ベンジル基、p-メチルフェニルメチル基、m-メチルフェニルメチル基、o-エチルフェニルメチル基、m-エチルフェニルメチル基、p-エチルフェニルメチル基、2-プロピルフェニルメチル基、4-イソプロピルフェニルメチル基、4-イソブチルフェニルメチル基、α-ナフチルメチル基等が挙げられる。
これらアルキル基、アルコキシ基としては上記と同様のものが挙げられる。
ハロゲン原子としては、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子が挙げられる。
これらハロゲン原子、アルキル基、アルコキシ基としては上記と同様のものが挙げられる。
炭素数1~10の分岐構造を有していてもよいアルキレン基としては、メチレン基、エチレン基、プロピレン基、トリメチレン基、テトラメチレン基、ペンタメチレン基等が挙げられる。
上記式(2)~(18)で表されるアリール基の具体例としては、下記式で示されるものが挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
また、W1等のベンゼン環の連結基としては、高い水素結合能を有する、カルボニルを含む基やアミン等の官能基が、アミン部位の水素原子(Rおよび/またはR′が水素原子の場合)と水素結合を形成してよりアリール(Ar)部分が密に集まり易く、電子密度が向上するため好適である。
以上のような観点から、下記式で示されるアリール基が好ましい。
したがって、溶解性を良好にする好適な繰り返し単位構造としては、下記式(24)で示されるものが挙げられ、特にRおよびR′が共に水素原子である下記式(25)で示される繰り返し単位構造を有するハイパーブランチポリマーが最適である。
なお、本発明における重量平均分子量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(以下、GPCという)分析による標準ポリスチレン換算で得られる平均分子量である。
例えば、下記スキーム1-aに示されるように、繰り返し構造(23’)を有するハイパーブランチポリマーは、ハロゲン化シアヌル(26)およびアミノ基を有するビスアミノフェニルフルオレン化合物(27)を適当な有機溶媒中で反応させて得ることができる。
下記スキーム1-bに示されるように、繰り返し構造(24’)を有するハイパーブランチポリマーは、ハロゲン化シアヌル(26)およびm-フェニレンジアミン化合物(28)を適当な有機溶媒中で反応させて得ることができる。
下記スキーム2-bに示されるように、繰り返し構造(24’)を有するハイパーブランチポリマーは、ハロゲン化シアヌル(26)およびm-フェニレンジアミン化合物(28)を適当な有機溶媒中で等量用いて反応させて得られる化合物(30)から合成することもできる。
特に、原料である塩化シアヌルの安定性および工業的観点を考慮すると、スキーム2による製法がより好ましい。
特に、スキーム1の方法の場合、ハロゲン化シアヌル(26)2当量に対して、ジアミノ化合物(27),(28)を3当量用いることを避けることが好ましい。官能基の当量をずらすことで、ゲル化物の生成を防ぐことができる。
種々の分子量のトリアジン環末端を多く有するハイパーブランチポリマーを得るために、ハロゲン化シアヌル(26)2当量に対して、ジアミノ化合物(27),(28)を3当量未満の量で用いることが好ましい。
一方、種々の分子量のアミン末端を多く有するハイパーブランチポリマーを得るために、ジアミノ化合物(27),(28)3当量に対して、ハロゲン化シアヌル(26)を2当量未満の量で用いることが好ましい。
例えば、薄膜を作製した場合に、優れた透明性や耐光性を有するという点では、トリアジン環末端を多く有するハイパーブランチポリマーが好ましい。
このように、ジアミノ化合物(27),(28)やハロゲン化シアヌル(26)の量を適宜調節することで、得られるハイパーブランチポリマーの分子量を容易に調節することができる。
中でもN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、およびそれらの混合溶媒が好ましく、特に、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンが好適である。
特にスキーム1の反応では、リニア性を抑え、分岐度を高めるという点から、反応温度は60~150℃が好ましく、80~150℃が好ましく、80~120℃が好ましい。
スキーム2の第1段階の方法において、反応温度は、用いる溶媒の融点から溶媒の沸点までの範囲で適宜設定すればよいが、特に、-50~50℃程度が好ましく、-20~50℃程度がより好ましく、-10~50℃程度がより一層好ましく、-10~10℃がさらに好ましい。
特にスキーム2の方法では、-50~50℃で反応させる第1工程と、この工程に続いて60~150℃で反応させる第2工程とからなる2段階工程を採用することが好ましい。
この場合、予め溶媒に溶かしておく成分および後から加える成分はどちらでもよいが、ジアミノ化合物(27),(28)の加熱溶液中に、ハロゲン化シアヌル(26)を添加する手法が好ましい。
また、スキーム2の反応において、予め溶媒に溶かしておく成分および後から加える成分はどちらでもよいが、ハロゲン化シアヌル(26)の冷却溶液中に、ジアミノ化合物(27),(28)を添加する手法が好ましい。
後から加える成分は、ニートで加えても、上述したような有機溶媒に溶かした溶液で加えてもよいが、操作の容易さや反応のコントロールのし易さなどを考慮すると、後者の手法が好適である。
また、添加は、滴下等によって徐々に加えても、全量一括して加えてもよい。
スキーム1において、加熱した状態で、両化合物を混合した後は、(段階的に温度を上げることなく)一段階で反応させた場合でも、ゲル化することなく、目的とするトリアジン環含有ハイパーブランチポリマーを得ることができる。
この塩基の具体例としては、炭酸カリウム、水酸化カリウム、炭酸ナトリウム、水酸化ナトリウム、炭酸水素ナトリウム、ナトリウムエトキシド、酢酸ナトリウム、炭酸リチウム、水酸化リチウム、酸化リチウム、酢酸カリウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化カルシウム、水酸化バリウム、リン酸三リチウム、リン酸三ナトリウム、リン酸三カリウム、フッ化セシウム、酸化アルミニウム、アンモニア、トリメチルアミン、トリエチルアミン、ジイソプロピルメチルアミン、ジイソプロピルエチルアミン、N-メチルピペリジン、2,2,6,6-テトラメチル-N-メチルピペリジン、ピリジン、4-ジメチルアミノピリジン、N-メチルモルホリン等が挙げられる。
塩基の添加量は、ハロゲン化シアヌル(26)1当量に対して1~100当量が好ましく、1~10当量がより好ましい。なお、これらの塩基は水溶液にして用いてもよい。
得られるポリマーには、原料成分が残存していないことが好ましいが、本発明の効果を損なわなければ一部の原料が残存していてもよい。
いずれのスキームの方法においても、反応終了後、生成物は再沈法等によって容易に精製できる。
これらの中でも、アルキルアミノ基、アルコキシシリル基含有アルキルアミノ基、アラルキルアミノ基、アリールアミノ基が好ましく、アルキルアミノ基、アリールアミノ基がより好ましく、アリールアミノ基がさらに好ましい。
アルキルアミノ基の具体例としては、メチルアミノ基、エチルアミノ基、n-プロピルアミノ基、イソプロピルアミノ基、n-ブチルアミノ基、イソブチルアミノ基、s-ブチルアミノ基、t-ブチルアミノ基、n-ペンチルアミノ基、1-メチル-n-ブチルアミノ基、2-メチル-n-ブチルアミノ基、3-メチル-n-ブチルアミノ基、1,1-ジメチル-n-プロピルアミノ基、1,2-ジメチル-n-プロピルアミノ基、2,2-ジメチル-n-プロピルアミノ基、1-エチル-n-プロピルアミノ基、n-ヘキシルアミノ基、1-メチル-n-ペンチルアミノ基、2-メチル-n-ペンチルアミノ基、3-メチル-n-ペンチルアミノ基、4-メチル-n-ペンチルアミノ基、1,1-ジメチル-n-ブチルアミノ基、1,2-ジメチル-n-ブチルアミノ基、1,3-ジメチル-n-ブチルアミノ基、2,2-ジメチル-n-ブチルアミノ基、2,3-ジメチル-n-ブチルアミノ基、3,3-ジメチル-n-ブチルアミノ基、1-エチル-n-ブチルアミノ基、2-エチル-n-ブチルアミノ基、1,1,2-トリメチル-n-プロピルアミノ基、1,2,2-トリメチル-n-プロピルアミノ基、1-エチル-1-メチル-n-プロピルアミノ基、1-エチル-2-メチル-n-プロピルアミノ基等が挙げられる。
アリールアミノ基の具体例としては、フェニルアミノ基、メトキシカルボニルフェニルアミノ基、エトキシカルボニルフェニルアミノ基、ナフチルアミノ基、メトキシカルボニルナフチルアミノ基、エトキシカルボニルナフチルアミノ基、アントラニルアミノ基、ピレニルアミノ基、ビフェニルアミノ基、ターフェニルアミノ基、フルオレニルアミノ基等が挙げられる。
アラルキルオキシ基の具体例としては、ベンジルオキシ基、p-メチルフェニルメチルオキシ基、m-メチルフェニルメチルオキシ基、o-エチルフェニルメチルオキシ基、m-エチルフェニルメチルオキシ基、p-エチルフェニルメチルオキシ基、2-プロピルフェニルメチルオキシ基、4-イソプロピルフェニルメチルオキシ基、4-イソブチルフェニルメチルオキシ基、α-ナフチルメチルオキシ基等が挙げられる。
その他、アルキル基、アラルキル基、アリール基としては上述した基と同様のものが挙げられる。
これらの基は、トリアジン環上のハロゲン原子を対応する置換基を与える化合物で置換することで容易に導入することができ、例えば、下記式スキーム3-a,bに示されるように、アニリン誘導体を加えて反応させることで、少なくとも1つの末端にフェニルアミノ基を有するハイパーブランチポリマー(31),(32)が得られる。
この手法によって得られたハイパーブランチポリマーは、溶剤への溶解性(凝集抑制)や、架橋剤との架橋性に優れたものとなるため、後述する架橋剤と組み合わせた組成物として用いる場合に特に有利である。
ここで、有機モノアミンとしては、アルキルモノアミン、アラルキルモノアミン、アリールモノアミンのいずれを用いることもできる。
アリールモノアミンの具体例としては、アニリン、p-メトキシカルボニルアニリン、p-エトキシカルボニルアニリン、p-メトキシアニリン、1-ナフチルアミン、2-ナフチルアミン、アントラニルアミン、1-アミノピレン、4-ビフェニリルアミン、o-フェニルアニリン、4-アミノ-p-ターフェニル、2-アミノフルオレン等が挙げられる。
この場合の反応温度も、リニア性を抑え、分岐度を高めるという点から、60~150℃が好ましく、80~150℃が好ましく、80~120℃が好ましい。
ただし、有機モノアミン、ハロゲン化シアヌル化合物、ジアミノアリール化合物の3成分の混合は、低温下で行ってもよく、その場合の温度としては、-50~50℃程度が好ましく、-20~50℃程度がより好ましく、-20~10℃がさらに好ましい。低温仕込み後は、重合させる温度まで一気に(一段階で)昇温して反応を行うことが好ましい。
また、ハロゲン化シアヌル化合物とジアミノアリール化合物の2成分の混合を低温下で行ってもよく、その場合の温度としては、-50~50℃程度が好ましく、-20~50℃程度がより好ましく、-20~10℃がさらに好ましい。低温仕込み後、有機モノアミンを加え、重合させる温度まで一気に(一段階で)昇温して反応を行うことが好ましい。
また、このような有機モノアミンの存在下で、ハロゲン化シアヌル化合物と、ジアミノアリール化合物とを反応させる反応は、上述と同様の有機溶媒を用いて行ってもよい。
この固体状態における強力な水素結合によって、本来、それ自体は溶解する性質を有するポリマーであるにも関わらず、溶剤を用いた溶液調製時にも当該水素結合が維持されて、ポリマーが溶剤に溶解しにくくなる場合がある。
溶解促進剤を添加することによって、上記水素結合が切断され、またはそれが一旦切断後に組み変えられ、固体の状態での水素結合の環境が変化し、溶剤に対する溶解性が飛躍的に向上し、また、一旦、溶液の状態になると水素結合の環境が飽和し、高溶解性が発現されるようになる。
なお、溶解促進剤は、上述した各部位の水素結合の少なくとも一部を切断する作用を有していればよく、また、切断後、再度水素結合を組み換える作用を有していてもよい。すなわち、トリアジン環含有ハイパーブランチポリマーが固体であったときの水素結合の環境を、溶剤に溶解する際や、溶解後に異なった環境とし得るものであればよい。
このような基(結合)を含む溶解促進剤の具体例としては、水、酸、塩基、酸と塩基とから形成される塩が挙げられる。
その具体例としては、ジシクロヘキシルアンモニウムナイトライト、ジシクロヘキシルアンモニウムサリシレート、モノエタノールアミンベンゾエート、ジシクロヘキシルアンモニウムベンゾエート、ジイソプロピルアンモニウムベンゾエート、ジイソプロピルアンモニウムナイトライト、シクロヘキシルアミンカーバメート、ニトロナフタレンアンモニウムナイトライト、シクロヘキシルアミンベンゾエート、ジシクロヘキシルアンモニウムシクロヘキサンカルボキシレート、シクロヘキシルアミンシクロヘキサンカルボキシレート、ジシクロヘキシルアンモニウムアクリレート、シクロヘキシルアミンアクリレートなどが挙げられる。
このような溶剤の具体例としては、トルエン、p-キシレン、o-キシレン、m-キシレン、エチルベンゼン、スチレン、エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、プロピレングリコール、プロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノイソプロピルエーテル、エチレングリコールメチルエーテルアセテート、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテルアセテート、エチレングリコールエチルエーテルアセテート、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノブチルエーテル、エチレングリコ-ルモノブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、トリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノエチルエーテルアセテート、ジエチレングリコール、1-オクタノール、エチレングリコール、ヘキシレングリコール、トリメチレングリコール、1-メトキシ-2-ブタノール、シクロヘキサノール、ジアセトンアルコール、フルフリルアルコール、テトラヒドロフルフリルアルコール、プロピレングリコール、ベンジルアルコール、1,3-ブタンジオール、1,4-ブタンジオール、2,3-ブタンジオール、γ-ブチロラクトン、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソプロピルケトン、ジエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、メチルノーマルブチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、酢酸エチル、酢酸イソプロピル、酢酸ノーマルプロピル、酢酸イソブチル、酢酸ノーマルブチル、乳酸エチル、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、tert-ブタノール、アリルアルコール、ノーマルプロパノール、2-メチル-2-ブタノール、イソブタノール、ノーマルブタノール、2-メチル-1-ブタノール、1-ペンタノール、2-メチル-1-ペンタノール、2-エチルヘキサノール、1-メトキシ-2-プロパノール、テトラヒドロフラン、1,4-ジオキサン、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、N-メチルピロリドン、1,3-ジメチル-2-イミダゾリジノン、ジメチルスルホキシド、N-シクロヘキシル-2-ピロリジノン等が挙げられ、これらは単独で用いても、2種以上混合して用いてもよい。
界面活性剤としては、例えば、ポリオキシエチレンラウリルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンステアリルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンセチルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンオレイルエーテル等のポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル類;ポリオキシエチレンオクチルフェノールエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンノニルフェノールエーテル等のポリオキシエチレンアルキルアリルエーテル類;ポリオキシエチレン・ポリオキシプロピレンブロックコポリマー類;ソルビタンモノラウレート、ソルビタンモノパルミテート、ソルビタンモノステアレート、ソルビタンモノオレエート、ソルビタントリオレエート、ソルビタントリステアレート等のソルビタン脂肪酸エステル類;ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノラウレート、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノパルミテート、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンモノステアレート、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタントリオレエート、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタントリステアレート等のポリオキシエチレンソルビタン脂肪酸エステル類等のノニオン系界面活性剤、商品名エフトップEF301、EF303、EF352(三菱マテリアル電子化成(株)製(旧(株)ジェムコ製)、商品名メガファックF171、F173、R-08、R-30、F-553、F-554(DIC(株)製)、フロラードFC430、FC431(住友スリーエム(株)製)、商品名アサヒガードAG710,サーフロンS-382、SC101、SC102、SC103、SC104、SC105、SC106(旭硝子(株)製)等のフッ素系界面活性剤、オルガノシロキサンポリマーKP341(信越化学工業(株)製)、BYK-302、BYK-307、BYK-322、BYK-323、BYK-330、BYK-333、BYK-370、BYK-375、BYK-378(ビックケミー・ジャパン(株)製)等が挙げられる。
そのような化合物としては、メチロール基、メトキシメチル基などの架橋形成置換基を有するメラミン系化合物、置換尿素系化合物、エポキシ基またはオキセタン基などの架橋形成置換基を含有する化合物、ブロック化イソシアナートを含有する化合物、酸無水物を有する化合物、(メタ)アクリル基を有する化合物、フェノプラスト化合物等が挙げられるが、耐熱性や保存安定性の観点からエポキシ基、ブロックイソシアネート基、(メタ)アクリル基を含有する化合物が好ましい。
また、ブロックイソシアネート基は、尿素結合で架橋し、カルボニル基を有するため屈折率が低下しないという点からも好ましい。
なお、これらの化合物は、ポリマーの末端処理に用いる場合は少なくとも1個の架橋形成置換基を有していればよく、ポリマー同士の架橋処理に用いる場合は少なくとも2個の架橋形成置換基を有する必要がある。
架橋剤の具体例としては、トリス(2,3-エポキシプロピル)イソシアヌレート、1,4-ブタンジオールジグリシジルエーテル、1,2-エポキシ-4-(エポキシエチル)シクロヘキサン、グリセロールトリグリシジルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジグリシジルエーテル、2,6-ジグリシジルフェニルグリシジルエーテル、1,1,3-トリス[p-(2,3-エポキシプロポキシ)フェニル]プロパン、1,2-シクロヘキサンジカルボン酸ジグリシジルエステル、4,4’-メチレンビス(N,N-ジグリシジルアニリン)、3,4-エポキシシクロヘキシルメチル-3,4-エポキシシクロヘキサンカルボキシレート、トリメチロールエタントリグリシジルエーテル、ビスフェノール-A-ジグリシジルエーテル、ペンタエリスリトールポリグリシジルエーテル等が挙げられる。
また、酸無水物化合物の具体例としては、無水フタル酸、テトラヒドロ無水フタル酸、ヘキサヒドロ無水フタル酸、メチルテトラヒドロ無水フタル酸、メチルヘキサヒドロ無水フタル酸、無水ナジック酸、無水メチルナジック酸、無水マレイン酸、無水コハク酸、オクチル無水コハク酸、ドデセニル無水コハク酸等の分子内に1個の酸無水物基を有するもの;1,2,3,4-シクロブタンテトラカルボン酸二無水物、ピロメリット酸無水物、3,4-ジカルボキシ-1,2,3,4-テトラヒドロ-1-ナフタレンコハク酸二無水物、ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-2,4,6,8-テトラカルボン酸二無水物、5-(2,5-ジオキソテトラヒドロ-3-フラニル)-3-メチル-3-シクロヘキセン-1,2-ジカルボン酸無水物、1,2,3,4-ブタンテトラカルボン酸二無水物、3,3’,4,4’-ベンゾフェノンテトラカルボン酸二無水物、3,3’,4,4’-ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸二無水物、2,2-ビス(3,4-ジカルボキシフェニル)ヘキサフルオロプロパン二無水物、1,3-ジメチル-1,2,3,4-シクロブタンテトラカルボン酸二無水物等の分子内に2個の酸無水物基を有するもの等が挙げられる。
(メタ)アクリル基を有する化合物としては、例えば、エチレングリコールジアクリレート、エチレングリコールジメタクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールジアクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールジメタクリレート、エトキシ化ビスフェノールAジアクリレート、エトキシ化ビスフェノールAジメタクリレート、エトキシ化トリメチロールプロパントリアクリレート、エトキシ化トリメチロールプロパントリメタクリレート、エトキシ化グリセリントリアクリレート、エトキシ化グリセリントリメタクリレート、エトキシ化ペンタエリスリトールテトラアクリレート、エトキシ化ペンタエリスリトールテトラメタクリレート、エトキシ化ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサアクリレート、ポリグリセリンモノエチレンオキサイドポリアクリレート、ポリグリセリンポリエチレングリコールポリアクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサアクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサメタクリレート、ネオペンチルグリコールジアクリレート、ネオペンチルグリコールジメタクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールトリアクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールトリメタクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリアクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリメタクリレート、トリシクロデカンジメタノールジアクリレート、トリシクロデカンジメタノールジメタクリレート、1,6-ヘキサンジオールジアクリレート、1,6-ヘキサンジオールジメタクリレート等が挙げられる。
一分子中2個以上のイソシアネート基を有する化合物としては、例えば、イソホロンジイソシアネート、1,6-ヘキサメチレンジイソシアネート、メチレンビス(4-シクロヘキシルイソシアネート)、トリメチルヘキサメチレンジイソシアネートのポリイソシアネートや、これらの二量体、三量体、および、これらとジオール類、トリオール類、ジアミン類、またはトリアミン類との反応物などが挙げられる。
ブロック剤としては、例えば、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、n-ブタノール、2-エトキシヘキサノール、2-N,N-ジメチルアミノエタノール、2-エトキシエタノール、シクロヘキサノール等のアルコール類;フェノール、o-ニトロフェノール、p-クロロフェノール、o-、m-またはp-クレゾール等のフェノール類;ε-カプロラクタム等のラクタム類、アセトンオキシム、メチルエチルケトンオキシム、メチルイソブチルケトンオキシム、シクロヘキサノンオキシム、アセトフェノンオキシム、ベンゾフェノンオキシム等のオキシム類;ピラゾール、3,5-ジメチルピラゾール、3-メチルピラゾール等のピラゾール類;ドデカンチオール、ベンゼンチオール等のチオール類などが挙げられる。
メラミン系化合物としては、例えば、ヘキサメトキシメチルメラミン CYMEL(登録商標)303、テトラブトキシメチルグリコールウリル 同1170、テトラメトキシメチルベンゾグアナミン 同1123(以上、日本サイテックインダストリーズ(株)製)等のサイメルシリーズ、メチル化メラミン樹脂であるニカラック(登録商標)MW-30HM、同MW-390、同MW-100LM、同MX-750LM、メチル化尿素樹脂である同MX-270、同MX-280、同MX-290(以上、(株)三和ケミカル製)等のニカラックシリーズ等が挙げられる。
オキセタン化合物としては、オキセタニル基を一分子中2個以上有し、そして熱硬化時の高温に曝されると、本発明で用いるハイパーブランチポリマーとの間で付加反応により架橋反応が進行するものである。
オキセタン基を有する化合物としては、例えば、オキセタン基を含有するOXT-221、OX-SQ-H、OX-SC(以上、東亜合成(株)製)等が挙げられる。
フェノプラスト化合物としては、例えば、2,6-ジヒドロキシメチル-4-メチルフェノール、2,4-ジヒドロキシメチル-6-メチルフェノール、ビス(2-ヒドロキシ-3-ヒドロキシメチル-5-メチルフェニル)メタン、ビス(4-ヒドロキシ-3-ヒドロキシメチル-5-メチルフェニル)メタン、2,2-ビス(4-ヒドロキシ-3,5-ジヒドロキシメチルフェニル)プロパン、ビス(3-ホルミル-4-ヒドロキシフェニル)メタン、ビス(4-ヒドロキシ-2,5-ジメチルフェニル)ホルミルメタン、α,α-ビス(4-ヒドロキシ-2,5-ジメチルフェニル)-4-ホルミルトルエン等が挙げられる。
フェノプラスト化合物は、市販品としても入手が可能であり、その具体例としては、26DMPC、46DMOC、DM-BIPC-F、DM-BIOC-F、TM-BIP-A、BISA-F、BI25X-DF、BI25X-TPA(以上、旭有機材工業(株)製)等が挙げられる。
架橋剤を用いることで、架橋剤とハイパーブランチポリマーが有する反応性の末端置換基とが反応し、膜密度の向上、耐熱性の向上、熱緩和能力の向上などの効果を発現できる場合がある。
なお、上記その他の成分は、本発明の組成物を調製する際の任意の工程で添加することができる。
組成物の塗布方法は任意であり、例えば、スピンコート法、ディップ法、フローコート法、インクジェット法、スプレー法、バーコート法、グラビアコート法、スリットコート法、ロールコート法、転写印刷法、刷毛塗り、ブレードコート法、エアーナイフコート法等の方法を採用できる。
焼成温度は、溶媒を蒸発させる目的では特に限定されず、例えば40~400℃で行うことができる。これらの場合、より高い均一製膜性を発現させたり、基材上で反応を進行させたりする目的で2段階以上の温度変化をつけてもよい。
焼成方法としては、特に限定されるものではなく、例えば、ホットプレートやオーブンを用いて、大気、窒素等の不活性ガス、真空中等の適切な雰囲気下で蒸発させればよい。
焼成温度および焼成時間は、目的とする電子デバイスのプロセス工程に適合した条件を選択すればよく、得られる膜の物性値が電子デバイスの要求特性に適合するような焼成条件を選択すればよい。
樹脂の具体例としては、特に限定されるものではない。熱可塑性樹脂としては、例えば、PE(ポリエチレン)、PP(ポリプロピレン)、EVA(エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体)、EEA(エチレン-アクリル酸エチル共重合体)等のポリオレフィン系樹脂;PS(ポリスチレン)、HIPS(ハイインパクトポリスチレン)、AS(アクリロニトリル-スチレン共重合体)、ABS(アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレン共重合体)、MS(メタクリル酸メチル-スチレン共重合体)等のポリスチレン系樹脂;ポリカーボネート樹脂;塩化ビニル樹脂;ポリアミド樹脂;ポリイミド樹脂;PMMA(ポリメチルメタクリレート)等の(メタ)アクリル樹脂;PET(ポリエチレンテレフタレート)、ポリブチレンテレフタレート、ポリエチレンナフタレート、ポリブチレンナフタレート、PLA(ポリ乳酸)、ポリ-3-ヒドロキシ酪酸、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリブチレンサクシネート、ポリエチレンサクシネート/アジペート等のポリエステル樹脂;ポリフェニレンエーテル樹脂;変性ポリフェニレンエーテル樹脂;ポリアセタール樹脂;ポリスルホン樹脂;ポリフェニレンサルファイド樹脂;ポリビニルアルコール樹脂;ポリグルコール酸;変性でんぷん;酢酸セルロース、三酢酸セルロース;キチン、キトサン;リグニンなどが挙げられ、熱硬化性樹脂としては、例えば、フェノール樹脂、尿素樹脂、メラミン樹脂、不飽和ポリエステル樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂などが挙げられる。
これらの樹脂は、単独で用いても、2種以上組み合わせて用いてもよく、その使用量は、上記ハイパーブランチポリマー100質量部に対して、1~10,000質量部が好ましく、より好ましくは1~1,000質量部である。
(メタ)アクリレート化合物の例としては、メチル(メタ)アクリレート、エチル(メタ)アクリレート、エチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、テトラエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、プロピレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリプロピレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,4-ブタンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,6-ヘキサンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ネオペンチルグリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリオキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、トリシクロデカンジメタノールジ(メタ)アクリレート、トリシクロデカニルジ(メタ)アクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリオキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレート、トリス-2-ヒドロキシエチルイソシアヌレートトリ(メタ)アクリレート、トリス-2-ヒドロキシエチルイソシアヌレートジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,9-ノナンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールジ(メタ)アクリレート、グリセリンメタクリレートアクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールトリ(メタ)アクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリメタクリレート、(メタ)アクリル酸アリル、(メタ)アクリル酸ビニル、エポキシ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリエステル(メタ)アクリレート、ウレタン(メタ)アクリレート等が挙げられる。
光ラジカル重合開始剤としては、例えば、アセトフェノン類、ベンゾフェノン類、ミヒラーのベンゾイルベンゾエート、アミロキシムエステル、テトラメチルチウラムモノサルファイドおよびチオキサントン類等が挙げられる。
特に、光開裂型の光ラジカル重合開始剤が好ましい。光開裂型の光ラジカル重合開始剤については、最新UV硬化技術(159頁、発行人:高薄一弘、発行所:(株)技術情報協会、1991年発行)に記載されている。
市販の光ラジカル重合開始剤としては、例えば、チバ・ジャパン(株)製 商品名: イルガキュア 184、369、651、500、819、907、784、2959、CGI1700、CGI1750、CGI1850、CG24-61、ダロキュア 1116、1173、BASF社製 商品名:ルシリン TPO、UCB社製 商品名:ユベクリル P36、フラテツリ・ランベルティ社製 商品名:エザキュアー KIP150、KIP65LT、KIP100F、KT37、KT55、KTO46、KIP75/B等が挙げられる。
重合に用いる溶剤は、上記膜形成用組成物で例示した溶剤と同様のものが挙げられる。
[1H-NMR]
装置:Varian NMR System 400NB(400MHz)
JEOL-ECA700(700MHz)
測定溶媒:DMSO-d6
基準物質:テトラメチルシラン(TMS)(δ0.0ppm)
[GPC]
装置:東ソー(株)製 HLC-8200 GPC
カラム:Shodex KF-804L+KF-805L
カラム温度:40℃
溶媒:テトラヒドロフラン(以下、THF)
検出器:UV(254nm)
検量線:標準ポリスチレン
[エリプソメーター]
装置:ジェー・エー・ウーラム・ジャパン製 多入射角分光エリプソメーターVASE
[液中パーティクルカウンター]
装置:リオン株式会社製 シリンジサンプラー:KZ-30W1、パーティクルセンサー:KS-40B
[紫外線可視分光光度計]
装置:(株)島津製作所製 SHIMADSU UV-3600
[電子顕微鏡]
装置:日本電子(株)製 電子顕微鏡S-4800
50分後、アニリン(56.53g、0.6mol、純正化学(株)製)を加え、1時間撹拌して重合を停止した。室温まで放冷後、28%アンモニア水溶液(30.4g)を水1,600mLおよびメタノール520mLに溶解した混合溶液中に再沈殿させた。沈殿物をろ過し、THF400mL、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド15mLに再溶解させ、イオン交換水2,100mLに再沈殿した。得られた沈殿物をろ過し、減圧乾燥機で150℃、6時間乾燥し、目的とする高分子化合物[3](以下、HB-TmDA45と略す)49.78gを得た。HB-TmDA45の1H-NMRスペクトルの測定結果を図1に示す。得られたHB-TmDA45は式(1)で表される構造単位を有する化合物である。HB-TmDA45のGPCによるポリスチレン換算で測定される重量平均分子量Mwは4,600、多分散度Mw/Mnは2.37であった。
10mLナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 2.00gを加え、次いでCHN7.84g、およびイオン交換水0.16gを加えた(イオン交換水:全溶媒量の2質量%、固形分量:20質量%)。メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌したところ、完全溶解に要した時間は17時間であった。
完全溶解とは、目視で観察し、溶質が一切残っておらず均一な透明溶液になっている状態を指す。
10mLナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 2.00gを加え、次いでCHN7.68g、およびイオン交換水0.32gを加えた(イオン交換水:全溶媒量の4質量%、固形分量:20質量%)。メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌したところ、完全溶解に要した時間は16時間であった。
10mLナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 2.00gを加え、次いでCHN7.52g、およびイオン交換水0.48gを加えた(イオン交換水:全溶媒量の4質量%、固形分量:20質量%)。メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌したところ、完全溶解に要した時間は16時間であった。
10mLナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 1.80gを加え、次いでCHN7.20g、および酢酸0.90gの20質量%CHN溶液を加えた(酢酸量:ポリマー固形分100質量部に対して10質量部、固形分量:20質量%)。メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌したところ、完全溶解に要した時間は16時間であった。
10mLナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 1.80gを加え、次いでCHN7.20g、およびアクリル酸0.90gの20質量%CHN溶液を加えた(アクリル酸量:ポリマー固形分100質量部に対して10質量部、固形分量:20質量%)。メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌したところ、完全溶解に要した時間は16時間であった。
10mLナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 1.80gを加え、次いでCHN7.20g、およびトリエチルアミン0.90gの20質量%CHN溶液を加えた(トリエチルアミン量:ポリマー固形分100質量部に対して10質量部、固形分量:20質量%)。メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌したところ、完全溶解に要した時間は12時間であった。
10mLナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 1.80gを加え、次いでCHN7.20g、および3-アミノピラゾール0.90gの20質量%CHN溶液を加えた(3-アミノピラゾール量:ポリマー固形分100質量部に対して10質量部、固形分量:20質量%)。メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌したところ、完全溶解に要した時間は13時間であった。
10mLナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 1.80gを加え、次いでCHN6.8832g、イオン交換水0.3168g、および酢酸0.90gの20質量%CHN溶液を加えた(酢酸量:ポリマー固形分100質量部に対して10質量部、イオン交換水:全溶媒量の4質量%、固形分量:20質量%)。メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌したところ、完全溶解に要した時間は12時間であった。
10mLナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 1.80gを加え、次いでCHN6.8832g、イオン交換水0.3168g、およびトリエチルアミン0.90gの20質量%CHN溶液を加えた(トリエチルアミン量:ポリマー固形分100質量部に対して10質量部、イオン交換水:全溶媒量の4質量%、固形分量:20質量%)。メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌したところ、完全溶解に要した時間は11時間であった。
10mLナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 2.00gを加え、次いでCHN8.00gを加えた(固形分量:20質量%)。メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌したところ、完全溶解に要した時間は26時間であった。
上述した結果から、HB-TmDA45はCHNに溶解させる際に26時間を要するのに対して、溶解促進剤を加えることで溶解に要する時間を大幅に短縮できることがわかった。溶解に要する時間を短縮できることは、ワニス製造時のコストを削減し、製造のスループットを向上させることができる。
また、HB-TmDA45はポリマーの分子内および分子間で強固な水素結合を形成しており、溶解促進剤により水素結合を切断することで溶解を促進できることがわかった。
1Lナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 120.00gを加え、次いで、CHN460.80g、およびイオン交換水19.20gを加え、メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌し、完全に溶解させた。
このHB-TmDA45の20質量%溶液に、B-882N(三井化学ポリウレタン(株)製)の20%CHN溶液120.00g(ポリマー固形分100質量部に対して20質量部)、酢酸の20%CHN溶液90.00g(ポリマー固形分100質量部に対して15質量部)、商品名メガファック F-554(DIC(株)製)の1%CHN溶液6.00g(ポリマー固形分100質量部に対して0.05質量部)、およびCHN84.3330gをそれぞれ加え、メカニカルスターラーを用いて30分間撹拌し、均一な18質量%のポリマー溶液(以下、HB-TmDA45V1と略す)を得た。
1Lナスフラスコに、HB-TmDA45 120.00gを加え、次いで、CHN480.00gを加え、メカニカルスターラーを用いて、50rpmの回転速度で撹拌し、完全に溶解させた。
このHB-TmDA45の20質量%溶液に、B-882N(三井化学ポリウレタン(株)製)の20%CHN溶液120.00g(ポリマー固形分100質量部に対して20質量部)、商品名メガファック F-554(DIC(株)製)の1%CHN溶液6.00g(ポリマー固形分100質量部に対して0.05質量部)、およびCHN74.3333gをそれぞれ加え、メカニカルスターラーを用いて30分間撹拌し、均一な18質量%のポリマー溶液(以下、HB-TmDA45V2と略す)を得た。
実施例10で得られた水と酢酸とを含むHB-TmDA45V1はクラス1000のクリーンルーム内で加圧ろ過を行った。ろ過に用いたフィルターは日本インテグリス(株)製のマイクロリス・オプティマイザー・DPR/DPR-Lディスポーザブルフィルター、接続方式:コンプレッションシール、タイプ:DPR(ショートタイプ)、孔径:0.05μm、入口・出口:6.35mm、ベント・ドレイン:6.35mmのUPEフィルターを用いた。
加圧ろ過を開始し、フィルターを通過したワニスは最初の200gを廃棄し、次の30gからコレクトを開始し、100mLボトル15本にコレクトした。コレクトしている最中は溶液の泡かみに細心の注意を施し、連続して流出している溶液をコレクトした。コレクトに用いたボトルはアイセロ化学(株)製の洗浄済みクリーンボトルを使用した。
ボトルにコレクトした合計15本のワニスは、それぞれ独立して23℃、5℃、-20℃の環境で0、7、20、30、60日間保存し、液中パーティクルカウンターを用いて、パーティクルを測定した。-20℃および5℃で保管しておいたワニスは測定前に3時間以上23℃の条件に放置し、液温が23℃となってから測定した。
液中パーティクルは、測定する直前に、ブランクとして測定したろ過済みのCHNにおいて、0.50μm≦で1mL中に1個以下であることを確認した後に測定した。液中パーティクルの測定は空吸引量を2mL、測定溶液量を5mL、流速を10mL/minとして測定し、測定直前に測定したブランクの値を差し引き、1mL当たりのパーティクル数に換算した。
0.30μm≦、0.50μm≦、1.00μm≦、2.00μm≦の測定範囲において、1mL当たりの液中パーティクルの測定結果を表1~3に示す。表1は23℃保存時の液中パーティクル数を、表2は5℃保存時の液中パーティクル数を、表3は、-20℃保存時の液中パーティクル数を示す。
比較例2で得られたHB-TmDA45V2について、実施例11と同様の方法で加圧ろ過を行い、液中パーティクルカウンターを用いて、パーティクルを測定した。その結果、測定中にCell NGのエラーが発生し、パーティクルが多すぎることが原因の測定エラーを示した。
実施例11で調製したHB-TmDA45V1をシリコン基板上にスピンコーターを用いて700nm狙いで塗布し、100℃のホットプレートで1分間の焼成を行い、次いで、200℃のホットプレートで5分間の焼成を行い、最後に300℃のホットプレートで5分間の焼成を行って膜(以下、HB-TmDA45F1と略す)を作製した。
HB-TmDA45F1の屈折率を測定した。屈折率は波長が400nmのときに1.8614、波長が550nmのときに1.7642、波長が633nmのときに1.7430となり、400nmから700nmの平均屈折率は1.7742となった。
このように、溶解促進剤、架橋剤を含んだ組成物を用いた場合でも、非常に高い屈折率を発現することがわかった。
実施例11で調製したHB-TmDA45V1を石英基板上にスピンコーターを用いて700nm狙いで塗布し、100℃のホットプレートで1分間の焼成を行い、次いで、200℃のホットプレートで5分間の焼成を行って膜(以下、HB-TmDA45F2と略す)を作製した。HB-TmDA45F2の透過率を測定した結果を図2に示す。
実施例11で調製したHB-TmDA45V1を石英基板上にスピンコーターを用いて700nm狙いで塗布し、100℃のホットプレートで1分間の焼成を行い、次いで、200℃のホットプレートで5分間の焼成を行い、最後に300℃のホットプレートで5分間の焼成を行って膜(以下、HB-TmDA45F3と略す)を作製した。HB-TmDA45F3の透過率を測定した結果を図2に併せて示す。
このように、200℃,5分間の焼成時の膜の透過率と、200℃,5分間および300℃,5分間の焼成時の膜の透過率は、いずれも著しく低下することなく、非常に高い耐熱透過率を有していることがわかった。
実施例12で得られたHB-TmDA45F1の溶剤耐性試験を行った。HB-TmDA45F1の膜厚は687.9nmであり、これを初期膜厚とした。HB-TmDA45F1を、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテルアセテート、シクロヘキサノン、アセトン、乳酸エチルにそれぞれ独立して完全に浸漬し、5分間放置した。次いで、エアーで乾燥後、200℃のホットプレートで1分間焼成し、残留溶剤を完全に蒸発させた後、膜厚を測定し、初期膜厚と比較した。
初期膜厚を100%としたとき、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテルでは100.0%、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテルアセテートでは100.0%、シクロヘキサノンでは100.0%、アセトンでは100.0%、乳酸エチルでは100.0%となり、各種有機溶剤に対して溶剤耐性が良好であることがわかった。
なお、溶剤耐性試験とは、本焼成後の被膜が溶剤への接触に対して、不溶化していることを示す試験である。溶剤耐性は被膜の上にレジストなどをリコートし、パターニングする後工程が加わった際に必要になる特性であり、溶剤耐性がない場合、リコートする際のレジスト溶剤に溶解してしまい、被膜とレジストとがミキシングされてしまって、本来の特性が発現しないことがある。
実施例11で調製したHB-TmDA45V1を用い、埋め込み性試験を行った。埋め込み性試験に用いた構造物基板は、材質がシリコンで、深さが1.6μm、Via径が400nmである。
HB-TmDA45V1を構造物基板に700nm狙いでスピンコート法にて塗布し、100℃のホットプレートで1分間の仮焼成を行い、次いで、大気下、200℃のホットプレートで5分間の焼成を行い、最後に300℃のホットプレートで5分間の本焼成を行った。
焼成後の製膜された構造物基板は、ダイアモンドペンを用いて基板の端に傷をつけた後、基板をヘキ開し、SEM観察を行った。観察した画像を図3に示す。
図3に示されるように、埋め込み性は良好であり、埋め込み材料として使用できる可能性が示唆された。
本発明の高分岐ポリマーをフォトダイオード上の平坦化材とする場合、屈折率が1.7以上と高いことから、光導波路の原理でフォトダイオードまで光を誘導できるため、現行のVia径をより小さく設定することが可能となり、高繊細な固体撮像素子を作製することが可能になる。
Claims (19)
- 前記Arが、式(2)~(18)で示される群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を表す請求項1記載の膜形成用組成物。
で示される基を表す。〕 - 前記Arが、式(5)~(12)および(14)~(18)で示される群から選ばれる少なくとも1種である請求項2記載の膜形成用組成物。
- 少なくとも1つの末端が、アルキル基、アラルキル基、アリール基、アルキルアミノ基、アルコキシシリル基含有アルキルアミノ基、アラルキルアミノ基、アリールアミノ基、アルコキシ基、アラルキルオキシ基、アリールオキシ基、またはエステル基でキャップされている請求項1~7のいずれか1項記載の膜形成用組成物。
- 少なくとも1つのトリアジン環末端を有し、このトリアジン環末端が、アルキル基、アラルキル基、アリール基、アルキルアミノ基、アルコキシシリル基含有アルキルアミノ基、アラルキルアミノ基、アリールアミノ基、アルコキシ基、アラルキルオキシ基、アリールオキシ基、またはエステル基でキャップされている請求項8記載の膜形成用組成物。
- 前記溶解促進剤が、水酸基、カルボニル基、カルボキシル基、アミノ基、アミド結合、ウレタン結合、および尿素結合から選ばれる1種または2種以上の基を含む化合物である請求項1~9のいずれか1項記載の膜形成用組成物。
- 前記溶解促進剤が、水である請求項1~9のいずれか1項記載の膜形成用組成物。
- 前記溶解促進剤が、酸である請求項1~9のいずれか1項記載の膜形成用組成物。
- 前記溶解促進剤が、塩基である請求項1~9のいずれか1項記載の膜形成用組成物。
- 請求項1~13のいずれか1項記載の膜形成用組成物から得られる膜。
- 基材と、この基材上に形成された請求項14記載の膜とを備える電子デバイス。
- 基材と、この基材上に形成された請求項14記載の膜とを備える光学部材。
- 請求項14記載の膜を少なくとも1層備える、電荷結合素子または相補性金属酸化膜半導体からなる固体撮像素子。
- 請求項14記載の膜をカラーフィルター上の平坦化層として備える固体撮像素子。
- 請求項1~13のいずれか1項記載の膜形成用組成物からなる、固体撮像素子用レンズ材料、平坦化材料または埋め込み材料。
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TWI585124B (zh) | 2017-06-01 |
EP2636704B1 (en) | 2019-03-27 |
EP2636704A1 (en) | 2013-09-11 |
CN103270115A (zh) | 2013-08-28 |
TW201235382A (en) | 2012-09-01 |
US9502592B2 (en) | 2016-11-22 |
EP2636704A4 (en) | 2014-05-07 |
US20130281620A1 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
JPWO2012060286A1 (ja) | 2014-05-12 |
CN103270115B (zh) | 2015-09-30 |
KR20130131353A (ko) | 2013-12-03 |
JP5842822B2 (ja) | 2016-01-13 |
KR101849397B1 (ko) | 2018-04-17 |
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