WO2007094198A1 - 投影光学系、露光装置、露光方法、ディスプレイの製造方法、マスク及びマスクの製造方法 - Google Patents
投影光学系、露光装置、露光方法、ディスプレイの製造方法、マスク及びマスクの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007094198A1 WO2007094198A1 PCT/JP2007/051974 JP2007051974W WO2007094198A1 WO 2007094198 A1 WO2007094198 A1 WO 2007094198A1 JP 2007051974 W JP2007051974 W JP 2007051974W WO 2007094198 A1 WO2007094198 A1 WO 2007094198A1
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- Prior art keywords
- exposure
- projection optical
- scanning direction
- mask
- pattern
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B17/00—Systems with reflecting surfaces, with or without refracting elements
- G02B17/08—Catadioptric systems
- G02B17/0804—Catadioptric systems using two curved mirrors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70216—Mask projection systems
- G03F7/70275—Multiple projection paths, e.g. array of projection systems, microlens projection systems or tandem projection systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70216—Mask projection systems
- G03F7/70358—Scanning exposure, i.e. relative movement of patterned beam and workpiece during imaging
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70691—Handling of masks or workpieces
- G03F7/70716—Stages
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70691—Handling of masks or workpieces
- G03F7/70716—Stages
- G03F7/70725—Stages control
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70691—Handling of masks or workpieces
- G03F7/70791—Large workpieces, e.g. glass substrates for flat panel displays or solar panels
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F9/00—Registration or positioning of originals, masks, frames, photographic sheets or textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. automatically
- G03F9/70—Registration or positioning of originals, masks, frames, photographic sheets or textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. automatically for microlithography
- G03F9/7073—Alignment marks and their environment
- G03F9/7084—Position of mark on substrate, i.e. position in (x, y, z) of mark, e.g. buried or resist covered mark, mark on rearside, at the substrate edge, in the circuit area, latent image mark, marks in plural levels
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F1/00—Originals for photomechanical production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g., masks, photo-masks, reticles; Mask blanks or pellicles therefor; Containers specially adapted therefor; Preparation thereof
- G03F1/36—Masks having proximity correction features; Preparation thereof, e.g. optical proximity correction [OPC] design processes
Definitions
- Projection optical system exposure apparatus, exposure method, display manufacturing method, mask and mask manufacturing method
- the present invention relates to a projection optical system for projecting an image of a mask, a reticle or the like onto a substrate or the like, an exposure apparatus provided with the projection optical system, an exposure method using the exposure apparatus, and the exposure apparatus.
- the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a display, a mask and a method of manufacturing a mask.
- a pattern of a mask (a reticle, a photomask, etc.) is formed on a plate (a glass plate, a semiconductor wafer, etc.) coated with a resist via a projection optical system.
- a projection exposure apparatus (stepper) has been widely used which collectively exposes the reticle pattern onto each shot area on the plate by the step-and-repeat method.
- a plurality of small partial projection optical systems having equal magnifications are arranged in a plurality of lines at predetermined intervals along the scanning direction, and scanning a mask and a plate.
- a step-and-scan type projection exposure apparatus has been proposed in which the mask pattern is exposed onto the plate in each partial projection optical system (see Japanese Patent Application No. Hei 516 1588).
- the plate has been increasingly enlarged, and a plate exceeding 2 m square has come to be used.
- the mask is also enlarged.
- the cost of the mask also needs to maintain the planarity of the mask substrate, and becomes larger as it becomes larger.
- a mask for 4 to 5 layers is required, which requires a large cost.
- the second object is provided on the second object.
- a first projection optical system for forming an enlarged image of a portion on the first object in a first region which is a portion of the second region, and a second region different from the portion of the region on the second object A second projection optical system that forms an enlarged image of a portion different from the portion on the first object, and holds the first object, and at least one of the portion and the different portion of the first object
- a first stage which is movable along the non-scanning direction, and the first area and the second area are spaced at predetermined intervals along the non-scanning direction intersecting the scanning direction.
- an exposure apparatus that performs projection exposure while scanning a first object and a second object relative to a projection optical device
- the first object is held.
- a second stage for holding the second object wherein the projection optical apparatus is disposed along a non-scanning direction intersecting the scanning direction and has a plurality of magnifications.
- the projection optical system, and the projection exposure is performed a plurality of times while moving the first and the second stages along the scanning direction at a speed ratio according to the magnification ratio,.
- An exposure apparatus is provided, characterized in that the first and second stages are moved along the non-scanning direction during projection exposure.
- the catadioptric optical system projects the image of the first surface onto the second surface.
- a concave reflecting mirror disposed in the optical path between the first surface and the second surface, and an optical system disposed in the optical path between the first surface and the concave reflecting mirror,
- a second lens group disposed in the optical path between the optical path deflecting surface and the concave reflector, and an optical path disposed in the optical path between the second lens group and the second surface
- a third lens group having a positive refractive power which is disposed in the optical path between the second optical path deflecting surface that deflects and the second optical path deflecting surface and the second surface.
- a mask having a pattern area, wherein the pattern area includes a plurality of odd-row pattern areas arranged in an odd number along the first direction.
- a plurality of even-row pattern regions arranged at even-numbered positions along the first direction, and in a first positional relationship with at least one of the odd-row pattern regions or at least one of the even-row pattern regions.
- a mask characterized by further comprising a first measurement mark and a second measurement mark in a second positional relationship with at least one odd-numbered not-pattern region or at least one even-numbered pattern region.
- a step of dividing all pattern data corresponding to all patterns formed on the mask in a first direction and a step of dividing at least one of the divided pattern data.
- the pattern data corresponding to the common area is added to the end in one direction, and a plurality of drawing data corresponding to each of the divided pattern data are created, and using the plurality of drawing data, the mask is formed on the mask.
- a method of manufacturing a mask comprising the steps of: drawing a pattern on the surface; and forming a reference mark in a predetermined positional relationship with at least one pattern of each drawn pattern.
- the non-crossing direction intersects the scanning direction.
- a second exposure step of forming the projection optical system according to the present invention wherein, in the step, between the plurality of exposure regions formed by the first exposure step, The plurality of dew formed by the second exposure step;
- An exposure method characterized in that at least one of the light regions is positioned is provided. Be served.
- the non-crossing direction intersects the scanning direction.
- the second exposure step is performed between the plurality of exposure regions. Positioning at least one of the plurality of exposure areas to be formed, and in the second step, the plurality of exposure areas formed on the second object by the first or second exposure process.
- An exposure method is provided, characterized in that the second object is moved along the non-scanning direction beyond a width along the non-scanning direction.
- an exposure step of exposing a predetermined pattern onto a photosensitive substrate using the exposure apparatus of the present invention, and the photosensitive substrate exposed in the exposure step And a developing step of developing the display.
- FIG. 1 is a view showing a configuration of a projection optical system that is applied to a first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a view showing a configuration of a projection optical system which is applied to a second embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a view showing a configuration of a projection optical system which is applied to a third embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a view showing the arrangement of an exposure apparatus according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a view showing the arrangement of projection optical systems of an exposure apparatus according to a fourth embodiment. 6] It is a figure for demonstrating the exposure method using the exposure apparatus to which 4th Embodiment is applied.
- FIG. 9 is a view for explaining an exposure method using the exposure apparatus according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 12 is a view showing a state in which a mask pattern according to the embodiment is exposed and transferred onto a plate.
- Fig. 15 is a view for describing a configuration of a mask used for an exposure apparatus provided with a projection optical system for forming an erected image according to an embodiment.
- Fig. 17 is a view showing the shape of a reference mark according to the embodiment.
- Fig. 19 is a view for explaining a method of manufacturing a mask according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 21 is a flow chart showing a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display device as a microdevice to which the embodiment of the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 1 is a view showing the configuration of a projection optical system according to the first embodiment.
- the XYZ orthogonal coordinate system shown in each drawing is set, and the positional relationship of each member will be described with reference to this XYZ orthogonal coordinate system.
- the XYZ orthogonal coordinate system is set such that the X axis and the Y axis are parallel to the plate P used in the exposure apparatus described later, and the z axis is set in the direction orthogonal to the plate P.
- the XY plane is actually set to a plane parallel to the horizontal plane, and the Z axis is set to the vertically upward direction.
- the direction (scanning direction) in which the mask M and the plate P are moved is set to the X-axis direction.
- the projection optical system PL1 shown in FIG. 1 is a catadioptric optical system that projects an image of the mask (first surface) Ml onto the plate (second surface) P1, and the projection optical system PL1 is a combination of the mask M1 and the plate P1.
- a first optical path deflecting surface FM11 a second lens group PG21 disposed in the optical path between the first optical path deflecting surface FM11 and the concave reflecting mirror CCM1, and a second optical group
- the light traveling in the X-axis direction from the second lens group PG21 is reflected in the Z-axis direction at 45 ° with respect to the mask Ml plane
- a second optical path deflecting surface FM21 obliquely disposed at
- the first lens group PG11 of the projection optical system PL1 is composed of a positive meniscus lens L101 having a concave surface facing the mask M1, a biconcave lens L111, a biconvex lens L121, and a plano-convex lens L131 having a flat surface facing the mask M1. It is done.
- the second lens group PG21 includes a biconvex lens L141, a negative meniscus lens L 151 having a concave surface facing the first optical path deflecting surface FM 11 and a negative meniscus lens having a convex surface facing the first optical path deflecting surface FM 11
- the lens L 161 includes a negative mesh lens L 171 having a concave surface facing the first optical path deflecting surface FM 11.
- Third lens group PG3 1 is composed of a biconcave lens L181, a biconvex lens L191, a planoconvex lens L201 having a convex surface facing the second optical path deflecting surface FM21, and a planoconcave lens L211 having a concave surface facing the plate PI.
- FIG. 2 is a view showing the configuration of a projection optical system PL2 according to the second embodiment.
- the projection optical system PL2 shown in FIG. 2 is a catadioptric optical system that projects an image of the mask (first surface) M2 onto the plate (second surface) P2, and it is between the mask M2 and the plate P2.
- the optical path between the first lens unit PG12 and the concave mirror CCM2 is oblique to the surface of the mask M2 at an angle of 45 ° so as to reflect the light traveling from the first lens group PG12 in the X axis direction.
- a second optical group PG22 disposed in the optical path between the first optical path deflecting surface FM12 and the first optical path deflecting surface FM12 and the concave reflecting mirror CCM2, a second lens group PG22 and a plate
- a second optical path deflecting surface FM22 obliquely arranged at an angle to deflect the optical path, and a third optical path deflecting surface disposed between the second optical path deflecting surface FM22 and the plate P2 and having a positive refracting power
- a lens unit PG32 is provided.
- the first lens group PG12 has a negative meniscus lens L102 having a concave surface facing the mask M2 side, a biconcave lens L112, a biconvex lens L122, a negative meniscus lens L 132 having a concave surface facing the mask M2 side, and the mask M2 side. It is composed of a plano-convex lens L 142 whose plane is directed to the
- the second lens group PG22 is composed of a negative meniscus lens L152 having a convex surface facing the first optical path deflecting surface FM12, a biconvex lens L162, a biconcave lens L172, and a biconvex lens L182.
- the third lens group PG3 is a biconcave lens L192, a positive mescus lens L202 having a concave surface facing the second light path deflecting surface FM22, and a negative mesmerizing lens L212 having a convex surface facing the second light path deflecting surface FM22. , And a biconvex lens L222.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the configuration of a projection optical system PL3 according to the third embodiment.
- the projection optical system PL3 shown in FIG. 3 has the image of the mask (first surface) M3 on the plate (second surface) P3.
- a catadioptric optical system PL31 for projection and a catadioptric optical system PL32 are provided.
- the catadioptric optical system PL31 is disposed in the optical path between the concave reflecting mirror CCM31 disposed in the optical path between the mask M3 and the field stop FS, and in the optical path between the mask M3 and the concave reflecting mirror CCM31 for positive refraction.
- the catadioptric optical system PL32 has the same configuration as the catadioptric optical system PL31.
- a concave reflector CCM 32 disposed in the light path between the field stop FS and the plate P 3, and a fourth one disposed in the light path between the field stop FS and the concave reflector CCM 32 and having positive refractive power Of the fourth lens group PG43 in the optical path between the fourth lens group PG43 and the concave reflecting mirror CCM32 so as to reflect light traveling in the Z-axis direction from the fourth lens group PG43 in the X axis direction
- a third light path deflecting surface FM33 obliquely installed at an angle of 45 ° with respect to the M3 plane to deflect the light path, and a fifth light path deflecting surface disposed in the light path between the third light path deflecting surface FM33 and the concave reflecting mirror CCM32.
- the mask M3 is configured to reflect light traveling in the ⁇ X-axis direction from the fifth lens group PG53 in the ⁇ Z-axis direction.
- the fourth optical path deflecting surface FM43 installed obliquely at an angle of 45 ° to the surface to deflect the optical path
- the fourth optical path deflecting surface FM43 and the plate P3 Disposed in the optical path
- a sixth lens group PG63 having a positive refractive power! /, Ru.
- the first lens group PG13 is composed of a plano-convex lens L103 with a flat surface facing the mask M3 side, a biconcave lens L113, and a biconvex lens L123.
- the second lens group PG23 is a biconvex lens L143, a negative meniscus lens L153 having a concave surface facing the first optical path deflecting surface FM13, and a negative meniscus lens L having a convex surface facing the first optical path deflecting surface FM13 163, first optical path deflection A negative meniscus lens L 173 with a concave surface facing the surface FM 13!
- the third lens group PG33 is a plano-convex lens L183 having a convex surface facing the second optical path deflecting surface FM23, a negative meniscus lens L193 having a convex surface facing the second optical path deflecting surface FM23, and a second optical path deflection
- the surface is constituted by a positive meniscus lens L203 having a convex surface directed to the side of the surface FM23.
- the fourth lens group PG43, the fifth lens group PG53, and the sixth lens group PG63 have the same configuration as the first lens group PG13, the second lens group PG23, and the third lens group PG33, respectively.
- the focal lengths of the first lens group PG11, PG12, and PG13 are set to FPG1, and the focal lengths of the third lens group PG31, PG32, and PG33 are set.
- FPG 3 the focal lengths of the third lens group PG31, PG32, and PG33 are set.
- each of the first lens group PG11, PG12, PG13 and the third lens group PG31, PG32, PG33 has positive refractive power, by having two positive lenses, It facilitates correction of spherical aberration and field curvature.
- the second lens group PG21, PG22, and PG23 includes at least one negative lens and a positive lens
- chromatic aberration correction is performed in the second lens group PG21, PG22, and PG23. It will be possible to do. It is more preferable to use different types of optical members for at least one negative lens in the second lens group PG21, PG22, and PG23 and the positive lens.
- the first lens group PG11, PG12, PG13 and the third lens group PG31, PG32, PG33 also have a negative lens and a positive lens, respectively.
- the third lens group PG31, PG32 Since the negative lenses L181 and L192 disposed on the second optical path deflecting surface side FM21 and FM22 are the most, it is possible to perform field separation up to a light beam with a low image height, and a wide exposure area can be secured.
- FIG. 4 is a view showing the schematic arrangement of an exposure apparatus according to the fourth embodiment.
- a projection optical system provided with a projection optical system PLIO, PL11, PL12 configured by any one of the catadioptric projection optical systems according to the first to third embodiments described above.
- a step-and-scan type exposure apparatus for transferring the image of the turn) onto the plate P will be described as an example.
- the outer shape is larger than 500 mm means that one side or diagonal line is larger than 500 mm! .
- the exposure apparatus that urges this embodiment includes an illumination optical system IL for uniformly illuminating the mask M.
- the illumination optical system IL comprises a light source consisting of, for example, a mercury lamp or an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp, and an optical 'integrator, field stop, condenser lens and the like are also constructed.
- the exposure light from which the light source power is also emitted passes through the illumination optical system IL and illuminates the pattern provided on the mask M.
- the light having passed through the mask M projects and exposes the pattern of the mask M onto the exposure region on the plate through a plurality of projection optical systems PL10, PL11, and PL12.
- the projection optical system PL10 corresponds to a first projection optical system
- the projection optical system PL11 corresponds to a second projection optical system.
- the mask M is held on the mask stage (first stage) MST.
- the mask stage MST can move with a long stroke in the scanning direction (X-axis direction), and can move a predetermined amount in the non-scanning direction (Y-axis direction).
- the plate P is held on the plate stage (second stage) PST.
- the plate stage PST can move with a long stroke in the scanning direction (X-axis direction), and can move a predetermined amount in the non-scanning direction (Y-axis direction).
- the movement of the mask stage MST and the plate stage PST is controlled by the control unit CONT.
- control unit CONT scans the mask stage MST and the plate stage PST in the scanning direction at a speed ratio according to the magnification of the projection optical system PLIO, PL11, PL12.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the state of the arrangement of projection optical systems PLIO, PL11, and PL12.
- the projection optical systems PLIO, PL11 and PL12 are discretely arranged in the non-scanning direction (Y-axis direction) orthogonal to the scanning direction.
- the projection magnifications of the projection optical systems PLIO, PL11 and PL12 are respectively doubled. Assuming that the exposure areas formed by the projection optical systems PLIO, PL11 and PL12 are EA1, EA2 and EA3, respectively, the exposure areas EA1, EA2 and EA3 are separated by a predetermined distance.
- the effective exposure widths in the Y-axis direction of the exposure areas EA1, EA2, and EA3 of the projection optical systems PLIO, PL11, and PL12 are EW.
- the distance between the projection optical system PLIO and the projection optical system PL11 in the Y-axis direction is PLP, and the distance between the projection optical system PL11 and the projection optical system PL12 in the Y-axis direction is also PLP.
- the relationship between the effective exposure width EW of each projection optical system PLIO, PL11, PL12 and the distance PLP in the Y-axis direction of the projection optical system is
- step 1 will be described with reference to FIG.
- the exposure areas on the plate P projected and exposed by the projection optical systems PLIO, PL11 and PL12 be P1A, P2A and P3A
- the illumination areas on the mask M be M1A, M2A and M3A, respectively.
- the illumination area M1A can be considered as a part on the mask
- the illumination area M2A can be considered as a different part on the mask.
- the exposure area P1A can be regarded as a first area on the plate
- the exposure area P2A can be regarded as a second area on the plate.
- a force (for example, M1A) on the mask and a portion (for example, M2A) different from the portion on the mask are integrally formed on one mask. May be separately formed on the mask.
- a portion (here M1A) may be formed on a first mask and a different portion (here M2A) may be formed on a second mask.
- CONT by controlling the mask stage MST by the control unit CONT, it is possible to move only a part or a different part on the mask in the non-scanning direction.
- the scanning direction is the X-axis direction
- the scanning speed of the mask M is VM
- the scanning speed of the plate P is VP
- step 2 will be described with reference to FIG.
- the plate P is moved in the ⁇ Y axis direction by SPB (the distance is equal to EW! /,).
- the mask M is moved in the Y axis direction by SMB (the distance is equal to MW! /,).
- scanning exposure is performed.
- the exposed areas on the plate P are P1B, P2B, and P3B, and P1B is exposed so as to partially overlap the adjacent exposed areas P1A and P2A already exposed in the previous step 1 in the Y-axis direction. Be done.
- the exposure area P2B is exposed so as to partially overlap the adjacent exposure areas P2A and P3A already exposed in the previous area 1 in the Y-axis direction.
- the exposure area P3B is exposed so as to partially overlap the adjacent exposure area P3A already exposed in the previous step 1 in the Y-axis direction.
- step 3 will be described with reference to FIG.
- plate P is moved in the Y-axis direction by SPC (the distance is equal to 5 X EW).
- the mask M is moved in the Y-axis direction by SMC (the distance is equal to MW! /,).
- scanning exposure is performed.
- the exposed areas on the plate P become areas P1C, P2C, and P3C, and P1C partially overlaps the adjacent exposed area P3B already exposed in the previous step 2 in the Y-axis direction. Exposed.
- step 4 will be described with reference to FIG.
- plate P is moved in the -Y-axis direction by SPD (the distance is equal to EW). Move it.
- the mask M is moved in the Y-axis direction by SMD (the distance is equal to MW).
- scan exposure is performed.
- the exposed areas on the plate P become areas P1D, P2D, P3D, and P1D is partially overlapped in the Y-axis direction of the adjacent exposed areas P1C, P2C already exposed in the previous step 3. It is exposed.
- the exposure area P2D is exposed so as to partially overlap the adjacent exposure areas P2C and P3C already exposed in the previous step 3 in the Y-axis direction.
- the exposure area P3D is exposed so as to partially overlap the adjacent exposure area P3C already exposed in the previous step 3 in the Y-axis direction.
- FIG. 10 is a view showing a mask in the case where, for example, the projection optical systems PL10, PL11 and PL12 provided in the above-described exposure apparatus are formed of an optical system for forming an erect image.
- the mask M 10 includes a plurality of odd-row pattern areas M101 (here, three pattern areas) and a plurality of even-row pattern areas M102 (here, three pattern areas). Have.
- the plurality of odd-row pattern areas M101 are, for example, as shown in the same figure, counting the left force in the Y-axis direction (non-scanning direction) and counting the odd-numbered, that is, the first, third and fifth pattern areas.
- the plurality of even-row pattern areas M102 mean even-numbered pattern areas, ie, second, fourth, and sixth pattern areas, counting left force in the Y-axis direction (non-scanning direction).
- At least a pair of adjacent odd-row pattern regions M101 and even-row pattern region M102 have a common region having the same pattern at the end in the Y-axis direction (non-scanning direction).
- the common region is formed on the adjacent sides of at least a pair of adjacent odd-row pattern regions M101 and the even-row pattern region M102.
- common areas Cl, C2, C3, C4 and C5 are formed respectively.
- FIG. 11 shows, for example, the projection optical system PL10, PL11, PL provided in the above-described exposure apparatus. It is a figure which shows a mask in case it is comprised by the optical system which forms an inverted image. As shown in FIG. 11, the mask includes a plurality of odd-row pattern regions M101 (here, three pattern regions) and a plurality of even-row pattern regions M102 (here, three pattern regions). .
- the plurality of odd-row pattern areas M101 are, for example, as shown in the figure, the odd-numbered pattern areas counted from the left in the Y-axis direction (non-scanning direction), that is, the first, third and fifth pattern areas
- the plurality of even-row pattern areas M102 mean even-numbered, ie, second, fourth, and sixth pattern areas, counting left force in the Y-axis direction (non-scanning direction).
- a common region having the same pattern is formed at an end portion of the Y axis direction (non-scanning direction) of at least a pair of adjacent odd column pattern regions M101 and even column pattern regions M102.
- the common area is formed on the opposite side to the adjacent side of at least a pair of adjacent odd-row pattern areas M101 and even-row pattern area M102.
- common regions Cl, C2, C3, C4, and C5 are respectively formed.
- FIG. 12 is a view showing a state where the mask MlO (Ml l) is exposed and transferred onto the plate.
- an area P101 in which the odd-row pattern area M101 is transferred and exposed an area P102 in which the even-row pattern area M102 is transferred and exposed, and a common area C1 to C5 are transferred and exposed.
- Regions Pl1, P12, P13, P14 and P15 are formed.
- EA1, EA2 and EA3 in the figure indicate the exposure regions of the projection optical systems PL1, PL2 and PL3, respectively, and PLP indicates the distance between the centers of adjacent exposure regions.
- the pair of common areas C1 to C5 should be completely identical if the patterns formed in the pair of common areas C1 to C5 are identical if they are patterns that overlap to form one pattern. There is no.
- the common region of odd-row pattern region M101 or the common region of a pair of adjacent odd-row pattern region M101 and the even-row pattern region M102 There may be unnecessary patterns not used at all in one of the common areas of the even-row pattern area M102.
- the mask MlO (Ml l) includes a plurality of first reference marks mlOl formed in a predetermined positional relationship with the odd-row pattern region M 101, and an even-row putter. And a plurality of second fiducial marks ml02 formed in a predetermined positional relationship.
- the first reference mark mlOl and the second reference mark ml02 are alignment marks for aligning the mask M10 (M11) to the apparatus (for example, the mask stage MST), and the projection optical system PL10, PL11, PL12 Alignment adjustment marks for alignment adjustment, focus position detection marks for detecting deformation of the mask pattern surface in the Z-axis direction, and odd columns formed by projection optical systems PL10, PL11, and PL12, respectively. It is an alignment mark or the like for detecting the relative positional deviation (connection error) of the image of the pattern area M101 or the even-row pattern area M102.
- the first reference mark may be formed on the mask M10 (Mil) in a predetermined positional relationship with the even-row pattern region Ml 02, and the second reference mark may be formed at a predetermined position with the odd-row pattern region M101. It may be formed on the mask M10 (Mil) in relation.
- First reference mark mlOl is arranged at a position separated by a predetermined distance from odd-row pattern region M101 (for example, in FIG. 10 or FIG. 11, the first odd-row pattern region M101 to X from the left) Axial distance 1st fiducial mark ml01 apart).
- the second reference mark ml02 is arranged at a position separated by a predetermined distance from the even-row pattern region M102 (for example, in FIG. 10 or FIG. 11, the left force is also the sixth even-row pattern region M102 to X102). Axial distance X2 away from the second fiducial mark ml02).
- the first reference mark mlOl and the second reference mark ml02 are between the odd row pattern region M101 and the even row pattern region M102, the odd row pattern region M101 or the even row pattern region Ml 02, and other portions on the mask. ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
- FIG. 13 shows a mask M10 in the case where the projection optical systems PL10, PL11, and PL12 are formed of an optical system that forms an erect image.
- FIG. 14 shows a mask Mil in the case where the projection optical systems PL10, PL11, PL12 are formed of an optical system for forming an inverted image.
- at least one first fiducial mark mlOl is an odd row pattern area M101 (for example, the first odd row pattern area M101 from the left) is arranged within the coordinate range in the Y-axis direction.
- At least one second reference mark ml02 is an odd-row pattern area mlOl different from the odd-column pattern area M101 in which the first fiducial mark mlOl is disposed (eg, fifth odd-row pattern area M101 from the left) Is placed within the coordinate range of the Y axis direction of.
- the first fiducial mark or the second fiducial mark may be disposed within the coordinate range in the Y-axis direction of the even-row pattern area M102.
- the first fiducial mark is an alignment mark for aligning the mask in the X and Y directions
- the second fiducial mark is an alignment mark for aligning in the vertical direction of the mask
- the first fiducial mark The second reference mark should be placed as far as possible in the Y-axis direction. That is, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, the first reference mark is disposed within the coordinate range in the Y-axis direction of the first odd-numbered column pattern area M101 from the left, and the second reference mark is the fifth from the left It is desirable that the odd-numbered column pattern area M101 be disposed within the coordinate range in the Y-axis direction of M101.
- the wedge direction means the shift direction (tilt direction) of the mask with respect to the X and Y directions.
- FIG. 15 shows the mask M10 in the case where the projection optical systems PLIO, PL11 and PL12 are formed of an optical system for forming an erect image
- FIG. 16 shows the projection optical systems PLIO, PL11 and PL12 for inverted images.
- the mask Mil in the case of being comprised by the optical system to form is shown.
- the second reference mark ml02 be disposed within the coordinate range in the Y-axis direction of the common area C12 of the even-row pattern area M102.
- the first reference mark mlO 1 or the second reference mark ml 02 also functions as an alignment mark for aligning the mask to the apparatus or as an alignment adjustment mark for adjusting the alignment of the projection optical system.
- This is a tool for detecting relative misalignment (interference error) of the image of the odd-row pattern area M101 or the even-row pattern area M102 formed by each of the projection optical systems PLIO, PL11, and PL12 that are not unique. It has a function as a license mark. In other words, patch exposure In this case, if the relative positional deviation between the first reference mark mlOl and the second reference mark ml02 is measured, it is possible to judge the passability of the joint error.
- FIG. 17 An example of the first reference mark mlOla and the second reference mark ml02a formed on the plate in the present embodiment is shown in FIG.
- the first reference mark mlOl formed on the mask M is cross-shaped, and the second reference mark is square.
- the first cruciform fiducial mark m 101 and the square second fiducial mark ml 02 are exposed so as to overlap each other on the plate P, marks as shown in FIG. 17 are formed on the plate P.
- the relative positional deviation between the first fiducial mark mlOla formed on the plate P and the second fiducial mark 102a is measured by a plate appearance inspection device or the like to judge the quality of the joint error.
- the plate appearance inspection apparatus is an apparatus for detecting a deviation of a pattern on a plate, a splice error, and the like with an optical microscope.
- the arrangement interval in the Y-axis direction (non-scanning direction) of one odd row pattern region M101 and the other odd row pattern region M101 of at least a pair of odd row pattern regions M101 As a first arrangement interval L1. Further, the arrangement interval in the Y-axis direction (non-scanning direction) of one even-row pattern area M102 and the other even-row pattern area M102 of at least a pair of even-row pattern areas M102 is the second arrangement interval L2. It will Here, the first arrangement interval L1 and the second arrangement interval L2 are substantially equal. For example, in FIG. 15 or FIG.
- the arrangement intervals L2 in the Y-axis direction of the second and fourth even-row pattern areas M102 are arranged at substantially equal distances.
- the first arrangement interval L1 is the center position of the first odd row pattern area M101 and the center position of the third odd column pattern area M101, counting left forces. It is an interval in the Y-axis direction.
- the second arrangement interval L2 means the center position of the second even-row pattern area M102 and the center position of the fourth even-row pattern area M102 counting left forces.
- the pattern area (odd-row pattern area M101 or even-row pattern area M102) on the mask of the present embodiment has a plurality of projection optical systems PLIO and PLl having a magnifying power.
- the first arrangement interval L1 or the second arrangement interval L2 corresponds to the field of view of the plurality of projection optical systems PLIO, PLl l, PL12 in the case of an original pattern for exposing a pattern on a substrate via l, PL12. It is desirable that the distance in the Y-axis direction of the region be approximately equal.
- adjacent means that the odd-row pattern area M101 and the even-row pattern area M102 need to be in contact with each other by a predetermined distance! Also! Similarly, in the case of the odd-row pattern areas and between the even-row pattern areas, “adjacent” may be separated by a predetermined distance which is required for the odd-row pattern areas or even-row pattern areas to be in contact with each other.
- the length in the Y-axis direction of the pattern area of the mask shown in the present embodiment will be described.
- the present embodiment (FIGS. 10, 11, and 13 to 16) is used.
- the mask M is a pattern area formed at both ends in the Y-axis direction (for example, in FIG. 10, it is the first odd-line pattern area M101 from the left and the sixth even-line pattern area M102 from the left)
- the length of the pattern area in the Y-axis direction may be shorter than the length in the Y-axis direction of the other pattern areas. For example, in FIG.
- the odd-numbered columns are used to prevent exposure of unnecessary patterns formed on the periphery or part of the mask and erroneous exposure due to light leaking from the plate.
- a light shielding band may be formed, for example, by a light shielding sheet around or in the periphery or part of the pattern area, the even-row pattern area and the common area.
- pattern data C1 to C5 corresponding to the common area are added to the end of the divided pattern data in the Y-axis direction, and the odd column pattern area M101 and the even column pattern area are added.
- Drawing data corresponding to M102 is created.
- the common area is formed on the adjacent side of the odd-numbered column pattern area M101 and the even-numbered column pattern area M102.
- a plurality of odd-row pattern areas M101 and a plurality of even-row pattern areas M102 are formed at predetermined positions on a mask substrate (branch) using an EB exposure apparatus or the like.
- manufacture of the mask M10 (such as FIG. 10) used in the exposure apparatus provided with the projection optical system for forming an erected image is performed.
- all pattern data corresponding to all the patterns formed on the mask are divided in the Y direction which is the non-scanning direction. That is, for example, all pattern data corresponding to all patterns are divided into six pattern data of three odd-row pattern areas M101 and three even-row pattern areas M102.
- the pattern data of the odd-row pattern area M101 and the even-row pattern area M102 are inverted in the Y-axis direction, and as shown in FIG. 20, the divided pattern data has a common edge at the Y-axis direction.
- the pattern data C1 to C5 corresponding to the area are added, and drawing data corresponding to the odd-row pattern area M101 and the even-column pattern area M102 are created.
- the common area is formed on the opposite side to the adjacent side of the adjacent odd-row pattern area M101 and the even-row pattern area M102.
- a plurality of odd-row pattern areas M101 and a plurality of even-line pattern areas M102 are formed at predetermined positions on a mask substrate (branch) using an EB exposure apparatus or the like.
- all pattern data corresponding to all patterns are divided, and then pattern data corresponding to the force common area, to which pattern data corresponding to the common area is added, is used. It is also possible to divide all the pattern data that it has and to draw on a mask substrate (blanks) using an EB exposure apparatus or the like according to the divided pattern data.
- a microdevice semiconductor element, imaging element, liquid crystal display element, thin film magnetic head, etc.
- a predetermined circuit pattern is formed on a plate or the like as a photosensitive substrate using the exposure method of the above-described embodiment to obtain a liquid crystal display element (flat 'panel. Display) as a micro device.
- An example of the method will be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG.
- the pattern forming step S 401 so-called photolithography, in which the pattern of the mask is transferred and exposed onto a photosensitive substrate (a glass substrate coated with a resist, etc.) using the exposure apparatus of the present embodiment. The course is implemented.
- a predetermined pattern including a large number of electrodes and the like is formed on the photosensitive substrate.
- the exposed substrate is subjected to steps such as a developing step, an etching step and a resist removing step to form a predetermined pattern on the substrate, and the process proceeds to the next color filter forming step S402.
- a set of three dots corresponding to R (Red), G (Green), and B (Blue) are arranged in a large number in a matrix, or R, G,
- a color filter is formed by arranging a plurality of B stripe filters in the direction of horizontal scanning lines.
- a cell assembling step S403 is performed.
- a liquid crystal panel liquid crystal cell is assembled using the substrate having the predetermined pattern obtained in the pattern forming step S401, the color filter obtained in the color filter forming step S402, and the like.
- a module assembling step S404 components such as an electric circuit for performing a display operation of the assembled liquid crystal panel (liquid crystal cell), a backlight, and the like are attached to complete a liquid crystal display element.
- components such as an electric circuit for performing a display operation of the assembled liquid crystal panel (liquid crystal cell), a backlight, and the like are attached to complete a liquid crystal display element.
- the projection optical system of the present invention it is possible to provide a projection optical system which has a magnifying power and is well corrected for aberration.
- a wide exposure area can be obtained and good exposure can be performed without increasing the size of the mask.
- good exposure can be performed on a wide exposure area without increasing the size of the mask.
- the display manufacturing method of the present invention since exposure is performed using the exposure apparatus of the present invention or the exposure method of the present invention, a good display can be obtained.
- the mask of the present invention since it is possible to avoid enlargement of the mask even when transferring the pattern of the mask to a large plate, the manufacturing cost of the mask is reduced. Can.
- the mask manufacturing method of the present invention can be used in an exposure apparatus provided with a projection optical system having a magnifying power, and the manufacturing cost of the mask can be reduced.
- Example 1 to Example 3 The configuration of the reflection / refraction optical system according to Example 1 to Example 3 is the same as that of the first to third embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 to 3. Since the configuration of the catadioptric optical system is the same as that of the catadioptric optical system, for the description of the catadioptric optical system according to the first to third embodiments, the catadioptric optical system of the first to third embodiments is described Use the code used in the explanation.
- Tables 1 to 3 show optical member specifications of the catadioptric optical systems PL1 to PL3 according to Example 1 to Example 3, respectively.
- the surface number of the first column is the order of the surface along the light beam traveling direction of the object side force
- the second column is the radius of curvature (mm) of each surface
- the second The spacing of the three columns is the spacing on the optical axis (mm)
- the fourth column is the refractive index of the optical material to the g-line
- the fifth column is the refractive index of the optical material to the h-line
- the sixth The column indicates the refractive index for the i-line of the glass material of the optical member
- the seventh column indicates the name of the lens.
- the wavefront aberration at each wavelength is well corrected.
- the wavefront aberration at each wavelength is well corrected.
- the wavefront aberration at each wavelength is well corrected.
- the present invention relates to a projection optical system for projecting an image of a mask, a reticle or the like onto a substrate or the like, an exposure apparatus provided with the projection optical system, an exposure method using the exposure apparatus, and a display using the exposure apparatus. It can be suitably used in a manufacturing method, a mask and a method of manufacturing a mask.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP07708092A EP1986220A4 (en) | 2006-02-16 | 2007-02-06 | OPTICAL PROJECTION SYSTEM, EXPOSURE DEVICE AND METHOD, DISPLAY MANUFACTURING METHOD, MASK, AND MASK MANUFACTURING METHOD |
KR1020087013006A KR101415411B1 (ko) | 2006-02-16 | 2007-02-06 | 투영 광학계, 노광 장치, 노광 방법, 디스플레이의 제조방법, 마스크 및 마스크의 제조 방법 |
JP2008500449A JP5453806B2 (ja) | 2006-02-16 | 2007-02-06 | 露光装置、露光方法及びディスプレイの製造方法 |
CN2007800055642A CN101385123B (zh) | 2006-02-16 | 2007-02-06 | 投影光学系统、曝光装置及方法、光罩及显示器的制造方法 |
US12/190,260 US8305556B2 (en) | 2006-02-16 | 2008-08-12 | Projection optical system, exposure apparatus, exposure method, display manufacturing method, mask, and mask manufacturing method |
HK09105342.5A HK1128061A1 (en) | 2006-02-16 | 2009-06-16 | Projection optical system, exposure device and method, mask and display manufacturing method |
US13/627,526 US8867019B2 (en) | 2006-02-16 | 2012-09-26 | Projection optical system, exposure apparatus, exposure method, display manufacturing method, mask, and mask manufacturing method |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2006039446 | 2006-02-16 | ||
JP2006-039446 | 2006-02-16 | ||
JP2007-014631 | 2007-01-25 | ||
JP2007014631 | 2007-01-25 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US12/190,260 Continuation US8305556B2 (en) | 2006-02-16 | 2008-08-12 | Projection optical system, exposure apparatus, exposure method, display manufacturing method, mask, and mask manufacturing method |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2007094198A1 true WO2007094198A1 (ja) | 2007-08-23 |
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PCT/JP2007/051974 WO2007094198A1 (ja) | 2006-02-16 | 2007-02-06 | 投影光学系、露光装置、露光方法、ディスプレイの製造方法、マスク及びマスクの製造方法 |
Country Status (8)
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US (2) | US8305556B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1986220A4 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP5453806B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101415411B1 (ja) |
CN (2) | CN101976018B (ja) |
HK (1) | HK1128061A1 (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI424287B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007094198A1 (ja) |
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WO2009081676A1 (en) * | 2007-12-20 | 2009-07-02 | Nikon Corporation | Exposure method, exposure apparatus, and method for producing device |
JP2010266495A (ja) * | 2009-05-12 | 2010-11-25 | Nikon Corp | 露光方法及び装置、並びにデバイス製造方法 |
JP5626206B2 (ja) * | 2009-05-15 | 2014-11-19 | 株式会社ニコン | 移動体装置、用力伝達装置、及び露光装置、並びにデバイス製造方法 |
US8908269B2 (en) | 2004-01-14 | 2014-12-09 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Immersion catadioptric projection objective having two intermediate images |
US8913316B2 (en) | 2004-05-17 | 2014-12-16 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Catadioptric projection objective with intermediate images |
US9772478B2 (en) | 2004-01-14 | 2017-09-26 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Catadioptric projection objective with parallel, offset optical axes |
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DE102009045217B3 (de) * | 2009-09-30 | 2011-04-07 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Katadioptrisches Projektionsobjektiv |
US8461556B2 (en) * | 2010-09-08 | 2013-06-11 | Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates, Inc. | Using beam blockers to perform a patterned implant of a workpiece |
CN103246158B (zh) * | 2012-02-14 | 2015-03-25 | 旺宏电子股份有限公司 | 掩模及其图案配置方法与曝光方法 |
DE102017105580A1 (de) * | 2016-11-04 | 2018-05-09 | Carl Zeiss Meditec Ag | Operationsmikroskop |
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US9772478B2 (en) | 2004-01-14 | 2017-09-26 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Catadioptric projection objective with parallel, offset optical axes |
US9134618B2 (en) | 2004-05-17 | 2015-09-15 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Catadioptric projection objective with intermediate images |
US8913316B2 (en) | 2004-05-17 | 2014-12-16 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Catadioptric projection objective with intermediate images |
US9019596B2 (en) | 2004-05-17 | 2015-04-28 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Catadioptric projection objective with intermediate images |
US9726979B2 (en) | 2004-05-17 | 2017-08-08 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Catadioptric projection objective with intermediate images |
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US8917378B2 (en) | 2007-12-20 | 2014-12-23 | Nikon Corporation | Exposure method, exposure apparatus, and method for producing device with plurality of projection optical systems and pattern having first partial pattern area and second partial area having overlaid area with first partial pattern area |
WO2009081676A1 (en) * | 2007-12-20 | 2009-07-02 | Nikon Corporation | Exposure method, exposure apparatus, and method for producing device |
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JP2009151298A (ja) * | 2007-12-20 | 2009-07-09 | Nikon Corp | 露光方法及び装置、並びにデバイス製造方法 |
JP2010266495A (ja) * | 2009-05-12 | 2010-11-25 | Nikon Corp | 露光方法及び装置、並びにデバイス製造方法 |
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JP2016145996A (ja) * | 2009-05-15 | 2016-08-12 | 株式会社ニコン | 移動体装置、用力伝達装置、及び露光装置、並びにデバイス製造方法 |
Also Published As
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JPWO2007094198A1 (ja) | 2009-07-02 |
HK1128061A1 (en) | 2009-10-16 |
JP5453806B2 (ja) | 2014-03-26 |
US20130021589A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 |
TWI424287B (zh) | 2014-01-21 |
CN101385123B (zh) | 2010-12-15 |
US20090021712A1 (en) | 2009-01-22 |
CN101976018A (zh) | 2011-02-16 |
KR101415411B1 (ko) | 2014-07-04 |
US8305556B2 (en) | 2012-11-06 |
CN101976018B (zh) | 2013-01-30 |
KR20080101867A (ko) | 2008-11-21 |
TW200732868A (en) | 2007-09-01 |
US8867019B2 (en) | 2014-10-21 |
EP1986220A4 (en) | 2010-08-18 |
CN101385123A (zh) | 2009-03-11 |
EP1986220A1 (en) | 2008-10-29 |
JP2013178535A (ja) | 2013-09-09 |
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