WO2009150829A1 - 固体撮像素子及びその駆動方法 - Google Patents
固体撮像素子及びその駆動方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/71—Charge-coupled device [CCD] sensors; Charge-transfer registers specially adapted for CCD sensors
- H04N25/75—Circuitry for providing, modifying or processing image signals from the pixel array
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- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/77—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components
- H04N25/771—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components comprising storage means other than floating diffusion
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- H04N25/78—Readout circuits for addressed sensors, e.g. output amplifiers or A/D converters
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid-state imaging device and a driving method thereof, and more particularly to a solid-state imaging device capable of high-speed operation suitable for photographing high-speed phenomena such as destruction, explosion, and combustion, and a driving method thereof.
- high-speed imaging devices for continuously capturing high-speed phenomena such as explosion, destruction, combustion, collision, and discharge for only a short time have been developed (see Non-Patent Document 1, etc.).
- Such a high-speed photographing apparatus requires photographing at an extremely high speed of about 1 million frames / second or more.
- a solid-state image sensor that has a special structure and is capable of high-speed operation is used, which is different from an image sensor generally used for a video camera or a digital camera.
- a solid-state imaging device those described in Patent Document 1 are conventionally used.
- the solid-state imaging device described in this document is called a pixel peripheral recording type imaging device (IS-CCD). This imaging device will be schematically described.
- the pixel peripheral recording type imaging device includes a storage CCD that also serves as a signal transfer for each recording frame for each photodiode as a light receiving unit, and is generated by photoelectric conversion by the photodiode during shooting.
- the pixel signals are sequentially transferred to the storage CCD.
- the pixel signals for the number of recording frames stored in the storage CCD are collectively read out in order, and an image for the number of recording frames is reproduced outside the imaging device. Pixel signals that exceed the number of recording frames during shooting are discarded in the oldest order, and the latest predetermined number of pixel signals for the number of frames are always held in the storage CCD. For this reason, if the transfer of the pixel signal to the storage CCD is stopped at the end of photographing, the latest image after the time pointed back by the number of recording frames from that point can be obtained.
- the pixel peripheral recording type image pickup device obtains a continuous image of a plurality of frames at a very high speed unlike a general image pickup device that needs to take out an image signal for one frame every time an image signal is obtained. It has the feature that it can be.
- the number of storage CCDs that can be mounted on one image sensor is limited due to various restrictions such as semiconductor chip area and power consumption. Therefore, the number of frames that can be shot at high speed is limited. For example, in the apparatus described in Non-Patent Document 1, the number of frames that can be shot at high speed is about 100.
- this number of frames is sufficient for some purposes, but depending on the phenomenon to be photographed and the type of subject, high speed (for example, about 1 million frames / second) is not required, but in a longer time. There may be cases where it is desired to perform shooting over a large number of frames. However, it is difficult for the above-mentioned pixel peripheral recording type imaging device to meet such a photographing requirement.
- the pixel peripheral recording type by the CCD system as described above is suitable for both the shooting at a very high speed although the number of continuous recording frames is limited and the shooting at a high speed but not limited in the number of recording frames. It is necessary to use an image sensor together with a well-known image sensor using, for example, a CMOS system. Such an imaging device is expensive.
- a light splitter such as a beam splitter or a half mirror is provided behind the imaging lens, and the incident light is divided into two parts and introduced into different imaging apparatuses.
- One of the two imaging devices is dedicated for monitoring to detect a sudden change in the image, and the start and end of storage of the image signal obtained by the other imaging device is controlled by the trigger signal obtained thereby.
- To do
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and a first object of the present invention is that there is no restriction on the number of recording frames, although there is a restriction on the number of recording frames, and there is a restriction on the number of recording frames although the speed is very high. It is an object of the present invention to provide a solid-state imaging device capable of performing both photographing and parallel processing and a driving method thereof.
- a second object of the present invention is to capture changes in a subject in an image obtained during shooting for a long period of time or occurrence of a phenomenon to be observed, and to capture the change or phenomenon at high speed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a solid-state imaging device and a driving method thereof.
- the solid-state imaging device made to solve the above problems is a) a pixel region in which a plurality of pixels each including a photoelectric conversion unit that receives light and generates photoelectric charges are two-dimensionally arranged; b) A region separated from the pixel region, and a plurality of memories are stored for each pixel so that a signal output from each pixel in the pixel region can be held for a plurality of frames without external reading.
- the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention is a so-called CMOS image sensor using CMOS.
- the photoelectric conversion unit included in each pixel is typically a photodiode.
- the burst reading storage unit and the continuous reading storage unit arranged in the storage area can be a combination of a capacitor and a switch (or gate) such as a transistor, for example.
- each pixel includes the photoelectric conversion unit, A transfer element that transfers the photoelectric charge generated by the photoelectric conversion unit to a detection node for converting a charge signal into a voltage signal; A buffer element for sending an output signal from the detection node to a pixel output line; A reset element that resets at least the photoelectric conversion unit and the detection node; It can be set as the structure containing.
- the detection node is a floating diffusion
- the transfer element and the reset element are transistors (MOS transistors)
- the buffer element is a source follower amplifier composed of a plurality of transistors.
- a plurality of burst readout storage units are provided for each pixel. For this reason, when performing continuous shooting of a plurality of frames, pixel signals corresponding to each frame can be sequentially written to a plurality of burst reading storage units one by one, and during that time, it is not necessary to read the signals to the outside Absent. In general, readout of signals from the solid-state imaging device to the outside takes time to sequentially read out a huge number of signals (number of pixels), which limits the photographing speed. On the other hand, with the solid-state imaging device according to the present invention, continuous shooting is possible without reading out signals to the outside.
- the number of image frames that can be read externally depends on the number of burst reading storage units prepared for each pixel. That is, when 100 burst reading storage units are provided per pixel, it is possible to acquire a maximum of 100 frames of continuous images.
- the photoelectric charge accumulation operation in each pixel and the signal output from each pixel are held in the continuous readout storage unit.
- the holding operation is performed on all pixels at the same time, and subsequently, each pixel and each storage unit are operated so that signals for one frame are sequentially read out and output from the continuous reading storage unit corresponding to each pixel.
- burst readout memory that holds the signal simultaneously in all pixels, together with the photocharge accumulation operation in each pixel and the holding operation that holds the signal output from each pixel in one of the plurality of burst readout storage units
- the storage unit for burst reading corresponding to each pixel is stored in the burst reading storage unit after the signals for the plurality of frames are held in the burst reading storage unit.
- a second drive mode for operating each pixel and each storage unit so as to sequentially read and output from is possible to further comprise a drive control means for executing the above.
- the drive control means can control each pixel, the storage unit, and the like so that the operation of either the first drive mode or the second drive mode is executed.
- the drive control means includes the first drive mode and the second drive mode so as to simultaneously hold the signal output from each pixel in one of the burst readout storage units and the continuous readout storage unit. It is possible to execute the driving mode concurrently.
- an output signal line for reading out the signal held in the burst reading storage unit and an output signal line for reading out the signal held in the continuous reading storage unit are provided independently. Therefore, the signals simultaneously held in both storage units as described above can be read out to the outside at completely different timings. In other words, it is possible to execute high-speed shooting for a predetermined number of frames in the middle without interfering with shooting at a relatively low frame rate over a long period of time.
- the solid-state image sensor driving method is operated in the first drive mode, and the occurrence of a target phenomenon or a change in the subject is detected based on a signal output from the element.
- the trigger signal can be generated, and the drive mode can be switched by the trigger signal so that the first drive mode and the second drive mode can be simultaneously executed in parallel.
- a single image pickup device for example, extremely high-speed shooting of 1 million frames / second or more, and repeated shooting over a long time although the shooting speed is lower than that. Can be performed simultaneously.
- an imaging apparatus having a wide use field or a high use value at a relatively low cost.
- high-speed shooting of a target change or phenomenon can be performed at an appropriate timing in accordance with a change appearing in a subject or an occurrence of a phenomenon to be observed.
- a time zoom function that captures a phenomenon occurring at a specific time at fine time intervals can be easily realized.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view showing a layout on a semiconductor chip of a solid-state imaging device which is an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view showing a layout of one pixel in a pixel region in the solid-state image sensor of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view illustrating a schematic configuration of a pixel area and a storage area in the solid-state imaging device of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit configuration diagram of one pixel and a storage unit corresponding to the pixel in the solid-state imaging device of the present embodiment.
- 4 is a schematic time chart of a driving mode in the solid-state imaging device of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a drive timing chart of an operation mode when the photocharge accumulation time is short in the solid-state imaging device of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic potential diagram in a pixel in the operation shown in FIG. 9.
- FIG. 4 is a drive timing chart of an operation mode when the photocharge accumulation time is long in the solid-state imaging device of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic potential diagram inside a pixel in the operation shown in FIG. 11.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view showing the overall layout of the solid-state imaging device of the present embodiment on a semiconductor chip
- FIG. 2 is a plan view showing the schematic layout of one pixel in the pixel region shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a plan view showing a schematic configuration of a pixel area and a storage area
- FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit configuration diagram of one pixel and a storage unit corresponding thereto.
- the solid-state imaging device includes a semiconductor region 1 that includes a pixel region 2 for receiving incident light and generating a pixel signal for each pixel, and storage regions 3a and 3b for holding the pixel signal until the pixel signal is read out. Prepare for the top.
- the pixel area 2 and the storage areas 3a and 3b are separated from each other and are each a grouped area.
- a total of N ⁇ M pixels 10 of N rows and M columns are arranged in a two-dimensional array.
- the pixel area 2 is divided into two parts, a first pixel area 2a and a second pixel area 2b in which (N / 2) ⁇ M pixels 10 are arranged.
- a slender first current source region 6a is provided between the first pixel region 2a and the first storage region 3a.
- An elongated second current source region 6b is provided between the second pixel region 2b and the second storage region 3b.
- the first storage area 3a is provided with a first vertical scanning circuit area 4a and a first horizontal scanning circuit area 5a.
- the first vertical scanning circuit area 4a and the first horizontal scanning circuit area 5a are provided with circuits such as a shift register and a decoder for controlling reading of signals from the storage section in the first storage area 3a.
- a second vertical scanning circuit region 4b and a second horizontal scanning circuit region 5b are attached to the second storage region 3b.
- the solid-state imaging device of this embodiment has a substantially line-symmetric structure around a line (a straight line indicated by a dotted line in FIG. 1) that divides the approximate center of the pixel region 2 into two. Since the structure and operation of both portions across the line are the same, in the following description, the first pixel region 2a, the first storage region 3a, the first vertical scanning circuit region 4a, the first horizontal scanning circuit region 5a, The structure and operation of the first current source region 6a will be mainly described.
- the number of pixels arranged in the pixel area 2 that is, the values of N and M can be determined arbitrarily. Increasing these values increases the resolution of the image, but on the other hand, if the entire chip area increases or the total chip area does not change, the chip area per pixel decreases.
- the number of pixels arranged in each of the first pixel region 2a and the second pixel region 2b is 320 pixels in the horizontal direction (horizontal direction) and the vertical direction (vertical direction) as described in FIG. There are 132 pixels, and the total is 42240 pixels.
- the area occupied by one pixel 10 is rectangular, and the interior is roughly divided into three areas, that is, a photoelectric conversion area 11, a pixel circuit area 12, and a wiring area 13.
- a photoelectric conversion area 11 a pixel circuit area 12
- a wiring area 13 In the wiring region 13, (M / 2) + ⁇ pixel output lines 14 are collected and arranged so as to extend in the vertical direction. ⁇ may be 0.
- the number of pixel output lines 14 passing through one wiring region 13 is 132 in this example.
- the width and parasitic capacitance of the wirings at both ends are likely to be different from others.
- each pixel 10 includes a photodiode 31, a transfer transistor 32, a floating diffusion 33, a storage transistor 34, a storage capacitor 36, a reset transistor 35, a source follower amplifier 43, and a current source. 39.
- the photodiode 31 generates light charges upon receiving light, and corresponds to a photoelectric conversion unit in the present invention.
- the transfer transistor 32 is for transferring photocharge and corresponds to a transfer element in the present invention.
- the floating diffusion 33 temporarily accumulates photocharges and converts them into voltage signals, and corresponds to a detection node in the present invention.
- the accumulation transistor 34 and the accumulation capacitor 36 are for accumulating charges that overflow (overflow) from the photodiode 31 via the transfer transistor 32 during the photocharge accumulation operation.
- the reset transistor 35 is for discharging the charges accumulated in the floating diffusion 33 and the storage capacitor 36, and corresponds to a reset element in the present invention.
- the source follower amplifier 43 is for outputting the charge accumulated in the floating diffusion 33 or the charge accumulated in both the floating diffusion 33 and the storage capacitor 36 as a voltage signal, and corresponds to a buffer element in the present invention. .
- the source follower amplifier 43 has a two-stage configuration of two PMOS transistors 37 and 38 connected in cascade, and two NMOS transistors 40 and 41 connected in cascade.
- the transistors 38 and 41 have a function of controlling on / off of currents flowing through the paired transistors 37 and 40, respectively, and are referred to as selection transistors here.
- Drive lines 15 for supplying control signals ⁇ T, ⁇ C, ⁇ R, and ⁇ X are connected to gate terminals of the transfer transistor 32, the storage transistor 34, the reset transistor 35, and the selection transistors 38 and 41, respectively (FIG. 2). These drive lines 15 are common to all the pixels 10 in the pixel region 2. As a result, all the pixels 10 are simultaneously driven for a value charge accumulation operation or the like.
- the output 42 of the second stage transistor 41 of the source follower amplifier 43 is connected to one of the 132 pixel output lines 14 arranged in the wiring region 13.
- the pixel output lines 14 are provided independently for each pixel 10, and the entire solid-state imaging device has the same number of pixels, that is, 84480 pixel output lines 14.
- the source follower amplifier 43 has a current buffer function for driving the pixel output line 14 at high speed. Since each pixel output line 14 extends from the pixel area 2a to the storage area 3a, it has a somewhat large capacitive load. In order to drive this at a high speed, a large-sized transistor capable of flowing a large current is required. On the other hand, in order to increase the photoelectric conversion gain in order to increase the detection sensitivity in the pixel 10, it is preferable that the capacity of the floating diffusion 33 for converting the photoelectric charge into a voltage is as small as possible.
- the transistor 37 Since the parasitic capacitance of the gate terminal of the transistor 37 connected to the floating diffusion 33 effectively increases the capacitance of the floating diffusion 33, the transistor 37 is preferably a small transistor having a small gate input capacitance for the above reason. Therefore, in order to satisfy both the supply of a large current in the output stage and the low capacitance in the input stage, the source follower amplifier 43 is configured in two stages, and the first stage transistor 37 is a small transistor to suppress the input gate capacity. On the other hand, a sufficiently large output current is secured by using a large-sized transistor for the subsequent transistors 40 and 41.
- the first-stage selection transistor 38 can be omitted for performing a basic operation. However, when the subsequent-stage selection transistor 41 is in the off state, the selection transistor 38 is also turned off at the same time. The current consumption can be suppressed by preventing the current from flowing from the current source 39 to the transistor 37.
- the storage capacitor 36 and the storage transistor 34 are unnecessary.
- the floating diffusion 33 and the reset transistor 35 may be directly connected.
- a burst reading storage unit 200 and a continuous reading storage unit 210 are provided independently corresponding to each pixel 10. Yes. These have not only separate storage units, but also separate signal lines for reading signals to the outside.
- the continuous reading storage unit 210 includes a writing side transistor 211, a reading side transistor 212, a capacitor 213, and a buffer 214 connected to the pixel output line 14.
- a signal is output from the pixel 10 to the pixel output line 14
- the signal is written (held) in the capacitor 213 by turning off the reading side transistor 212 and turning on the writing side transistor 211. it can.
- the signal held in the capacitor 213 can be output through the buffer 214 by turning off the write side transistor 211 and turning on the read side transistor 212.
- Sampling transistors 26001 to 26104, capacitors 25001 to 25104, and a buffer 204 are included.
- the reading side transistor 202 is turned off, the writing side transistor 201 is turned on, and one of the arbitrary sampling transistors 26001 to 26104 is selectively selected.
- a signal present on the common signal line 203 can be written (held) into one capacitor 25001 to 25104 connected to the turned-on sampling transistor.
- the read side transistor 202 when the read side transistor 202 is turned on while the write side transistor 201 is turned off, and one of the arbitrary sampling transistors 26001 to 26104 is selectively turned on, it is connected to the sampling transistor.
- the signals held in the capacitors 25001 to 25104 can be read onto the common signal line 203 and output to the outside through the buffer 204.
- the sampling transistors 26001 to 26104 to be turned on are sequentially scanned, so that signals corresponding to a maximum of 104 frames of continuous images held in the capacitors 25001 to 25104 are sequentially, that is, serially received. Can be read.
- a burst readout storage unit 200 and a continuous readout storage unit 210 are provided independently for the same pixel output line 14, and the operations of these storage units 200 and 210 can also be controlled independently.
- the output signal lines for outputting signals from the storage units 200 and 210 are also independent.
- the burst reading storage unit 200 and the continuous reading storage unit 210 perform the writing operation as described above at the same time, so that the burst reading storage unit One capacitor 25001 to 25104 in 200 and the only capacitor 213 in the continuous reading storage unit 210 can simultaneously hold the same signal.
- the signals can be separately read and output at appropriate timing thereafter.
- the above-described burst reading storage unit 200 and continuous reading storage unit 210 are provided corresponding to each pixel 10. That is, 132 burst reading storage units 200 and 132 continuous reading storage units 210 are provided for 132 pixels 10 arranged in the vertical direction. Ten storage units 200 and 210 for 132 pixels are arranged in the horizontal direction, and the output signal lines of the storage units 200 and 210 for a total of 1320 pixels are divided into one for continuous reading and one for burst reading. Have been aggregated. Therefore, the number of output signal lines from the first storage area 3a is 32 for burst reading and 32 for continuous reading, and the same number of output signal lines are taken out from the second storage area 3b. In FIG. 3, output lines for burst reading are shown as SB01 to SB32, and output lines for continuous reading are shown as SC01 to SC32.
- All the capacitors in the storage units 200 and 210 can be formed by a double polysilicon gate structure, a stack structure, or the like, similar to the storage capacitor 36 in each pixel 10.
- a CCD structure as in a conventional IS-CCD
- a capacitor using a double polysilicon gate structure or a stack structure since no such dark charge is generated, a false signal is not added, and the S / N of a signal read out can be increased. it can.
- the solid-state imaging device of this embodiment is roughly divided into two drive modes of continuous reading and burst reading, and it is possible to execute only one of the two driving modes, or to execute both simultaneously in parallel. It is also possible to do.
- the continuous read mode corresponds to the first drive mode in the present invention
- the burst read mode corresponds to the second drive mode.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic time chart of the continuous read mode, burst read mode, and continuous read / burst read simultaneous parallel mode.
- the basic of the continuous reading mode is that all the pixels after the photocharge accumulation for one frame is executed in each pixel 10 of the pixel region 2 (2a, 2b).
- signals are output to the pixel output lines 14 all at once, and the signals are held in the capacitors 213 of the storage unit 210 for continuous reading.
- the pixel signals for one frame are aligned with the capacitor 213 of the storage unit 210 for continuous reading in the storage areas 3a and 3b, so that the pixels of one frame are continuously driven by driving the horizontal shift register and the vertical shift register.
- the signals are sequentially read out in a predetermined order and output to the outside.
- the timing shown in FIG. 5A is an example for only one frame.
- the pixel areas 2a and 2b and the storage areas 3a and 3b can operate independently. Therefore, when the signals are sequentially read from the storage areas 3a and 3b, photocharges can be accumulated in the pixel areas 2a and 2b.
- the photocharge accumulation period and the sequential readout period overlap each other, and the imaging can be repeated almost continuously.
- continuous shooting at a low frame rate is possible for a long time at the timing shown in FIG. 5B.
- the frame rate at this time is determined by the time required to sequentially read out all pixel signals. That is, the upper limit of the frame rate is determined by the upper limit of the clock frequency for reading.
- [B] Burst readout mode In the burst readout mode, as shown in FIG. 5 (c), without performing sequential readout of pixel signals, after performing photocharge accumulation for one frame in each pixel, The operation of simultaneously outputting signals through the respective pixel output lines 14 and holding the signals in one of the capacitors 25001 to 25104 of the burst reading storage unit 200 is repeated. At this time, the signals are sequentially held in the capacitors 25001 to 25104 prepared for 104 frames one frame at a time. Then, the pixel signals for the predetermined number of frames are sequentially read and output to the outside.
- [C] Continuous read / burst read simultaneous parallel mode The above-described continuous read mode is realized by using a part of the set of a plurality of sampling switches and capacitors (actually one set) provided in the burst read storage unit 200. It is also possible to do. That is, if the burst reading storage unit 200 is provided, the burst reading mode and the continuous reading mode can be selectively executed. However, in that case, the burst read mode and the continuous read mode cannot be executed simultaneously. On the other hand, in the solid-state imaging device of this embodiment, the burst readout mode and the continuous readout mode can be executed simultaneously.
- burst readout storage is performed at a timing when a signal obtained by photoelectric charge accumulation in the pixel regions 2a and 2b is output to the pixel output line 14.
- Both the unit 200 and the continuous reading storage unit 210 execute signal writing to the capacitor at the same time. This writing can be performed simultaneously on all pixels.
- the signal writing to the capacitors 25001 to 25104 of the burst reading storage unit 200 and the signal writing to the capacitor 213 of the continuous reading storage unit 210 are not necessarily performed at the same time.
- the burst reading storage unit 200 and the continuous reading storage unit 210 may sequentially write signals to the capacitors.
- the write side transistor 211 is in the OFF state in the continuous reading storage unit 210, the signal written in the capacitor 213 is not affected by the operation of the burst reading storage unit 200 at all. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 5D, even when the signal is being written in the burst read memory unit 200, the read side transistor of the continuous read memory unit 210 corresponding to each pixel is independent of this. By turning on 212 in order, the signal written in the capacitor 213 immediately before that can be read out.
- the write-side transistor 201 is in the OFF state in the burst reading storage unit 200, the signals written in the capacitors 25001 to 25104 are not affected at all by the operation of the continuous reading storage unit 210. Therefore, regardless of whether the burst reading storage unit 200 is performing a signal writing operation or a signal reading operation, the reading side transistors 202 of the burst reading storage unit 200 corresponding to each pixel are sequentially switched.
- the sampling transistors 26001 to 26104 are turned on in order, the signals written in the 104 capacitors 25001 to 25104 corresponding to each pixel immediately before that can be sequentially read out to the outside.
- FIG. 6 shows the time chart of FIG. 5 (d) in more detail.
- the continuous start signal is a start instruction signal in the continuous read mode
- the burst start signal is a signal write start instruction signal in the burst read mode
- the burst stop signal is a signal write end instruction signal in the burst read mode.
- signal writing to the capacitor 213 of the continuous reading storage unit 210 is also continued at a constant frame rate, that is, at a frame rate having the period T described in FIG.
- the signal for one frame of each pixel written in the capacitor 213 of the continuous reading storage unit 210 is in the period shown in FIG. 6 (k) in accordance with the continuous reading start signal shown in FIG. 6 (j).
- the read signal is stored, for example, in a frame memory provided outside the element (or inside the element) during the period shown in FIG.
- the signals for a maximum of 104 frames written in the capacitors 25001 to 25104 of the burst read storage unit 200 are read in order during the period shown in FIG. 6 (h) in response to the burst read start signal shown in FIG. 6 (g). It is.
- the read signal is stored, for example, in a frame memory provided outside the element (or inside the element) during the period shown in FIG. As shown in the figure, this reading period also overlaps between burst reading and continuous reading, but since the output signal lines are separate, they can be taken in different external memories in parallel.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram schematically showing a photographed image based on a signal read out by the operation as shown in FIGS.
- the captured images F1, F2,... Reproduced based on the signals read from the continuous read storage unit 210 are images with a constant frame rate.
- the captured images f1, f2,..., Fn, which are reproduced based on the signals read from the burst reading storage unit 200 are images obtained at very short time intervals during a specific very short period. It is. , Fn,..., And f104 are not lost in the captured image at a constant frame rate.
- the period during which high-speed imaging is performed can be determined by the burst start signal and the burst stop signal. Therefore, as an example of an imaging apparatus using the solid-state imaging device according to the present embodiment, for example, as shown in FIG. 7A, the captured image is acquired at a constant frame rate, and the image is processed for the purpose. It is possible to detect the start of the change of the subject and the occurrence of the phenomenon, and give the burst start signal and the burst stop signal using the detection result. As a result, high-speed imaging can be performed as shown in FIG. 7B during the period in which the subject changes and the phenomenon occurs.
- an image obtained as shown in FIG. 7B is obtained by temporal expansion (zoom) in a specific time range with respect to an image obtained sparsely as shown in FIG. 7A. It can be regarded as being.
- the continuous reading / burst reading simultaneous parallel mode can be used to give added value that is not found in the conventional high-speed photographing apparatus of this type.
- this solid-state imaging device has a more complicated configuration and performs a complex operation in order to achieve dynamic range expansion processing and noise removal processing. ing. The point is described.
- a set of one sampling transistor and one capacitor for example, the sampling transistor 26001 and the capacitor 25001 are divided into four sampling transistors 26a to 26a as shown in FIG. 26d and four capacitors 25a to 25d. That is, there are four capacitors for writing a signal of one pixel in a certain frame. This is because the signal according to the charge before overflow, the signal according to the charge after overflow, the noise signal included in the signal according to the charge before overflow, the noise signal included in the signal according to the charge after overflow, The original purpose is to hold the four voltage signals independently.
- the capacitors 25a to 25d can be used not only for such purposes but also for other purposes. For example, if a charge accumulation operation that does not use the storage capacitor 36 is performed in each pixel 10, it is necessary to consider a signal corresponding to the charge after overflow or a noise signal included in the signal corresponding to the charge after overflow. Absent. For this reason, a capacitor can be used to increase the number of frames for continuous shooting. This enables continuous shooting of 208 frames, which is twice the 104 frames. If noise removal before overflow is not performed, all of the four capacitors 25a to 25d can be used for holding pixel signals of each frame. Therefore, it is possible to continuously shoot 416 frames twice as much.
- two different operation modes can be selected depending on whether the photocharge accumulation time is short or the photocharge accumulation time is relatively long.
- the former is the case where the photocharge accumulation time is 10 ⁇ s to 100 ⁇ s or less, and this operation mode is adopted when performing high-speed shooting of 1 million frames / second or more, that is, usually when executing the burst readout mode. It is preferable to do.
- FIG. 9 is a drive timing chart of the operation mode when the photocharge accumulation time is short
- FIG. 10 is a schematic potential diagram in the pixel 10 in this operation.
- C PD , C FD , and C CS indicate the capacitances stored in the photodiode 31, floating diffusion 33, and storage capacitor 36, respectively
- C FD + C CS indicates the floating diffusion 33.
- the combined capacitance of the storage capacitor 36 is the combined capacitance of the storage capacitor 36.
- the common control signal ⁇ X supplied to each pixel 10 is set to the high level, and both the selection transistors 38 and 41 in the source follower amplifier 43 are kept on.
- the same control signals ⁇ T, ⁇ C, and ⁇ R are set to the high level, and the transfer transistor 32, the accumulation transistor 34, and the reset transistor 35 are all turned on (time t0).
- the floating diffusion 33 and the storage capacitor 36 are reset (initialized).
- the photodiode 31 is completely depleted. The potential at this time is shown in FIG.
- the signals stored in the floating diffusion 33 and the storage capacitor 36 at that time are the respective capacitances C FD , C of the floating diffusion 33 and the storage capacitor 36. It is distributed according to the ratio of CS (see FIG. 10C).
- the floating diffusion 33 generates a noise signal N1 equivalently including random noise generated when ⁇ C is turned off and fixed pattern noise caused by variations in the threshold voltage of the transistor 37 of the source follower amplifier 43. An output corresponding to N1 appears on the pixel output line 14.
- a sampling pulse ⁇ N1 is applied to the gate terminal of the sampling transistor 26c to turn on the sampling transistor 26c, so that the noise signal N1 output through the pixel output line 14 is captured and held in the capacitor 25c. .
- the transfer transistor 32 Since the transfer transistor 32 is maintained in the ON state, the photoelectric charge generated by the light incident on the photodiode 31 flows into the floating diffusion 33 through the transfer transistor 32, and is accumulated in the floating diffusion 33 so as to be superimposed on the noise signal N1. Time t3). If intense light is incident and a large amount of photoelectric charge is generated in the photodiode 31 and the floating diffusion 33 is saturated, the overflowed charge is stored in the storage capacitor 36 via the storage transistor 34 (FIG. 10D )reference). By setting the threshold voltage of the storage transistor 34 appropriately low, charges can be efficiently transferred from the floating diffusion 33 to the storage capacitor 36.
- the sampling transistor 26a When a predetermined photoelectric charge accumulation time (exposure time) has elapsed, the sampling transistor 26a is turned on by applying the sampling pulse ⁇ S1 to the gate terminal of the sampling transistor 26a with the accumulation transistor 34 turned off, and at that time ( At time t4), a signal corresponding to the electric charge accumulated in the floating diffusion 33 is taken in through the pixel output line 14 and held in the capacitor 25a (see FIG. 10E). At this time, the signal stored in the floating diffusion 33 is the noise signal N1 and the signal S1 corresponding to the pre-overflow electric charge superimposed on it, so that what is held in the capacitor 25a is stored in the storage capacitor 36. S1 + N1 that does not reflect the amount of charge that is present.
- the signals S1 + N1, S2 + N2, N1, and N2 are held in the four capacitors 25a, 25b, 25c, and 25d, respectively, thereby completing the capture of the image signal for one cycle.
- analog signals (not shown) are read after the respective signals are read from the capacitors 25a, 25b, 25c, and 25d.
- FIG. 11 is a drive timing diagram when the photocharge accumulation time is relatively long
- FIG. 12 is a schematic potential diagram in the pixel in this operation.
- the biggest difference from the case where the photocharge accumulation time is short is that the transfer transistor 32 is turned off during the photocharge accumulation period, and the photocharge generated in the photodiode 31 is accumulated in the depletion layer. Further, since the photocharge accumulation time is long, the selection transistors 38 and 41 of the source follower amplifier 43 are turned off for a predetermined time in order to reduce power consumption.
- FIG. 12A shows the potential state at this time.
- ⁇ C is set to the low level and the storage transistor 34 is turned off, the charges stored in the floating diffusion 33 and the storage capacitor 36 at that time become the respective capacitances C FD , C of the floating diffusion 33 and the storage capacitor 36. It is allocated according to the ratio of CS . Further, ⁇ T is set to low level to turn off the transfer transistor 32, and ⁇ X is also set to low level to turn off the two select transistors 38 and 41 of the source follower amplifier 43 (time t12). Thereby, a potential barrier is formed between the photodiode 31 and the floating diffusion 33, and the photocharge can be accumulated in the photodiode 31 (see FIG. 12C).
- the photocharge generated by the light incident on the photodiode 31 is accumulated in the photodiode 31, but when charge saturation occurs in the photodiode 31, any excess charge overflows and passes through the transfer transistor 32 as described above. Is accumulated in the floating diffusion 33 so as to be superimposed on the noise signal distributed to each other. When more intense light is incident and saturation occurs in the floating diffusion 33, the overflowed charge is stored in the storage capacitor 36 via the storage transistor 34 (see FIG. 12D).
- the threshold voltage of the storage transistor 34 By setting the threshold voltage of the storage transistor 34 appropriately lower than the threshold voltage of the transfer transistor 32, the charge saturated by the floating diffusion 33 can be efficiently transferred to the storage capacitor 36 without returning to the photodiode 31 side. Can do.
- small capacity C FD of the floating diffusion 33 even with a small amount of charge that can accumulate therein, can be effectively utilized without discarding charge overflowing. In this way, the charge generated both before and after overflow in the floating diffusion 33 can be reflected in the output.
- ⁇ X is set to high level to turn on the selection transistors 38 and 41, and then the sampling transistor 26c is turned on by applying the sampling pulse ⁇ N1 to the gate terminal of the sampling transistor 26c.
- the noise signal N1 corresponding to the signal charge accumulated in the floating diffusion 33 is taken in through the pixel output line 14 and held in the capacitor 25c.
- the noise signal N1 at this time includes fixed pattern noise caused by variations in the threshold voltage of the transistor 37 of the source follower amplifier 43. At this time, not only noise but also a part of photoelectric charge generated by photoelectric conversion is included, but this is also regarded as noise here.
- ⁇ T is set to a high level
- the transfer transistor 32 is turned on, and the photocharge accumulated in the photodiode 31 is completely transferred to the floating diffusion 33 (see FIG. 12E).
- time t14 by applying the sampling pulse ⁇ S1 to the gate terminal of the sampling transistor 26a to turn on the sampling transistor 26a, a signal corresponding to the charge accumulated in the floating diffusion 33 is transmitted through the pixel output line 14. It is taken in and held in the capacitor 25a.
- the signal at this time is S1 + N1 because the signal due to the charge accumulated in the photodiode 31, that is, the signal S1 before overflow is superimposed on the previous noise signal N1.
- the signals S1 + N1, S2 + N2, N1, and N2 are held in the four capacitors 25a, 25b, 25c, and 25d, respectively, thereby completing the capture of the image signal for one cycle.
- noise signals N1 and N2 including random noise and fixed pattern noise are obtained separately from signals including these noise signals.
- analog calculation processing such as subtraction after reading from 25c and 25d, it is possible to obtain a high S / N image signal from which the influence of the noise signals N1 and N2 has been removed.
- saturation is not easily caused even when strong light is incident, and a signal reflecting the light can be obtained, and a wide dynamic range can be obtained. Can be secured.
- control signals ⁇ X, ⁇ T, ⁇ R, and ⁇ C supplied to each pixel 10 are common to all the pixels as described above, the photocharge accumulation operation as described above in all the pixels 10 and the storage unit from each pixel 10 simultaneously.
- a signal transfer operation to 200 and 210 is performed. That is, the image signals for one frame in one cycle are held in the storage units 200 and 210. In the burst readout mode, this operation is repeated 104 times, whereby pixel signals are held in all the capacitors 25001 to 25104 in the burst readout storage unit 200. From the 105th time onward, the holding operation is executed cyclically such that the signal is written again to the first capacitor 25001 in the burst reading storage unit 200.
- Such an operation is repeated until a shooting stop instruction signal is given from the outside.
- a shooting stop instruction signal is given and shooting is stopped, the pixel signals for the latest 104 frames are held in the storage areas 3a and 3b at that time, so that 104 frames are obtained by sequentially reading them out. Continuous image signals can be obtained.
- each pixel output line 14 is connected to a resetting transistor.
- the sampling transistor corresponding to the capacitor is turned on.
- the reset transistor connected to the corresponding pixel output line is turned on, and the signal stored in the capacitor is reset through the sampling transistor and the pixel output line. After such a reset is performed, a new signal is held in the capacitor.
- Example is an example of the solid-state image sensor which concerns on this invention, and its driving method, Even if it changes suitably in the range of the meaning of this invention, correction, and addition, it is included in the claim of this application. Of course.
- SYMBOLS 1 Semiconductor substrate 10 ... Pixel 11 ... Photoelectric conversion area 12 ... Pixel circuit area 13 ... Wiring area 14 ... Pixel output line 15 ... Drive line 2, 2a, 2b ... Pixel area 3a, 3b ... Storage area 200 ... Memory for burst reading Units 201, 211, write side transistors 202, 212, read side transistors 203, common signal lines 204, 214, buffer 210, continuous read storage units 213, 25001 to 25104, 25 a to 25 d, capacitors 26001 to 26104, 26 a to 26 d ... Sampling transistor 31 ... Photodiode 32 ... Transfer transistor 33 ... Floating diffusion 34 ... Storage transistor 35 ...
- Reset transistor 36 ... Storage capacitor 37, 40 ... Transistor 38, 41 ... Select transistor 39 ... Current source 42 Output 43 ... source follower amplifier 4a, 4b ... Vertical scan circuit area 5a, 5b ... first horizontal scanning circuit region 6a, 6b ... first current source region
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Abstract
Description
a)光を受光して光電荷を生成する光電変換部をそれぞれ含む複数の画素が二次元的に配列された画素領域と、
b)前記画素領域とは分離された領域であって、前記画素領域内の各画素から出力された信号を外部に読み出すことなく複数フレーム分保持可能であるように各画素に対しそれぞれ複数の記憶部が設けられたバースト読み出し用記憶部と、該バースト読み出し用記憶部とは別に各画素に対しそれぞれ1つずつ設けられた連続読み出し用記憶部と、が配列された記憶領域と、
を有し、前記バースト読み出し用記憶部に保持された信号を外部に読み出すための出力信号線と、前記連続読み出し用記憶部に保持された信号を外部に読み出すための出力信号線とを独立に備えることを特徴としている。
該光電変換部で生成された光電荷を、電荷信号から電圧信号に変換するための検出ノードへ転送する転送素子と、
前記検出ノードから画素出力線に出力信号を送出するバッファ素子と、
少なくとも前記光電変換部及び前記検出ノードをリセットするリセット素子と、
を含む構成とすることができる。
各画素における光電荷の蓄積動作と各画素から出力された信号を前記複数のバースト読み出し用記憶部の1つに保持する保持動作とを全画素で一斉に、且つ信号を保持させるバースト読み出し用記憶部を順番に変更しながら蓄積動作と保持動作とを繰り返し行い、複数フレーム分の信号がバースト読み出し用記憶部に保持された後にその複数フレーム分の信号を各画素に対応したバースト読み出し用記憶部から逐次読み出して出力するように各画素及び各記憶部を動作させる第2の駆動モードと、
を実行する駆動制御手段をさらに備える構成とすることができる。
この両駆動モードの概略的な動作について図5により説明する。図5は連続読み出しモード、バースト読み出しモード、及び連続読み出し/バースト読み出し同時並行モードの概略タイムチャートである。
連続読み出しモードの基本は、図5(a)に示すように、画素領域2(2a、2b)の各画素10において1フレーム分の光電荷蓄積を実行した後に、全画素で一斉にそれぞれの画素出力線14に信号を出力し、連続読み出し用記憶部210のキャパシタ213に信号を保持させる、という動作である。これにより、1フレーム分の画素信号が、記憶領域3a、3bの連続読み出し用記憶部210のキャパシタ213に揃うから、引き続いて、水平シフトレジスタ及び垂直シフトレジスタを駆動することにより、1フレームの画素信号を所定の順番で逐次読み出して外部へと出力する。
バースト読み出しモードでは、図5(c)に示すように、画素信号の逐次読み出しを行うことなしに、各画素において1フレーム分の光電荷蓄積を実行した後に、全画素で一斉にそれぞれの画素出力線14を通して信号を出力し、バースト読み出し用記憶部200の1つのキャパシタ25001~25104に信号を保持させる、という動作を繰り返す。このとき、1フレームずつ順番に、104フレーム分用意されたキャパシタ25001~25104に順番に信号を保持させる。そうして、その所定フレーム数分の画素信号を逐次的に読み出して外部へ出力する。このバースト読み出しモードでは撮影中に外部への信号読み出しを行わないため、上述した連続読み出しモードとは異なり、読み出しのためのクロックの周波数の上限に起因するフレームレートの制約は受けない。実施可能な最大のフレームレートは、主としてフォトダイオード31内で発生した光電荷を集積してフローティングディフュージョン33へ転送するまでの時間によって制約を受けるが、これは非常に短い。そのため、例えば100万フレーム/秒以上もの非常に高いフレームレートでの連続的な撮影が可能である。
上述した連続読み出しモードは、バースト読み出し用記憶部200に設けられた複数のサンプリングスイッチ及びキャパシタの組の一部(実際には1組)を用いて実現することも可能である。つまり、バースト読み出し用記憶部200を備えていれば、バースト読み出しモードと連続読み出しモードとを選択的に実行することが可能である。しかしながら、その場合、バースト読み出しモードと連続読み出しモードとを同時に実行することはできない。それに対し、この実施例の固体撮像素子では、バースト読み出しモードと連続読み出しモードとを同時に実行することが可能である。
図9は光電荷蓄積時間が短い場合の動作モードの駆動タイミング図、図10はこの動作における画素10内の概略ポテンシャル図である。なお、図10(後述の図12も同様)でCPD、CFD、CCSはそれぞれフォトダイオード31、フローティングディフュージョン33、蓄積キャパシタ36に蓄積された容量を示し、CFD+CCSはフローティングディフュージョン33と蓄積キャパシタ36との合成容量を示す。
次に、光電荷蓄積時間が相対的に長い場合の動作について説明する。図11は光電荷蓄積時間が相対的に長い場合の駆動タイミング図、図12はこの動作における画素内の概略ポテンシャル図である。
10…画素
11…光電変換領域
12…画素回路領域
13…配線領域
14…画素出力線
15…駆動ライン
2、2a、2b…画素領域
3a、3b…記憶領域
200…バースト読み出し用記憶部
201、211…書き込み側トランジスタ
202、212…読み出し側トランジスタ
203…共通信号線
204、214…バッファ
210…連続読み出し用記憶部
213、25001~25104、25a~25d…キャパシタ
26001~26104、26a~26d…サンプリングトランジスタ
31…フォトダイオード
32…転送トランジスタ
33…フローティングディフュージョン
34…蓄積トランジスタ
35…リセットトランジスタ
36…蓄積キャパシタ
37、40…トランジスタ
38、41…選択トランジスタ
39…電流源
42…出力
43…ソースフォロアアンプ
4a、4b…垂直走査回路領域
5a、5b…第1水平走査回路領域
6a、6b…第1電流源領域
Claims (6)
- a)光を受光して光電荷を生成する光電変換部をそれぞれ含む複数の画素が二次元的に配列された画素領域と、
b)前記画素領域とは分離された領域であって、前記画素領域内の各画素から出力された信号を外部に読み出すことなく複数フレーム分保持可能であるように各画素に対しそれぞれ複数の記憶部が設けられたバースト読み出し用記憶部と、該バースト読み出し用記憶部とは別に各画素に対しそれぞれ1つずつ設けられた連続読み出し用記憶部と、が配列された記憶領域と、
を有し、前記バースト読み出し用記憶部に保持された信号を外部に読み出すための出力信号線と、前記連続読み出し用記憶部に保持された信号を外部に読み出すための出力信号線とを独立に備えることを特徴とする固体撮像素子。 - 請求項1に記載の固体撮像素子であって、
各画素は、前記光電変換部のほか、
該光電変換部で生成された光電荷を、電荷信号から電圧信号に変換するための検出ノードへ転送する転送素子と、
前記検出ノードから画素出力線に出力信号を送出するバッファ素子と、
少なくとも前記光電変換部及び前記検出ノードをリセットするリセット素子と、
を含むことを特徴とする固体撮像素子。 - 請求項1又は2に記載の固体撮像素子であって、
各画素における光電荷の蓄積動作と各画素から出力された信号を前記連続読み出し用記憶部に保持する保持動作とを全画素で一斉に行い、それに引き続いて、1フレーム分の信号を各画素に対応した連続読み出し用記憶部から逐次読み出して出力するように各画素及び各記憶部を動作させる第1の駆動モードと、
各画素における光電荷の蓄積動作と各画素から出力された信号を前記複数のバースト読み出し用記憶部の1つに保持する保持動作とを全画素で一斉に、且つ信号を保持させるバースト読み出し用記憶部を順番に変更しながら蓄積動作と保持動作とを繰り返し行い、複数フレーム分の信号がバースト読み出し用記憶部に保持された後にその複数フレーム分の信号を各画素に対応したバースト読み出し用記憶部から逐次読み出して出力するように各画素及び各記憶部を動作させる第2の駆動モードと、
を実行する駆動制御手段をさらに備えることを特徴とする固体撮像素子。 - 請求項3に記載の固体撮像素子であって、
前記駆動制御手段は、各画素から出力された信号を前記バースト読み出し用記憶部の1つと前記連続読み出し用記憶部とに同時に保持するように、第1の駆動モードと第2の駆動モードとを同時並行的に実行することを特徴とする固体撮像素子。 - 請求項1に記載の固体撮像素子を駆動する駆動方法であって、
各画素における光電荷の蓄積動作と各画素から出力された信号を前記連続読み出し用記憶部に保持する保持動作とを全画素で一斉に行い、それに引き続いて、1フレーム分の信号を各画素に対応した連続読み出し用記憶部から逐次読み出して出力するように各画素及び各記憶部を動作させる第1の駆動モードと、
各画素における光電荷の蓄積動作と各画素から出力された信号を前記複数のバースト読み出し用記憶部の1つに保持する保持動作とを全画素で一斉に、且つ信号を保持させるバースト読み出し用記憶部を順番に変更しながら蓄積動作と保持動作とを繰り返し行い、複数フレーム分の信号がバースト読み出し用記憶部に保持された後にその複数フレーム分の信号を各画素に対応したバースト読み出し用記憶部から逐次読み出して出力するように各画素及び各記憶部を動作させる第2の駆動モードと、を有し、
各画素から出力された信号を前記バースト読み出し用記憶部の1つと前記連続読み出し用記憶部とに同時に保持するように、第1の駆動モードと第2の駆動モードとを同時並行的に実行する固体撮像素子の駆動方法。 - 請求項5に記載の固体撮像素子の駆動方法であって、
第1の駆動モードにより固体撮像素子を動作させ、これにより該素子から出力される信号に基づいて目的とする現象の生起又は被写体の変化を捉え、これによりトリガ信号を生成して該トリガ信号により第1の駆動モードと第2の駆動モードとを同時並行的に実行するべく駆動モードの切り替えを行うことを特徴とする固体撮像素子の駆動方法。
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP09762260.9A EP2299696B1 (en) | 2008-06-10 | 2009-06-10 | Solid-state image sensor and drive method for the same |
JP2010516755A JP4978818B2 (ja) | 2008-06-10 | 2009-06-10 | 固体撮像素子及びその駆動方法 |
US12/996,969 US9420210B2 (en) | 2008-06-10 | 2009-06-10 | Solid-state image sensor for capturing high-speed phenomena and drive method for the same |
KR1020107029676A KR101152145B1 (ko) | 2008-06-10 | 2009-06-10 | 고체촬상소자 및 그 구동방법 |
CN200980121962XA CN102057671B (zh) | 2008-06-10 | 2009-06-10 | 固体摄像元件及其驱动方法 |
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CN (1) | CN102057671B (ja) |
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TWI458346B (zh) | 2014-10-21 |
EP2299696A1 (en) | 2011-03-23 |
JPWO2009150829A1 (ja) | 2011-11-10 |
EP2299696A4 (en) | 2012-12-19 |
EP2299696B1 (en) | 2013-11-27 |
KR20110014689A (ko) | 2011-02-11 |
US20110085066A1 (en) | 2011-04-14 |
CN102057671B (zh) | 2013-03-13 |
KR101152145B1 (ko) | 2012-06-15 |
CN102057671A (zh) | 2011-05-11 |
JP4978818B2 (ja) | 2012-07-18 |
TW201004334A (en) | 2010-01-16 |
US9420210B2 (en) | 2016-08-16 |
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