WO2011050691A1 - 一种介孔炭担载的碳化钨催化剂及其制备和应用 - Google Patents

一种介孔炭担载的碳化钨催化剂及其制备和应用 Download PDF

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WO2011050691A1
WO2011050691A1 PCT/CN2010/077981 CN2010077981W WO2011050691A1 WO 2011050691 A1 WO2011050691 A1 WO 2011050691A1 CN 2010077981 W CN2010077981 W CN 2010077981W WO 2011050691 A1 WO2011050691 A1 WO 2011050691A1
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catalyst
mesoporous carbon
cmk
carbon
nickel
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PCT/CN2010/077981
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English (en)
French (fr)
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张涛
张艳华
王爱琴
郑明远
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中国科学院大连化学物理研究所
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Priority to US13/395,460 priority Critical patent/US8889585B2/en
Priority to EP10826054.8A priority patent/EP2495042B1/en
Priority to JP2012535607A priority patent/JP5426776B2/ja
Priority to KR1020127013491A priority patent/KR101396374B1/ko
Priority to ES10826054T priority patent/ES2699157T3/es
Priority to RU2012121909/04A priority patent/RU2528389C2/ru
Priority to CA2774315A priority patent/CA2774315C/en
Priority to MX2012003651A priority patent/MX339773B/es
Publication of WO2011050691A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011050691A1/zh
Priority to ZA2012/02801A priority patent/ZA201202801B/en

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/16Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/24Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • B01J23/30Tungsten
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/20Carbon compounds
    • B01J27/22Carbides
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/18Carbon
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/50Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
    • B01J35/56Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional monoliths
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/64Pore diameter
    • B01J35/6472-50 nm
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/0009Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
    • B01J37/0018Addition of a binding agent or of material, later completely removed among others as result of heat treatment, leaching or washing,(e.g. forming of pores; protective layer, desintegrating by heat)
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0201Impregnation
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/08Heat treatment
    • B01J37/082Decomposition and pyrolysis
    • B01J37/084Decomposition of carbon-containing compounds into carbon
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/90Carbides
    • C01B32/914Carbides of single elements
    • C01B32/949Tungsten or molybdenum carbides
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07CACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C29/00Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/61Surface area
    • B01J35/618Surface area more than 1000 m2/g
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/63Pore volume
    • B01J35/638Pore volume more than 1.0 ml/g
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a catalyst for direct catalytic conversion of cellulose to ethylene glycol, in particular to a mesoporous carbon supported tungsten carbide catalyst and preparation thereof. Background technique
  • Mesoporous carbon has a wide range of applications in fuel cells, sensors, adsorption separation, and catalysis because of its high specific surface area and large pore volume, as well as high hydrothermal stability and acid and alkali resistance. It is well known that the activity and selectivity of the catalyst are closely related to the dispersion of the active component and the amount of active sites that the reactants can contact.
  • the use of mesoporous carbon as a catalyst carrier can increase the dispersion of the active component and is also beneficial. The mass transfer and diffusion of the reactants and product molecules can increase the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. So far, the use of mesoporous carbon-supported tungsten carbide catalysts in the catalytic conversion of cellulose to ethylene glycol has not been reported. Summary of the invention
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a mesoporous carbon supported tungsten carbide catalyst and a preparation and application thereof, which can catalyze the high-yield and high-selective conversion of cellulose into ethylene glycol under the reaction conditions of hydrothermal hydrogenation. alcohol.
  • the catalyst carrier MC and CMK-3, CMK-8 are prepared by a hard template method, and the specific operation process is: dipping a 5-8 mL aqueous solution containing 0.1-10 g of sucrose and 0.1-0.3 g of concentrated sulfuric acid to 1.0 g hard
  • an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen
  • carbonization time of 400-1000 °C is not less than 0.5 hours
  • temperature and time is 800-90 CTC carbonization for 3-6 hours
  • hydrofluoric acid or sodium hydroxide solution to remove the hard template, the concentration of acid or alkali used The structure is not damaged and the template can be removed.
  • the catalyst carrier MC-R is prepared by a hard template method, and a commercial silica sol is used as a hard template.
  • the average size of the colloidal particles is between 5 nm and 100 nm, and resorcinol (R) and formaldehyde (F) are formed.
  • the sol is a carbon source, the R/F molar ratio is 0.1-2, and the mixture of R and F is mixed with the silica sol, wherein the Si/R molar ratio is 0.1-20, the stirring time is not less than 10 minutes, and then 40 -16CTC treatment, treatment time is not less than 0.5 hours, carbonization of 400-100CTC under inert atmosphere, carbonization time is not less than 0.5 hours, and finally the hard template is removed by hydrofluoric acid or sodium hydroxide solution, and the concentration of acid or alkali is used. The structure of the tunnel is not damaged and the template can be removed. After rinsing with deionized water and drying at 60-12 CTC, the obtained mesoporous charcoal was named MC-R.
  • the catalyst is carried on the carrier by impregnating the active component salt solution, and the specific operation process is: weighing the soluble salt of the active component into the deionized water according to the required weight ratio, respectively.
  • the pore carbon support is impregnated into the solution.
  • the catalyst precursor obtained by the impregnation is dried by 40-16 CTC, and then subjected to carbon thermal hydrogen reduction in hydrogen.
  • the reduction temperature of the tungsten carbide catalyst without nickel is 850-1000 ° C
  • the reduction temperature of the catalyst added with nickel is 650-800 °. C
  • the reduction time is not less than 1 hour.
  • the catalyst can be used in a cellulose hydrodegradation reaction.
  • the reaction is stirred in a closed high pressure reactor, the mass ratio of cellulose to water of the reaction raw material is 1:200-1:1, and the mass ratio of cellulose to catalyst is 1:1-100:1, and the reaction kettle is at room temperature.
  • the initial pressure of filling the hydrogen is 1-12 MPa, the temperature is programmed to a reaction temperature of 120-300 ° C, and the reaction time is not less than 10 min.
  • the catalyst of the invention adopts mesoporous carbon having a large specific surface area and a large pore volume as a carrier to greatly improve the dispersion of the active component, and is advantageous for the diffusion of reactant molecules and product molecules, and has the characteristics of high reactivity and good selectivity. It can convert cellulose into ethylene glycol with high yield and high selectivity under hydrothermal hydrogenation conditions.
  • the catalyst raw material of the invention is easy to obtain, the process is simple, and has a good application prospect.
  • the mesoporous carbon-supported tungsten carbide catalyst provided by the present invention has higher reactivity, selectivity and stability.
  • FIG. 2 is a CO chemisorption spectrum of the catalysts prepared in Examples 3 and 4 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is an XRD chart of a catalyst prepared in Comparative Example 2 of the present invention.
  • the specific surface areas of the three carbon supports are equivalent, except that the specific surface area of mesoporous carbon MC and CMK-3 is mainly composed of mesoporous surface area, and the surface area of activated carbon is mainly composed of microporous surface area.
  • Porous carbon has a large mesoporous pore volume and a narrow pore size distribution.
  • the average pore diameter of MC is 4.9 nm, and the average pore diameter of CMK-3 is 3.7 nm.
  • Synthesis of mesoporous carbon MC-R using silica sol as hard template Weigh 5.5g resorcinol and 8.1g formaldehyde solution, and mix 30 ⁇ 40 ⁇ 1% silica sol Ludox HS-40y with this RF sol. After treatment at 50 °C for 24 hours, treatment at 90 ° C for 72 hours, then carbonization at 900 ° C for 3 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere, finally washing off the silica with HF, and drying at 80 ° C overnight to obtain MC-Rm (m is Si / R molar ratio).
  • Table 2 lists the pore structure parameters of mesoporous carbons with different Si/R. Table 2 The pore structure parameters of mesoporous carbon supports with different Si/R.
  • the theoretical loading of W in the prepared catalyst was 30 wt%.
  • Ni-WCx/MC, Ni-WCx/CMK-3 and Ni-WCx/AC catalysts were prepared by co-impregnation method: 1.0 g of carbon carrier was weighed and immersed in 0.588 g of ammonium metatungstate and 0.157 g of nickel nitrate. In a 3-4 ml aqueous solution, after drying in a 12 CTC oven, the catalyst precursor is subjected to temperature-programmed reduction in hydrogen, and the specific reaction process is: from room temperature to 450 ° C at a heating rate of 8.8 ° C / min, and then The temperature was raised to 750 ° C at a heating rate of 1 ° C / min for 1 hour, and the hydrogen flow rate was 60 ml / min.
  • Table 3 shows the results of catalytic conversion of cellulose by different catalysts in the examples of the present invention. Catalyst conversion rate yield (3 ⁇ 4> )
  • the catalyst metal W loading in Table 3 is 30 wtg and the Ni loading is 2 wt excluding the specially labeled samples.

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Description

一种介孔炭担载的碳化钨催化剂及其制备和应用 技术领域
本发明涉及纤维素直接催化转化制乙二醇的催化剂,具体地说是一种介孔炭担载 的碳化钨催化剂及其制备。 背景技术
能源是现代社会赖以生存和发展的基础,清洁能源的开发和利用关系着国民经济 的可持续发展, 是国家战略安全的基础保障之一。生物质作为可再生清洁能源的重要 组成部分, 它的开发和利用对我国能源结构多元化、缓解化石能源供应压力和保障能 源安全等都具有极其重要的作用。纤维素是地球上产量最大的第二代生物质资源, 来 源丰富, 价格低廉, 例如农业生产中剩余的秸秆、 林业生产的废料等等。 此外, 由于 纤维素不能被人类食用不会对人类的粮食安全造成影响,因而如何实现由廉价的纤维 素得到高经济价值的产品成为近年来各国学者的研究热点。
以往人们研究纤维素的转化主要集中于纤维素在矿物酸或酶的作用下的水解,这 种方法不仅造成环境的污染而且效率较低, 从而面临严峻的挑战。近年来发展起来的 纤维素的催化转化相比之下是一种绿色高效的方法。纤维素的催化转化就是在一定的 条件下在催化剂的作用下将纤维素催化降解为多羟基化合物。日本的 Fukuoka教授使 用 Pt/Al203催化剂使六元醇的收率达到了 30%。 北京大学的刘海超教授使用 Ru/AC 催化剂在高温水热的条件下实现了纤维素的高效催化转化, 六元醇的收率提高到了 40% [ 1010585311ο 厦门大学的王野教授预先将纤维素经过磷酸水溶液预处理, 然后 由水将其沉淀再生,再利用多壁碳纳米管担载的金属钌催化剂进行催化加氢使纤维素 转化, 制得六元醇的收率一般可达 50%以上【101121643】。然而以上几种方法均使用 贵金属催化剂, 成本较高经济性差。在前人基础上, 我们课题组开发了一种活性炭担 载的镍-碳化钨催化剂, 可实现在水热加氢的反应条件下, 纤维素催化转化高収率、 高选择性地生成乙二醇, 乙二醇的收率可达 61%, 但是这种催化剂存在以下问题: 一 是镍的添加加剧了碳化钨颗粒的聚集, 二是采用具有微孔孔结构的活性炭作载体, 不 利于碳化钨活性组分的高度分散和反应物及产物的传质和扩散。
介孔炭由于其具有高的比表面积和大的孔容积以及较高的水热稳定性和抗酸碱 性能, 在燃料电池、 传感器、 吸附分离、 催化等领域具均有广泛的应用。 众所周知, 催化剂的活性和选择性与活性组分的分散度及反应物所能接触到的活性位的数量密 切相关,而使用介孔炭作为催化剂载体可提高活性组分的分散度同时也有利于反应物 和产物分子的传质和扩散从而可提高催化剂的活性和选择性。 目前为止, 介孔炭担载 的碳化钨催化剂在纤维素催化转化生成乙二醇的反应中的应用还没有报道。 发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种介孔炭担载的碳化钨催化剂及其制备和应用,其可在 水热加氢的反应条件下将纤维素高收率、 高选择性地催化转化为乙二醇。
为实现上述目的, 本发明采用的技术方案为:
一种具有三维连通孔结构的无序介孔炭 MC、 MC-R担载的碳化钨催化剂, 以下 表示为 WCx/MC (x=0.5-l )和 WCx/MC-R (x=0.5-l ),和有序介孔炭 CMK-3、 CMK-8 担载的碳化钨催化剂, 以下表示为 WCx/CMK-3 (x=0.5-l )和 WCx/CMK-8 (x=0.5-l ), 催化剂载体分别采用具有三维连通孔结构的无序介孔炭 MC、 MC-R和有序介孔炭 CMK-3、CMK-8,催化剂活性组分为 WCx(x=0.5-l ),当添加镍时,活性组分为 Ni-WCx (x=0.5-l ), 其中, W的担载量为 1-80 wt , 较佳范围为 30-42 wt , Ni的理论担载 量为 0.1-30wt%, 较佳范围为 2-5 wt%。
所述催化剂载体 MC和 CMK-3、 CMK-8采用硬模板的方法制备, 具体操作过程 为, 将含有 0.1-10 g蔗糖和 0.1-0.3g浓硫酸的 5-8mL水溶液浸渍到 l.Og硬模板的孔 道中,经过经 40 - 350°C热处理处理时间不少于 0.5小时,较佳温度和处理时间为 95 - 110°C和 160-17CTC热处理各 6-8小时之后, 惰性气氛例如氮气下, 400-1000 °C炭化 时间不少于 0.5小时, 较佳温度和时间为 800-90CTC碳化 3-6小时, 最后用氢氟酸或 氢氧化钠溶液去除硬模板, 采用的酸或碱的浓度以不破坏孔道结构且能去除模板为 准。用大量去离子水漂洗后置于烘箱中 60-12CTC干燥,分别得到具有三维连通孔结构 的无序介孔炭 MC和有序介孔炭 CMK-3、 CMK-8
所述催化剂载体 MC-R采用硬模板的方法制备, 以商业二氧化硅溶胶做硬模板, 胶粒的平均尺寸在 5nm-100nm之间, 采用间苯二酚 (R) 和甲醛 (F) 形成的溶胶为 炭源, R/F摩尔比为 0.1-2, 将 R和 F的混合物与硅溶胶混合搅拌, 其中 Si/R摩尔比 为 0.1-20, 搅拌时间不少于 10分钟, 之后经 40-16CTC处理, 处理时间不少于 0.5小 时, 惰性气氛下 400-100CTC炭化, 炭化时间不少于 0.5小时, 最后用氢氟酸或氢氧化 钠溶液去除硬模板,采用的酸或碱的浓度以不破坏孔道结构且能去除模板为准。用去 离子水漂洗后于 60-12CTC干燥, 得到的介孔炭命名为 MC-R。
所述催化剂采用浸渍活性组分盐溶液的方法将活性组分担载在载体上,具体操作 过程为, 按照所需的重量配比分别称取活性组分的可溶性盐溶于去离子水中,将介孔 炭载体浸渍于此溶液中。浸渍得到的催化剂前体经 40-16CTC干燥后,在氢气中进行炭 热氢气还原,不加镍的碳化钨催化剂还原温度为 850-1000°C,添加镍的催化剂的还原 温度为 650-800°C, 还原时间不少于 1小时。
所述催化剂可用于纤维素加氢降解反应。 此反应在密闭高压反应釜中搅拌进行, 反应原料纤维素与水的质量比为 1:200-1:1, 纤维素与催化剂的质量比为 1:1-100:1, 室温下反应釜中填充氢气的初始压力为 1-12 MPa, 程序升温至反应温度 120-300 °C, 反应时间不少于 10 min。
本发明催化剂采用具有大比表面积、大孔容积的介孔炭做载体大大提高了活性组 分的分散度, 并有利于反应物分子和产物分子的扩散, 具有反应活性高和选择性好的 特点, 它能够在水热加氢的条件下将纤维素高收率、 高选择性地转化为乙二醇。本发 明催化剂原料易得, 工艺简单, 具有很好的应用前景。
与近期报道的高效碳化钨催化剂相比,本发明提供的介孔炭担载的碳化钨催化剂 具有更高的反应活性、 选择性和稳定性。 附图说明
图 1为本发明实施例 3、 4及比较实施例 1制备催化剂的 XRD谱图;
图 2为本发明实施例 3、 4及比较实施例 1制备催化剂的 CO化学吸附谱图; 图 3为本发明比较实施例 2制备催化剂的 XRD谱图。 具体实施方式
实施例 1
硬模板的方法制备 MC和 CMK-3:
称量 1.25 g 蔗糖和 0.14g浓硫酸溶于 5 ml去离子水中,称取 1.0 g商业二氧化硅 凝胶或 SBA-15浸渍于此溶液中, 室温下静置 8-12小时(在此例中为 12小时), 先后 经 100°C和 170°C热处理各 6小时,将此粉末再次浸渍于含有 0.8g 蔗糖和 0.09 g浓硫 酸的 5 ml水溶液中,热处理过程同上。将热处理后的样品于氮气中 900°C碳化 6小时。 降到室温后将此样品置于 5 Wt%氢氟酸或 60-8CTC的 2M的氢氧化钠溶液中, 磁力搅拌 2-24小时(在此例中为 24小时) 以去除二氧化硅模板, 过滤、漂洗并于 80-12CTC (在 此例中为 120°C )干燥后分别得到 MC或 CMK-3。所制备的 MC 与 CMK-3及比较实 施例 1所使用的活性炭 AC 的孔结构参数见表 1。 表 1 不同炭载体的孔结构参数。
Figure imgf000004_0001
从表 1可以看出三种炭载体的比表面积相当, 所不同的是介孔炭 MC和 CMK-3 的比表面积主要由介孔表面积组成,而活性炭的表面积主要由微孔表面积组成,此外, 介孔炭具有较大的介孔孔容积,且孔径分布比较窄, MC的平均孔径为 4.9 nm, CMK-3 的平均孔径为 3.7 nm。
实施例 2
采用硅溶胶为硬模板合成介孔炭 MC-R: 称取 5.5g间苯二酚与 8.1g甲醛溶液混 合, 将 30§ 40 \¥1%的硅溶胶 Ludox HS-40y与此 RF溶胶混合均匀, 50 °C处理 24小时 后 90°C处理 72小时, 之后在氮气气氛下 900°C炭化 3小时, 最后用 HF洗除二氧化 硅, 80°C过夜干燥得 MC-Rm (m为 Si/R摩尔比)。
表 2列出了不同 Si/R的介孔炭的孔结构参数 表 2 不同 Si/R的介孔炭载体的孔结构参数。
SBET Smicro Vmicro Vmeso D (nm)
(m2/g) (m2/g) (cm3/g) (cm3/g)
MC-R4 1022 196 0.08 2.36 9.6
MC-R2 621 203 0.09 1.02 8.7
MC-R1 514 246 0.11 0.53 8.1 实施例 3
采用浸渍的方法制备 WCx/MC (x=0.5-l )催化剂: 称取 l.Og 实施例 1制备的介 孔炭 MC, 将此炭载体浸渍于含有 0.588g 偏钨酸铵的 3-4ml水溶液中, 经 120°C烘箱 干燥后, 将此催化剂前体于氢气中进行程序升温还原, 具体反应过程为: 由室温以 8.8°C/min的升温速率升至 550°C, 然后以 l °C/min 的升温速率升温至 900 °C并保持 1 小时, 氢气流速为 120 ml/min。 所制备的催化剂中 W的理论担载量为 30 wt%。
实施例 4
采用浸渍的方法制备 WCx/CMK-3 (x=0.5-l )催化剂:制备方法与实施例 3相同, 不同之处在于炭载体选用实施例 1制备的 CMK-3。所制备的催化剂中 W的理论担载 量为 30 wt%。
实施例 5
采用浸渍的方法分别制备 WCx/MC-60wt%, WCx/CMK-8-10wt (x=0.5-l ) 催 化剂: 制备方法与实施例 3相同, 不同之处在于所制备的催化剂中 W的理论担载量 分别为 60 wt ^P 10 wt%。
实施例 6
采用浸渍的方法制备 WCx/MC-Rm (x=0.5-l ) 催化剂: 制备方法与实施例 3相 同, 不同之处在于炭载体选用实施例 2制备的 MC-R。 所制备的催化剂中 W的理论 担载量为 30 wt%。
比较实施例 1
采用浸渍的方法制备 WCx/AC (x=0.5-l ) 催化剂: 制备方法与实施例 2相同, 不同之处在于炭载体选用与 MC具有相当比表面积的普通活性炭 AC。 所制备的催化 剂中 W的理论担载量为 30 wt%。
由图 1的 XRD谱图可以看出, MC担载的碳化钨催化剂 WCx/MC的最强峰明显 宽于其他两种炭载体担载的碳化钨催化剂,说明 MC担载的碳化钨粒子尺寸较小。 由 图 2的 CO化学吸附谱图可见, WCx/MC、 WCx/CMK-3和 WCx/AC三种催化剂上的 CO吸附量分别为 39.72, 20.90和 8.22 μηιοΐ/g, 可见碳化钨在介孔炭载体上能实现较 好的分散, 在三维连通孔结构的介孔炭 MC 上分散的最好。
比较实施例 2
采用共浸渍的方法制备 Ni-WCx/MC、 Ni-WCx/CMK-3和 Ni-WCx/AC催化剂: 分别称取 l.Og炭载体, 浸渍于含 0.588g 偏钨酸铵和 0.157g硝酸镍的 3-4 ml水溶液 中, 经 12CTC烘箱干燥后, 将此催化剂前体于氢气中进行程序升温还原, 具体反应过 程为: 由室温以 8.8°C/min的升温速率升至 450°C, 然后以 l °C/min 的升温速率升温 至 750°C并保持 1小时, 氢气流速为 60 ml/min。 所制备的催化剂中 W的理论担载量 为 30 wt , Ni的理论担载量为 2 wt%。 由图 3的 XRD 谱图可见, 衍射峰的宽度均 大大变窄, 说明镍的添加加剧了碳化钨粒子的烧结。
实施例 7
纤维素催化转化实验: 以上制备的不同催化剂分别取 0.3 g 和 1.0 g 纤维素及 100ml水混合置于 300 ml反应釜中, 通入氢气置换 6次气体后, 充氢气至 6 MPa, 以 1000转 /min的速度进行搅拌, 同时升温至 245°C反应 30min。反应结束后, 降至室温, 取过滤后的上层清液,在高效液相色谱钙型离子交换柱上进行分离并用差示折光检测 器进行检测。 纤维素转化率以剩余固体干重计算。 液体产物的收率以 (产物重量) /
(纤维素重量) X 100%进行计算。 从表 3的反应结果看, 即使在不添加第二组分镍 的情况下, 介孔炭担载的碳化物催化剂即具有较高的活性和选择性, 乙二醇的收率达 70% 以上, 这可能是由于介孔炭载体的孔结构特征有利于活性组分碳化钨的分散和 反应物及产物分子的扩散, 从而表现出了更好的选择性。而镍的添加虽然能提高乙二 醇的收率,但是对于介孔炭担载的碳化钨催化剂而言,镍的添加同时也加剧了碳化钨 粒子的烧结, 所以在以介孔炭为载体的催化剂上乙二醇的收率提高得并不明显。
表 3为本发明实施例 Ί不同催化剂对纤维素催化转化反应结果。 催化剂 转化率 收率 (¾> )
Figure imgf000006_0001
注: 表格 3中催化剂金属 W担载量为 30 wt , Ni担载量 2 wt , 特别标注的样 品除外。

Claims

1. 一种介孔炭担载的碳化钨催化剂, 其特征在于: 以具有高比表面积、 大孔容 的介孔炭作为催化剂载体, 碳化钨为活性组分分散于载体表面和孔道内, W 的担载 量为 1-80 wt ; 优选 W的担载量为 30-42 wt%。
2. 按照权利要求 1所述的催化剂, 其特征在于: 催化剂中掺杂有第二活性组分 镍, 镍的担载量为 0.1-30 wt% ; 优选镍的担载量为 2-5 wt%。
3. 按照权利要求 1所述的催化剂, 其特征在于: 所述介孔炭载体分别采用孔结 构无序的介孔炭 MC、 MC-R和孔结构有序的介孔炭 CMK-3、 CMK-8。
4. 按照权利要求 1所述催化剂, 其特征在于: 采用硬模板或 nanocasting 的方 法制备介孔炭, 采用的硬模板为商业二氧化硅凝胶, 或胶粒平均尺度在 5nm-100nm 之间的二氧化硅溶胶, 或有序介孔氧化硅 SBA-15, 或 KIT-6; 所用的炭源为蔗糖、 酚醛树脂、 中间相沥青或糠醇中的一种或多种; 将 0.1-10g炭源浸渍到 l.Og硬模板的 孔道中, 经 40-350 热处理, 处理时间不少于 0.5小时, 惰性气氛下 400-1000 °〇炭 化, 炭化时间不少于 0.5小时, 最后用氢氟酸或氢氧化钠溶液去除硬模板, 采用的酸 或碱的浓度以不破坏孔道结构且能去除模板为准; 用去离子水漂洗后于 60-120 °〇干 燥, 得到不同孔结构的介孔炭。
5. 按照权利要求 4所述的催化剂, 其特征在于: 介孔炭 MC、 CMK-3和 CMK-8 的制备分别采用商业二氧化硅凝胶和有序介孔二氧化硅 SBA-15、 KIT-6 作为硬模板, 将含有 1.0-2.1g蔗糖和 0.1-0.3g浓硫酸的 5-8mL水溶液浸渍到 l.Og硬模板的孔道中, 先后经过 95-11CTC和 160-17CTC热处理各 6-8小时之后, 氮气气氛下 800-90CTC碳化 3-6小时, 最后用 5 Wt%氢氟酸或 60-80 °C的 2M的氢氧化钠溶液磁力搅拌处理 2-24 h 以去除二氧化硅模板, 用去离子水漂洗后置于烘箱中 80-12CTC干燥, 分别得介孔炭 MC、 CMK-3和 CMK-8。
6. 按照权利要求 4所述的催化剂, 其特征在于: 以商业二氧化硅溶胶做硬模板, 胶粒的平均尺寸在 5nm-100nm之间, 采用间苯二酚 (R) 和甲醛 (F)形成的溶胶为炭 源, R/F摩尔比为 0.1-2, 将 R和 F的混合物与硅溶胶混合搅拌, 其中 Si/R摩尔比为 0.1-20, 搅拌时间不少于 10分钟, 之后经 40-16CTC处理, 处理时间不少于 0.5小时, 惰性气氛下 400-100CTC炭化, 炭化时间不少于 0.5小时, 最后用氢氟酸或氢氧化钠溶 液去除硬模板,采用的酸或碱的浓度以不破坏孔道结构且能去除模板为准; 用去离子 水漂洗后于 60-12CTC干燥, 得到的介孔炭命名为 MC-R。
7. 一种权利要求 1所述催化剂的制备方法, 其特征在于: 将钨和镍、 或钨的可 溶性盐溶液浸渍于介孔炭载体上,经过 40-140 V干燥后,在氢气中进行炭热氢气还原, 不加镍的催化剂还原温度为 850-1000°C, 添加镍的催化剂的还原温度为 650-800°C, 还原时间不少于 0.5小时。
8. 按照权利要求 7所述催化剂的制备方法, 其特征在于: 将钨和镍、 或钨的可 溶性盐溶液浸渍于介孔炭 MC或 CMK-3或 CMK-8或 MC-R载体上, 经过 110 - 12CTC干燥后, 在氢气中进行炭热氢气还原, 不加镍的催化剂还原温度为 850-900°C, 添加镍的催化剂的还原温度为 700-750°C, 还原时间不少于 1小时。
9. 一种权利要求 1所述催化剂的应用, 其特征在于: 所述催化剂可用于纤维素 直接催化转化制乙二醇的反应中, 该反应于密闭高压釜中搅拌进行, 反应原料纤维素 与水的质量比为 1:200-1:1, 纤维素与催化剂的质量比为 1:1-100:1, 室温下反应釜中 填充氢气的初始压力为 l-12MPa, 反应温度 120-300 °C, 反应时间不少于 10 min。
10. 一种权利要求 9所述催化剂的应用, 其特征在于: 所述催化剂可用于纤维素 直接催化转化制乙二醇的反应中, 该反应于密闭高压釜中搅拌进行, 反应原料纤维素 与水的质量比为 1:100, 纤维素与催化剂的质量比为 10:3, 室温下反应釜中填充氢气 的初始压力为 3-7MPa, 升温至反应温度 180-250°C, 反应时间为 30 min-3h。
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