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Definitions

• This invention relates to mesenchymal stem cells. More particularly, this invention relates to novel uses for mesenchymal stem cells, including promoting angiogenesis in various tissues and organs, treating autoimmune diseases, treating allergic responses, treating cancer, treating inflammatory diseases and disorders, and promoting would healing.
• MSCs Mesenchymal stem cells
• MSCs may be useful in the repair or regeneration of damaged bone, cartilage, meniscus or myocardial tissues (DeKok, et al., Clin. Oral Implants Res.. Vol. 14, pg. 481 (2003)); Wu, et al., Transplantation, Vol. 75, pg. 679 (2003); Noel, et al., Curr. Qpin. Investig. Drugs, Vol. 3, pg. 1000 (2002); Ballas, et al., J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl., Vol. 38, pg.
• MSCs express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen on their surface but limited MHC class II (Le Blanc, et al., Exp. Hematol., Vol. 31 , pg. 890 (2003); Potian, et al., J. Immunol.. Vol. 171 , pg. 3426 (2003)) and no B7 or CD40 co- stimulatory molecules (Majumdar, et al., J. Biomed. Sci., Vol. 10, pg. 228 (2003)), suggesting that these cells have a low-immunogenic phenotype (Tse, et al., Transplantation. Vol. 75, pg. 389 (2003)).
• MHC major histocompatibility complex
• MSCs also inhibit T-cell proliferative responses in an MHC-independent manner (Bartholomew, et al., Exp. Hematol., Vol. 30, pg. 42 (2002); Devine, et al., Cancer J., Vol. 7, pg. 576 (2001 ); DiNicola, et al., Blood, Vol. 99, pg. 3838 (2002)).
• These immunological properties of MSCs may enhance their transplant engraftment and limit the ability of the recipient immune system to recognize and reject allogeneic cells following transplantation.
• MSCs mesenchymal stem cells with isolated immune cell populations, including dendritic cells (DC1 and DC2), effector T-cells (Th1 and Th2), and NK cells.
• DC1 and DC2 dendritic cells
• Th1 and Th2 effector T-cells
• NK cells NK cells
• mesenchymal stem cells may regulate the production of various factors that may regulate several steps in the immune response process.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be employed in the treatment of disease conditions and disorders involving the immune system, or diseases, conditions, or disorders involving inflammation or allergic responses.
• diseases, conditions, and disorders include, but are not limited to, autoimmune diseases, allergies, arthritis, inflamed wounds, alopecia araeta (baldness), periodontal diseases including gingivitis and periodontitis, and other diseases, conditions or disorders involving an immune response.
• PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• mesenchymal stem cells stimulate dendritic cells (DCs) to produce Interferon-Beta (IFN- ⁇ ), which promotes tumor suppression and immunity against viral infection.
• DCs dendritic cells
• IFN- ⁇ Interferon-Beta
• a method of treating an autoimmune disease in an animal comprises administering to the animal mesenchymal stem cells in an amount effective to treat the autoimmune disease in the animal.
• IL-10 regulatory T-cells
• DC dendritic cells
• Autoimmune diseases which may be treated in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, multiple sclerosis, Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis, autoimmune thyroid disease, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune lymphoproliferative disease (ALPS), demyelinating disease, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, autoimmune gastritis (AIG), and autoimmune glomerular diseases. It is to be understood, however, that the scope of the present invention is not to be limited to the treatment of the specific autoimmune diseases mentioned herein.
• the animal to which the mesenchymal stem cells are administered is a mammal.
• the mammal may be a primate, including human and non- human primates.
• the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is based, for example, on the following sequence: harvest of MSC-containing tissue, isolation and expansion of MSCs, and administration of the MSCs to the animal, with or without biochemical or genetic manipulation.
• the mesenchymal stem cells that are administered may be a homogeneous composition or may be a mixed cell population enriched in MSCs.
• Homogeneous mesenchymal stem cell compositions may be obtained by culturing adherent marrow or periosteal cells, and the mesenchymal stem cell compositions may be obtained by culturing adherent marrow or periosteal cells, and the mesenchymal stem cells may be identified by specific cell surface markers which are identified with unique monoclonal antibodies.
• a method for obtaining a cell population enriched in mesenchymal stem cells is described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,486,359.
• Alternative sources for mesenchymal stem cells include, but are not limited to, blood, skin, cord blood, muscle, fat, bone, and perichondrium.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered by a variety of procedures.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered systemically, such as by intravenous, intraarterial, or intraperitoneal administration.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be from a spectrum of sources including autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic.
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered in an amount effective to treat an autoimmune disease in an animal.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered in an amount of from about 1x10° cells/kg to about 1x10 7 cells/kg, preferably from about 1x10 6 cells/kg to about 5x10 6 cells/kg.
• the amount of mesenchymal stem cells to be administered is dependent upon a variety of factors, including the age, weight, and sex of the patient, the autoimmune disease to be treated, and the extent and severity thereof.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered in conjunction with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered as a cell suspension in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid medium for injection.
• a method of treating an inflammatory response in an animal comprises administering to the animal mesenchymal stem cells in an amount effective to treat the inflammatory response in the animal.
• the mesenchymal stem cells promote T-cell maturation to regulatory T-cells (T reg ), thereby controlling inflammatory responses. It is also believed that the mesenchymal stem cells inhibit T helper 1 cells (Th1 cells), thereby decreasing the expression of the Interferon- ⁇ (IFN- ⁇ ) in certain inflammatory reactions, such as those associated with psoriasis, for example.
• T reg regulatory T-cells
• IFN- ⁇ Interferon- ⁇
• the inflammatory responses which may be treated are those associated with psoriasis.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered to an animal such that the mesenchymal stem cells contact microglia and/or astrocytes in the brain to reduce inflammation, whereby the mesenchymal stem cells limit neurodegeneration caused by activated glial cells in diseases or disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, stroke, or brain cell injuries.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered to an animal such that the mesenchymal stem cells contact keratinocytes and Langerhans cells in the epidermis of the skin to reduce inflammation as may occur in psoriasis, chronic dermatitis, and contact dermatitis.
• this embodiment is not to be limited to any theoretical reasoning, it is believed that the mesenchymal stem cells may contact the keratinocytes and Langerhans cells in the epidermis, and alter the expression of T- cell receptors and cytokine secretion profiles, leading to decreased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- ⁇ ) and increased regulatory T-cell (Treg cell) population.
• TNF- ⁇ tumor necrosis factor-alpha
• Treg cell regulatory T-cell
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be used to reduce inflammation in the bone, as occurs in arthritis and arthritis-like conditions, including but not limited to, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and other arthritic diseases listed in the website www.arthritis.org/conditions/diseases.
• arthritis and arthritis-like conditions including but not limited to, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and other arthritic diseases listed in the website www.arthritis.org/conditions/diseases.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be used to limit inflammation in the gut and liver during inflammatory bowel disease and chronic hepatitis, respectively.
• the scope of this aspect of the present invention is not intended to be limited to any theoretical reasoning, it is believed that the mesenchymal stem cells promote increased secretion of lnterleukin-10 (IL-10) and the generation of regulatory T-cells (Treg cells).
• IL-10 lnterleukin-10
• Treg cells regulatory T-cells
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be used to inhibit excessive neutrophil and macrophage activation in pathological conditions such as sepsis and trauma, including burn injury, surgery, and transplants.
• pathological conditions such as sepsis and trauma, including burn injury, surgery, and transplants.
• the mesenchymal stem cells promote secretion of suppressive cytokines such as IL-10, and inhibit macrophage migration inhibitory factor.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be used to control inflammation in immune privileged sites such as the eye, including the cornea, lens, pigment epithelium, and retina, brain, spinal cord, pregnant uterus and placenta, ovary, testes, adrenal cortex, liver, and hair follicles.
• immune privileged sites such as the eye, including the cornea, lens, pigment epithelium, and retina, brain, spinal cord, pregnant uterus and placenta, ovary, testes, adrenal cortex, liver, and hair follicles.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be used to control end-stage renal disease (ESRD) infections during dialysis and/or glomerulonephritis.
• ESRD end-stage renal disease
• mesenchymal stem cells induce peripheral blood mononuclear cells to express vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF, which stimulates glomerular structuring.
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be used to control viral infections such as influenza, hepatitis C, Herpes Simplex Virus, vaccinia virus infections, and Epstein-Barr virus.
• viral infections such as influenza, hepatitis C, Herpes Simplex Virus, vaccinia virus infections, and Epstein-Barr virus.
• IFN- ⁇ Interferon-Beta
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be used to control parasitic infections such as Leishmania infections and Helicobacter infections.
• parasitic infections such as Leishmania infections and Helicobacter infections.
• the scope of this embodiment is not to be limited to any theoretical reasoning, it is believed that the mesenchymal stem cells mediate responses by T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and thereby promote increased production of Immunogiobulin E (IgE) by ⁇ -cells. It is to be understood, however, that the scope of this aspect of the present invention is not to be limited to the treatment of any particular inflammatory response.
• Th2 T helper 2
• IgE Immunogiobulin E
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered to a mammal, including human and non-human primates, as hereinabove described.
• the mesenchymal stem cells also may be administered systemically, as hereinabove described.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered directly to an arthritic joint.
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered in an amount effective to treat an inflammatory response in an animal.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered in an amount of from about 1x10 5 cells/kg to about 1x10 7 cells/kg, preferably from about 1x10 6 cells/kg to about 5x10 6 cells/kg.
• the exact dosage of mesenchymal stem cells to be administered is dependent upon a variety of factors, including the age, weight, and sex of the patient, the inflammatory response being treated, and the extent and severity thereof.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered in conjunction with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier, as hereinabove described.
• a method of treating cancer in an animal comprises administering to the animal mesenchymal stem cells in an amount effective to treat cancer in the animal.
• the scope of this aspect of the present invention is not to be limited to any theoretical reasoning, it is believed that the mesenchymal stem cells interact with dendritic cells, which leads to IFN- ⁇ secretion, which in turn acts as a tumor suppressor.
• Cancers which may be treated include, but are not limited to, hepatocellular carcinoma, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, fibrosarcoma, medullablastoma, and astrocytoma. It is to be understood, however, that the scope of the present invention is not to be limited to any specific type of cancer.
• the animal may be a mammal, including human and non-human primates, as hereinabove described.
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered to the animal in an amount effective to treat cancer in the animal.
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered in an amount of from about 1x10 5 cells/kg to about 1x10 7 cells/kg, preferably from about 1x10 6 cells/kg to about 5x10 6 cells/kg.
• the exact amount of mesenchymal stem cells to be administered is dependent upon a variety of factors, including the age, weight, and sex of the patient, the type of cancer being treated, and the extent and severity thereof.
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered in conjunction with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier, and may be administered sytemically, as hereinabove described. Alternatively, the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered directly to the cancer being treated.
• a method of treating an allergic disease or disorder in an animal comprises administering to the animal mesenchymal stem cells in an amount effective to treat the allergic disease or disorder in the animal.
• mesenchymal stem cells when administered after an acute allergic response, provide for inhibition of mast cell activation and degranulation. Also, it is believed that the mesenchymal stem cells downregulate basophil activation and inhibit cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ , chemokines such as lnterleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein, or MCP-1 , lipid mediators such as leukotrienes, and inhibit main mediators such as histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfates, and cathepsin.
• cytokines such as TNF- ⁇
• chemokines such as lnterleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein
• MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein
• lipid mediators such as leukotrienes
• main mediators such as histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfates, and cathepsin.
• Allergic diseases or disorders which may be treated include, but are not limited to, asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and contact dermatitis. It is to be understood, however, that the scope of the present invention is not to be limited to any specific allergic disease or disorder
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered to the animal in an amount effective to treat the allergic disease or disorder in the animal.
• the animal may be a mammal.
• the mammal may be a primate, including human and non-human primates.
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered in an amount of from about 1x10 5 cells/kg to about 1x10 7 cells/kg, preferably from about 1x10 6 cells/kg to about 5x10 6 cells/kg.
• the exact dosage is dependent upon a variety of factors, including the age, weight, and sex of the patient, the allergic disease or disorder being treated, and the extent and severity thereof.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered in conjunction with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier, as hereinabove described.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered systemically, such as by intravenous or intraarterial administration, for example.
• a method of promoting wound healing in an animal comprises administering to the animal mesenchymal stem cells in an amount effective to promote wound healing in the animal.
• the mesenchymal stem cells cause T reg cells and dendritic cells to release lnterleukin-10 (IL-10).
• IL-10 lnterleukin-10
• the IL-10 limits or controls inflammation in a wound, thereby promoting healing of a wound.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may promote wound healing and fracture healing by inducing secretion factors by other cell types.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may induce prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 )-mediated release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as well as PGE 2 -mediated release of growth hormone, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1 ) insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and endothelin-1.
• PGE 2 prostaglandin E2
• IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1
• IGFBP-3 insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered to the animal in an amount effective to promote wound healing in the animal.
• the animal may be a mammal, and the mammal may be a primate, including human and non-human primates.
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered in an amount of from about 1x10 5 cells/kg to about 1x10 7 cells/kg, preferably from about 1x10 6 cells/kg to about 5x10 6 cells/kg.
• the exact amount of mesenchymal stem cells to be administered is dependent upon a variety of factors, including the age, weight, and sex of the patient, and the extent and severity of the wound being treated.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered in conjunction with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier, as hereinabove described.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered systemically, as hereinabove described.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered directly to a wound, such as in a fluid on a dressing or reservoir containing the mesenchymal stem cells.
• a method of treating or preventing fibrosis in an animal comprises administering to the animal mesenchymal stem cells in an amount effective to treat or prevent fibrosis in an animal.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered to the animal in order to treat or prevent any type of fibrosis in the animal, including, but not limited to, cirrhosis of the liver, fibrosis of the kidneys associated with end-stage renal disease, and fibrosis of the lungs. It is to be understood that the scope of the present invention is not to be limited to any specific type of fibrosis.
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered to the animal in an amount effective to treat or prevent fibrosis in the animal.
• the animal may be a mammal, and the mammal may be a primate, including human and non-human primates.
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered in an amount of from about 1x10 5 cells/kg to about 1x1O 7 cells/kg, preferably from about 1x10 6 cells/kg to about 5x10 6 cells/kg.
• the exact amount of mesenchymal stem cells to be administered is dependent upon a variety of factors, including the age, weight, and sex of the patient, and the extent and severity of the fibrosis being treated or prevented.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered in conjunction with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier, as hereinabove described.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered systemically, also as hereinabove described.
• a method of promoting angiogenesis in an organ or tissue of an animal comprises administering to the animal mesenchymal stem cells in an amount effective to promote angiogenesis in an organ or tissue of the animal.
• Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from a pre-existing microvascular bed.
• angiogenesis may be used to treat coronary and peripheral artery insufficiency, and thus may be a noninvasive and curative approach to the treatment of coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, and peripheral artery disease.
• Angiogenesis may play a role in the treatment of diseases and disorders in tissue and organs other than the heart, as well as in the development and/or maintenance of organs other than the heart.
• Angiogenesis may provide a role in the treatment of internal and external wounds, as well as dermal ulcers.
• Angiogenesis also plays a role in embryo implantation, and placental growth, as well as the development of the embryonic vasculature.
• Angiogenesis also is essential for the coupling of cartilage resorption with bone formation, and is essential for correct growth plate morphogenesis.
• angiogenesis is necessary for the successful engineering and maintenance of highly metabolic organs, such as the liver, where a dense vascular network is necessary to provide sufficient nutrient and gas transport.
• the mesenchymal stem cells can be administered to the tissue or organ in need of angiogenesis by a variety of procedures.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered systemically, such as by intravenous, intraarterial, or intraperitoneal administration, or the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered directly to the tissue or organ in need of angiogenesis, such as by direct injection into the tissue or organ in need of angiogenesis.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be from a spectrum of sources including autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic.
• PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• the animal is a mammal.
• the mammal may be a primate, including human and non-human primates.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be employed in the treatment, alleviation, or prevention of any disease or disorder which can be alleviated, treated, or prevented through angiogenesis.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered to an animal to treat blocked arteries, including those in the extremities, i.e., arms, legs, hands, and feet, as well as the neck or in various organs.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be used to treat blocked arteries which supply the brain, thereby treating or preventing stroke.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be used to treat blood vessels in embryonic and postnatal corneas and may be used to provide glomerular structuring.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be employed in the treatment of wounds, both internal and external, as well as the treatment of dermal ulcers found in the feet, hands, legs or arms, including, but not limited to, dermal ulcers caused by diseases such as diabetes and sickle cell anemia.
• the mesenchymal stem sells may be employed to promote embryo implantation and prevent miscarriage.
• mesenchymal stem cells may be administered to an unborn animal, including humans, to promote the development of the vasculature in the unborn animal.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered to an animal, born or unborn, in order to promote cartilage resorption and bone formation, as well as promote correct growth plate morphogenesis.
• the mesenchymal stem cells are administered in an amount effective in promoting angiogenesis in an animal.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered in an amount of from about 1x10 5 cells/kg to about 1x10 7 cells/kg, preferably from about 1x1O 6 cells/kg to about 5x10 6 cells/kg.
• the amount of mesenchymal stem cells to be administered is dependent upon a variety of factors, including the age, weight, and sex of the patient, the disease or disorder to be treated, alleviated, or prevented, and the extent and severity thereof.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered in conjunction with an acceptable pharmaceutical carrier.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be administered as a cell suspension in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid medium for injection. Injection can be local, i.e., directly into the tissue or organ in need of angiogenesis, or systemic.
• the mesenchymal stem cells may be genetically engineered with one or more polynucleotides encoding a therapeutic agent.
• the polynucleotides may be delivered to the mesenchymal stem cells via an appropriate expression vehicle.
• Expression vehicles which may be employed to genetically engineer the mesenchymal stem cells include, but are not limited to, retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, and adeno- associated virus vectors.
• mesenchymal stem cells when employed in the above-mentioned therapies and treatments, may be employed in combination with other therapeutic agents known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, growth factors, cytokines, drugs such as anti-inflammatory drugs, and cells other than mesenchymal stem cells, such as dendritic cells, and may be administered with soluble carriers for cells such as hyalurionic acid, or in combination with solid matrices, such collagen, gelatin, or other biocompatible polymers, as appropriate. It is to be understood that the methods described herein may be carried out in a number of ways and with various modifications and permutations thereof that are well known in the art.
• Fig. 1 MSCs modulate dendritic cell functions.
• A Flow cytometric analysis of mature monocytic DC1 cells using antibodies against HLA-DR and CD11c and of plasmacytoid DC2 cells using antibodies against HLA-DR and CD123 (IL-3 receptor).
• B MSCs inhibit TNF- ⁇ secretion (primary y-axis) and increase IL-10 secretion (secondary y-axis) from activated DC1 and DC2 respectively.
• C MSCs cultured with mature DC1 cells inhibit IFN- ⁇ secretion (primary y-axis) by T cells and increase IL-4 levels (secondary y-axis) as compared to MSC or DC alone.
• Fig. 2 MSCs inhibit pro-inflammatory effector T cell function.
• A Flow cytometric analysis of T Reg cell numbers (in %) by staining PBMCs or non-adherent fraction in MSC+PBMC culture (MSC+PBMC) with FITC-conjugated CD4 (x-axis) and PE conjugated CD25 (y-axis) antibodies. Gates were set based on isotype control antibodies as background. Graphs are representative of 5 independent experiments.
• C MSCs inhibit IFN- ⁇ secretion from purified NK cells cultured for 0, 24, or 48 hours in a 24-well plate. Data shown are mean+SD cytokine secretion in one experiment and are representative of 3 independent experiments.
• Fig. 3 MSCs lead to increased numbers of T reg cell population and increased GITR expression.
• MLR mixed lymphocyte reaction
• PHA phytohemagglutinin
• PBMCs were cultured for 3 days in the absence (top plot) or presence (bottom plot) of MSCs (MSC to PBMC ratio 1 :10), following which the non-adherent fraction was harvested and immunostained with FITC-labeled GITR and PE-labeled CD4. Results show a greater than twofold increase in GITR expression in cells cultured in the presence of MSCs.
• Fig. 4 MSCs produce PGE 2 and blocking PGE 2 reverses MSC-mediated immuno-modulatory effects .
• A PGE 2 secretion (mean+SD) in culture supematants obtained from MSCs cultured in the presence or absence of PGE 2 blockers NS-398 or indomethacin (Indometh.) at various concentrations. Inhibitor concentrations are in ⁇ M and data presented are values obtained after 24 hour culture
• B COX-1 and COX-2 expression in MSCs and PBMCs using real-time RT-PCR.
• MSCs expressed significantly higher levels of COX-2 as compared to PBMCs, and when MSCs were cultured in presence of PBMCs, there was a >3-fold increase in COX-2 expression in MSCs. Representative data from 1 of 3 independent experiments is shown. The MSC+PBMC cultures were setup in a trans-well chamber plate where MSCs were plated onto the bottom chamber and PBMCs onto the top chamber.
• C Presence of PGE 2 blockers indomethacin (Ind.) or NS-398 increases TNF- ⁇ secretion from activated DCs (D) and IFN- ⁇ secretion from TH1 cells (EH) as compared to controls.
• Fig. 5 Constituitive MSC cytokine secretion is elevated in the presence of allogeneic PBMCs.
• cytokines IL-6 and VEGF, lipid mediator PGE 2 , and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (pro- MMP-1) were analyzed.
• pro- MMP-1 matrix metalloproteinase 1
• MSCs produced IL-6, VEGF, and PGE 2 constituitively, and the levels of these factors increased upon co-culture with PBMCs, thereby suggesting that MSCs may play a role in modulating immune functions in an inflammatory setting.
• Fig. 6 MSCs inhibit mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation in a dose- dependent manner. Increasing numbers of allogeneic PBMCs were incubated with constant numbers of MSCs (2,000 cells/well) plated on a 96-well plate in the presence or absence of PHA (2.5 mg/ml) for 72 hours, and 3 H thymidine incorporation determined (in counts per minute, or cpm).
• Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of proposed MSC mechanism of action MSCs mediate their immuno-modulatory effects by affecting cells from both the innate (DCs- pathways 2-4; and NK- pathway 6) and adaptive (T- pathways 1 and 5 and B-pathway 7) immune systems.
• immature DCs migrate to the site of potential entry, mature and acquire an ability to prime na ⁇ ve T cells (by means of antigen specific and co-stimulatory signals) to become protective effector T cells (cell-mediated T 1 or humoral TH2 immunity).
• MSCs may alter the outcome of immune response by limiting the ability of DCs to mount a cell-mediated response (pathway 2) or by promoting the ability to mount a humoral response (pathway 4). Also, when mature effector T cells are present, MSCs may interact with them to skew the balance of TH1 (pathway 1 ) responses towards TH2 responses (pathway 5), and probably towards an increased IgE producing B cell activity (pathway 7), desirable outcomes for suppression of GvHD and autoimmune disease symptoms.
• MSCs in their ability to result in an increased generation of T Reg population may result in a tolerant phenotype and may aid a recipient host by dampening bystander inflammation in their local micro-environment.
• Dashed line ( — ) represents proposed mechanism.
• MSCs Human MSCs were cultured as described by Pittenger et al., Science. Vol. 284, pg. 143 (1999). Briefly, marrow samples were collected from the iliac crest of anonymous donors following informed consent by Poietics Technologies, Div of Cambrex Biosciences. MSCs were cultured in complete Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium-Low Glucose (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California) containing 1 % antibiotic- antimyotic solution (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, JRH BioSciences, Lenexa, Kansas).
• Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium-Low Glucose Life Technologies, Carlsbad, California
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• MSCs grew as an adherent monolayer and were detached with trypsin/EDTA (0.05% trypsin at 37°C for 3 minutes). All MSCs used were previously characterized for multilineage potential and retained the capacity to differentiate into mesenchymal lineages (chondrocytic, adipogenic, and osteogenic) (Pittenger, et al., Science. Vol. 284, pg. 143 (1999)).
• PBMCs Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• DCs dendritic cells
• CD1c + monocytic lineage
• CD1c expressing B cells were magnetically depleted of CD19 + cells using magnetic beads, followed by labeling the B-cell depleted fraction with biotin- labeled CD1c (BDCA1 + ) and anti-biotin antibodies and separating them from the unlabeled cell fraction utilizing magnetic columns according to the manufacturer's instructions (Miltenyi Biotech, Auburn, California).
• Precursors of DCs of plasmacytoid lineage were isolated from PBMCs by immuno-magnetic sorting of positively labeled antibody coated cells (BDCA2 + ) (Miltenyi Biotech, Auburn, California).
• MSC-DC culture In most experiments, human MSCs and DCs were cultured in equal numbers for various time periods and cell culture supernatant collected and stored at -80°C until further evaluation. In selected experiments, MSCs were cultured with mature DC1 or DC2 cells (1 :1 MSC:DC ratio) for 3 days, and then the combined cultures (MSCs and DCs) were irradiated to prevent any proliferation. Next, antibody purified, na ⁇ ve, allogeneic T cells (CD4 + ,CD45RA + ) were added to the irradiated MSCs/DCs and cultured for an additional 6 days.
• the non-adherent cell fraction (purified T cells) was then collected from the cultures, washed twice and re-stimulated with PHA for another 24 hours, following which cell culture supematants were harvested and analyzed for secreted IFN- ⁇ and IL-4 by ELISA.
• NK cells Purified populations of NK cells were obtained by depleting non-NK cells that are magnetically labeled with a cocktail of biotin-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (anti - CD3, -CD14, -CD19, -CD36 and anti-lgE antibodies) as a primary reagent and anti- biotin monoclonal antibodies conjugated to Microbeads as secondary labeling reagent.
• biotin-conjugated monoclonal antibodies anti - CD3, -CD14, -CD19, -CD36 and anti-lgE antibodies
• the magnetically labeled non-NK cells were retained in MACS (Miltenyi Biotech, Auburn, California) columns in a magnetic field, while NK cells passed through and were collected.
• T Reg cell population was isolated using a 2-step isolation procedure.
• First non-CD4 + T cells were indirectly magnetically labeled with a cocktail of biotin labeled ⁇ antibodies and anti-biotin microbeads. The labeled cells were then depleted by separation over a MACS column (Miltenyi Biotech, Auburn, California).
• CD4 + CD25 + cells were directly labeled with CD25 microbeads and isolated by positive selection from the pre-enriched CD4 + T cell fraction.
• the magnetically labeled CD4 + CD25 + T cells were retained on the column and eluted after removal of the column from the magnetic field.
• CD4+CD25+ T reg cell populations were isolated from PBMC or MSC+PBMC (MSC to PBMC ratio 1 :10) cultures (cultured without any further stimulation for 3 days) using a 2-step magnetic isolation procedure. These cells were irradiated to block any further proliferation and used as stimulators in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), where responders were allogeneic PBMCs (stimulator to responder ratio 1 :100) in the presence of PHA (2.5 ⁇ g/ml). The culture was carried out for 48 hours, following which 3 H thymidine was added. Incorporated radioactivity was counted after 24 hours.
• MLR mixed lymphocyte reaction
• PBMCs were cultured in the absence or presence of MSCs (MSC to PBMC ratio 1 :10), following which the non-adherent fraction was harvested and immunostained with FITC-labeled glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor, or GITR, and PE -labeled CD4.
• PBMCs Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• Non-adherent fraction was incubated in the presence of plate-bound anti-CD3 (5 ⁇ g/ml) and anti-CD28 (1 ⁇ g/ml) antibodies under T H 1 (IL-2 (4 ng/ml) + IL-12 (5 ng/ml) + anti-IL-4 (1 ⁇ g/ml)) or T H 2 (IL-2 (4 ng/ml) + IL-4 (4 ng/ml) + anti-IFN- ⁇ (1 ⁇ g/ml)) conditions for 3 days in the presence or absence of MSCs.
• T H 1 IL-2 (4 ng/ml) + IL-12 (5 ng/ml) + anti-IL-4 (1 ⁇ g/ml)
• T H 2 IL-2 (4 ng/ml) + IL-4 (4 ng/ml) + anti-IFN- ⁇ (1 ⁇ g/ml)
• the cells were washed and then re-stimulated with PHA (2.5 ⁇ g/ml) for another 24 or 48 hours, following which levels of IFN- ⁇ and IL-4 were measured in culture supernatants by ELISA (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minnesota).
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• PGE 2 lipid mediator prostaglandin E 2
• pro- MMP-1 matrix metalloproteinase 1
• Quantitative RT-PCR Total RNA from cell pellets were prepared using a commercially available kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California) and according to the manufacturer's instructions. Contaminating genomic DNA was removed using the DNA-free kit (Ambion, Austin, Texas). Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on a MJ Research Opticon detection system (South San Francisco, California) using QuantiTect SYBR Green RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California) with primers at concentration of 0.5 ⁇ M. Relative changes in expression levels in cells cultured under different conditions were calculated by the difference in Ct values (crossing point) using ⁇ -actin as internal control.
• COX-1 and COX-2 specific primers were: COX-1 : 5'-CCG GAT GCC AGT CAG GAT GAT G-3'(forward), 5'-CTA GAC AGC CAG ATG CTG ACA G-3' (reverse); COX-2: 5'- ATC TAC CCT CCT CAA GTC CC-3'(forward), 5'-TAC CAG AAG GGC AGG ATA CAG-3' (reverse).
• DC1 and DC2 precursor dendritic cells were isolated by immuno-magnetic sorting of BDCA1 + and BDCA2 + cells respectively and matured by incubation with GM-CSF and IL-4 (1x10 3 lU/ml and 1x10 3 lU/ml, respectively) for DC1 cells, or IL-3 (10 ng/ml) for DC2 cells.
• GM-CSF and IL-4 (1x10 3 lU/ml and 1x10 3 lU/ml, respectively
• IL-3 10 ng/ml
• DC1 cells In the presence of the inflammatory agent bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 ng/ml), DC1 cells produced moderate levels of TNF- ⁇ but when MSCs were present (ratios examined 1 :1 and 1 :10), there was >50% reduction in TNF- ⁇ secretion (Fig. 1B).
• DC2 cells produced IL-10 in the presence of LPS and its levels were increased greater than 2-fold upon MSC:DC2 co-culture (1 :1 ) (Fig. 1B). Therefore, the MSCs modified the cytokine profile of activated DCs in culture towards a more tolerogenic phenotype.
• activated DCs when cultured with MSCs, were able to reduce IFN- ⁇ and increase IL-4 levels secreted by naive CD4 + T cells (Fig. 1C) suggesting a MSC- mediated shift from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory T cell phenotype.
• T Reg T-regulatory cells
• the CD4 + CD25 + T Reg cell population generated in presence of MSCs expressed increased levels of gluocorticoid- induced TNF receptor (GITR), a cell surface receptor expressed on T Reg cell populations, and was suppressive in nature as it suppressed allogeneic T cell proliferation (Fig. 3A,B).
• GITR gluocorticoid- induced TNF receptor
• Fig. 3A,B a cell surface receptor expressed on T Reg cell populations
• MSCs were investigated as to their direct ability to affect T cell differentiation. Using antibody selected purified T cells (CD4 + Th cells), IFN- ⁇ producing TH1 and IL-4 producing TH2 cells were generated in presence or absence of MSCs. When MSCs were present during differentiation, there was reduced IFN- ⁇ secretion by TH1 cells and increased IL-4 secretion by TH2 cells (Fig. 2B).
• MSCs modify T-cell functions by soluble factor(s) (LeBlanc, et al., Exp. Hematol.. Vol. 31 , pg. 890 (2003); Tse, et al., Transplantation. Vol. 75, pg. 389 (2003). It was observed that the MSCs secreted several factors, including IL-6, prostaglandin E 2 , VEGF and proMMP-lconstitutively, and the levels of each increased upon culture with PBMCs (Fig. 5).
• MSCs were cultured with activated dendritic cells (DC1) or TH1 cells in the presence of PGE 2 inhibitors NS-398 or indomethacin.
• DC1s dendritic cells
• NS-398 or indomethacin increased TNF- ⁇ secretion by DC1s, and IFN- ⁇ secretion from TH1 cells (Fig. 4C), respectively, suggesting that MSC effects on immune cell types may be mediated by secreted PGE 2 .
• Recent studies have shown that MSCs inhibit T-cell proliferation induced by various stimuli (DeNicola, et al., Blood, Vol. 99, pg.
• MSCs inhibit mitogen-induced T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 6) and when PGE 2 inhibitors NS-398 (5 ⁇ M) or indomethacin (4 ⁇ M) were present, there was a >70% increase in ( 3 H) thymidine incorporation by PHA-treated PBMCs in MSC containing cultures as compared to controls without inhibitors (Fig. 4D).
• a model of MSC interaction with other immune cell types (Fig. 7) is proposed.
• MSCs may interact with them directly and inhibit the pro-inflammatory IFN- ⁇ production (pathway 1 ) and promote regulatory T cell phenotype (pathway 3) and anti-inflammatory T H 2 cells (pathway 5).
• MSCs can alter the outcome of the T cell immune response through DCs by secreting PGE 2 , inhibiting pro-inflammatory DC1 cells (pathway 2) and promoting anti-inflammatory DC2 cells (pathway 4) or regulatory DCs (pathway 3).
• a shift towards TH2 immunity suggests a change in B cell activity towards increased generation of lgE/lgG1 subtype antibodies (pathway 7).
• MSCs by their ability to inhibit IFN- ⁇ secretion from NK cells likely modify NK cell function (pathway 6).
• This model of MSC:lmmune cell interactions is consistent with the experimentation performed in several other laboratories (LeBlanc, et al., Exp. Hematol.. Vol. 31 , pg. 890 (2003); Tse, et al., Transplantation. Vol. 75, pg. 389 (2003); DiNicola, et al., Blood. Vol. 99, pg. 3838 (2002)). Further examination of the proposed mechanisms is underway and animal studies are now necessary to examine the in vivo effects of MSC administration.

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