WO2007124680A2 - A process for the preparation of high performance polypropylene - Google Patents
A process for the preparation of high performance polypropylene Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007124680A2 WO2007124680A2 PCT/CN2007/001315 CN2007001315W WO2007124680A2 WO 2007124680 A2 WO2007124680 A2 WO 2007124680A2 CN 2007001315 W CN2007001315 W CN 2007001315W WO 2007124680 A2 WO2007124680 A2 WO 2007124680A2
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- polymerization
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- organosilicon compound
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F10/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
- C08F10/06—Propene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F110/02—Ethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C08F110/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
- C08F110/06—Propene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/38—Polymerisation using regulators, e.g. chain terminating agents, e.g. telomerisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/38—Polymerisation using regulators, e.g. chain terminating agents, e.g. telomerisation
- C08F2/40—Polymerisation using regulators, e.g. chain terminating agents, e.g. telomerisation using retarding agents
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
- Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
- Y10T428/139—Open-ended, self-supporting conduit, cylinder, or tube-type article
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for preparing high-performance polypropylene, and more particularly to a polypropylene having a broad molecular weight distribution, a low molecular weight portion, a low isotacticity, and a low molecular weight portion having a high degree of isotacticity. Preparation. technical background
- broad molecular weight distribution polypropylene resins typically having a polydispersity index greater than 4.0 as measured by rheological methods
- broad molecular weight distribution propylene polymer is more competitive than the narrowly distributed propylene polymer.
- Polypropylene produced by the currently disclosed high activity Ziegler-Natta catalyst generally has a narrow molecular weight distribution, and its polydispersity index (PI value) measured by a rheological method is usually less than 4. Therefore, the industry mostly uses a multi-step polymerization method to broaden the molecular weight distribution of the polymer, in which polymers of different molecular weights are produced at each step, thereby broadening the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the final polymer.
- the molecular weight of the polymer in each step can be controlled by a chain transfer agent such as hydrogen, or can be controlled by changing the temperature of the polymerization reaction.
- This typical multi-step polymerization process is usually carried out in two or more steps, one of which is the homopolymerization of propylene at a lower hydrogen concentration in the presence of a highly reactive, highly stereoselective Ziegler-Natta catalyst. Or copolymerization of propylene with an oc-olefin to give a propylene homopolymer or copolymer having a relatively high molecular weight.
- the second step is generally to continue the homopolymerization of propylene or the copolymerization of propylene and ⁇ -olefin in the same reaction zone or in different reaction zones in the presence of the polymer obtained in the first step under conditions of increasing the hydrogen concentration. The reaction gives a propylene homopolymer or copolymer having a lower molecular weight.
- the existing Ziegler-Natta type catalyst is a multi-active center catalyst in which the active center of the high hydrogen modulating sensitivity is poorly oriented, and the active center of the low hydrogen modulating sensitivity is more oriented. Due to the inherent characteristics of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst, it will be possible to obtain a propylene polymer obtained by a one-step polymerization method or a conventional multi-step polymerization method in which no measures are taken to adjust the stereoregularity of the polymer obtained in the different steps.
- the tacticity of the different molecular weight fractions develops in the opposite direction of the demand for high quality materials, that is, the lower molecular weight polymer portion has a lower stereoregularity, while the higher molecular weight polymer portion has a higher stereoregularity.
- This polymer has many drawbacks during the actual application. For example, low molecular weight, low isotactic components migrate from the interior of the material during processing and long-term use of the product, adversely affecting the performance and use of the article. High molecular weight and high isotactic components form thick platelets in the material, which is disadvantageous for certain applications of polypropylene. For example, such resins are prone to breakage when used for high speed production of B0PP films.
- the present inventors have now discovered a process for the preparation of high performance propylene polymers which employ a highly active, highly stereoselective Ziegler-Nat ta catalyst prepared by two or more steps of polymerization at different hydrogen concentrations.
- a propylene polymer having a broad molecular weight distribution which improves the molecular chain tacticity non-uniformity in the final propylene polymer by adjusting or controlling the orientation ability of the active center of the catalyst at different hydrogen concentrations, even if the polymer is low
- the molecular weight fraction has a higher stereoregularity, while the high molecular weight fraction has a lower stereoregularity, thereby eliminating the disadvantages of the prior art broad molecular weight distribution propylene polymer.
- the overall properties of the resulting final polymer are excellent, especially the mechanical properties of the resin are significantly improved.
- a process for preparing a broad molecular weight distribution of polypropylene comprising at least the following two-step polymerization: a first step polymerization which is carried out on a Ziegler-Nat ta catalyst and a lower molecular weight a homopolymerization of propylene carried out in the presence of a regulator such as hydrogen or a copolymerization of propylene with an ⁇ -olefin to provide a high molecular weight fraction of the polypropylene, and a second polymerization which is formed in the first step of polymerization a homopolymerization of propylene or a copolymerization of propylene with an ⁇ -olefin in the presence of a polymer and a higher amount of a molecular weight regulator to provide a low molecular weight fraction of the polypropylene, wherein optional in the first polymerization step
- the external electron donor compound is used, and the external electron donor compound is used in the second
- the ratio of the MFR value of the final polymer to the MFR value of the propylene polymer obtained by the first step polymerization is from about 5 to about 15. ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1.
- the isotacticity of the final polymer and the isotacticity of the propylene polymer obtained by the first step polymerization is greater than 1 and less than or equal to 1.2, preferably greater than 1 and less than or equal to 1. 01 ⁇ More preferably, more than 1 and less than or equal to 1. 05, particularly preferably greater than 1 and less than or equal to 1. 02.
- the Ziegler-Nat ta catalyst added in the first polymerization is a reaction product of the following components: a solid catalyst component mainly composed of magnesium, titanium, halogen and internal electron donor. And an organoaluminum compound and an organosilicon compound, wherein a weight ratio of the organoaluminum compound to the organosilicon compound (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as an aluminum/silicon weight ratio) is 10 to 300; and in the second polymerization step The organosilicon compound is added such that the aluminum/silicon weight ratio is less than the aluminum/silicon weight ratio at the first polymerization.
- the aluminum/silicon weight ratio in the first step polymerization is from about 2 to about 20 times the aluminum/silicon weight ratio in the two-step polymerization.
- the process of the invention comprises the first and second polymerizations, and the two-step polymerization is carried out in a first and a second loop reactor in series, respectively.
- the yield ratio of the first and second polymerizations is about 35:65 to 55:45
- the temperature of the polymerization of the two loops is controlled at 60 to 80 °C
- the polymerization reaction is a liquid phase bulk polymerization.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a biaxially oriented film, tube, drawn flat or injection molded article prepared from the polypropylene of the present invention.
- Z ieg ler-Nat ta catalysts can be used in the process of the invention.
- high stereoselective Ziegler-Nat ta catalyst as used herein means that propylene can be catalyzed to produce a propylene homopolymer having an isotactic index greater than 93%, preferably greater than 94%, more preferably greater than 95%. catalyst.
- Such catalysts generally contain the reaction product of the following components: (1) an active solid catalyst component (also referred to as a procatalyst or a procatalyst), such as a titanium-containing solid catalyst active component, preferably magnesium, titanium, 3 ⁇ 4 And a solid catalyst component having an internal electron donor as a main component; (2) an organoaluminum compound cocatalyst; and (3) optionally, an external electron donor compound.
- an active solid catalyst component also referred to as a procatalyst or a procatalyst
- a titanium-containing solid catalyst active component preferably magnesium, titanium, 3 ⁇ 4
- a solid catalyst component having an internal electron donor as
- the organoaluminum compound as a cocatalyst component of the catalyst is preferably an alkyl aluminum compound, more preferably a trialkyl aluminum. Examples include, but are not limited to, trimethyl aluminum, triethyl aluminum, triisobutyl aluminum, triisopropyl aluminum, tri-n-butyl aluminum, tri-n-hexyl aluminum, tri-n-octyl aluminum.
- the organoaluminum compound cocatalyst component is used in conventional amounts.
- the organoaluminum compound is used in such an amount that the ratio of the active titanium-containing solid catalyst component to the organoaluminum compound cocatalyst component is Ti/Al mole. The ratio is 1:25 ⁇ 1:100.
- the external electron donor component in the Ziegler-Nat ta catalyst may be selected from the group consisting of mono or polyfunctional carboxylic acids, carboxylic anhydrides and carboxylates, ketones, ethers, alcohols, lactones, organophosphorus compounds and organosilicon compounds, preferably organic Silicon compound.
- the main function of the external electron donor component is to increase the orientation ability of the active site of the catalyst.
- Preferred organosilicon compounds useful as external electron donor components have the general formula R n Si (OR ⁇ , where 0 ⁇ n ⁇ 3, R is independently an alkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an alkene A base, a cycloalkyl, an aryl or a 3 ⁇ 4 alkyl group, or a aryl or hydrogen atom, independently an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or haloalkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
- trimethylmethoxysilane trimethylethoxysilane, trimethylphenoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, methyl tert-butyl Dimethoxysilane, methyl isopropyl dimethoxy silane, diphenoxy dimethoxy silane, diphenyl diethoxy silane, phenyl trimethoxy silane, phenyl triethoxy Silane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, cyclohexylmethyldimethoxysilane, dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane, diisopropyldimethoxysilane, diisobutyldimethoxysilane , 2-ethylpiperidinyl tert-butyldimethoxysilane, (1, 1, 1-trifluoro-2-propyl) 2-ethylpiperidyldimethoxysilane and (1, 1 , 1 , 1
- an external electron donor compound in the method for producing a broad molecular weight distribution polypropylene of the present invention, it is required that the orientation ability of the active region of the catalyst is higher than that at a low molecular weight regulator such as hydrogen concentration.
- the external electron donor compound is added to the external electron donor compound which provides a higher polymer isotacticity in the second polymerization step.
- the use of an external electron donor compound in the above manner allows the low molecular weight portion of the produced polypropylene to have a higher isotacticity index (isotacticity) and the high molecular weight portion to have a lower isotacticity. Index (equal degree).
- the same organosilicon compound is used as the external electron donor component in the first polymerization step and the second polymerization step of the process of the present invention, but the concentration of the organosilicon compound in the second polymerization step is greater than The concentration of the organosilicon compound in the first step of polymerization.
- the weight ratio of the organoaluminum compound to the organosilicon compound is controlled in the one-step polymerization from 10 to 300, preferably from 30 to 150, and the same is added in the second polymerization step.
- the organosilicon compound has a reduced aluminum/silicon weight compared to the value at the first step of polymerization, preferably a ratio of 2 to 20.
- the isotacticity of the low molecular weight portion of the propylene polymer is made higher than that obtained in the first step by increasing the orientation ability of the active center of the catalyst in the second polymerization step of producing the low molecular weight portion of the polymer.
- the isotacticity of the high molecular weight portion of the propylene polymer can be Characterized by the isotactic index determined by the test method GB 2142-89, it can also be characterized by two parameters determined by the "C-NMR method, namely the molar content of the pentad structure [mmmm] and the average isotactic sequence length. The greater the data values measured by all of these methods, the higher the isotacticity of the corresponding polypropylene. These data all demonstrate the effects of the foregoing invention.
- the first step and the second step polymerization are carried out at different molecular weight regulators such as hydrogen.
- the melt flow rate (MFR value) of the final polymer can be controlled according to the actual use, and the ratio of the MFR value of the finally obtained propylene polymer to the MFR value of the propylene polymer obtained in the first step is about 5 - A requirement of about 15 controls the MFR value of the propylene polymer obtained in the first step.
- the MFR value of the propylene polymer obtained in the first step can be controlled at 0. 2 ⁇ 0. 4 g / 10 minutes, the MFR of the final propylene polymer can be controlled In 2
- the yield ratio of the first polymerization to the second polymerization in the process of the present invention may be from 30:70 to 70:30, preferably from 35:65 to 55:45.
- the polymerization can be carried out in the liquid phase, or in the gas phase, or by a liquid-gas combination technique.
- the polymerization temperature is 0 to 150 ° C, preferably 40 to 100 ° C; the polymerization pressure should be higher than the saturated vapor pressure of propylene at the corresponding polymerization temperature.
- the polymerization temperature is 0 to 150 ° C, preferably 40 to 100 * €; the polymerization pressure may be normal pressure or higher, and the preferred pressure is 1. 0 ⁇ 3. OMPa (gauge pressure, the same below).
- the comonomer copolymerizable with propylene comprises ethylene and 4 - 1 2 a cc-olefin of one carbon atom, such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene.
- the process of the invention can be carried out in a continuous process or batchwise.
- the process of the invention may be in two or more loop reactors in series, or two or more tank reactors in series, or two or more gas phases in series
- the reactor, or any combination of loop reactor, tank reactor, gas phase reactor, is carried out.
- the first polymerization is a continuous liquid phase polymerization
- the prepolymerization reaction is generally carried out under mild conditions, preferably at a polymerization temperature of less than 30 ° C and a prepolymerization rate of from 3 to 1000 g pp / g of the catalyst.
- the catalyst may or may not undergo prepolymerization.
- the process for preparing a broad molecular weight distribution polypropylene of the present invention is: continuously performing homopolymerization or copolymerization of propylene in two loop reactors in series, the reaction having high stereoselectivity
- the Ziegler-Natta catalyst having high stereoselectivity comprises a reaction product of a titanium-containing active solid catalyst component, an organoaluminum compound and an organosilicon compound; in the first loop reactor Wherein the weight ratio of the organoaluminum compound and the organosilicon compound (also simply referred to as aluminum/silicon weight ratio) is 10 - 300, preferably 30 - 150; the organosilicon compound is added to the second loop reactor, Thereby making the aluminum/silicon weight ratio smaller than the value in the first loop, preferably the aluminum/silicon weight ratio in the first loop is 2-20 times the weight ratio of the aluminum/silicon in the second loop reactor; the second loop
- the concentration of the molecular weight regulator in the tube reactor is greater than the concentration of the molecular weight regulator
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a polymer prepared by the process of the invention described above.
- the polymer of the present invention has a broad molecular weight distribution, and its polydispersity index can be
- the propylene polymer of the present invention can be further processed by methods well known in the art.
- the polymer can be subjected to extrusion granulation using conventional equipment.
- Various additives commonly used in the art such as antioxidants, light stabilizers, heat stabilizers, colorants and/or fillers, may be added to the polymer at the time of granulation.
- the polymers of the present invention which have or have not undergone a granulation step can be used in biaxially stretched films, pipes, flattened wires, injection molding, and the like in various fields of application of polypropylene.
- Isotactic index Determined according to the method described in GB 2412-89.
- Molar content of pentad structure [mmmm] and average isotactic sequence length Nm Measured by an AVANCE 400 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR) from Bruker, Germany. The solvent was deuterated o-dichlorobenzene, and the sample was dissolved at 140 ° C. The test temperature was 125 °C. Experimental procedures, identification of spectral peaks, and data processing are performed according to literature methods (see, for example, James C. Randa ll, Polymer Sequence Determination: Carbon NMR Method, Academic, New York, 1977. ).
- Melt flow rate Measured according to IS01133 - 05, 230 ⁇ , 2. 16kg load.
- the main catalyst (titanium-containing solid catalyst active component) was obtained by the method described in Example 1 of Chinese Patent Application No. CN93102795.
- the procatalyst was measured to have a Ti content of 2. 4 wt ° /.
- the Mg content was 18. Owt%, and the di-n-butyl phthalate content was 13% by weight.
- Hydrogen was added to the feed of the first loop reactor at a concentration of 180 ppmV, and a portion of the hydrogen was supplied to the second loop reactor feed to control the total hydrogen concentration in the feed to the looper to 2600 ppmV. Further, 0.4 g/hr of methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane was added to the second loop reactor so that the Al/Si weight ratio in the second loop was 10. The yield ratio of the first and second loops was 45:55.
- the amount of methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane in the prepolymerization reactor was changed to 0.06 g/hr, so that the weight ratio of Al/Si in the first loop was 80.
- Adding 0.47 g/hr of methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane to the second loop reactor, the Al/Si weight ratio in the second loop is 10.
- Table 1 The relevant test results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 1 The procedure described in Example 1 was followed except that the hydrogen concentration of the first loop feed was controlled to 80 ppmV. The hydrogen concentration of the second loop tube feed was controlled to 5200 ppmV. The relevant test results are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 1 According to the procedure described in Example 1, but the external electron donor methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane was only fed into the prepolymerization reactor (ie, no fluorenylcyclohexyl group was added to the looper reactor).
- the methoxysilane has a flow rate of 0.13 g/hr, and the Al/Si weight ratio in both rings is 40.
- the orientation ability of the active site of the catalyst at different hydrogen concentrations is adjusted, that is, the external electron donor component is increased in the second step of producing the low molecular weight portion of the polymer.
- the amount is such that the ratio of the isotacticity of the final polymer to the isotacticity of the propylene polymer obtained in the first step is more than 1, and a polymer having excellent comprehensive properties, particularly a mechanical property of the resin, which is remarkably improved, can be obtained.
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP07720888.2A EP2009032B1 (en) | 2006-04-20 | 2007-04-20 | A process for the preparation of high performance polypropylene |
KR1020087028293A KR101355861B1 (ko) | 2006-04-20 | 2007-04-20 | 고성능 폴리프로필렌의 제조방법 |
US12/297,857 US20090326171A1 (en) | 2006-04-20 | 2007-04-20 | Process for the preparation of high performance polypropylene |
US14/710,007 US10544242B2 (en) | 2006-04-20 | 2015-05-12 | Process for preparing high-performance polypropylenes |
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CN200610076310.7 | 2006-04-20 | ||
CNB2006100763107A CN100491458C (zh) | 2006-04-20 | 2006-04-20 | 高性能聚丙烯组合物的制备方法 |
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US12/297,857 A-371-Of-International US20090326171A1 (en) | 2006-04-20 | 2007-04-20 | Process for the preparation of high performance polypropylene |
US14/710,007 Continuation US10544242B2 (en) | 2006-04-20 | 2015-05-12 | Process for preparing high-performance polypropylenes |
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WO2007124680A2 true WO2007124680A2 (en) | 2007-11-08 |
WO2007124680A3 WO2007124680A3 (fr) | 2008-03-20 |
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US (2) | US20090326171A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2009032B1 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR101355861B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN100491458C (zh) |
MY (1) | MY154967A (zh) |
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Cited By (1)
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US20130023598A1 (en) * | 2010-01-22 | 2013-01-24 | Wenbo Song | Propylene homopolymer having high melt strength and preparation method thereof |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2009032B1 (en) | 2017-07-12 |
MY154967A (en) | 2015-08-28 |
CN100491458C (zh) | 2009-05-27 |
EP2009032A2 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
CN101058654A (zh) | 2007-10-24 |
SG178718A1 (en) | 2012-03-29 |
EP2009032A4 (en) | 2012-05-09 |
US20090326171A1 (en) | 2009-12-31 |
KR20080111148A (ko) | 2008-12-22 |
US20150246986A1 (en) | 2015-09-03 |
US10544242B2 (en) | 2020-01-28 |
KR101355861B1 (ko) | 2014-01-27 |
WO2007124680A3 (fr) | 2008-03-20 |
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