Classifications

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  • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
  • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
  • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
  • H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
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  • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
  • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
  • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
  • H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
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  • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
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  • H04B7/0842—Weighted combining
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  • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
  • H04B7/0891—Space-time diversity
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04L1/0023—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the signalling
  • H04L1/0026—Transmission of channel quality indication
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  • H04L25/03159—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference operating in the frequency domain
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  • H04L25/03343—Arrangements at the transmitter end
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  • H04L2025/0335—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference characterised by the type of transmission
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  • H04L2025/0335—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference characterised by the type of transmission
  • H04L2025/03426—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference characterised by the type of transmission transmission using multiple-input and multiple-output channels
• • H—ELECTRICITY
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  • H04L2025/03777—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference characterised by the signalling
  • H04L2025/03802—Signalling on the reverse channel
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  • H04L25/0228—Channel estimation using sounding signals with direct estimation from sounding signals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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  • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
  • H04L5/0091—Signaling for the administration of the divided path

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to data communication, and more specifically to a novel and improved method and apparatus for utilizing (full or partial) channel state information to provide improved performance for a wireless communication system.
• Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication such as voice, data, and so on. These systems may be based on code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM), or some other modulation techniques. OFDM systems can provide high performance for some channel environments.
• CDMA code division multiple access
• TDMA time division multiple access
• OFDM orthogonal frequency division modulation
• OFDM systems can provide high performance for some channel environments.
• an RF modulated signal from a transmitter unit may reach a receiver unit via a number of transmission paths.
• the characteristics of the transmission paths typically vary over time due to a number of factors such as fading and multipath.
• a multiple-input multiple-output (MEVIO) communication system employs multiple (Nr) transmit antennas and multiple (N R ) receive antennas for data transmission.
• a MTMO channel may be decomposed into Nc independent channels, with Nc ⁇ min
• Nc independent channels is also referred to as a spatial subchannel of the MIMO channel and corresponds to a dimension.
• the MIMO system can provide improved performance if the additional dimensionalities created by the multiple transmit and receive antennas are utilized.
• aspects of the invention provide techniques to process received signals in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system to recover transmitted signals, and to estimate the characteristics of a MEVIO channel.
• MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
• Various receiver processing schemes may be used to derive channel state information (CSI) indicative of the characteristics of the transmission channels used for data transmission.
• CSI is then reported back to the transmitter system and used to adjust the signal processing (e.g., coding, modulation, and so on). In this manner, high performance is achieved based on the determined channel conditions.
• a specific embodiment of the invention provides a method for transmitting data from a transmitter unit to a receiver unit in a MEVIO communication system.
• a number of signals are received via a number of receive antennas, with the received signal from each receive antenna comprising a combination of one or more signals transmitted from the transmitter unit.
• the received signals are processed (e.g., via a channel correlation matrix inversion (CCMI) scheme, an unbiased minimum mean square error (UMMSE) scheme, or some other receiver processing scheme) to derive CSI indicative of characteristics of a number of transmission channels used for data transmission.
• the CSI is encoded and transmitted back to the transmitter unit.
• the CSI from the receiver unit is received and data for transmission to the receiver unit is processed based on the received CSI.
• the reported CSI may include full CSI or partial CSI.
• Full CSI includes sufficient full-bandwidth characterization (e.g., the amplitude and phase across the useable bandwidth) of the propagation path between all pairs of transmit and receive antennas.
• Partial CSI may include, for example, the signal-to-noise-plus-interference (SNR) of the transmission channels.
• SNR signal-to-noise-plus-interference
• the data for each transmission channel may be coded based on the SNR estimate for the transmission channel, and the coded data for each transmission channel may be modulated in accordance with a modulation scheme selected based on the SNR estimate.
• the modulation symbols are also pre-processed prior to transmission in accordance with the received CSI.
• the invention further provides methods, systems, and apparatus that implement various aspects, embodiments, and features of the invention, as described in further detail below.
• FIG. 1 is a diagram of a multiple-input multiple-output (MEVIO) communication system capable of implementing various aspects and embodiments of the invention
• FIGS. 2 A and 2B are block diagrams of an embodiment of a MIMO transmitter system capable of performing partial-CSI processing and full-CSI processing, respectively;
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a MEVIO transmitter system which utilizes orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM);
• OFDM orthogonal frequency division modulation
• FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a portion of a MEVIO transmitter system capable of providing different processing for different transmission types and which also employs OFDM;
• FIGS. 5 and 6 are block diagrams of two embodiments of a receiver system having multiple (N R ) receive antennas and capable of processing a data transmission based on a channel correlation matrix inversion (CCMI) technique and an unbiased minimum mean square error (UMMSE), respectively;
• CCMI channel correlation matrix inversion
• UDMSE unbiased minimum mean square error
• FIG. 7A shows the average throughput for the MEVIO system for three receiver processing techniques and for different SNR values; and [1018]
• FIG. 7B shows the cumulative probability distribution functions (CDF) for the three receiver processing techniques generated based on the histogram of the data.
• CDF cumulative probability distribution functions
• FIG. 1 is a diagram of a multiple-input multiple-output (MEVIO) communication system 100 capable of implementing various aspects and embodiments of the invention.
• System 100 includes a first system 110 in communication with a second system 150.
• System 100 can be operated to employ a combination of antenna, frequency, and temporal diversity (described below) to increase spectral efficiency, improve performance, and enhance flexibility.
• system 150 can be operated to determine the characteristics of the communication link and to report channel state information (CSI) back to system 110, and system 110 can be operated to adjust the processing (e.g., encoding and modulation) of data to be transmitted based on the reported CSI.
• CSI channel state information
• a data source 112 provides data (i.e., information bits):to a transmit (TX) data processor 114, which encodes the data in accordance with a particular encoding scheme, interleaves (i.e., reorders) the encoded data based on a particular interleaving scheme, and maps the interleaved bits into modulation symbols for one or more transmission channels used for transmitting the data.
• TX transmit
• the encoding increases the reliability of the data transmission.
• the interleaving provides time diversity for the coded bits, permits the data to be transmitted based on an average signal-to-noise-plus-interference (SNR) for the transmission channels used for the data transmission, combats fading, and further removes correlation between coded bits used to form each modulation symbol.
• the interleaving may further provide frequency diversity if the coded bits are transmitted over multiple frequency subchannels.
• the encoding, interleaving, and symbol mapping (or a combination thereof) are performed based on the full or partial CSI available to system 110, as indicated in FIG. 1.
• MEVIO system 100 employs multiple antennas at both the transmit and receive ends of the communication link. These transmit and receive antennas may be used to provide various forms of spatial diversity, including transmit diversity and receive diversity. Spatial diversity is characterized by the use of multiple transmit antennas and one or more receive antennas. Transmit diversity is characterized by the transmission of data over multiple transmit antennas.
• the data transmitted from the transmit antennas may be delayed or reordered in time, coded and interleaved across the available transmit antennas, and so on.
• Receive diversity is characterized by the reception of the transmitted signals on multiple receive antennas, and diversity is achieved by simply receiving the signals via different signal paths.
• System 100 may be operated in a number of different communication modes, with each communication mode employing antenna, frequency, or temporal diversity, or a combination thereof.
• the communication modes may include, for example, a "diversity" communication mode and a "MEMO" communication mode.
• the diversity communication mode employs diversity to improve the reliability of the communication link.
• the diversity communication mode which is also referred to as a "pure" diversity communication mode
• data is transmitted from all available transmit antennas to a recipient receiver system.
• the pure diversity communications mode may be used in instances where the data rate requirements are low or when the SNR is low, or when both are true.
• the MEVIO communication mode employs antenna diversity at both ends of the communication link (i.e., multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas) and is generally used to both improve the reliability and increase the capacity of the communications link.
• the MEVIO communication mode may further employ frequency and/or temporal diversity in combination with the antenna diversity.
• System 100 may further utilize orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM), which effectively partitions the operating frequency band into a number of (L) frequency subchannels (i.e., frequency bins). At each time slot (i.e., a particular time interval that may be dependent on the bandwidth of the frequency subchannel), a modulation symbol may be transmitted on each of the L frequency subchannels.
• OFDM orthogonal frequency division modulation
• System 100 may be operated to transmit data via a number of transmission channels.
• a MTMO channel may be decomposed into Nc independent channels, with Nc ⁇ min ⁇ Nr, N R ⁇ .
• Each of the Nc independent channels is also referred to as a spatial subchannel of the MEVIO channel.
• each spatial subchannel may be referred to as a "transmission channel”.
• transmission channel For a MEVIO system not utilizing OFDM, there may be only one frequency subchannel and each spatial subchannel may be referred to as a "transmission channel”.
• each spatial subchannel of each frequency subchannel may be referred to as a transmission channel.
• transmission channel For an OFDM system not operated in the MEVIO communication mode, there is only one spatial subchannel and each frequency subchannel may be referred to as a transmission channel.
• a MEVIO system can provide improved performance if the additional dimensionalities created by the multiple transmit and receive antennas are utilized. While this does not necessarily require knowledge of CSI at the transmitter, increased system efficiency and performance are possible when the transmitter is equipped with CSI, which is descriptive of the transmission characteristics from the transmit antennas to the receive antennas. CSI may be categorized as either "full CSI” or "partial CSI”. [1027] Full CSI includes sufficient characterization (e.g., the amplitude and phase) across the entire system bandwidth (i.e., each frequency subchannel) for the propagation path between each transmit-receive antenna pair in the N T N R MEVIO matrix.
• Full-CSI processing implies that (1) the channel characterization is available at both the transmitter and receiver, (2) the transmitter computes eigenmodes for the MEVIO channel (described below), determines modulation symbols to be transmitted on the eigenmodes, linearly preconditions (filters) the modulation symbols, and transmits the preconditioned modulation symbols, and (3) the receiver performs a complementary processing (e.g., spatial matched filter) of the linear transmit processing based on the channel characterization to compute the Nc spatial matched filter coefficients needed for each transmission channel (i.e., each eigenmode).
• Full-CSI processing further entails processing the data (e.g., selecting the proper coding and modulation schemes) for each transmission channel based on the channel's eigenvalue (described below) to derive the modulation symbols.
• Partial CSI may include, for example, the signal-to-noise-plus-interference (SNR) of the transmission channels (i.e., the SNR for each spatial subchannel for a MEVIO system without OFDM, or the SNR for each frequency subchannel of each spatial subchannel for a MEVIO system with OFDM). Partial-CSI processing may imply processing the data (e.g., selecting the proper coding and modulation schemes) for each transmission channel based on the channel's SNR.
• a TX MEVIO processor 120 receives and processes the modulation symbols from TX data processor 114 to provide symbols suitable for transmission over the MEVIO channel. The processing performed by TX MEVIO processor 120 is dependent on whether full or partial CSI processing is employed, and is described in further detail below.
• TX MEVIO processor 120 may demultiplex and precondition the modulation symbols. And for partial-CSI processing, TX MEVIO processor 120 may simply demultiplex the modulation symbols. The full and partial- CSI MEVIO processing is described in further detail below.
• TX MEVIO processor 120 provides a stream of preconditioned modulation symbols for each transmit antenna, one preconditioned modulation symbol per time slot. Each preconditioned modulation symbol is a linear (and weighted) combination of Nc modulation symbols at a given time slot for the Nc spatial subchannels, as described in further detail below.
• TX MEVIO processor 120 For a MEVIO system employing full-CSI processing and OFDM, TX MEVIO processor 120 provides a stream of preconditioned modulation symbol vectors for each transmit antenna, with each vector including L preconditioned modulation symbols for the L frequency subchannels for a given time slot. For a MEVIO system employing partial- CSI processing but not OFDM, TX MEVIO processor 120 provides a stream of modulation symbols for each transmit antenna, one modulation symbol per time slot. And for a MEVIO system employing partial-CSI processing and OFDM, TX MEVIO processor 120 provides a stream of modulation symbol vectors for each transmit antenna, with each vector including L modulation symbols for the L frequency subchannels for a given time slot. For all cases described above, each stream of (either unconditioned or preconditioned) modulation symbols or modulation symbol vectors is received and modulated by a respective modulator (MOD) 122, and transmitted via an associated antenna 124.
• MOD modulator
• receiver system 150 includes a number of receive antennas 152 that receive the transmitted signals and provide the received signals to respective demodulators (DEMOD) 154. Each demodulator 154 performs processing complementary to that performed at modulator 122. The demodulated symbols from all demodulators 154 are provided to a receive (RX) MEVIO processor 156 and processed in a manner described below. The received modulation symbols for the transmission channels are then provided to a RX data processor 158, which performs processing complementary to that performed by TX data processor 114.
• RX receive
• RX data processor 158 provides bit values indicative of the received modulation symbols, deinterleaves the bit values, and decodes the deinterleaved values to generate decoded bits, which are then provided to a data sink 160.
• the received symbol de- mapping, deinterleaving, and decoding are complementary to the symbol mapping, interleaving, and encoding performed at transmitter system 110. The processing by receiver system 150 is described in further detail below.
• the spatial subchannels of a MEVIO system typically experience different link conditions (e.g., different fading and multipath effects) and may achieve different SNR. Consequently, the capacity of the transmission channels may be different from channel to channel. This capacity may be quantified by the information bit rate (i.e., the number of information bits per modulation symbol) that may be transmitted on each transmission channel for a particular level of performance.
• the link conditions typically vary with time. As a result, the supported information bit rates for the transmission channels also vary with time.
• CSI descriptive of the link conditions may be determined (typically at the receiver unit) and provided to the transmitter unit so that the processing can be adjusted (or adapted) accordingly.
• aspects of the invention provide techniques to determine and utilize (full or partial) CSI to provide improved system performance.
• FIG. 2A is a block diagram of an embodiment of a MEVIO transmitter system 110a, which is one embodiment of the transmitter portion of system 110 in FIG. 1.
• Transmitter system 110a (which does not utilize OFDM) is capable of adjusting its processing based on partial CSI reported by receiver system 150.
• System 110a includes (1) a TX data processor 114a that receives and processes information bits to provide modulation symbols and (2) a TX MEVIO processor 120a that demultiplexes the modulation symbols for the r transmit antennas.
• TX data processor 114a is one embodiment of TX data processor 114 in FIG. 1, and many other designs may also be used for TX data processor 114 and are within the scope of the invention.
• TX data processor 114a includes an encoder 202, a channel interleaver 204, a puncturer 206, and a symbol mapping element 208.
• Encoder 202 receives and encodes the information bits in accordance with a particular encoding scheme to provide coded bits.
• Channel interleaver 204 interleaves the coded bits based on a particular interleaving scheme to provide diversity.
• Puncturer 206 punctures zero or more of the interleaved coded bits to provide the desired number of coded bits.
• symbol mapping element 208 maps the unpunctured coded bit into modulation symbols for one or more transmission channels used for transmitting the data.
• pilot data (e.g., data of known pattern) may be encoded and multiplexed with the processed information bits.
• the processed pilot data may be transmitted (e.g., in a time division multiplexed manner) in all or a subset of the transmission channels used to transmit the information bits.
• the pilot data may be used at the receiver to perform channel estimation, as is known in the art and described in further detail below.
• the encoding and modulation may be adjusted based on the partial-CSI reported by receiver system 150.
• adaptive encoding is achieved by using a fixed base code (e.g., a rate 1/3 Turbo code) and adjusting the puncturing to achieve the desired code rate, as supported by the SNR of the transmission channel used to transmit data.
• a fixed base code e.g., a rate 1/3 Turbo code
• different coding schemes may be used based on the reported partial-CSI (as indicated by the dashed arrow into block 202). For example, each of the transmission channels may be coded with an independent code.
• a successive "nulling/equalization and interference cancellation" receiver processing scheme may be used to detect and decode the data streams to derive a more reliable estimate of the transmitted data streams.
• symbol mapping element 208 can be designed to group sets of unpunctured coded bits to form non-binary symbols, and to map the non-binary symbols into points in a signal constellation corresponding to a particular modulation scheme (e.g., QPSK, M-PSK, M-QAM, or some other scheme) selected for that transmission channel. Each mapped point corresponds to a modulation symbol.
• the number of information bits that may be transmitted for each modulation symbol for a particular level of performance e.g., one percent packet error rate
• the coding scheme and modulation scheme for each transmission channel may be selected based on the reported partial-CSI.
• the channel interleaving may also be adjusted based on the reported partial-CSI (as indicated by the dashed arrow into block 204).
• Table 1 lists various combinations of coding rate and modulation scheme that may be used for a number of S ⁇ R ranges.
• the supported bit rate for each transmission channel may be achieved using any one of a number of possible combinations of coding rate and modulation scheme. For example, one information bit per symbol may be achieved using (1) a coding rate of 1/2 and QPSK modulation, (2) a coding rate of 1/3 and 8-PSK modulation, (3) a coding rate of 1/4 and 16-QAM, or some other combination of coding rate and modulation scheme.
• QPSK, 16- QAM, and 64-QAM are used for the listed S ⁇ R ranges.
• Other modulation schemes such as 8-PSK, 32-QAM, 128-QAM, and so on, may also be used and are within the scope of the invention.
• TX MEVIO processor 120a which is one embodiment of TX MEVIO processor 120 in FIG. 1.
• a demultiplexer 214 demultiplexes the received modulation symbols into a number of (Nr) streams of modulation symbols, one stream for each antenna used to transmit the modulation symbols.
• Each stream of modulation symbols is provided to a respective modulator 122.
• Each modulator 122 converts the modulation symbols into an analog signal, and further amplifies, filters, quadrature modulates, and upconverts the signal to generate a modulated signal suitable for transmission over the wireless link. . , ,
• Nc modulation symbol steams are generated and transmitted on a subset (i.e., Nc) of the available transmitted antennas.
• the remaining (N T - Nc) transmit antennas are not used for the data transmission.
• the additional degrees of freedom provided by the (N T - Nc) additional transmit antennas are used to improve the reliability of the data transmission.
• each of one or more data streams may be encoded, possibly interleaved, and transmitted over multiple transmit antennas. The use of multiple transmit antennas for a data stream increases diversity and improves reliability against deleterious path effects.
• FIG. 2B is a block diagram of an embodiment of a MEVIO transmitter system 110b (which does not utilize OFDM) capable of processing data based on full CSI reported by receiver system 150.
• the information bits are encoded, interleaved, and symbol mapped by a TX data processor 114 to generate modulation symbols.
• the coding and modulation may be adjusted based on the available full-CSI reported by the receiver system, and may be performed as described above for MEVIO transmitter system 110a.
• a channel MEVIO processor 212 demultiplexes the received modulation symbols into a number of (N c ) modulation symbol streams, one stream for each spatial subchannel (i.e., eigenmode) used to transmit the modulation symbols.
• channel MIMO processor 212 preconditions the N c modulation symbols at each time slot to generate N T preconditioned modulation symbols, as follows:
• b ⁇ , b 2 , ... and bn c are respectively the modulation symbols for the spatial subchannels 1, 2, ... N NC , where each of the Nc modulation symbols may be generated using, for example, M-PSK, M-QAM, or some other modulation scheme;
• e y - are elements of an eigenvector matrix E related to the transmission characteristics from the transmit antennas to the receive antennas;
• the eigenvector matrix E may be computed by the transmitter or is provided to the transmitter by the receiver.
• each preconditioned modulation symbol, x,-, for a particular transmit antenna represents a linear combination of (weighted) modulation symbols for up to Nc spatial subchannels.
• the modulation scheme employed for each of the modulation symbol x is based on the effective SNR of that eigenmode and is proportional to an eigenvalue, ⁇ , (described below).
• Each of the Nc modulation symbols used to generate each preconditioned modulation symbol may be associated with a different signal constellation.
• the N preconditioned modulation symbols generated by channel MEVIO processor 212 are demultiplexed by a demultiplexer 214 and provided to NT modulators 122.
• the full-CSI processing may be performed based on the available CSI and on the selected transmit antennas.
• the full-CSI processing may also be enabled and disabled selectively and dynamically. For example, the full-CSI processing may be enabled for a particular data transmission and disabled for some other data transmissions.
• the full-CSI processing may be enabled under certain conditions, for example, when the communication link has adequate SNR.
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a MEVIO transmitter system 110c, which utilizes OFDM and is capable of adjusting its processing based on full or partial CSI.
• the information bits are encoded, interleaved, punctured, and symbol mapped by a TX data processor 114 to generate modulation symbols.
• the coding and modulation may be adjusted based on the available full or partial CSI reported by the receiver system.
• the modulation symbols may be transmitted on multiple frequency subchannels and from multiple transmit antennas. When operating in a pure MEVIO communication mode, the transmission on each frequency subchannel and from each transmit antenna represents non-duplicated data.
• a demultiplexer (DEMUX) 310 receives and demultiplexes the modulation symbols into a number of subchannel symbol streams, S] through S , one subchannel symbol stream for each frequency subchannel used to transmit the symbols.
• each subchannel symbol stream is then provided to a respective subchannel MEVIO processor 312.
• Each subchannel MEVIO processor 312 demultiplexes the received subchannel symbol stream into a number of (up to Nc) symbol substreams, one symbol substream for each spatial subchannel used to transmit the modulation symbols.
• the eigenmodes are derived and applied on a per frequency subchannel basis.
• each subchannel MEVIO processors 312 preconditions up to Nc modulation symbols in accordance with equation (1) to generate preconditioned modulation symbols.
• Each preconditioned modulation symbol for a particular transmit antenna of a particular frequency subchannel represents a linear combination of (weighted) modulation symbols for up to Nc spatial subchannels.
• the (up to) N ⁇ preconditioned modulation symbols generated by each subchannel MEVIO processor 312 for each time slot are demultiplexed by a respective demultiplexer 314 and provided to (up to) N symbol combiners 316a through 316t.
• subchannel MEVIO processor 312a assigned to frequency subchannel 1 may provide up to NT preconditioned modulation symbols for frequency subchannel 1 of antennas 1 through N T -
• subchannel MEVIO processor 312Z assigned to frequency subchannel L may provide up to N T symbols for frequency subchannel L of antennas 1 through N T .
• each subchannel symbol stream, S is demultiplexed by a respective demultiplexer 314 and provided to (up to) N T symbol combiners 316a through 316t.
• the processing by subchannel MEVIO processor 312 is bypassed for partial-CSI processing.
• Each combiner 316 receives the modulation symbols for up to L frequency subchannels, combines the symbols for each time slot into a modulation symbol vector V, and provides the modulation symbol vector to the next processing stage (i.e., modulator 122).
• MEVIO processor 120c thus receives and processes the modulation symbols to provide N T modulation symbol vectors, Ni through N T , one modulation symbol vector for each transmit antenna.
• Each modulation symbol vector N covers a single time slot, and each element of the modulation symbol vector N is associated with a specific frequency subchannel having a unique subcarrier on which the modulation symbol is conveyed. If not operating in a "pure" MEVIO communication mode, some of the modulation symbol vectors may have duplicate or redundant information on specific frequency subchannels for different transmit antennas.
• FIG. 3 also shows an embodiment of modulator 122 for OFDM.
• the modulation symbol vectors Ni through N T from MEVIO processor 120c are provided to modulators 122a through 122t, respectively.
• each modulator 122 includes an inverse Fast Fourier Transform (EFFT) 320, cycle prefix generator 322, and an upconverter 324.
• EFFT inverse Fast Fourier Transform
• ⁇ FFT 320 converts each received modulation symbol vector into its time- domain representation (which is referred to as an OFDM symbol) using 1F T.
• IFFT 320 can be designed to perform the EFFT on any number of frequency subchannels (e.g., 8, 16, 32, and so on).
• cycle prefix generator 322 repeats a portion of the time-domain representation of the OFDM symbol to form a transmission symbol for a specific transmit antenna. The cyclic prefix insures that the transmission symbol retains its orthogonal properties in the presence of multipath delay spread, thereby improving performance against deleterious path effects.
• IFFT 320 and cycle prefix generator 322 are known in the art and not described in detail herein.
• the time-domain representations from each cycle prefix generator 322 i.e., the transmission symbols for each antenna
• OFDM modulation is described in further detail in a paper entitled “Multicarrier Modulation for Data Transmission : An Idea Whose Time Has Come," by John A.C. Bingham, IEEE Communications Magazine, May 1990, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• a number of different types of transmission may be transmitted by a communication system. Each of these transmissions may require different processing.
• FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a portion of a MEVIO transmitter system 1 lOd capable of providing different processing for different transmission types and which also employs OFDM.
• the aggregate input data which includes all information bits to be transmitted by system HOd, is provided to a demultiplexer 408.
• Demultiplexer 408 demultiplexes the input data into a number of (K) channel data streams, through B R .
• Each channel data stream may correspond to, for example, a signaling channel, a broadcast channel, a voice call, or a packet data transmission.
• Each channel data stream - is provided to a respective TX data processor 114 that encodes the data using a particular encoding scheme selected for that channel data stream, interleaves the encoded data based on a particular interleaving scheme, and maps the interleaved bits into modulation symbols for one or more transmission channels used for transmitting that channel data stream.
• the encoding can be performed on a per transmission basis (i.e., on each channel data stream, as shown in FIG. 4). However, the encoding may also be performed on the aggregate input data (as shown in FIG. 1), on a number of channel data streams, on a portion of a channel data stream, across a set of frequency subchannels, across a set of spatial subchannels, across a set of frequency subchannels and spatial subchannels, across each frequency subchannel, on each modulation symbol, or on some other unit of time, space, and frequency.
• the modulation symbol stream from each TX data processor 114 may be transmitted on one or more frequency subchannels and via one or more spatial subchannels of each frequency subchannel.
• a TX MEVIO processor 120d receives the modulation symbol streams from TX data processors 114. Depending on the communication mode to be used for each modulation symbol stream, TX MEVIO processor 120d may demultiplex the modulation symbol stream into a number of subchannel symbol streams. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, modulation symbol stream Si is transmitted on one frequency subchannel and modulation symbol stream S K is transmitted on L frequency subchannels. The modulation stream for each frequency subchannel is processed by a respective subchannel MEVIO processor 412, demultiplexed by demultiplexer 414, and combined by combiner 416 (e.g., in similar manner as that described in FIG. 3) to form a modulation symbol vector for each transmit antenna.
• combiner 416 e.g., in similar manner as that described in FIG.
• a transmitter system codes and modulates data for each transmission channel based on information descriptive of that channel's transmission capability. This information is typically in the. form of full CSI or partial CSI described above.
• the full/partial-CSI for the transmission channels used for data transmission is typically determined at the receiver system and reported back to the transmitter system, which then uses the information to adjust the coding and modulation accordingly.
• the techniques described herein are applicable for multiple parallel transmission channels supported by MEVIO, OFDM, or any other communication scheme (e.g., a CDMA scheme) capable of supporting multiple parallel transmission channels.
• MEVIO processing is described in further detail in U.S Patent Application Serial No.
• aspects of the invention provide techniques to process the received signals in a MEMO system to recover the transmitted data, and to estimate the characteristics of the MEMO channel. The estimated channel characteristics may then be reported back to the transmitter system and used to adjust the signal processing (e.g., coding, modulation, and so on). In this manner, high performance is achieved based on the determined channel conditions.
• the receiver processing techniques described herein include a channel correlation matrix inversion (CCMI) technique, an unbiased minimum mean square error (UMMSE) technique, and a full-CSI technique, all of which are described in further detail below. Other receiver processing techniques may also be used and are within the scope of the invention.
• FIG. 1 shows receiver system 150 having multiple (N R ) receive antennas and capable of processing a data transmission.
• the transmitted signals from up to N T transmit antennas are received by each of N R antennas 152a through 152r and routed to a respective demodulator (DEMOD) 154 (which is also referred to as a front-end processor).
• DEMOD demodulator
• receive antenna 152a may receive a number of transmitted signals from a number of transmit antennas
• receive antenna 152r may similarly receive multiple transmitted signals.
• Each demodulator 154 conditions (e.g., filters and amplifies) the received signal, downconverts the conditioned signal to an intermediate frequency or baseband, and digitizes the do wncon verted signal.
• Each demodulator 154 may further demodulate the digitized samples with a received pilot to generate received modulation symbols, which are provided to RX MEMO processor 156.
• each demodulator 154 further performs processing complementary to that performed by modulator 122 shown in FIG. 3.
• each demodulator 154 includes an FFT processor (not shown) that generates transformed representations of the samples and provides a stream of modulation symbol vectors, with each vector including L modulation symbols for L frequency subchannels.
• the modulation symbol vector streams from the FFT processors of all demodulators are then provided to a demultiplexer/combiner (not shown in FIG. 5), which first "channelizes" the modulation symbol vector stream from each FFT processor into a number of (up to L) subchannel symbol streams.
• Each of (up to) L subchannel symbol streams may then be provided to a respective RX MEMO processor 156.
• r is the received symbol vector (i.e., the N R x 1 vector output from the MEMO channel, as measured at the receive antennas)
• H is the N R x N T channel coefficient matrix that gives the channel response for the N T transmit antennas and N R receive antennas at a specific time
• x is the transmitted symbol vector (i.e., the N T x 1 vector input into the MIMO channel)
• n is an N R X 1 vector representing noise plus interference.
• the received symbol vector r includes N R modulation symbols from N R signals received via N R receive antennas at a specific time.
• the transmitted symbol vector x includes N modulation symbols in N T signals transmitted via N T transmit antennas at a specific time.
• the receiver system first performs a channel matched filter operation on the received symbol vector r, and the filtered output can be expressed as:
• H transpose and complex conjugate.
• the channel coefficient matrix H may be derived, for example, from pilot symbols transmitted along with the data.
• pilot symbols transmitted along with the data.
• Such known symbols are also referred to as pilot symbols or pilot signals.
• Methods for estimating a single transmission channel based on a pilot signal or the data transmission may be found in a number of papers available in the art. One such channel estimation method is described by F. Ling in a paper entitled “Optimal Reception, Performance Bound, and Cutoff-Rate Analysis of References- Assisted Coherent CDMA Communications with Applications," IEEE Transaction On Communication, Oct. 1999.
• An estimate of the transmitted symbol vector, x ⁇ may be obtained by multiplying the signal vector H H r with the inverse (or pseudo-inverse) of R, which can be expressed as:
• the transmitted symbol vector x may be recovered by matched filtering (i.e., multiplying with the matrix H H ) the received symbol vector r and then multiplying the filtered result with the inverse square matrix
• the SNR of the transmission channels may be determined as follows.
• the autocorrelation matrix ⁇ m of the noise vector n is first computed from the received signal.
• ⁇ m is a Hermitian matrix, i.e., it is complex-conjugate-symmetric. If the components of the channel noise are uncorrelated and further independent and identically distributed (iid), the autocorrelation matrix ⁇ m of the noise vector n can be expressed as:
• the autocorrelation matrix ⁇ n , n , of the post-processed noise vector n' (i.e., after the matched filtering and pre-multiplication with the matrix R "1 ) can be expressed as:
• the noise variance ⁇ . of the i-th element of the post-processed noise n' is equal to ⁇ 1 .. , where r.. is the i-th diagonal element of R '1 .
• the i-th element is representative of the i-th receive antenna.
• the subscript "i” may be decomposed into a subscript "jk", where "j" represents the j-th frequency subchannel and "k” represents the k-th spatial subchannel corresponding to the k-th receive antenna.
• the SNR of the i-th element of the received symbol vector after processing (i.e., the i-th element of x') can be expressed as:
• the S ⁇ R of the receive symbol vector may be expressed as:
• the noise variance may be normalized by scaling the i-th element of the received symbol vector by I ⁇ , .
• the scaled signals from the ⁇ R receive antennas may be summed together to form a combined signal, which may be expressed as:
• the S ⁇ R of the combined signal, S ⁇ R to tai, would then have a maximal combined SNR that is equal to the sum of the SNR of the signals from the N R receive antennas.
• the combined SNR may be expressed as:
• FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of an RX MEMO processor 156a, which is capable of implementing the CCMI processing described above.
• the modulation symbols from the ⁇ R receive antennas are multiplexed by a multiplexer 512 to form a stream of received modulation symbol vectors r.
• the channel coefficient matrix H may be estimated based on pilot signals similar to conventional pilot assisted single and multi-carrier systems, as is known in the art.
• the received modulation symbol vectors r are then filtered by a match filter 514, which pre- multiplies each vector r with the conjugate-transpose channel coefficient matrix H H , as shown above in equation (3).
• the filtered vectors are further pre-multiplied by a multiplier 516 with the inverse square matrix R "1 to form an estimate x' of the transmitted modulation symbol vector x, as shown above in equation (4).
• the subchannel symbol streams from all antennas used for the transmission of the channel data stream may be provided to a combiner 518, which combines redundant information across time, space, and frequency.
• the combined modulation symbols x" are then provided to RX data processor 158.
• the estimated modulation symbols x' may be provided directly to RX data processor 158 (not shown in FIG. 5).
• RX MEMO processor 156a thus generates a number of independent symbol streams corresponding to the number of transmission channels used at the transmitter system.
• Each symbol stream includes post-processed modulation symbols, which correspond to the modulation symbols prior to the full/partial-CSI processing at the transmitter system.
• the (post-processed) symbol streams are then provided to RX data processor 158.
• each post-processed symbol stream of modulation symbols is provided to a respective demodulation element that implements a demodulation scheme (e.g., M-PSK, M-QAM) that is complementary to the modulation scheme used at the transmitter system for the transmission channel being processed.
• a demodulation scheme e.g., M-PSK, M-QAM
• the demodulated data from all assigned demodulators may then be decoded independently or multiplexed into one channel data stream and then decoded, depending upon the coding and modulation method employed at the transmitter unit.
• Each channel data stream may then be provided to a respective decoder that implements a decoding scheme complementary to that used at the transmitter unit for the channel data stream.
• the decoded data from each decoder represents an estimate of the transmitted data for that channel data stream.
• the estimated modulation symbols x' and/or the combined modulation symbols x" are also provided to a CSI processor 520, which determines full or partial CSI for the transmission channels and provides the full/partial-CSI to be reported back to transmitter system 110.
• CSI processor 520 may estimate the noise covariance matrix ⁇ m of the i-th transmission channel based on the received pilot signal and then compute the SNR based on equations (7) and (9).
• the SNR can be estimated similar to conventional pilot assisted single and multi-carrier systems, as is known in the art.
• the SNR for the transmission channels comprises the partial-CSI that is reported back to the transmitter system.
• the modulation symbols are further provided to a channel estimator 522 and a matrix processor 524 that respectively estimates the channel coefficient matrix H and derive the square matrix R.
• a controller 530 couples to RX MEMO processor 156a and RX data processor 158 and directs the operation of these units.
• ⁇ [1079]
• a derivative of the cost function can be taken with respect to M, and the result can be set to zero, as follows:
• the matrix M can be expressed as:
• the signal component can first be determined based on the mean of x given x, averaged over the additive noise, which can be expressed as:
• Vx Vx , where the matrix V is defined as:
• the matrix V can be expressed as:
• V H H ⁇ I 1 H(I + H ⁇ - 1 H- 1 .
• the expected value of the i-th element of x can be expressed as:
• x i is a biased estimate of x t .
• This bias can be removed to obtain improved receiver performance in accordance with the UMMSE technique.
• An unbiased estimate of x. can be obtained by dividing x. by v...
• the unbiased minimum mean square error estimate of x, x can be obtained by pre- multiplying the biased estimate x by a diagonal matrix Dy , as follows:
• D ⁇ 1 diag(llv n , l/v 22 , ...,IIV NRNR ) .
• the error e between the unbiased estimate x and the transmitted symbol vector x can be expressed as:
• the autocorrelation matrix of the error vector e can be expressed as:
• the variance of the i-th element of the error vector e is equal to «,•,-.
• the elements of the error vector e are correlated. However, sufficient interleaving may be used such that the correlation between the elements of the error vector e can be ignored and only the variance affects system performance.
• the correlation matrix of the channel noise can be expressed as shown in equation (5).
• the autocorrelation matrix of the error vector e can be expressed as:
• ⁇ re I -D-'[I - ⁇ n 2 ( ⁇ ll + R)-'](I -ID "1 ) - (I - ⁇ J) i )[l - ⁇ I + R) "1 ⁇ 1
• the S ⁇ R of for the receive symbol vector may be expressed as:
• FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of an RX MEMO processor 156b, which is capable of implementing the UMMSE processing described above. Similar to the CCMI method, the matrices H and ⁇ m may be first estimated based on the received pilot signals and/or data transmissions. The weighting coefficient matrix M is then computed according to equation (11). Within RX MEMO processor 156b, the modulation symbols from the ⁇ R receive antennas are multiplexed by a multiplexer 612 to form a stream of received modulation symbol vectors r. The received modulation symbol vectors r are then pre-multiplied by a multiplier 614 with the matrix M to form an estimate x of the transmitted symbol vector x, as shown above in equation (10). The estimate x is further pre-multiplied by a multiplier 616 with the diagonal matrix Dy 1 to form an unbiased estimate x of the transmitted symbol vector x, as shown above in equation (15).
• the subchannel symbol streams from all antennas used for the transmission of the channel data stream may be provided to a combiner 618, which combines redundant information across time, space, and frequency.
• the combined modulation symbols x " are then provided to RX data processor 158.
• the estimated modulation symbols x may be provided directly to RX data processor 158.
• the unbiased estimated modulation symbols x and/or the combined modulation symbols x " are also provided to a CSI processor 620, which determines full or partial CSI for the transmission channels and provides the full/partial-CSI to be reported back to transmitter system 110.
• CSI processor 620 may estimate the SNR of the i-th transmission channel according to equations (16) through (18).
• the SNR for the transmission channels comprises the partial-CSI that is reported back to the transmitter system.
• the optimal M as computed in equation (11) should already minimize the norm of the error vector.
• D v is computed in accordance with equation (16).
• the eigenvector decomposition of the Hermitian matrix formed by the product of the channel matrix with its conjugate-transpose can be expressed as:
• H H H E ⁇ .E H , where E is the eigenvector matrix, and ⁇ is a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues, both of dimension NTXN T -
• the transmitter preconditions a set of NT modulation symbols b using the eigenvector matrix E, as shown above in equation (1).
• H H H Hermitian
• the eigenvector matrix is unitary. Thus, if the elements of b have equal power, the elements of x also have equal power.
• the receiver performs a channel-matched-filter operation, followed by multiplication by the right eigenvectors.
• the result of the channel-matched-filter and multiplication operations is a vector z, which can be expressed as:
• the SNR of the i-th component of z is ⁇ x , the i-th diagonal element of ⁇ .
• the receiver embodiment shown in FIG. 5 may also be used to implement the full-CSI technique.
• the received modulation symbol vectors r are filtered by match filter 514, which pre-multiplies each vector r with the conjugate-transpose channel coefficient matrix H H , as shown above in equation (20).
• the filtered vectors are further pre-multiplied by multiplier 516 with the right eigenvectors E H to form an estimate z of the modulation symbol vector b, as shown above in equation (20).
• matrix processor 524 is configured to provide the right eigenvectors ⁇ H .
• the subsequent processing (e.g., by combiner 518 and RX data processor 158) may be achieved as described above.
• the transmitter unit can select a coding scheme and a modulation scheme (i.e., a signal constellation) for each of the eigenvectors based on the SNR that is given by the eigenvalue.
• a modulation scheme i.e., a signal constellation
• the performance of the communications system may be equivalent to that of a set of independent AWGN channels with known SNRs.
• the SNR of each transmission channel may be obtained for the received signals.
• the determined SNR for the transmission channels may then be reported back to the transmitter system via a reverse channel.
• adaptive processing e.g., adaptive coding and modulation
• adaptive processing may be achieved without complete CSI.
• x,- ⁇ 2 ]l .. or SNR,. 1/-.,.,. for the symbol received on the i-th transmission channel, with uu being computed as shown above in equations (16) and (17)) are fed back to the transmitter.
• x,- ⁇ 2 ]l .. or SNR,. 1/-.,.,. for the symbol received on the i-th transmission channel, with uu being computed as shown above in equations (16) and (17)
• the eigenmodes ⁇ may be further * determined and fed back to the transmitter.
• the S ⁇ R are used at the transmitter system to adjust the processing of the data.
• the eigenmodes ⁇ are further used to precondition the modulation symbols prior to transmission.
• the CSI to be reported back to the transmitter may be sent in full, differentially, or a combination thereof.
• full or partial CSI is reported periodically, and differential updates are sent based on the prior transmitted CSI.
• the updates may be corrections (based on an error signal) to the reported eigenmodes.
• the eigenvalues typically do not change as rapidly as the eigenmodes, so these may be updated at a lower rate.
• the CSI is sent only when there is a change (e.g., if the change exceeds a particular threshold), which may lower the effective rate of the feedback channel.
• the S ⁇ Rs may be sent back (e.g., differentially) only when they change.
• correlation in the frequency domain may be exploited to permit reduction in the amount of CSI to be fed back.
• the S ⁇ R corresponding to a particular spatial subchannel for M frequency subchannels is the same, the S ⁇ R and the first and last frequency subchannels for which this condition is true may be reported.
• Other compression and feedback channel error recovery techniques to reduce the amount of data to be fed back for CSI may also be used and are within the scope of the invention.
• the full or partial-CSI (e.g., channel SNR) determined by RX MEMO processor 156 is provided to a TX data processor 162, which processes the CSI and provides processed data to one or more modulators 154. Modulators 154 further condition the processed data and transmit the CSI back to transmitter system 110 via a reverse channel.
• the transmitted feedback signal is received by antennas 124, demodulated by demodulators 122, and provided to a RX data processor 132.
• RX data processor 132 performs processing complementary to that performed by TX data processor 162 and recovers the reported full/partial-CSI, which is then provided to, and used to adjust the processing by, TX data processor 114 and TX MEMO processor 120.
• Transmitter system 110 may adjust (i.e., adapt) its processing based on the full/partial-CSI (e.g., SNR information) from receiver system 150. For example, the coding for each transmission channel may be adjusted such that the information bit rate matches the transmission capability supported by the channel SNR.
• the modulation scheme for the transmission channel may be selected based on the channel SNR.
• Other processing e.g., interleaving
• the adjustment of the processing for each transmission channel based on the determined SNR for the channel allows the MEMO system to achieve high performance (i.e., high throughput or bit rate for a particular level of performance).
• the adaptive processing can be applied to a single-carrier MEMO system or a multi-carrier based MEMO system (e.g., a MEMO system utilizing OFDM).
• the adjustment in the coding and the selection of the modulation scheme at the transmitter system may be achieved based on numerous techniques, one of which is described in the aforementioned U.S Patent Application Serial No. 09/776,073.
• the partial (e.g., CCMI and UMMSE) and full-CSI techniques are receiver processing techniques that allow a MEMO system to utilize the additional dimensionalities created by the use of multiple transmit and receive antennas, which is a main advantage for employing MEMO.
• the CCMI and UMMSE techniques may allow the same number of modulation symbols to be transmitted, for each time slot as for a MEMO system utilizing full CSI.
• FIGS. 5 and 6 represent two embodiments of a receiver system capable of processing a MEMO transmission, determining the characteristics of the transmission channels (i.e., the SNR), and reporting full or partial CSI back to the transmitter system.
• Other designs based on the techniques presented herein and other receiver processing techniques can be contemplated and are within the scope of the invention.
• the partial-CSI technique may also be used in a straightforward manner without adaptive processing at the transmitter when only the overall received signal SNR or the attainable overall throughput estimated based on such SNR is feed back.
• a modulation format is determined based on the received SNR estimate or the estimated throughput, and the same modulation format is used for all transmission channels. This method may reduce the overall system throughput but may also greatly reduce the amount of information sent back over the reverse link.
• Improvement in system performance may be realized with the use of the full/partial-CSI feedback techniques of the invention.
• the system throughput with partial CSI feedback can be computed and compared against the throughput with full CSI feedback.
• the system throughput can be defined as:
• ⁇ . is the SNR of each received modulation symbol for partial CSI techniques or the SNR of each transmission channel for the full CSI technique.
• FIGS. 7 A and 7B show the performance of a 4 x 4 MEMO system employing partial-CSI and full-CSI feedback techniques. The results are obtained from a computer simulation. In the simulation, the elements of each channel coefficient matrix H are modeled as independent Gaussian random variable with zero mean and unity variance. For each calculation, a number of random matrix realizations are generated and the throughput computed for the realization are averaged to generate the average throughput.
• FIG. 7A shows the average throughput for the MEMO system for the full- CSI, partial-CSI CCMI, and partial-CSI UMMSE techniques for different SNR values. It can be seen from FIG. 7A that the throughput of the partial-CSI UMMSE technique is approximately 75% of the full- SI throughput at high SNR values, and approaches the full CSI throughput at low SNR values.
• the throughput of the partial-CSI CCMI technique is approximately 75%-90% of the throughput of the partial-CSI UMMSE technique at high SNR values, and is approximately less than 30% of the UMMSE throughput at low SNR values.
• FIG. 7B shows the cumulative probability distribution functions (CDF) for the three techniques generated based on the histogram of the data.
• FIG. 7B shows that at an average SNR of 16 dB per transmission channel, there are approximately 5% cases when the throughput is less than 2 bps/Hz for the CCMI technique.
• the throughput of the UMMSE technique is above 7.5 bps/Hz for all cases at the same SNR.
• the UMMSE technique is likely to have lower outage probability than the CCMI technique.
• the elements of the transmitter and receiver systems may be implemented with one or more digital signal processors (DSP), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), processors, microprocessors, controllers, microcontrollers, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), programmable logic devices, other electronic units, or any combination thereof.
• DSP digital signal processors
• ASIC application specific integrated circuits
• FPGA field programmable gate arrays
• Some of the functions and processing described herein may also be implemented with software executed on a processor.
• aspects of the invention may be implemented with a combination of software and hardware. For example, computations for the symbol estimates for the CCMI and UMMSE techniques and the derivation of the channel SNR may be performed based on program codes executed on a processor (controllers 530 and 650 in FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively).

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