Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/357—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having two or more oxygen atoms in the same ring, e.g. crown ethers, guanadrel
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
  • A61K31/353—3,4-Dihydrobenzopyrans, e.g. chroman, catechin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to the use of benzo-fused heterocycle sulfamide derivatives for lowering lipids, lowering blood glucose levels, improving glycemic control, treating Type Il diabetes mellitis, metabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia and related disorders.
• Diabetes mellitus is a medical term for the presence of elevated blood glucose. People with diabetes either don't produce insulin, produce too little insulin or do not respond to insulin, resulting in the build up of glucose in the blood.
• Type 2 diabetes once referred to as adult onset diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), which may account for >90% of diabetes in adults.
• NIDDM non-insulin dependent diabetes
• Type 1 diabetes or autoimmune diabetes once referred to as juvenile onset diabetes and type 1 1/2 diabetes, also referred to as latent-autoimmune diabetes in adults or LADA.
• Diabetes may occur because of poor dietary habits ' or lack of physical activity (e.g., sedentary lifestyle), genetic mutations, injury to the pancreas, drug (e.g., AIDS therapies) or chemical (e.g., steroid) exposure or disease (e.g., cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, Cushing's syndrome).
• drug e.g., AIDS therapies
• chemical e.g., steroid
• disease e.g., cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, Cushing's syndrome.
• MODY maturity-onset diabetes of the young
• ADM atypical diabetes mellitus
• Type Il diabetes mellitus non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or NIDDM is a metabolic disorder involving disregulation of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, and long-term complications involving the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
• Type Il diabetes mellitus usually develops in adulthood (middle life or later) and is described as the body's inability to make either sufficient insulin (abnormal insulin secretion) or its inability to effectively use insulin (resistance to insulin action in target organs and tissues). More particularly, patients suffering from Type Il diabetes mellitus have a relative insulin deficiency. That is, in these patients, plasma insulin levels are normal to high in absolute terms, although they are lower than predicted for the level of plasma glucose that is present.
• Type Il diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following clinical signs or symptoms: persistently elevated plasma glucose concentration or hyperglycemia; polyuria; polydipsia and / or polyphagia; chronic microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy; and macrovascular complications such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension which can lead to blindness, end-stage renal disease, limb amputation and myocardial infarction.
• IRS Insulin Resistance Syndrome
• Metabolic Syndrome X is a disorder that presents risk factors for the development of Type Il diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease including glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and obesity.
• Type Il diabetes mellitus includes assessment of symptoms and measurement of glucose in the urine and blood. Blood glucose level determination is necessary for an accurate diagnosis. More specifically, fasting blood glucose level determination is a standard approach used. However, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is considered to be more sensitive than fasted blood glucose level. Type Il diabetes mellitus is associated with impaired oral glucose tolerance (OGT). The OGTT thus can aid in the diagnosis of Type Il diabetes mellitus, although generally not necessary for the diagnosis of diabetes (Emancipator K 1 Am J Clin Pathol 1999 Nov;112(5):665-74; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Decision Resources Inc., March 2000).
• the OGTT allows for an estimation of pancreatic beta-cell secretory function and insulin sensitivity,.which helps in the diagnosis of Type Il diabetes mellitus and evaluation of the severity or progression of the disease (e.g., Caumo A, Bergman RN, Cobelli C,. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85(11):4396-402). More particularly, the OGTT is extremely helpful in establishing the degree of hyperglycemia in patients with multiple borderline fasting blood glucose levels that have not been diagnosed as diabetics. In addition, the OGTT is useful in testing patients with symptoms of Type Il diabetes mellitus where the possible diagnosis of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism has to be clearly established or refuted.
• impaired glucose tolerance is diagnosed in individuals that have fasting blood glucose levels less than those required for a diagnosis of Type Il diabetes mellitus, but have a plasma glucose response during the OGTT between normal and diabetics. Impaired glucose tolerance is considered a prediabetic condition, and impaired glucose tolerance (as defined by the OGTT) is a strong predictor for the development of Type Il diabetes mellitus (Haffner SM, Diabet Med 1997 Aug;14 Suppl 3:S12-8).
• Type Il diabetes mellitus is a progressive disease associated with the reduction of pancreatic function and/or other insulin-related processes, aggravated by increased plasma glucose levels.
• Type Il diabetes mellitus usuaily has a prolonged prediabetic phase and various . pathophysiological mechanisms can lead to pathological hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance, for instance, abnormalities in glucose utilization and effectiveness, insulin action and/or insulin production in the prediabetic state (Goldberg RB, Med Clin North Am 1998 Jul;82(4):805-21 ).
• the prediabetic state associated with glucose intolerance can also be associated with a predisposition to abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipemia, and high blood pressure, that is, Syndrome X (Groop L, Forsblom C, Lehtovirta M, Am J Hypertens 1997 Sep;10(9 Pt 2):172S-180S; Haffner SM, J Diabetes Complications 1997 Mar-Apr;11(2):69-76; Beck-Nielsen H 1 Henriksen JE 1 Alford F, Hother-Nielson O 1 Diabet Med 1996 Sep;13(9 Suppl 6):S78-84).
• Syndrome X Groop L, Forsblom C, Lehtovirta M, Am J Hypertens 1997 Sep;10(9 Pt 2):172S-180S
• Haffner SM J Diabetes Complications 1997 Mar-Apr;11(2):69-76
• Beck-Nielsen H 1 Henriksen JE 1 Alford F Hother-
• Type Il diabetes mellitus Early intervention in individuals at risk to develop Type Il diabetes mellitus, focusing on reducing the pathological hyperglycemia or impaired glucose tolerance may prevent or delay the progression towards Type Il diabetes mellitus and associated complications and/or Syndrome X. Therefore, by effectively treating impaired oral glucose tolerance and / or elevated blood glucose levels, one can prevent or inhibit the progression of the disorder to Type Il diabetes mellitus or Syndrome X.
• Dyslipidemia is a group of diseases characterized by abnormal changes or levels in concentrations of lipoproteins and associated lipids, such as triglyceride and cholesterol, in the blood. Lipids are transported through the bloodstream in the form of lipoproteins consisting essentially of a core of apolar molecules such as triglyceride and cholesterol ester surrounded by an envelope of amphipathic lipids, primarily phospholipids. Acquired hyperlipidemia / hyperlipoproteinemia develops as a consequence of dietary imbalance, drug or compound effects, or disease, such as thyroid deficiency or diabetes. Familial hyperlipidemia / hyperlipoproteinemia is characterized by autosomal inheritance and is associated with an increase in lipoprotein and lipid content in the blood.
• Familial hyperlipidemia / hyperlipoproteinemia is subdivided into to five categories (types I-V) depending on the composition and type of lipoprotein particles in the blood.
• type I and Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia triglyceride is elevated predominately in chylomicron and VLDL particles, respectively.
• HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels contributes to dyslipidemia.
• dyslipidemia e.g., low HDL-cholesterol and high triglyceride or LDL- cholesterol levels
• dyslipidemia can exacerbate other conditions, such as pancreatitis, abnormal glucose tolerance, diabetes, coronary artery disease, ischemic heart diseases, atherosclerosis, hepatosplenomegaly, and fatty liver disease.
• glucose related disorders such as elevated glucose levels, Type Il diabetes mellitus, Syndrome X, and the like.
• lipid related disorders such as elevated glucose levels, dyslipidemia, and the like.
• the present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of glucose related disorders and / or lipid related disorders comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I)
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl; a is an integer from 1 to 2;
• each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, lower alkyl and nitro;
• the present invention is further directed to a method for the treatment of glucose related disorders and / or lipid related disorders comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of compound of formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Exemplifying the invention is a method of treating glucose related disorders comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described above.
• the invention is directed to a method of treating lipid related disorders comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described above.
• the present invention is further directed to a method for the treatment of a glucose related disorder comprising co-therapy with at least one anti-diabetic agent and a compound of formula (I) or formula (II) as described herein.
• the present invention is further directed to a method for the treatment of a lipid related disorder comprising co-therapy with at least one anti-lipid agent and a compound of formula (I) or formula (II) as described herein.
• the present invention is further directed to a method for the treatment of a glucose related disorder or a lipid-related disorder comprising co-therapy with at least one antidiabetic agent and / or at least one anti-lipid agent and a compound of formula (I) or formula (II) as described herein.
• the present invention is further directed to a method for the treatment of a glucose-related disorder comprising co- therapy with an anti-obesity agent and a compound of formula (I) or formula (II) as described herein.
• the present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of glucose related disorders and / or lipid related disorders comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I).
• R 2 and R 4 are as herein defined.
• the present invention is further directed to methods for the treatment of glucose related disorders and lipid related disorders comprising co-therapy with at least one anti-diabetic and / or at least one anti-lipid agent and a compound of formula (I) or formula (II) as described herein.
• the methods of the present invention comprise co-therapy with an anti-obesity agent and a compound of formula (I) or formula (II) as described herein.
• glucose related disorder shall be defined as any disorder which is characterized by elevated glucose levels. Glucose related disorders include elevated glucose level, pre-diabetes, impaired oral glucose tolerance, poor glycemic control, Type Il Diabetes Mellitus, Syndrome X (also known as metabolic syndrome), gestational diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and loss of muscle mass as a results of hyperglycemia (cachexia).
• Treatment of glucose related disorders may comprise lowering glucose levels, improving glycemic control, decreasing insulin resistance and / or preventing the development of a glucose related disorder (for example preventing a patient suffering from impaired oral glucose tolerance or elevated glucose levels from developing Type Il diabetes mellitus).
• lipid related disorder shall be defined as any disorder which is characterized by non-normal lipid levels.
• Lipid related disorders include elevated triglyceride levels, low HDL cholesterol and dyslipidemia, preferably elevated triglyceride levels or low HDL cholesterol levels.
• Treatment of lipid related disorder may comprise lowering triglycerides, elevating HDL cholesterol and / or improving the triglyceride/HDL ratio.
• anti-diabetic agent shall mean any pharmaceutical agent which decreases blood levels, improves glycemic control and / or improves insulin sensitivity.
• Anti-diabetic agents useful for the treatment of Type Il diabetes mellitus and Syndrome X include, but are not limited to, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, agents which modify insulin secretion, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, PPAR-gamma agonists, Retinoid-X receptor (RXR) modulators, insulin sensitizing agents, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, insulins, small molecule mimics of insulin, Na-glucose co-transporter inhibitors, amylin agonists, glucagon antagonists, GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs, DPPIV inhibitors, and the like.-
• anti-diabetic agents include, exenatide, chlorpropamide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, repaglinide, metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, troglitazone, isaglitazone (known as MCC-555), 2-[2-[(2R)-4-hexyl-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-.?H-1 ,4-benzoxazin- 2-yl]ethoxy]-benzene acetic acid, GW2570, targretin, 9-cis-retinoic acid, ascarbose, miglitol, L-783281 , TE-17411, T-1095, BAY-279955, phlorizen, pramlintide, regular-acting insulin, short-acting insulin, intermediate-acting insulin, long-acting insulin, inhaled insulin,
• Sulfonylureas which increase insulin production by stimulating pancreatic beta cells, and therefore act as insulin secretagogues.
• the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas is to close ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the beta-cell plasma membrane, initiating a chain of events that result in insulin release.
• Suitable examples of sulfonylureas include, but are not limited to chlorpropamide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, and like;
• Meglitinides another class of insulin secretagogues, that have a mechanism of action distinct from that of the sulfonylureas.
• Suitable examples of meglitinides include, but are not limited to repaglinide;
• Glucagon-like Peptide- 1 GLP-I
• GLP Glucose-insulinotropic peptide
• DPPIV Dipeptyl Protease Inhibitors
• Biguanides which decrease liver glucose production and increase the uptake of glucose. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to metformin;
• Thiazolidinediones insulin sensitizing drugs which decrease peripheral insulin resistance by enhancing the effects of insulin at target organs and tissues. These drugs bind and activate the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) which increases transcription of specific insulin-responsive genes.
• PPAR-gamma peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma
• Suitable examples of PPAR- gamma agonists are the thiazolidinediones which include, but are not limited to rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, troglitazone, isaglitazone (known as MCC-555), 2- [2-[(2R)-4-hexyl-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-yl]ethoxy]-benzene acetic acid, and the like. Additionally, the non-thiazolidinediones also act as insulin sensitizing drugs, and include, but are not limited to GW2570, and the like;
• Retinoid-X receptor (RXR) modulators also insulin sensitizing drugs, which include, but are not limited to targretin, 9-cis-retinoic acid, and the like;
• Other insulin sensitizing agents include, but are not limited to INS-1 ,
• PTP-1 B inhibitors GSK3 inhibitors, glycogen phosphorylase a inhibitors, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitors, and the like;
• Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors which act to inhibit alpha-glucosidase.
• Alpha-glucosidase converts fructose to glucose, thus these inhibitors delay the digestion of carbohydrates.
• the undigested carbohydrates are subsequently broken down in the gut, thereby reducing the post-prandial glucose peak.
• Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, acarbose and miglitol;
• Insulins including regular or short-acting, interme ' diater-acting, and long-acting insulins, inhaled insulin and insulin analogues such as insulin molecules with minor differences in the natural amino acid sequence. These modified insulins may have faster onset of action and / or shorter duration of action;
• G Small molecule mimics of insulin, including, but not limited to L- 783281 , TE-17411 , and the like;
• Glucagon antagonists such as AY-279955, and the like.
• anti-lipid agent shall mean any pharmaceutical agent capable of lowering triglycerides, lowering lipids, elevating HDL levels or improving the triglyceride/HDL Cholesterol ratio. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, anti-lipemic agents, bile acid resins, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, fibric acid derivatives, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (i.e. statins).
• the anti-lipid agent is a statin selected from the group consisting of atorvastatin (Lipitor), cerivastatin
• anti-obesity agent shall mean any pharmaceutical agent that treats obesity, promotes weight loss and / or suppresses appetite.
• suitable examples of weight loss promoting include, but are not limited to rimonabant, orlistat, sibutramine, mazindol, benzphetamine, phenmetrazine, phentermine, diethylpropion, mazindol, phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine, quipazine, fluoxetine, sertraline, fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, apomorphine, Exendin, dehydroepiandrosterone, etiocholandione, testosterone, oxandrolone, topiramate, and the like.
• the weight loss promoting agent is rimonabant, topiramate, orlistat or sibutramine.
• subject refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.
• the present invention is directed to co-therapy or combination therapy, comprising administration of one or more compound(s) of formula (I) or formula (II) and one or more anti-diabetic and / or anti-lipid agents
• "therapeutically effective amount” shall mean that amount of the combination of agents taken together so that the combined effect elicits the desired biological or medicinal response.
• the therapeutically effective amount of co-therapy comprising administration of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II) and the anti-diabetic and / or anti-lipid agent would be the amount of the compound of formula (I) or formula (II) and the amount of the antidepressant that when taken together or sequentially have a combined effect that is therapeutically effective.
• the amount of the compound of formula (I) or formula (II) and/or the amount of the anti-diabetic and / or anti-lipid agent individually may or may not be therapeutically effective.
• the terms "co-therapy” and “combination therapy” shall mean treatment of a subject in need thereof by administering one or more compounds of formula (I) or formula (II) in combination with one or more antidiabetic and / or anti-lipid agent(s), wherein the compound(s) of formula (I) or formula (II) and the anti-diabetic and / or anti-lipid agent(s) are administered by any suitable means, simultaneously, sequentially, separately or in a single pharmaceutical formulation. Where the compound(s) of formula (I) or formula (II) and the anti-diabetic and / or anti-lipid agent(s) are administered in separate dosage forms, the number of dosages administered per day for each compound may be the same or different.
• the compound(s) of formula (I) or formula (II) and the anti-diabetic and / or anti-lipid agent(s) may be administered via the same or different routes of administration.
• suitable methods of administration include, but are not limited to, oral, intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), subcutaneous (sc), transdermal, and rectal.
• Compounds may also be administered directly to the nervous system including, but not limited to, intracerebral, intraventricular, intracerebroventricular, intrathecal, intracisternal, intraspinal and / or peri-spinal routes of administration by delivery via intracranial or intravertebral needles and / or catheters with or without pump devices.
• the com ⁇ ound(s) of formula (I) or formula (II) and the anti-diabetic and / or anti-lipid agent(s) may be administered according to simultaneous or alternating regimens, at the same or different times during the course of the therapy, concurrently in divided or single forms.
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.
• R 1 and R a are each hydrogen or R 1 and R 2 are each methyl.
• -(CH2) a - is selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 - and -CH 2 -CH 2 -. In another embodiment of the present invention -(CH2) a - is -CH2-.
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl, preferably, R 4 is hydrogen. In an embodiment of the present invention a is 1.
• b is an integer from 0 to 2.
• c is an integer from 0 to 2.
• b is an integer from 0 to 1.
• c is an integer from 0 to 1.
• the sum of b and c is an integer form 0 to 2, preferably an integer form 0 to 1.
• b is an integer from 0 to 2 and c is 0.
• benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl In another embodiment of the present invention, is selected from the group consisting of 2-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl), 2-(7- methyl-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxinyl) and 2-(6-bromo-2,3-dihydro- benzo[1,4]dioxinyl).
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of halogen and lower alkyl. In another embodiment of the present invention R 5 is selected from chloro, fluoro, bromo and methyl.
• the stereo-center on the compound of formula (I) is in the S-configuration. In another embodiment of the present invention, the stereo-center on the compound of formula (I) is in the R-configuration.
• the compound of formula (I) is present as an enantiomerically enriched mixture, wherein the % enantiomeric enrichment (% ee) is greater than about 75%, preferably greater than about 90%, more preferably greater than about 95%, most preferably greater than about 98%.
• Additional embodiments of the present invention include those wherein the substituents selected for one or more of the variables defined herein (i.e. R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , X-Y and A) are independently selected to be any individual substituent or any subset of substituents selected from the complete list as defined herein.
• Tables 1 and 2 below the column headed "stereo" defines the stereo-configuration at the carbon atom of the heterocycle attached at the starred bond. Where no designation is listed, the compound was prepared as a mixture of stereo-configurations. Where an "R” or “S” designation is listed, the stereo-configuration was based on the enantiomerically enriched starting material.
• halogen shall mean chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine.
• alkyl whether used alone or as part of a substituent group, includes straight and branched chains.
• alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyi and the like.
• lower when used with alkyl means a carbon chain composition of 1-4 carbon atoms.
• alkoxy shall denote an oxygen ether radical of the above described straight or branched chain alkyl groups. For example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, sec-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-hexyloxy and the like.
• substituents e.g., alkyl, aryl, etc.
• that group may have one or more substituents, preferably from one to five substituents, more preferably from one to three substituents, most preferably from one to two substituents, independently selected from the list of substituents.
• phenyl-alkyl- amino-carbonyl-alkyl refers to a group of the formula
• DIPEA or DIEA Diisopropylethylamine
• HPLC High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
• LAH Lithium Aluminum Hydride
• TLC Thin Layer Chromatography
• the compounds according to this invention may accordingly exist as enantiomers.
• they may additionally exist as diastereomers. It is to be understood that all such isomers and mixtures thereof are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• crystalline forms for the compounds may exist as polymorphs and as such are intended to be included in the present invention.
• some of the compounds may form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates) or common organic solvents, and such solvates are also intended to be encompassed within the scope of this invention.
• the salts of the compounds of this invention refer to non-toxic "pharmaceutically acceptable salts.”
• Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of compounds according to this invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds include acid addition salts which may, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of the compound with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid or phosphoric acid.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts.
• alkali metal salts e.g., sodium or potassium salts
• alkaline earth metal salts e.g., calcium or magnesium salts
• suitable organic ligands e.g., quaternary ammonium salts.
• representative pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the following: acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methyl nitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, oleate
• acids and bases which may be used in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the following: acids including acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroactic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, (+)-camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid, (+)-(1S)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1 ,2- disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydrocy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucoronic acid,
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, is reacted with sulfamide, a known compound, preferably wherein the sulfamide is present in an amount in the range of about 2 to about 5 equivalents, in an organic solvent such as THF, dioxane, and the like, preferably at an elevated temperature in the range of about 50 0 C to about 100 0 C 1 more preferably at about reflux temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Ia).
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (X), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods is reacted with a suitably substituted compound of formula (Xl), a known compound or compound prepared by known methods, in the presence of a base such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DMF, DMSO 1 and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (I).
• a base such as TEA, DIPEA, pyridine, and the like
• organic solvent such as DMF, DMSO 1 and the like
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (XII) a known compound or compound prepared by known method (for example as described in Scheme 3 above) is reacted with NH4OH, a known compound, optionally in an organic solvent such as acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIII).
• the compound of formula (XIII) is reacted with a suitably selected reducing agent, such as LAH 1 and the like, and the like, in an organic solvent such as THF, diethyl ether, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Xa).
• a suitably selected reducing agent such as LAH 1 and the like, and the like
• organic solvent such as THF, diethyl ether, and the like
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (XIV) is reacted with NH 4 OH 1 in the presence of a coupling agent such as DCC, and the like, optionally in an . organic solvent such as acetonitrile, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XV).
• the compound of formula (XV) is reacted with a suitably selected reducing agent, such as LAH, and the like, in an organic solvent such as THF, diethyl ether, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Xb).
• a suitably selected reducing agent such as LAH, and the like
• organic solvent such as THF, diethyl ether, and the like
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (XVI) wherein J 1 is a suitable leaving group such as Br, Cl, I, tosyl, mesyl, triflyl, and the like a known compound or compound prepared by known methods (for example, by activating the corresponding compound wherein J 1 is OH), is reacted with a cyanide such as potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DMSO, DMF, THF, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XVII).
• a cyanide such as potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, and the like
• the compound of formula (XVII) is reduced according to known methods, for example by reacting with a suitable reducing agent such as LAH, borane, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Xc).
• a suitable reducing agent such as LAH, borane, and the like
• a suitably substituted compound of formula (XVIII) a known compound or compound prepared by known methods is activated, according to known method, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XIX), wherein J 2 is a suitable leaving group, such tosylate, Cl, Br, I, mesylate, triflate, and the like.
• the compound of formula (XIX) is reacted with a phthalimide salt such as potassium phthlimide, sodium phthalimide, and the like, in an organic solvent such as DMF, DMSO, acetonitrile, and the like, preferably, at an elevated temperature in the range of from 5O 0 C to about 200 0 C, more preferably, at about reflux temperature, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (XX).
• a phthalimide salt such as potassium phthlimide, sodium phthalimide, and the like
• organic solvent such as DMF, DMSO, acetonitrile, and the like
• the compound of formula (XX) is reacted with N 2 H 4 , a known compound, in an organic solvent such as ethanol, methanol, and the like, preferably, at an elevated temperature in the range of from about 5O 0 C to about 100 0 C, more preferably, at about reflux temperature, and the like, to yield the corresponding compound of formula (Xd).
• reaction step of the present invention may be carried out in a variety of solvents or solvent systems, said reaction step may also be carried out in a mixture of the suitable solvents or solvent systems.
• the processes for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention give rise to mixture of stereoisomers
• these isomers may be separated by conventional techniques such as preparative chromatography.
• the compounds may be prepared in racemic form, or individual enantiomers may be prepared either by enantiospecific synthesis or by resolution.
• the compounds may, for example, be resolved into their component enantiomers by standard techniques, such as the formation of diastereomeric pairs by salt formation with an optically active acid, such as (-)-di-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid and/or (+)-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base.
• the compounds may also be resolved by formation of diastereomeric esters or amides, followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary. Alternatively, the compounds may be resolved using a chiral HPLC column.
• any of the processes for preparation of the compounds of the present invention it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J.F.W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and T.W. Greene & P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
• the protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art.
• the present invention further comprises pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more compounds of formula (I) with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of the compounds of the invention described herein as the active ingredient can be prepared by intimately mixing the compound or compounds with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
• the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending upon the desired route of administration (e.g., oral, parenteral).
• suitable carriers and additives include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, stabilizers, coloring agents and the like;
• suitable carriers and additives include starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like.
• Solid oral preparations may also be coated with substances such as sugars or be enteric-coated so as to modulate major site of absorption.
• the carrier will usually consist of sterile water and other ingredients may be added to increase solubility or preservation.
• injectable suspensions or solutions may also be prepared utilizing aqueous carriers along with-appropriate additives.
• compositions of this invention one or more compounds of the present invention as the active ingredient is intimately admixed with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques, which carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending of the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral such as intramuscular.
• a pharmaceutical carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending of the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral such as intramuscular.
• any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed.
• suitable carriers and additives include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like;
• suitable carriers and additives include starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like. Because of their ease in administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form, in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. If desired, tablets may be sugar coated or enteric coated by standard techniques.
• the carrier will usually comprise sterile water, through other ingredients, for example, for purposes such as aiding solubility or for preservation, may be included.
• injectable suspensions may also be prepared, in which case appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like may be employed.
• the pharmaceutical compositions herein will contain, per dosage unit, e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, teaspoonful and the like, an amount of the active ingredient necessary to deliver an effective dose as described above.
• compositions herein will contain, per unit dosage unit, e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, suppository, teaspoonful and the like, of from about 0.1-1000 mg and may be given at a dosage of from about 0.01-200.0 mg/kg/day, preferably from about 0.1 to 100 mg/kg/day, more preferably from about 0.5-50 mg/kg/day, more preferably from about 1.0-25.0 mg/kg/day, more preferably from about 0.5-10.0 mg/kg/day, most preferably from about 1.0 to about 5.0 mg/kg/day, or any range therein.
• the dosages may be varied depending upon the requirement of the patients, the severity of the condition being treated and the compound being employed. The use of either daily administration or post-periodic dosing may be employed.
• compositions are in unit dosage forms from such as tablets, pills, capsules, powders, granules, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, metered aerosol or liquid sprays, drops, ampoules, autoinjector devices or suppositories; for oral parenteral, intranasal, sublingual or rectal administration, or for administration by inhalation or insufflation.
• the composition may be presented in a form suitable for once-weekly or once- monthly administration; for example, an insoluble salt of the active compound, such as the decanoate salt, may be adapted to provide a depot preparation for intramuscular injection.
• the . principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g.
• a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• preformulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient is dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules.
• This solid preformulation composition is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from 0.1 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention.
• the tablets or pills of the novel composition can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action.
• the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former.
• the two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release.
• enteric layers or coatings such materials including a number of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol and cellulose acetate.
• liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include, aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
• Suitable dispersing or suspending agents for aqueous suspensions include synthetic and natural gums such as tragacanth, acacia, alginate, dextran, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or gelatin.
• the method of treating depression described in the present invention may also be carried out using a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the compounds as defined herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutical composition may contain between about 0.1 mg and 1000 mg, preferably about 50 to 500 mg, of the compound, and may be constituted into any form suitable for the mode of administration selected.
• Carriers include necessary and inert pharmaceutical excipients, including, but not limited to, binders, suspending agents, lubricants, flavorants, sweeteners, preservatives, dyes, and coatings.
• compositions suitable for oral administration include solid forms, such as pills, tablets, caplets, capsules (each including immediate release, timed release and sustained release formulations), granules, and powders, and liquid forms, such as solutions, syrups, elixers, emulsions, and suspensions.
• forms useful for parenteral administration include sterile solutions, emulsions and suspensions.
• compounds of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily.
• compounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art.
• the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
• the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like.
• suitable binders include, without limitation, starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta- lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like.
• Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like.
• the liquid forms in suitably flavored suspending or dispersing agents such as the synthetic and natural gums, for example, tragacanth, acacia, methyl- cellulose and the like.
• suspending or dispersing agents such as the synthetic and natural gums, for example, tragacanth, acacia, methyl- cellulose and the like.
• sterile suspensions and solutions are desired.
• Isotonic preparations which generally contain suitable preservatives are employed when intravenous administration is desired.
• Compounds of this invention may be administered in any of the foregoing compositions and according to dosage regimens established in the art whenever treatment of depression is required.
• the daily dosage of the products may be varied over a wide range from 0.01 to 200 mg / kg per adult human per day or any range therein.
• the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100, 150, 200, ⁇ 250, 500 and 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated.
• An effective amount of the drug is ordinarily supplied at a dosage level of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg of body weight per day.
• the range is from about 0.1 to about 100.0 mg/kg of body weight per day, more preferably, from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, more preferably, from about 1.0 to about 25.0 mg/kg of body weight per day.
• the compounds may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day.
• Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular compound used, the mode of administration, the strength of the preparation, the mode of administration, and the advancement of the disease condition. In addition, factors associated with the particular patient being treated, including patient age, weight, diet and time of administration, will result in the need to adjust dosages.
• Catechol (10.26 g, 93.2 mmol), sodium methoxide (25% by weight in methanol, 40.3 g, 186 mmol), and methyl dichloroacetate (13.3 g, 93.2 mmol) were combined in dry methanol (100 mL). The solution was heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, acidified by addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid and then reduced in volume under vacuum to about 50 mL. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (3 x 100 mL).
• BenzoJf ,3]dioxole-2-carboxylic acid amide (5.44 g, 32.9 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF, 100 mL). Lithium aluminum hydride (LAH, 1 M in THF, 39.5 mL, 39.5 mmol) was added slowly to the solution at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Distilled water was added to destroy the excess LAH. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (3.0 M, 100 mL) was added and the solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 100 mL). The combined organic solution was washed with water and dried over MgSO 4 . The solvent was evaporated to yield C- benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-2-yl-methylamine as a colorless oil. MS (ESI): 152.1 (M+H+)
• the white solid was combined with potassium phthalimide (14.4 g, 78 mmol) in DMF (250 mL) and heated to reflux for 1 h, cooled to room temperature and poured into vigorously stirring water (1.5 L) and stirred 30 min. White solid was filtered and the solid was washed several times with water, 2% NaOH, and water again and let air dry to yield a (2S)-2-(2,3-Dihydro- benzo[1 ,4]dioxin-2-ylmethyl)-isoindole-1 ,3-dione as white powdery solid.
• Racemic 2,3-dihydro-1 ,4-benzdioxin-2-ylmethylamine (8.25 g, 5.0 mmol) and triethylamine (1.52 g, 15 mmol) were combined in DMF (10 mL) and cooled in an ice bath as dimethylsulfamoyl chloride (1.44 g, 10 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 3 hr with continued cooling. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water, and the ethyl acetate solution was washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ) and evaporated in vacuo to yield an oil.
• Racemic 2,3-dihydro-1 ,4-benzdioxin-2-ylmethylamine (825 mg, 5 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl formate (15 mL), refluxed for 30 min and evaporated in vacuo to yield N-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxin-2-ylmethyl)-formamide as an oil.
• the oil in diethyl ether 25 mL was treated with 1 M LAH in THF (9.0 mL, 9.0 mmol) at 0 0 C and stirred for 5 h at room temperature.
• the reaction was cooled in an ice bath and quenched with water (0.50 mL), followed by 3 N NaOH (0.50 mL) and water (0.50 mL). The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Solid was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to yield a residue which was partitioned between 1 N HCI and diethyl ether. The aqueous phase was basified with 1 N NaOH and extracted with diethyl ether.
• reaction mixture was diluted with diethyl ether and 1 N HCI (750 mL) and the organic layer was separated and washed 2 times with 1 N HCI (250 mL), once with water (150 mL), twice with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ) and evaporated in vacuo to yield light yellow solid of toluene-4-sulfonic acid (2S)-6,7-dichloro-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxin-2- ylmethyl ester.
• the white powdery solid was combined with hydrazine (1.06 g, 33 mmol) in EtOH (80 mL) and heated at reflux for 2 h, then cooled to room temperature. 1N HCI was added to adjust the reaction mixture's pH to pH 1.0 and the reaction mixture was then stirred for 15 min.
• White solid was filtered and washed with fresh EtOH (solid discarded) and the filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to a solid, which was partitioned between diethyl ether and dilute aqueous NaOH.
• (2S)-(-)-N-(2,3-Dihydro-7-nitro-benzo[1 ,4]dioxin-2-ylmethyl)-sulfamide 10 (1.2 g, 4.15 mmol), was prepared from 4-nitrocatechol according to the process outlined in Example 4.
• the (2S)-(-)-N-(2,3-Dihydro-7-nitro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-2- ylmethyl)-sulfamide was then combined with 10% Pd/C in methanol (120 mL) and shaken under hydrogen atmosphere (39 psi) at room temperature for 3 h. .
• Example 13 Diabetic db/db Mouse In Vivo Assay Db/db mice are known in the art to be susceptible to Type Il diabetes
• Db/db mice are also known in the art to be a useful model for dylipidemia.
• mice Female db/db mice (C57BU6J ⁇ Lep db/db , Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME, USA) were received at 8 weeks of age and single-housed and fed with regular chow diet. Blood was collected by tail puncture and glucose was monitored with a glucometer (OneTouch Basic, Lifescan, Newtown, PA).
• mice at 10 weeks of age were randomized into treatment groups based on glucose values (first criterion, average of 250mg/dl) and body weight (second criterion, average of 37 gram).
• the mice were orally gavaged once daily (0.2ml at 1500-1700 hour) with vehicle control (0.5% methylcellulose, pH7.4) and vehicle containing test compound (A300mg/kg).
• vehicle control 0.5% methylcellulose, pH7.4
• vehicle containing test compound A300mg/kg
• the mice were fasted for 4 hr during light cycle (food was removed 0600-1000 hour) and blood glucose levels were measured through tail puncture with a glucometer at 1000 hour.
• mice were then anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (1 ml/kg, i.p , Sleepaway, Fort Dodge, Iowa) and blood was drawn via cardiac puncture and collected into heparinized tubes.
• White adipose tissue (WAT) retroperitoneal fat
• skeletal muscle gastrocnemius and soleus muscle
• Plasma samples were obtained by centrifuge at 2,00Og for 15 minutes at 4 0 C and subjected to measurement of insulin, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride. Data shown below are expressed as the mean and standard error calculated using 9-10 mice per treatment group. The 2 tailed Student's t-Tests were used for statistic analysis. All animal studies complied with the. guideline of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
• Compound #8 was evaluated according to the procedure described above.
• the blood glucose levels of female db/db mice were 255 ⁇ 15 mg/dl at
• mice treated with Compound #8 exhibited greater skeletal muscle mass versus vehicle treated animals. Additionally, there was no significant reduction of fat mass for Compound #8 treated animals. Compound #8 mice also showed significant decrease in the fat to lean mass ratio (vehicle: 27.9 ⁇ 1.4 vs.
• mice A summary of the data for vehicle and Compound #8 treated mice measuring blood glucose levels, retroperitoneal fat, skeletal muscle mass, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol are as shown in Table 4, below.
• Table 4 Diabetic db/db Mice In Vivo Results
• Compound #8 was suspended in 0.5% Methocel using a hand held homogenizer to reduce the particle size and a magnetic stir bar and stir plate to keep the particles homogeneously suspended throughout the dosing period. 0.5% Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (Methocel) used as vehicle / control. Compound #8 was tested in both diabetic models of mouse and rat.
• mice with hyperglycemia blood glucose concentrations averaged 250 mg/dL were used for glucose lowering effect studies.
• the average body weights of db/db mice were 37 grams.
• Db/db mice are susceptible to Type 2 diabetes.
• Female db/db mice (C57BL/6J-Lep db/db , Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME, USA) at 8 weeks of age were group housed, two per cage, and fed with regular chow diet (Laboratory rodent diet 5001 ). All of the mice were quarantined for a period of one week before transfer to the animal procedure room.
• a drop of blood (about 2 microliters) was collected by tail puncture and glucose concentration was detected with a glucometer (OneTouch UltraSmart, Lifescan, Milpitas, CA). Mice at 10 weeks of age were randomized into three treatment groups based on glucose values (first criterion, average of 250 mg/dL) and body weight (second criterion, average of 37 g). Animals were separated and single housed at least three days prior to the drug treatments to allow acclimation to the new surroundings.
• mice assay comprised two parts: In the first single dose part of Study A, 10 mice used as a negative control were given vehicle (0.5% Methocel); 10 mice were treated with 300 mg/kg Compound #8 JNJ-26489112 in vehicle; and 10 mice used as positive control were treated with 20 mg/kg rosiglitazone (an insulin sensitizer that lowers glucose) in vehicle. In the second, dose response part of Study A, 48 mice were allocated into 4 treatment groups of 12 mice each. The four groups were then treated with 0.5% Methocel (vehicle), 10 mg/kg Compound #8, 30 mg/kg Compound #8, and 100 mg/kg Compound #8 in vehicle, respectively. "
• mice were orally gavaged once daily (at 1500 - 1700 hour) with vehicle control (0.5% methocel, pH7.4) or vehicle containing Compound #8 for 10 days.
• the dosing volume was 5 ml_/kg body weight (0.2 rnL for 40 gram mice).
• the mice were fed ad lib throughout the study. A necropsy was completed 18 hours after last dosing.
• Blood glucose levels were measured from blood collected through tail puncture using a glucometer at 1000 hour.
• the mice were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (1 ml/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.] injection, SleepAway, Fort Dodge, Iowa) and blood was drawn via cardiac puncture using 1 mL syringe and collected into heparinized tubes.
• White adipose tissues (WAT) (retroperitoneal and inguinal fat pads), brown adipose tissure (BAT) and skeletal muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus muscle) and stomach contents ' were dissected and weighed.
• Plasma samples were obtained by centrifuging • ⁇ whole blood at 2000-3000 g for 10-20 minutes at 4 0 C and stored at -20 0 C for further measurement of insulin, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglyceride. Plasma insulin concentrations were measured by in both studies using the appropriate rat/mouse insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (EZRMI-13K, LINCO Research, St. Charles, Missouri). Blood samples were diluted 1 :4 in charcoal stripped mouse serum that was included in the ELISA kit. The rest of the procedure followed the manufacturers instruction. The total fluorescence was detected using an Orion 1 Microplate Luminometer (Berthold Detection Systems, Pforzheim, Germany).
• ELISA rat/mouse insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• Plasma total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride concentrations were measured by using a Bayer ADVIA 1650 blood chemistry analyzer (Bayer HealthCare LLC, Diagnostic Division, Tarrytown, NY). According to manufacturers protocol, cholesterol measurement was an enzymatic method utilizing cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase conversion followed by a Trinder endpoint; Elimination/catalase method was used for HDL measurement; an enzymatic method with a Trinder endpoint was used for triglyceride measurement.
• the average blood glucose levels of db/db mice were 255 ⁇ 15 mg/dL before dosing.
• the glucose levels of vehicle treated mice were elevated 166% (420 ⁇ 22 mg/dL).
• Glucose levels were reduced 50% in mice treated with Compound #8 at 300mg/kg, compared to vehicle treated mice. This effect was similar to that observed with rosiglitazone treatment. There were no changes of insulin concentrations observed among drug treated mice and vehicle treated mice.
• the vehicle control db/db mice showed dyslipidemia with high circulating triglyceride concentrations and low HDL, which resulted in a high ratio of triglyceride to HDL.
• Compound #8 dosed at 300 mg/kg decreased plasma triglyceride by 39.4% and elevated HDL by 22.8% compared to the vehicle treated mice. Therefore the ratio of triglyceride to HDL was reduced by 50.2%, which reflects an improved lipid profile. This result was similar to the effect observed with rosiglitazone treatment. No changes in LDL levels were observed for the db/db mice treated with Compound #8, with mice treated with rosiglitazone or with vehicle.
• mice were treated with 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg of Compound #8.
• Mice treated with 100 mg/kg of Compound #8 showed significantly decreased ratio of triglyceride to HDL, as shown in Table 8 below.
• the total cholesterol concentrations were elevated in both mice treated with Compound #8 (by 18.7%) and those treated with rosiglitazone (by 35.1%) relative to vehicle treated mice, respectively.
• Skeletal muscle mass and brown adipose tissue weights in the db/db mice treated with Compound #8 at 300 mg/kg were greater than vehicle treated mice, as shown in Table 10 below. Additionally, the ratio of white adipose tissue to muscle was significantly reduced in Compound #8 treated mice, although no differences were found in inguinal fat and retroperitoneal fat pad weights between those groups.
• Compound #8 was suspended in 0.5% Methocel using a hand held 1 5 homogenizer to reduce the particle size and a magnetic stir bar and stir plate to keep the particles homogeneously suspended throughout the dosing period. 0.5% Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (Methocel) used as vehicle / control. Compound #8 was tested in both diabetic models of mouse and rat.
• ZDF Gmi-fa/fa female Zucker diabetic fatty rats were selected for glucose lowering effect and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) studies.
• ZDF rats at 8 weeks of age were randomized into four treatment groups
• the rats were orally gavaged once daily (at 1500 - 1700 hour) with vehicle control (0.5% Methocel, pH7.4) or vehicle containing Compound #8 for 7 days.
• the dosing volume was 5 mL/kg body weight (1.2 ml_ for 250 gram rat).
• the rats were fed ad lib throughout the study.
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test was performed on Day 7 in 4 hour-fasted rats. Two hours after being dosed with Compound #8 or vehicle, the rats were gavaged with a 2g/kg of 50% glucose solution right after basal glucose levels measurement (0 minute). Blood glucose levels were then measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes through tail puncture. On Day 8, rats were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (1 ml/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.] injection, SleepAway, Fort Dodge, Iowa) and blood was drawn via cardiac puncture using 3 mL syringe and collected into heparinized tubes. Plasma samples were obtained by centrifuging whole blood at 2000-3000 g for 10-20 minutes at 4 0 C and stored at -2O 0 C for further measurement of insulin, HDL, total cholesterol and triglyceride.
• Plasma insulin concentrations were measured by in both studies using the appropriate rat/mouse insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (EZRMI-13K, LINCO Research, St. Charles, Missouri). Blood samples were diluted 1 :4 in charcoal stripped mouse serum that was included in the ELISA kit. The rest of the procedure followed the manufacturers instruction. The total fluorescence was detected using an Orion 1 Microplate Luminometer (Berthold Detection Systems, Pforzheim, Germany).
• ELISA rat/mouse insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• Plasma total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride concentrations were measured by using a Bayer ADVIA 1650 blood chemistry analyzer (Bayer HealthCare LLC, Diagnostic Division, Tarn/town, NY). According to manufacturers protocol, cholesterol measurement was an enzymatic method utilizing cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase conversion followed by a Trinder endpoint; Elimination/catalase method was used for HDL measurement; an enzymatic method with a Trinder endpoint was used for triglyceride measurement.
• OGTT performed on Day 7 showed improved glucose and insulin profile for rats treated with Compound #8 in a dose-dependent manner. After glucose challenge, there were sustained high glucose levels that lasted to 60 minutes in vehicle control rats, whereas rats treated with 100mg/kg of Compound #8 had lower glucose levels that peaked at 30 minutes. Analysis of the area under the curve (AUC) for blood glucose were also significantly decreased in the ZDF rats treated with Compound #8 at
• Compound #8 was suspended in 0.5% Methocel using a hand held homogenizer to reduce the particle size and a magnetic stir bar and stir plate to 15 keep the particles homogeneously suspended throughout the dosing period. 0.5% Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (Methocel) used as vehicle / control. Compound #8 was tested in both diabetic models of mouse and rat.
• ZDF Gmi-fa/fa female Zucker diabetic fatty rats were 20 selected for glucose lowering effect.
• the rats were orally gavaged once daily (at 1500 - 1700 hour) with vehicle control (0.5% Methocel, pH7.4) or vehicle containing Compound #8 for 7 days.
• the dosing volume was 5 mL/kg body weight (1.2 ml_ for 250 gram rat).
• the rats were fed ad lib throughout the study. The rats were then allowed 29 days of wash-out period, where no dosing was administered.
• a glucometer OneTouch UltraSmart, Lifescan, Milpitas, CA
• 100 mg of the Compound #8 prepared as in Example 7 is formulated with sufficient finely divided lactose to provide a total amount of 580 to 590 mg to fill a size O hard gel capsule.

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