Classifications

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  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
  • A61K31/5386—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine spiro-condensed or forming part of bridged ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/537—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines spiro-condensed or forming part of bridged ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K47/6801—Drug-antibody or immunoglobulin conjugates defined by the pharmacologically or therapeutically active agent
  • A61K47/6803—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates
  • A61K47/68033—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates the drug being a maytansine
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K47/6889—Conjugates wherein the antibody being the modifying agent and wherein the linker, binder or spacer confers particular properties to the conjugates, e.g. peptidic enzyme-labile linkers or acid-labile linkers, providing for an acid-labile immuno conjugate wherein the drug may be released from its antibody conjugated part in an acidic, e.g. tumoural or environment
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D498/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D498/18—Bridged systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
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  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Definitions

• the present invention relates to new linkers to link drugs (e.g. cytotoxic agents) to cell-binding agents (e.g., antibodies) in such a way that the linker contributes in increasing the activity of the drug.
• the present invention relates to the use of novel hydrophilic linkers, wherein such linkers enhance the potency or the efficacy of the cell-binding agent-drug conjugates by several fold in a variety of cancer cell types, including those expressing a low number of antigens on the cell surface or cancers that are resistant to treatment.
• Antibody conjugates of cytotoxic drugs are being developed as target-specific therapeutic agents.
• Antibodies against various cancer cell-surface antigens have been conjugated with different cytotoxic agents that inhibit various essential cellular targets such as microtubules (maytansinoids, auristatins, taxanes: U.S. Patent Nos. 5,208,020; 5,416,064; 6.333,410; 6,441,163; 6,340,701; 6,372,738; 6,436,931; 6,596,757; 7,276.497), DNA (calicheamicin, doxorubicin, CC-1065 analogs; U.S. Patent Nos.
• the antibody-cytotoxic agent conjugates typically are prepared by the initial modification of reactive moieties on antibodies, such as lysine amino groups, or cysteine groups (generated by reduction of native disulfide bonds or by engineering of additional non-native cysteine residues on to antibodies using molecular biology methods).
• antibodies are first modified with a heterobifunctional linker reagent, such as those previously described, exemplified by SPDB, SMCC and SIAB (U.S. Patent No. 6,913,758 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050169933) to incorporate a linker with a reactive group such as mixed pyridyldisulfide, maleimide or haloacetamide.
• the incorporated reactive linker group in the antibody is subsequently conjugated with a cytotoxic agent containing a reactive moiety such as a thiol group.
• a cytotoxic agent containing a reactive moiety such as a thiol group.
• Another conjugation route is by reaction of a cytotoxic agent derivative containing a thiol-reactive group (such as haloacetamide, or maleimide) with thiol groups on the cell-binding agent.
• Thiol groups are incorporated on cell-binding agents such as an antibody by reduction of native disulfide residues (R. Singh et al., Anal.
• antibody-cytotoxic agent conjugates with disulfide or thioether linkages are cleaved intracellularly, presumably in lysosomes, to deliver the active cytotoxic agent inside the cancer cell (H. K. Erickson et al., 2006, Cancer Research, 66, 4626-4433).
• antibody-cytotoxic agent conjugates with reducible disulfide linkage also kill proximate antigen-negative cells in mixed populations of antigen-negative and antigen-positive cells in vitro and in vivo in xenograft models, suggesting the role of target-cell released cytotoxic agent in improving potency against neighboring non-antigen-expressing cells in tumors with heterogeneous antigen expression (Y. V.
• the present invention addresses the problem of resistance by designing new linkers to link drugs to cell-binding agents in such a way that the linker contributes in increasing the activity of the drug.
• the present invention improves the manner in which drugs are linked to a cell-binding agent such that the linker design provides conjugates that are active across a broad spectrum of tumors, particularly in low antigen expressing or drug resistant tumors.
• the present invention is based on the novel finding that when traditional linkers (e.g. SMCC, SIAB etc, described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050169933) are modified to hydrophilic linkers by incorporating a polyethylene glycol [PEG n , (- CH 2 CH 2 O) n )] spacer, the potency or the efficacy of the cell-binding agent-drug conjugates is surprisingly enhanced several fold in a variety of cancer cell types, including those expressing a low number of antigens on the cell surface. [08] Also, these PEG-containing conjugates unexpectedly are more potent than the previously described conjugates toward cell lines that are resistant to treatment.
• traditional linkers e.g. SMCC, SIAB etc, described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050169933
• PEG n polyethylene glycol
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (1) or a specific compound of formula (I s ):
• Z represents a reactive functionality that can form an amide or a thioether bond with a cell-binding agent
• D represents a drug
• X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, or an ether bond
• Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the drug via a covalent bond selected from the group consisting of a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, an ether bond, an amine bond, a carbon-carbon bond and a hydrazone bond
• 1 is 0 or 1
• p is 0 or 1
• n is an integer from 1 to 2000.
• Another aspect of the present invention is a cell-binding agent drug conjugate of formula (2) or a specific compound of formula (2'):
• CB represents a cell-binding agent
• D represents a drug
• X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, or an ether bond
• Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic, or a heterocyclic unit attached to the drug via a covalent bond selected from the group consisting of a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, an ether bond, an amine bond, a carbon-carbon bond and a hydrazone bond;
• n is an integer from 1 to 2000.
• Another aspect of the present invention is a compound of formula (3) or a specific compound of formula (3'):
• Z represents a reactive functionality that can form an amide or a thioether bond with a cell-binding agent
• D represents a drug
• X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, or an ether bond;
• Y represents an aliphatic, non-aromatic heterocyclic or aromatic heterocyclic unit attached to the drug via a disulfide bond
• Another aspect of the present invention is a cell-binding agent drug conjugate of formula (4) or a specific compound of formula (4'):
• CB represents a cell-binding agent
• D represents a drug
• X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, or an ether bond
• Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the drug via a disulfide bond
• 1 is 0 or 1
• m is an integer from 3 to 8
• n is an integer from 1 to 14.
• An even further aspect of the present invention is a method for treating cancer sensitive to treatment with said method, said method comprising parenterally administering to a patient in need thereof an effective dose of a composition comprising the conjugate of formula (2) or (4).
• FIGURE 2 shows a structural representation of representative PEG-containing thioacetamidyl-linked conjugates of the present invention.
• FIGURE 3 shows a structural representation of representative PEG-containing disulfide linked compounds of the present invention.
• FIGURE 4 shows synthetic schemes for PEG-containing thiosuccinimidyl- linked conjugates of the present invention.
• FIGURE 5 shows a synthetic scheme for PEG-containing thioacetamidyl-linked conjugates of the present invention.
• FIGURE 6 shows synthetic schemes for PEG-containing disulfide linked compounds of the present invention: a.) Synthesis of the PEG-containing disulfide linked compound for 1-step conjugation to cell-binding agent; and b.) Synthesis of the heterobifunctional PEG-containing disulfide linked crosslinking compound.
• FIGURE 7 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing thiosuccinimidyl- linked conjugates of the present invention (one-step conjugation).
• FIGURE 8 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing thiosuccinimidyl- linked conjugate of the present invention (2-step conjugation).
• FIGURE 9 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing thioether-linked
• FIGURE 10 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing thioether-linked
• FIGURE 11 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing disulfide linked conjugate of the present invention (1-step conjugation).
• FIGURE 12 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing disulfide linked conjugate of the present invention (2-step conjugation).
• FIGURE 13 shows a synthetic scheme for PEG-containing, sulfhydryl-reactive, thiosuccinimidyl-linked compounds of the present invention.
• FIGURE 14 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing thiosuccinimidyl-linked conjugate of the present invention (1-step conjugation).
• FIGURE 15 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing , thiosuccinimidyl-linked conjugate of the present invention (2-step conjugation).
• FIGURE 16 shows synthetic schemes for PEG-containing, sulfhydryl-reactive, thioacetamidyl-linked compounds of the present invention; a.) Synthesis of the PEG-containing, sulfhydryl-reactive, thioacetamide linked compound for 1-step conjugation; and b.) Synthesis of the heterobifunctional PEG-containing, sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinking compound for 2-step conjugation.
• FIGURE 17 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing thioacetamidyl- linked conjugates of the present invention (1-step conjugation).
• FIGURE 18 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing thioacetamidyl- linked conjugates of the present invention (2-step conjugation).
• FIGURE 19 shows a synthetic scheme for the PEG-containing, sulfhydryl- reactive, thioether-linked compounds of the present invention: a.) Synthesis of the PEG- containing, sulfhydryl-reactive, thioacetamidyl-linked compound for 1-step conjugation; and b.) Synthesis of the homobifunctional PEG-containing, sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinking compound for 2-step conjugation.
• FIGURE 20 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing thioacetamidyl- linked conjugate of the present invention (1-step conjugation).
• FIGURE 21 shows a conjugation procedure for PEG-containing thioacetamidyl- linked conjugate of the present invention (2-step conjugation).
• FIGURE 22 shows a mass spectrum (MS) of deglycosylated HuAb-PEG 4 MaI-DMl conjugate (10.7 DMl/Ab, average).
• FIGURE 23 shows size exclusion chromatography (SEC) Of HuAb-PEG 4 MaI- DMl conjugate (10.7 DMl/Ab, average).
• FIGURE 24 shows FACS binding of HuAb-PEG4Mal-DM 1 conjugate (10.7 maytansinoid/antibody) is similar to that of unmodified antibody.
• FIGURE 25 shows cytotoxicity of anti-EpCAM antibody-maytansinoid conjugates on multi-drug resistant COLO205-MDR cells.
• FIGURE 26 shows cytotoxicity of anti-CanAg antibody-maytansinoid conjugates on multi-drug resistant COLO205-MDR cells.
• FIGURE 27 shows cytotoxicity of anti-CD56 antibody-maytansinoid conjugates on Molp-8 multiple myeloma cells.
• FIGURE 28 shows cytotoxicity of anti-EpCAM antibody-maytansinoid conjugates on HCTl 5 cells.
• FIGURE 29 shows cytotoxicity of anti-EpCAM antibody-maytansinoid conjugates on COLO 205 mdr cells.
• FIGURE 30 shows in vivo anti-tumor activity of anti-EpCAM antibody- maytansinoid conjugates on HCTl 5 xenografts.
• FIGURE 31 shows in vivo anti-tumor activity of anti-EpCAM antibody- maytansinoid conjugates on COLO205 mdr xenografts.
• FIGURE 32 shows in vivo anti-tumor activity of anti-EpCAM antibody- maytansinoid conjugates on COLO 205 xenografts.
• FIGURE 33 shows in vivo anti-tumor activity of anti-CanAg antibody- maytansinoid conjugates on COLO 205 mdr xenografts.
• FIGURE 34 shows the binding of anti-CanAg antibody (huC242)-PEG24-Mal-
• FIGURE 35 shows in vitro potency of Anti-CanAg antibody (huC242)-PEG24-
• FIGURE 36 shows in vitro potency of anti-CanAg antibody (huC242)-PEG24-
• FIGURE 37 shows cytotoxicity of Anti-EGFR Antibody- Maytansinoid conjugates on UO-31 Cells.
• FIGURE 38 shows plasma pharmacokinetics of Antibody-PEG4-Mal-DM1.
• This invention discloses the novel findings that conjugates of cell-binding agents, such as an antibody, linked to drugs, for example, cytotoxic agents, by polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide linkers ((-CH 2 CH 2 O) n ) exhibit several fold greater cytotoxicity toward target cancer cells than expected based on comparison with traditional cell-binding agent drug conjugates with typical aliphatic linkers and similar drug loads.
• the conjugates described in this invention are highly potent or efficacious toward cancer cells that are multidrug resistant (mdr), which have poor sensitivity to treatment with cytotoxic drugs. Cancer therapy poses the hurdle of overcoming mechanisms of drug resistance often encountered after multiple rounds of treatment with different chemotherapeutic agents.
• multidrug resistance is caused by enhanced export of drugs by ATP- binding cassette (ABC) transporters (C. Drumond, B. I. Sikic, J. Clin. Oncology, 1999, 17, 1061-1070, G, Szokacs et al., Nature Reviews, 5; 219 - 234, 2006).
• ABSC ATP- binding cassette
• Therapies that overcome these mechanisms of drug resistance, such as interfering with or overcoming this efflux of drugs by cancer cells would be highly useful.
• the cytotoxicity of the PEG-linked conjugates of cell-binding agents and cytotoxic drugs were evaluated against multidrug resistant cancer cells to test if the PEG-linkers confer any advantage against these resistant cells.
• the PEG linked conjugates of cell-binding agents and cytotoxic drugs showed unexpectedly potent cell killing of the mdr cells in comparison to the much less potent conjugates derived from conventional linkers.
• the conjugates of the present invention also display markedly higher anti-tumor activity in animal models established with multidrug resistant tumor cells.
• hydrophilic polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide linkers also allows the incorporation of a relatively large number of drugs per cell-binding agent molecule with the high protein monomer level of greater than 90% at concentrations of greater than 1 mg/ml that are desired for therapeutic uses.
• the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-linked conjugates of cell-binding agents bearing a range of cytotoxic drug load showed greatly enhanced cytotoxicities toward target cancer cells than expected from the stoichiometric increase in drug delivery based on increased drug load of the conjugates.
• Conjugates of cell-binding agent and drug bearing PEG spacers are described in this invention, which exhibited the super- stoichiometric increase in cytotoxicity toward target cancer cells by as much as a 260- 650 fold enhancement in potency (see, for example, Figure 29) as compared to traditionally prepared conjugates with similar drug loads.
• drugs with linkers bearing a polyethylene glycol spacer (-CH 2 CH 2 O) n and a reactive group capable of reacting with a cell-binding agent are described.
• Z represents a reactive functionality that can form an amide or a thioether bond with a cell-binding agent
• D represents a drug
• X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, or an ether bond
• Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the drug via a covalent bond selected from the group consisting of a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, an ether bond, an amine bond, a carbon-carbon bond and a hydrazone bond;
• n is an integer from 1 to 2000.
• the covalent bond that attaches Y to the drug is a thioether bond or an amide bond.
• n is an integer from 1 to 100. Even more preferably, n is an integer from 1 to 14. In the most preferable aspect n is an integer from 1 to 4.
• CB represents a cell-binding agent
• D represents a drug
• X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, or an ether bond
• Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic, or a heterocyclic unit attached to the drug via a covalent bond selected from the group consisting of a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, an ether bond, an amine bond, a carbon-carbon bond and a hydrazone bond
• 1 is 0 or 1
• p is 0 or 1
• m is an integer from 2 to 15
• n is an integer from 1 to 2000.
• the covalent bond is a thioether bond or an amide bond.
• m is an integer from 3 to 8.
• n is an integer from 1 to 100. Even more preferably, n is an integer from 1 to 14. In the most preferable aspect, n is an integer from 1 to 4.
• the present invention is also based on the novel finding that in the case of antibody conjugates, wherein the antibody is linked to cytotoxic drugs via disulfide bonds, there is a critical correlation between the number of drugs linked and the length of the polyethylene glycol spacer in enhancing the potency or the efficacy of the immunoconjugate. The additional benefit of this linker design is the desired high monomer ratio and the minimal aggregation of the antibody-drug conjugate.
• the present invention is based on the critical finding that when the polyethylene glycol spacer for a disulfide-linked conjugate consists of between 2 and 8 ethyleneoxy units and the number of drugs linked ranges from 3 to 8, it gives antibody- drug conjugates the highest biological potency or efficacy and also gives the desired high monomer content.
• Z represents a reactive functionality that can form an amide or a thioether bond with a cell-binding agent
• D represents a drug
• X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, or an ether bond
• Y represents an aliphatic, non-aromatic heterocyclic or aromatic heterocyclic unit attached to the drug via a disulfide bond
• 1 is 0 or 1
• n is an integer from 1 to 14. [67] Preferably, n is an integer from 2 to 8.
• CB represents a cell-binding agent
• D represents a drug
• X represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the cell-binding agent via a thioether bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, or an ether bond
• Y represents an aliphatic, an aromatic or a heterocyclic unit attached to the drug via a disulfide bond
• 1 is 0 or 1
• m is an integer from 3 to 8
• n is an integer from 1 to 14.
• m is an integer from 3 to 6.
• n is an integer from 2 to 8.
• drugs are lipophilic molecules, which when conjugated to cell- binding agents such as antibodies often result in loss of yield due to protein aggregation or precipitation.
• Increasing the number of drugs per cell-binding agent typically results in worse protein aggregation and precipitation, and subsequent poor monomer percentage and low yields.
• the PEG linkers result in a desirable improvement in monomer percentage (>90% monomer) and yield (>70%) of the conjugates of cell-binding agents with drags at high concentrations of 1 mg/ml or greater that are useful for therapeutic applications.
• these conjugates are stable upon prolonged storage at 4 0 C.
• an "aliphatic unit” is defined as alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group.
• An alkyl group is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be straight or branched, preferably having 1 to 20 carbon atoms in the chain or cyclic, preferably having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. More preferred alkyl groups have 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain. "Branched" means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl are attached to a linear alkyl chain.
• alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• An alkenyl group is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a carbon-carbon double bond and which may be straight or branched, preferably having 2 to 15 carbon atoms in the chain. More preferred alkenyl groups have 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain; and more preferably about 2 to 4 carbon atoms in the chain. Exemplary alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, n-butenyl, i-butenyl, 3-methylbut-2-enyl, n-pentenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl.
• An alkynyl group is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a carbon-carbon triple bond and which may be straight or branched, preferably having 2 to 15 carbon atoms in the chain. More preferred alkynyl groups have 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain; and more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms in the chain. Exemplary alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, n-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-methylbutynyl, n-pentynyl, heptynyl, octynyl and decynyl.
• aromatic unit means a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group consisting of an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system of 6 to 14 carbon atoms, preferably of 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
• aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl.
• Substituents include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups, halogens, nitro, amino, hydroxyl and alkoxy groups.
• Halogens include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms. Fluorine and chlorine atoms are preferred.
• heterocyclic unit refers to a saturated, partially unsaturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic stable 3 to 14, preferably 5 to 10 membered mono, bi or multicyclic rings wherein at least one member of the ring is a hetero atom, or an aromatic, preferably 5 to 10 membered mono-, bi- or multicyclic ring bearing at least one hetero atom.
• hetero atoms include, but are not limited to, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, and phosphorus atoms.
• Preferable hetero atoms are oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
• Preferred heterocyclic units include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxiranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dioxolanyl, tetrahydro-pyranyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, pyranyl, imidazolinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydro- pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydro-pyridyl, dihydropyridyl, tetrahydropyrinidinyl, dihydrothiopyranyl, azepanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrid
• the aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic units represented by X and Y can also possess a charged substituent.
• the charged substituent can be negatively charged selected from, but not limited to carboxylate, sulfonate and phosphates, or positively charged selected from a tertiary or quaternary amino group.
• the expression "linked to a cell-binding agent” refers to the conjugate molecule comprising at least one drug derivative bound to a cell-binding agent via a suitable linking group, or a precursor thereof.
• Preferred linking groups are thiol or disulfide bonds, or precursors thereof.
• precursor of a given group refers to any group which may lead to that group by any deprotection, chemical modification, or coupling reaction.
• a precursor could be an appropriately protected functionality exemplified by a thioester or thioether as a thiol precursor.
• the term "reactive functionality” refers to an amine-, a thiol- or a hydroxyl-reactive functionality.
• the reactive functionality can react with amine, sulfhydryl (thiol), or hydroxyl group present on cell-binding agent.
• the functionality could be a reactive carboxylic ester
• a linker is any chemical moiety that is capable of linking a drug, such as a maytansinoid, to a cell-binding agent in a stable, covalent manner.
• Linkers can be susceptible to or be substantially resistant to acid-induced cleavage, light-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, esterase-induced cleavage, and disulfide bond cleavage, at conditions under which the drug or the cell-binding agent remains active.
• Figures 1, 2 and 3 exemplarily provide structural representations of conjugates of the present invention.
• Suitable crosslinking reagents comprising hydrophilic PEG chains that form linkers between a drug and the cell-binding agent are well known in the art, or are commercially available (for example from Quanta Biodesign, Powell, Ohio). Suitable PEG-containing crosslinkers can also be synthesized from commercially available PEGs themselves using standard synthetic chemistry techniques known to one skilled in the art. The drugs can be reacted with bifunctional PEG-containing cross linkers to give compounds of formula (1), Z -Xi-(-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-) n -Y p -D, by methods described herein.
• a thiol-containing maytansinoid drug can be reacted with a bis- maleimido crosslinking agent bearing a PEG spacer to give a maytansinoid drug linked via a thioether bond to the PEG spacer ( see for example Figure 13).
• This modified maytansinoid bearing a PEG spacer and a terminal maleimido group can then be reacted with a cell binding agent as shown for example in Figure 14, to provide a cell binding agent-drug conjugate of formula (2) of the present invention.
• the cell binding agent can be first reacted at one end of the bifunctional PEG containing cross linker bearing an amine reactive group, such as a N- hydroxysuccinimide ester, to give a modified cell binding agent covalently bonded to the linker through an amide bond (see for example Figure 15).
• the maytansinoid reacts with the maleimido substituent on the other end of the PEG spacer to give a cell-binding agent-drug conjugate of the present invention.
• Figures 16 and 17 shows by means of exemplification the synthesis of a PEG cross linking agent and its reaction with maytansinoid through a thioacetamido link.
• a maleimido substituent is then incorporated into the PEG to enable reaction with a cell binding agent via a thioether bond.
• the cell binding agent is first linked to the PEG crosslinker through a thioether bond.
• the modified cell binding agent is then reacted with a maytansinoid drug to give a conjugate.
• the synthesis of a homobifunctional PEG crosslinker, wherein both ends of the PEG spacer contain an iodoacetamido moiety that enable linkage of both the cytotoxic drug and the cell binding agent via thioether bonds to give a conjugate containing a hydrophilic PEG spacer is shown for example in Figure 19.
• the conjugation procedure to provide conjugates of the present invention is shown for example in Figures 20 and 21.
• PEG-containing crosslinkers bearing various reactive groups can be readily synthesized by methods described herein.
• a drug bearing a hydroxyl group such as 19-demethylmaytansinoids (U.S. Patent No. 4,361,650) can be reacted with the iodo-acetyl-PEG linker ( Figure 5) in the presence of a base, such as potassium carbonate, to link the maytansinoid via an ether bond.
• a base such as potassium carbonate
• an amine-containing maytansinoid (synthesized as described in U.S. Patent No.
• 7,301,019) can be reacted with an iodoacetyl PEG (shown in Figure 5), in the presence of a base, such as pyridine or triethylamine, to provide a maytansinoid linked to the PEG via a amine link.
• a base such as pyridine or triethylamine
• the carboxy-PEG shown in Figure 5
• an amine-containing maytansinoid in the presence of a condensing agent, such as dicyclcohexylcarbodiimide, to provide an amide bonded PEG-maytansinoid.
• a condensing agent such as dicyclcohexylcarbodiimide
• the PEG is first reacted with diphosgene to provide a PEG chloroformate, which can then be reacted with an amine-containing maytansinoid, in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, to give a carbamate linked PEG-maytansinoid.
• suitable linkers include linkers having an iV-succinimidyl ester or N- sulfosuccinimidyl ester moiety for reaction with the cell-binding agent, as well as a maleimido- or haloacetyl-based moiety for reaction with the drug.
• a PEG spacer can be incorporated into any crosslinker known in the art by the methods described herein.
• Crosslinking reagents comprising a maleimido-based moiety that can be incorporated with a PEG spacer include, but is not limited to, N-succinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl) cyclohexanecarboxylate (SMCC), 7V-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane- l-carboxy-(6-amidocaproate), which is a "long chain" analog of SMCC (LC-SMCC), K- maleimidoundecanoic acid iV-succinimidyl ester (KMUA), ⁇ -maleimidobutyric acid N- succinimidyl ester (GMBS), ⁇ -maleimidocaproic acid JV-hydroxysuccinimide ester (EMCS), m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-
• Cross-linking reagents comprising a haloacetyl-based moiety include iV-succinimidyl-4-(iodoacetyl)- aminobenzoate (SIAB), iV-succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA), TV-succinimidyl bromoacetate (SBA), and iV-succinimidyl 3-(bromoacetamido)propionate (SBAP).
• Other crosslinking reagents lacking a sulfur atom can also be used in the inventive method.
• Such linkers can be derived from dicarboxylic acid based moieties. Suitable dicarboxylic acid based moieties include, but are not limited to, ⁇ , ⁇ - dicarboxylic acids of the general formula shown below:
• A' is an optional linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms
• E' is an optional cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms
• G' is an optional substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group bearing 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group wherein the hetero atom is selected from N, O or S, and wherein p, q and r are each 0 or 1, provided that p, q, and r are all not zero at the same time, n is an integer from 1 to 2000.
• the cell-binding agent is modified by reacting a bifunctional crosslinking reagent with the cell-binding agent, thereby resulting in the covalent attachment of a linker molecule to the cell-binding agent.
• a "bifunctional crosslinking reagent” is any chemical moiety that covalently links a cell- binding agent to a drug, such as the drugs described herein.
• a portion of the linking moiety is provided by the drug.
• the drug comprises a linking moiety that is part of a larger linker molecule that is used to join the cell-binding agent to the drug.
• the side chain at the C-3 hydroxyl group of maytansine is modified to have a free sulfhydryl group (SH).
• This thiolated form of maytansine can react with a modified cell-binding agent to form a conjugate. Therefore, the final linker is assembled from two components, one of which is provided by the crosslinking reagent, while the other is provided by the side chain from DMl .
• the drug is linked to a cell-binding agent through a disulfide bond.
• the linker molecule comprises a reactive chemical group that can react with the cell-binding agent.
• Preferred reactive chemical groups for reaction with the cell-binding agent are N-succinimidyl esters and iV-sulfosuccinimidyl esters.
• the linker molecule comprises a reactive chemical group, preferably a dithiopyridyl group that can react with the drug to form a disulfide bond.
• linker molecules include, for example, N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) (see, e.g., Carlsson et al., Biochem. J, 173: 723-737 (1978)), N- succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)butanoate (SPDB) (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No.
• SPDP N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate
• SPDB N- succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)butanoate
• the drug can be first modified to introduce a reactive ester suitable to react with a cell-binding agent. Reaction of these drags containing an activated linker moiety with a cell-binding agent provides another method of producing a cell-binding agent drug conjugate.
• siRNAs can be linked to the crosslinkers of the present invention by methods commonly used for the modification of oligonucleotides (see, for example, US Patent Publications 20050107325 and 20070213292).
• siRNA in its 3' or 5'- phosphoromidite form is reacted with one end of the crosslinker bearing a hydroxyl functionality to give an ester bond between the siRNA and the crosslinker.
• reaction of the siRNA phosphoramidite with a crosslinker bearing a terminal amino group results in linkage of the crosslinker to the siRNA through an amine.
• the cell-binding agents used in this invention are proteins (e.g., immunoglobulin and non-immunoglobulin proteins) that bind specifically to target antigens on cancer cells.
• proteins e.g., immunoglobulin and non-immunoglobulin proteins
• These cell-binding agents include the following:
• -humanized or fully human antibodies are selected from, but not limited to, huMy9-6, huB4, huC242, huN901, DS6, CD38, IGF-IR, CNTO 95, B-B4, trastuzumab, bivatuzumab, sibrotuzumab, pertuzumab and rituximab (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,639,641, 5,665,357, and 7,342,110; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/424,332, International Patent Application WO 02/16,401, U.S. Patent Publication Number 20060045877, U.S.
• Patent Publication Number 20060127407 U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050118183, Pedersen et al., (1994) J MoI. Biol. 235, 959-973, Roguska et al., (1994) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, VoI 91, 969-973, Colomer et al., Cancer Invest., 19: 49-56 (2001), Heider et al., Eur. J. Cancer, 3 IA: 2385-2391 (1995), Welt et al., J Clin. Oncol, 12: 1193-1203 (1994), and Maloney et al., Blood, 90: 2188-2195 (1997).); and
• Additional cell-binding agents include other cell-binding proteins and polypeptides exemplified by, but not limited to:
• -interferons e.g. ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇
• -lymphokines such as IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6;
• -hormones such as insulin, TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormones), MSH (melanocyte- stimulating hormone), steroid hormones, such as androgens and estrogens; and
• EGF EGF
• TGF- ⁇ TGF- ⁇
• IGF-I G-CSF
• the cell-binding agent binds to an antigen that is a polypeptide and may be a transmembrane molecule (e.g. receptor) or a ligand such as a growth factor.
• antigens include molecules such as renin; a growth hormone, including human growth hormone and bovine growth hormone; growth hormone releasing factor; parathyroid hormone; thyroid stimulating hormone; lipoproteins; alpha- 1 -antitrypsin; insulin A-chain; insulin B -chain; proinsulin; follicle stimulating hormone; calcitonin; luteinizing hormone; glucagon; clotting factors such as factor vmc, factor IX, tissue factor (TF), and von Willebrands factor; anti-clotting factors such as Protein C; atrial natriuretic factor; lung surfactant; a plasminogen activator, such as urokinase or human urine or tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA); bombesin;
• GM-CSF which binds to myeloid cells can be used as a cell- binding agent to diseased cells from acute myelogenous leukemia.
• IL-2 which binds to activated T-cells can be used for prevention of transplant graft rejection, for therapy and prevention of graft- versus-host disease, and for treatment of acute T-cell leukemia.
• MSH which binds to melanocytes, can be used for the treatment of melanoma.
• Folic acid can be used to target the folate receptor expressed on ovarian and other tumors.
• Epidermal growth factor can be used to target squamous cancers such as lung and head and neck.
• Somatostatin can be used to target neuroblastomas and other tumor types.
• Cancers of the breast and testes can be successfully targeted with estrogen (or estrogen analogues) or androgen (or androgen analogues) respectively as cell-binding agents.
• Preferred antigens for antibodies encompassed by the present invention include CD proteins such as CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8, CDl 1, CD 14, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD 21, CD22, CD 25, CD26, CD28, CD30, CD33, CD36, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD52, CD55, CD56, CD70, CD79, CD80, CD81, CD103, CD105, CD134, CD137, CD138, and CD152; members of the ErbB receptor family such as the EGF receptor, HER2, HER3 or HER4 receptor; cell adhesion molecules such as LFA-I, Macl, pi 50.95, VLA-4, ICAM-I, VCAM, EpCAM, alpha4/beta7 integrin, and alpha v/beta3 integrin including either alpha or beta subunits thereof (e.g.
• anti-CD 1 Ia, anti- CD 18 or anti-CD 1 Ib antibodies growth factors such as VEGF; tissue factor (TF); TGF- ⁇ .; alpha interferon (alpha-IFN); an interleukin, such as IL-8; IgE; blood group antigens Apo2, death receptor; flk2/flt3 receptor; obesity (OB) receptor; mpl receptor; CTLA-4; protein C etc.
• growth factors such as VEGF; tissue factor (TF); TGF- ⁇ .; alpha interferon (alpha-IFN); an interleukin, such as IL-8; IgE; blood group antigens Apo2, death receptor; flk2/flt3 receptor; obesity (OB) receptor; mpl receptor; CTLA-4; protein C etc.
• the most preferred targets herein are IGF-IR, CanAg, EphA2, MUCl, MUC16, VEGF, TF, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD 138, CA6, Her2/neu, EpCAM, CRIPTO (a protein produced at elevated levels in a majority of human breast cancer cells), darpins, alpha v /beta 3 integrin, alpha v /betas integrin, alpha v /beta ⁇ integrin, TGF- ⁇ , CDl Ia, CDl 8, Apo2 and C242 or an antibody which binds to one or more tumor-associated antigens or cell-surface receptors disclosed in US Publication No. 20080171040 or US Publication No. 20080305044 and are incorporated in their entirety by reference.
• Preferred antigens for antibodies encompassed by the present invention also include CD proteins such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD20, CD34, CD37, CD38, CD46, CD56 and CD 138; members of the ErbB receptor family such as the EGF receptor, HER2, HER3 or HER4 receptor; cell adhesion molecules such as LFA-I, Macl, pi 50.95, VLA-4, ICAM-I, VCAM, EpCAM, alpha4/beta7 integrin, and alpha v/beta3 integrin including either alpha or beta subunits thereof (e.g.
• anti-CD 1 Ia, anti- CD 18 or anti-CD 1 Ib antibodies growth factors such as VEGF; tissue factor (TF); TGF- ⁇ .; alpha interferon (alpha-IFN); an interleukin, such as IL-8; IgE; blood group antigens Apo2, death receptor; flk2/flt3 receptor; obesity (OB) receptor; mpl receptor; CTLA-4; protein C, etc.
• growth factors such as VEGF; tissue factor (TF); TGF- ⁇ .; alpha interferon (alpha-IFN); an interleukin, such as IL-8; IgE; blood group antigens Apo2, death receptor; flk2/flt3 receptor; obesity (OB) receptor; mpl receptor; CTLA-4; protein C, etc.
• the most preferred targets herein are IGF-IR, CanAg, EGF-R, EphA2, MUCl, MUC16, VEGF, TF, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD44, CD56, CD138, CA6, Her2/neu, CRIPTO (a protein produced at elevated levels in a majority of human breast cancer cells), alpha v /beta 3 integrin, alpha v /beta 5 integrin, TGF- ⁇ , CDl Ia, CD 18, Apo2, EpCAM and C242.
• Monoclonal antibody techniques allow for the production of specific cell-binding agents in the form of monoclonal antibodies.
• Particularly well known in the art are techniques for creating monoclonal antibodies produced by immunizing mice, rats, hamsters or any other mammal with the antigen of interest such as the intact target cell, antigens isolated from the target cell, whole virus, attenuated whole virus, and viral proteins such as viral coat proteins.
• Sensitized human cells can also be used.
• Another method of creating monoclonal antibodies is the use of phage libraries of sFv (single chain variable region), specifically human sFv ⁇ see, e.g., Griffiths et al, U.S. Patent No.
• the monoclonal antibody My 9 is a murine IgG 23 antibody that is specific for the CD33 antigen found on Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) cells (Roy et al. Blood 77:2404-2412 (1991)) and can be used to treat AML patients.
• the monoclonal antibody anti-B4 is a murine IgG 1 that binds to the CD 19 antigen on B cells (Nadler et al, J. Immunol. 131 :244-250 (1983)) and can be used if the target cells are B cells or diseased cells that express this antigen such as in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia.
• the antibody N901 is a murine monoclonal IgGi antibody that binds to CD56 found on small cell lung carcinoma cells and on cells of other tumors of neuroendocrine origin (Roy et al. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 88:1136-1145 (1996)); huC242 is an antibody that binds to the CanAg antigen; Trastuzumab is an antibody that binds to HER2/neu; and anti-EGF receptor antibody binds to EGF receptor.
• the drugs used in this invention are cytotoxic drugs capable of being linked to a cell-binding agent.
• suitable drags include maytansinoids, DNA-binding drags such as CC- 1065 and its analogs, calicheamicins, doxorubicin and its analogs, vinca alkaloids, cryptophycins, dolastatin, auristatin and analogs thereof, tubulysin, epothilones, taxoids and siRNA.
• Preferred maytansinoids are those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,208,020; 5,416,064; 6,333.410; 6,441,163; 6,716,821; RE39.151 and 7,276,497.
• Preferred CC- 1065 analogs are those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,475,092; 5,595,499; 5,846,545; 6,534,660; 6,586,618; 6,756,397 and 7,049,316.
• Preferred doxorubicins and it analogs are those described in U.S. Patent No. 6,630,579.
• Preferred taxoids are those described in U.S. Patent Nos.
• Vinca alkaloid compounds, dolastatin compounds, and cryptophycin compounds are describe in detail in WOO 1/24763.
• Auristatin include auristatin E, auristatin EB (AEB), auristatin EFP (AEFP), monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,635,483, Int. J. Oncol. 15:367-72 (1999); Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 921-932 (2004); U.S. Application Number 11/134826.
• Tubulysin compounds are described in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20050249740.
• Cryptophycin compounds are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,680,311 and 6,747,021. Epothilones are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,956,036 and 6,989,450.
• siRNA is described in detail in U.S. Patent Publication Numbers: 20070275465, 20070213292, 20070185050, 20070161595, 20070054279, 20060287260, 20060035254, 20060008822, 20050288244, 20050176667. Analogues and derivatives
• cytotoxic agents include analogues and derivatives of the compounds described herein.
• the cell-binding agent can be conjugated to the cytotoxic drugs by methods previously described (U.S. Patent Nos. 6,013,748; 6,441,1631, and 6,716,821; U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050169933; and WO2006/034488 A2).
• the cell-binding agent drug conjugates (e.g., immunoconjugates) of this invention can also be used in combination with chemotherapeutic agents.
• chemotherapeutic agents are described in U.S. Patent No. 7,303,749.
• the cell-binding agent drug conjugates (e.g., immunoconjugates) of the present invention can be administered in vitro, in vivo and/or ex vivo to treat patients and/or to modulate the growth of selected cell populations including, for example, cancer of the lung, blood, plasma, breast, colon, prostate, kidney, pancreas, brain, bones, ovary, testes, and lymphatic organs; autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis; graft rejections, such as renal transplant rejection, liver transplant rejection, lung transplant rejection, cardiac transplant rejection, and bone marrow transplant rejection; graft versus host disease; viral infections, such as CMV infection, HIV infection, and AIDS; and parasite infections, such as giardiasis, amoebiasis, schistosomiasis, and the like.
• autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis
• the immunoconjugates and chemotherapeutic agents of the invention are administered in vitro, in vivo and/or ex vivo to treat cancer in a patient and/or to modulate the growth of cancer cells, including, for example, cancer of the blood, plasma, lung, breast, colon, prostate, kidney, pancreas, brain, bones, ovary, testes, and lymphatic organs; more preferably lung, colon prostrate, plasma, blood or colon cancer.
• the cancer is multiple myeloma.
• Modulating the growth of selected cell populations includes inhibiting the proliferation of selected cell populations (e.g., multiple myeloma cell populations, such as MOLP-8 cells, 0PM2 cells, H929 cells, and the like) from dividing to produce more cells; reducing the rate of increase in cell division as compared, for example, to untreated cells; killing selected cell populations; and/or preventing selected cell populations (such as cancer cells) from metastasizing.
• selected cell populations e.g., multiple myeloma cell populations, such as MOLP-8 cells, 0PM2 cells, H929 cells, and the like
• the growth of selected cell populations can be modulated in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo.
• the cell-binding agent drug conjugates can be administered in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo.
• the cell- binding agent drug conjugates e.g., immunoconjugates
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, and/or excipients which are well known, and can be determined, by one of skill in the art as the clinical situation warrants.
• Suitable carriers, diluents and/or excipients include: (1) Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, pH about 6.5, which would contain about 1 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml human serum albumin, (2) 0.9% saline (0.9% w/v NaCl), and (3) 5% (w/v) dextrose.
• the compounds and compositions described herein may be administered in appropriate form, preferably parenterally, more preferably intravenously.
• the compounds or compositions can be aqueous or nonaqueous sterile solutions, suspensions or emulsions.
• Propylene glycol, vegetable oils and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate, can be used as the solvent or vehicle.
• the compositions can also contain adjuvants, emulsifiers or dispersants.
• compositions can also be in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or any other injectable sterile medium.
• immunoconjugates refers to the dosage regimen for modulating the growth of selected cell populations and/or treating a patient's disease, and is selected in accordance with a variety of factors, including the age, weight, sex, diet and medical condition of the patient, the severity of the disease, the route of administration, and pharmacological considerations, such as the activity, efficacy, pharmacokinetic and toxicology profiles of the particular compound used.
• the "therapeutically effective amount” can also be determined by reference to standard medical texts, such as the
• the patient is preferably an animal, more preferably a mammal, most preferably a human.
• the patient can be male or female, and can be an infant, child or adult.
• Examples of suitable protocols of cell-binding agent drug conjugates are as follows.
• the conjugates can be given daily for about 5 days either as an i.v., bolus each day for about 5 days, or as a continuous infusion for about 5 days.
• the conjugates can be administered once a week for six weeks or longer.
• the conjugates can be administered once every two or three weeks.
• Bolus doses are given in about 50 to about 400 ml of normal saline to which about 5 to about 10 ml of human serum albumin can be added.
• Continuous infusions are given in about 250 to about 500 ml of normal saline, to which about 25 to about 50 ml of human serum albumin can be added, per 24 hour period. Dosages will be about 10 pg to about 1000 mg/kg per person, i.v. (range of about 100 ng to about 100 mg/kg).
• the compounds and conjugates can also be used for the manufacture of a medicament useful for treating or lessening the severity of disorders, such as, characterized by abnormal growth of cells (e.g., cancer).
• kits comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compounds and/or compositions of the present invention, including, one or more immunoconjugates and one or more chemotherapeutic agents.
• kits can also include, for example, other compounds and/or compositions, a device(s) for administering the compounds and/or compositions, and written instructions in a form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products.
• Cancer therapies and their dosages, routes of administration and recommended usage are known in the art and have been described in such literature as the Physician's Desk Reference (PDR). The PDR discloses dosages of the agents that have been used in treatment of various cancers.
• Taxotere is an inhibitor of tubulin depolymerization
• Doxorubicin see p 786
• Doxil see p 3302
• oxaliplatin see p 2908
• Irinotecal see p.
• 2602 is a Topoisomerase I inhibitor, Erbitux (see p 937) and Tarceva (see p 2470) interact with the epidermal growth factor receptor.
• the contents of the PDR are expressly incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
• One of skill in the art can review the PDR, using one or more of the following parameters, to determine dosing regimen and dosages of the chemotherapeutic agents and conjugates that can be used in accordance with the teachings of this invention. These parameters include: 1.
• conjugation methods include a one-step conjugation of antibody with drugs such as maytansinoids linked via polyethylene glycol ((CH 2 CH 2 O) n ) linker by reaction at JV-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reactive group.
• drugs such as maytansinoids linked via polyethylene glycol ((CH 2 CH 2 O) n ) linker by reaction at JV-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reactive group.
• conjugation methods include a one-step conjugation of antibody with drugs such as maytansinoid linked with disulfide-group bearing polyethylene glycol ((CH 2 CH 2 O) n ) linker via reaction at a 7V-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reactive group.
• drugs such as maytansinoid linked with disulfide-group bearing polyethylene glycol ((CH 2 CH 2 O) n ) linker via reaction at a 7V-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reactive group.
• a humanized antibody at a concentration of 5-10 mg/ml was modified using 10-15 fold molar excess of the commercially available heterobifunctional linker with -(CH 2 K alkyl groups (such as SPDB, SPP, SPDP) in aqueous buffer at pH 6.5-8 for 0.25-3 h at ambient temperature and then purified by gel filtration (using, for example, Sephadex G25 chromatography) to obtain antibody modified with an average 8-12 linker groups per antibody molecule in high yields (typically 80-90% yields).
• the commercially available heterobifunctional linker with -(CH 2 K alkyl groups such as SPDB, SPP, SPDP
• DTT 1,4-dithiothreitol
• the numbers of incorporated maytansinoid per antibody molecule were much lower (-5.2-5.5 average maytansinoid molecules per antibody molecule) than expected based on the much greater average number of initial reactive linker groups incorporated per antibody molecule (-8-12 reactive linker groups per antibody molecule) suggesting precipitation of the higher maytansinoid-bearing antibody conjugates.
• a humanized antibody was first modified with the SPDB heterobifunctional linker to incorporate 11 pyridyldithio groups per antibody molecule, which upon a second reaction with 1.7 fold molar excess of DM4 maytansinoid thiol showed significant precipitation in the reaction mixture resulting in a very poor recovery of ⁇ 30% antibody- maytansinoid conjugate.
• Using commercially available heterobifunctional linkers such as SPDB or SPDP with aliphatic spacers it is typically difficult to incorporate greater than 4 or 5 maytansinoid molecules per antibody at high conjugation yields for antibody- maytansinoid conjugate concentrations of 1 mg/ml or higher concentrations.
• a humanized antibody at a concentration of 8 mg/ml was modified with the PySS-PEG 4 -NHS reagent at several fold molar excess over antibody concentration in pH 8 buffer for 1 h at 3O 0 C and then purified by gel filtration.
• the linked dithiopyridyl groups per antibody molecule were estimated to be -4-16 by 2-thiopyridone release assay of aliquots using excess dithiothereitol, based upon which a 1.4-fold molar excess of DM4 maytansinoid thiol was added to each dithiopyridyl-PEG n -linker modified antibody solution for the conjugation step at pH 6.5, overnight at 25 0 C, and then the conjugate was purified by gel filtration ( Figure 12).
• the final incorporated maytansinoid per antibody values for the different conjugation mixtures with different initial linker incorporations ranged from 3 to 9 average maytansinoid per antibody molecule, with no observed precipitation, >70% yields and very high monomer (>90% monomer based on size-exclusion TSK-GEL G3000 HPLC using 20% isopropanol or 0.4 M sodium perchlorate).
• the unconjugated drug in the final conjugates was determined to be less than 0.6% by HiSep Mixed-Mode chromatography (HiSep column, Supelco) indicating that maytansinoids were covalently linked to antibody.
• a humanized antibody at a concentration of 8 mg/ml was modified with PySS-PEG 4 -NHS reagent at several fold molar excess over antibody concentration in pH 6.5 buffer for 1.5 h at 25 0 C and then purified by gel filtration.
• the dithiopyridyl-PEG n -bearing linker groups on antibody samples were estimated as 6-18 per antibody molecule, which were then reacted with 1.3-1.7-fold molar excess of DM4 maytansinoid thiol at pH 6.5, 25 0 C overnight, and then purified by gel filtration.
• PEG n hydrophilic polyethyleneoxide spacers
• a murine IgG 1 antibody was conjugated at 4 mg/ml with 10- and 20-fold molar excess OfDMl-MaI-PEG 4 -NHS reagent in pH 8 buffer for 2 h at 3O 0 C followed by gel filtration to obtain antibody-maytansinoid conjugates at ⁇ 1 mg/ml concentration with 4.1 and 7.8 covalently conjugated maytansinoid molecules per antibody molecule (98% monomer) with undetectable levels of unconjugated drug (HiSep HPLC assay).
• a humanized antibody was conjugated with excess DMl-MaI-PEG 4 -NHS reagent to obtain average 10.7 linked maytansinoid molecules per antibody (99% monomer; 1.1 mg/ml concentration).
• the PEG4-linked thioether conjugates were also prepared from antibodies using a two-step conjugation procedure outlined in Figure 8 and Figure 10. Therefore large number of maytansinoid molecules can be introduced per antibody molecule by the use of hydrophilic linkers such as PEG n or (-CH 2 -CH 2 -O) n (see, for example, Figures 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21).
• N 2 -Deacetyl-N -(3-mercapto-l-oxopropyl)-maytansine (DMl, 13.4 mg, 0.0182 mmol) was prepared in 0.70 mL of THF and succinimidyl-[(N- maleimidopropionamido)-diethyleneglycol] ester (NHS-PEG 2 -Maleimide, Quanta Biodesign, 11.6 mg, 0.0273 mmol) was added in 1.5 mL of 2:1 (v/v) mixture of aqueous potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6) and THF. The reaction proceeded for 1 hour with stirring at room temperature and TLC analysis indicated that the reaction was complete.
• CanAg, and CD56 by flow cytometry were incubated with conjugates or unmodified antibodies at 4 0 C, then with a secondary antibody-FITC conjugate at 4°C, fixed with formaldehyde (1% in PBS) and analyzed by flow cytometry.
• the cytotoxic effects of the antibody-maytansinoid conjugates with thioether and disulfide linkers containing PEG n spacers were typically evaluated using a WST-8 cell- viability assay after a 4-5 day continuous incubation of the cancer cells with the conjugates.
• the antigen-expressing cancer cells (-1000-5000 cells per well) were incubated in 96-well plates in regular growth medium containing fetal bovine serum with various concentrations of the antibody-maytansinoid conjugates for about 5 days.
• the WST-8 reagent was then added and the plate absorbance was measured at 450 ran after -2-5 h.
• FIG. 25 shows the enhancement in potency of anti-EpCAM Ab-maytansinoid conjugates with increased drug load for the PEG 4 linked thioether conjugate (Ab-PEG 4 - MaI-DMl), which also shows greater potency than the thioether-linked SMCC-DMl and disulfide-linked SPDB-DM4 conjugates at similar drug loads of about 4 maytansinoid per antibody toward EpCAM antigen-positive COLO205 -multi drug resistant cells (COLO205-MDR cells).
• the potency of the thioether-linked anti-EpCAM Ab-PEG 4 - MaI-DMl conjugate at maytansinoid loads of 4.1 and 7.8 is novel and potentially very promising for therapeutic applications.
• Figure 26 shows the cytotoxic activities of anti-CanAg Ab-maytansinoid conjugates against CanAg antigen-positive COLO205-MDR cells.
• the thioether- linked Ab-PEG 4 -MaI-DMl and Ab-PEG 2 -MaI-DMl conjugates showed greater potency compared to the thioether-linked Ab-SMCC-DMl conjugate with similar maytansinoid loads.
• Figure 27 shows the cytotoxic activities of the anti-CD56 antibody-maytansinoid conjugates with PEG-containing thioether and disulfide linkers on CD56-expressing Molp-8 multiple myeloma cells.
• Figure 28 shows the enhancement in potency of anti-EpCAM Ab-maytansinoid conjugates bearing a PEG 4 linked thioether conjugate (Ab-PEG 4 -MaI-DMl), over the conventional thioether-linked SMCC-DMl at similar drug loads of about 4 maytansinoid per antibody toward EpCAM-positive multi drug resistant HCT 15 cells.
• the high potency of the thioether-linked anti-EpCAM Ab-PEG 4 -MaI-DMl conjugate is a novel finding and potentially very promising for therapeutic applications.
• Figure 29 shows the enhancement in potency of anti-EpCAM Ab-maytansinoid conjugates bearing a PEG 4 linked thioether conjugate (Ab-PEG 4 -MaI-DMl), over the conventional thioether-linked SMCC-DMl at similar drug loads of about 4 maytansinoid per antibody toward EpCAM-positive multi drug resistant COLO 205 cells.
• the enhanced potency of the thioether-linked anti -EpCAM Ab-PEG 4 -MaI-DMl conjugate is a novel finding and potentially very promising for therapeutic applications.
• Figure 37 shows the potent enhancement in cytotoxicity of anti-EGFR Ab- Maytansinoid conjugate with the hydrophilic thioether-bonded PEG 4 linker (Ab-PEG 4 -MaI-DMl) compared to the non-hydrophilic SMCC-DMl conjugate with 3.7 maytansinoid/Ab toward EGFR- positive UO-31 human renal carcinoma cells.
• the potency of the PEG 4 -MaI-DMl was about 10-fold greater than that of the SMCC-DMl conjugate with the traditional linker.
• the plasma samples were added to microtiter plates containing coated, immobilized goat-anti-human IgG (H+L) antibody, washed, and detected using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat- anti-human IgG (Fc ⁇ ) antibody.
• conjugate concentration the plasma samples were added to microtiter plates containing coated, immobilized goat-anti-human IgG (H+L) antibody, washed, and detected using biotinylated anti-maytansine antibody and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin. Both antibody concentration and conjugate concentration ELISA results demonstrated that the Ab-PEG 4 -MaI-DMl conjugate with hydrophilic PEG 4 linker bearing the high 6.7 DMl/Ab load was well retained in plasma over the 4 week study period.
• Figure 38 A shows the in vivo pharmacokinetics of an Antibody- Maytansinoid conjugate using the PEG 4 linker with a high maytansinoid load (6.7 DMl/Ab) compared to the standard linker conjugate bearing 4 DMl/Ab. Even with the high maytansinoid load, the PEG 4 linked thioether conjugate (Ab-PEG 4 -MaI-DMl) with 6.7 maytansinoid/ Ab has a longer half life than the standard conjugate.
• the plasma pharmacokinetics of a humanized C242 Ab-PEG 4 -MaI- 3 H-DMl conjugate with 3 H-labeled DMl was compared with unconjugated antibody and with Ab-SMCC- 3 H-DMl conjugate containing a traditional aliphatic carbon chain linker and bearing a similar 4.2 D/A load, in CD-I mice at 10-12 mg/kg i.v. dose ( Figure 38 B).
• the Ab-PEG 4 -MaI- 3 H-DMl conjugate showed higher plasma concentrations over 4 weeks compared to the traditional SMCC-linker conjugate with a similar maytansinoid load, as measured by both antibody concentrations (ELISA; Figure 38 B) and conjugate concentrations ( 3 H-label counts).
• the half life of the PEG 4 -MaI linked conjugate was 16 days compared to 12.6 days for the SMCC-lmked conjugate and thus much improved over the SMCC conjugate ( Figure 38 B).
• HCT 15 cells were injected subcutaneously in the area under the right shoulder of SCID mice (1 x 10 7 cells per animal). When the tumor volumes reached approximately 140 mm 3 in size (9 days post tumor cell inoculation), the mice were randomized by tumor volume and divided into three groups (5 animals per group), each group was treated with a single i.v.
• Tumor growth was monitored by measuring tumor size twice per week. Tumor size was calculated with the formula: length x width x height x 1 A.
• muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DMl is significantly more efficacious than muB38.1 -MCC-DMl in this human colon cancer xenograft model.
• Tumor growth was monitored by measuring tumor size twice per week. Tumor size was calculated with the formula: length x width x height x Vz.
• muB38.1-PEG4-mal-DMl is significantly more efficacious than the conjugate muB38.1-MCC-DMl, prepared with the previously described linker, in this human colon cancer xenograft model.
• the Ab-PEG n - MaI-DMx conjugates prepared with PEG 4 , PEG 8 , PEG 12 , PEG 24 linkers were potent in cytotoxicity toward antigen-positive cells.
• Figure 35 demonstrates that the anti-CanAg antibody (huC242)-PEG n -Mal-DMl conjugates with 4 to 17 D/A killed the CanAg antigen-positive COLO205 cells with potent IC 50 of about 0.1-0.5 nM upon incubation for 5 days.
• the pgp-expressing multi-drug resistant COLO205-MDR cells were killed by the huC242-PEG n -Mal-DMl conjugates bearing 4 to 17 D/A in a potent manner with IC 50 of about 0.05 to 0.5 nM ( Figure 36).
• the PEG 24 -MaI-DMl conjugate with high, 17.1 D/A was more potent in cytotoxicity than the PEG 24 -MaI-DMl conjugate with 4 D/A ( Figures 34, 36).

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