WO2001054220A2 - Fuels for non-alkaline fuel cells - Google Patents

Fuels for non-alkaline fuel cells Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001054220A2
WO2001054220A2 PCT/IL2001/000054 IL0100054W WO0154220A2 WO 2001054220 A2 WO2001054220 A2 WO 2001054220A2 IL 0100054 W IL0100054 W IL 0100054W WO 0154220 A2 WO0154220 A2 WO 0154220A2
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Prior art keywords
fuel
fuel cell
oxalate
fuels
direct oxidation
Prior art date
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PCT/IL2001/000054
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2001054220A8 (en
WO2001054220A3 (en
Inventor
Emanuel Peled
Tair Duvdevani
Avi Melman
Adi Aharon
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Ramot at Tel Aviv University Ltd
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Ramot at Tel Aviv University Ltd
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Priority claimed from US09/484,267 external-priority patent/US6447943B1/en
Priority to AU2001227021A priority Critical patent/AU2001227021A1/en
Application filed by Ramot at Tel Aviv University Ltd filed Critical Ramot at Tel Aviv University Ltd
Priority to AT01901354T priority patent/ATE429717T1/de
Priority to IL15064801A priority patent/IL150648A0/xx
Priority to KR1020027009174A priority patent/KR20020092359A/ko
Priority to CA002397568A priority patent/CA2397568A1/en
Priority to JP2001553610A priority patent/JP2003520413A/ja
Priority to EP01901354A priority patent/EP1249052B1/en
Priority to DE60138453T priority patent/DE60138453D1/de
Publication of WO2001054220A2 publication Critical patent/WO2001054220A2/en
Priority to IL150648A priority patent/IL150648A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Publication of WO2001054220A3 publication Critical patent/WO2001054220A3/en
Publication of WO2001054220A8 publication Critical patent/WO2001054220A8/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
    • H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
    • H01B1/122—Ionic conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
    • H01M16/003—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers
    • H01M16/006—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers of fuel cells with rechargeable batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0289—Means for holding the electrolyte
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    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04186—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of liquid-charged or electrolyte-charged reactants
    • H01M8/04194—Concentration measuring cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04291—Arrangements for managing water in solid electrolyte fuel cell systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0444—Concentration; Density
    • H01M8/04447—Concentration; Density of anode reactants at the inlet or inside the fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
    • H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04828—Humidity; Water content
    • H01M8/04843—Humidity; Water content of fuel cell exhausts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/08—Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
    • H01M8/1011—Direct alcohol fuel cells [DAFC], e.g. direct methanol fuel cells [DMFC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/1041—Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends
    • H01M8/1046—Mixtures of at least one polymer and at least one additive
    • H01M8/1048—Ion-conducting additives, e.g. ion-conducting particles, heteropolyacids, metal phosphate or polybenzimidazole with phosphoric acid
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/1041—Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends
    • H01M8/1046—Mixtures of at least one polymer and at least one additive
    • H01M8/1051—Non-ion-conducting additives, e.g. stabilisers, SiO2 or ZrO2
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0088—Composites
    • H01M2300/0091—Composites in the form of mixtures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/04104—Regulation of differential pressures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04186—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of liquid-charged or electrolyte-charged reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04701—Temperature
    • H01M8/04731—Temperature of other components of a fuel cell or fuel cell stacks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
    • H01M8/04783—Pressure differences, e.g. between anode and cathode
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to fuel cells and to organic fuels for use in fuel cells.
  • the present invention provides organic fuels for fuel cells.
  • the organic fuels according to the present invention are selected from the group consisting of dimethyl oxalate (DMO), ethylene glycol (EG), its oxalic, glyoxalic, and formic esters, glyoxylic acid and its methyl esters, glyoxylic aldehyde, and poly(ethylene oxalate), the latter being a polyester of oxalic acid and ethilene glycol.
  • DMO dimethyl oxalate
  • EG ethylene glycol
  • glyoxalic glyoxalic
  • formic esters glyoxylic acid and its methyl esters
  • glyoxylic aldehyde glyoxylic aldehyde
  • poly(ethylene oxalate) poly(ethylene oxalate)
  • the organic fuels of the invention undergo clean and efficient oxidation in non-alkaline fuel cells, especially in acidic fuel cells.
  • Preferable fuels according to the present invention are dimethyl oxalate, ethylene glycol, its formic acid ester, ethylene oxalate and poly (ethylene oxalate). Most preferable fuels according to the present invention are ethylene glycol and dimethyl oxalate. Preferable fuels of the invention are those that goes over 80%> conversion to C0 , and leave only negligible amounts of nonvolatile side products when used as fuels in a fuel cell.
  • Non-limiting examples of fuel cells that may work satisfactorily with the fuels of the invention are liquid feed fuel cells, gas feed fuel cells, high temperature fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and fuel cells that use proton exchange or proton conducting membranes.
  • fuel cells that use proton exchange or proton conducting membranes, or solid oxide fuel cells are liquid feed fuel cells, gas feed fuel cells, high temperature fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and fuel cells that use proton exchange or proton conducting membranes.
  • fuel cells that use proton exchange or proton conducting membranes or solid oxide fuel cells.
  • the invention also provides for mixtures of the fuels of the inventions, as well as mixtures of the fuels of the invention with known organic fuels, such as methanol, for use as fuels in fuel cells.
  • Some of the fuels of the invention may also be useful with alkaline fuel cells, especially in elevated temperatures.
  • alkaline electrolyte when alkaline electrolyte is used, there may be a need to replace it from time to time, due to incomplete electro-oxidation of the fuels in basic environment and the accumulation of carbonates or other organic salts due to this incomplete electro-oxidation.
  • the fuels of the invention have higher boiling points than methanol, thus transporting through the proton conducting membrane mainly in their liquid phase.
  • the diffusion coefficient in liquid phase is smaller than in the gas phase.
  • the solid fuels of the invention may be advantageous over liquid fuels like methanol for several reasons such as their easier handling and their lower solubility in water. Thus, they maintain low concentration which helps in keeping the crossover current low. Furthermore, it is possible to store saturated solutions thereof, for example, in the anode chamber of the fuel cell, together with considerable amount of solid fuel, which dissolves when the cell is in operation and fuel is consumed, while the non-dissolved solid fuel serves as a fuel reservoir.
  • the invention provides a direct oxidation fuel cell having an anode, a cathode, a proton conducting membrane disposed between said anode and said cathode, means for supplying an organic fuel to the anode and means for supplying oxygen to the cathode, wherein said organic fuel is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl oxalate (DMO), ethylene glycol (EG), its oxalic, glyoxalic, and formic esters, glyoxylic acid and its methyl esters, glyoxylic aldehyde, and poly(ethylene oxalate).
  • DMO dimethyl oxalate
  • EG ethylene glycol
  • glyoxalic glyoxalic
  • formic esters glyoxylic acid and its methyl esters
  • glyoxylic aldehyde glyoxylic aldehyde
  • Preferable cells according to this aspect of the invention are those wherein the fuels are selected from the group consisting of dimethyl oxalate, ethylene glycol, its oxalic and formic acid esters, and poly(ethylene oxalate). Most preferable fuel cells according to this aspect of the present invention are those wherein the fuel is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol and dimethyl oxalate.
  • the fuel cell according to this aspect of the present invention is further characterized in that the C0 2 produced during the operation thereof is released through a thin hydrophobic porous matrix placed in the anode compartment or in the fuel tank, thus allowing the release of the gas without losing solution.
  • the present invention provides for a fuel cell, which is specifically adapted for working with the fuels of the invention.
  • a fuel cell is characterized by having a cathode comprising ,in addition to oxygen reduction catalyst, a fuel oxidation catalyst, non-limiting examples thereof are Pt-Ru, Pt-Sn, Pt-Ru-Sn, Pt-Ag-Ru, Pt-Os catalyst, or combination of these catalysts.
  • the fuel oxidation catalyst at the cathode improves oxidation of the fuel that crossed over the membrane and prevents it from deactivating the oxygen reduction catalyst of the cathode, which typically is a Pt or Pt alloy catalyst.
  • the practical ratio between the reduction catalyst to the oxidation catalyst is between 1% to 50%, preferably 5% to 20% (w/w) or between 0.01 to 5mg, preferably between 0.05 to 0.2mg oxidation catalyst per cm of the oxygen electrode.
  • the invention further provides, according to another of its aspects, a method for evaluating the concentration of the new fuels in at a predetermined temperature, the method comprising the following steps:
  • step (c) evaluating the fuel concentration from the current measured in step (b) and the calibration curve prepared in step (a).
  • This method is based on the inventors finding that crossover current in fuel cells of the invention is directly proportional to the fuel concentration. For instance, the crossover current density of 1M EG at 80°C was found to be about twice that of 0.5M EG at the same temperature (41 and 19mA/cm , respectively) and the crossover current density of 0.25M DMO at 60°C was found to be about 2.5 times that of 0.1M DMO at the same temperature (2.5 and 0.9mA/cm , respectively). This finding is valid under conditions ensuring that the measured current is independent of the voltage at which it is measured.
  • the method of the invention may be applied to measure the fuel concentration of a fuel solution in a working fuel cell. This may be carried out by measuring the crossover current in the operating fuel cell.
  • an auxiliary small fuel cell for carrying out the measurement may be provided. This alternative allows for the measurement in accordance with the invention without having to operate the whole fuel cell in the voltage required for the measurement.
  • the auxiliary fuel cell may be physically separated from the fuel cell, build in it, attached to it or attached to the fuel tank.
  • the present invention also provides for a hybrid power source comprising at least one fuel cell according to the present invention a DC to DC converter, and a rechargeable battery.
  • Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and liquid feed fuel cells (LFFC) are low power sources.
  • devices like cellular telephones, computers and small electric vehicles need high power for short times.
  • a fuel cell according to the invention with a small high power rechargeable battery, which supplies the high power when required.
  • Such a combination is advantageous over current art hybrid power source, inter alia thanks to the small crossover current.
  • Today DC to DC converters can start working from 0.7N. As a it is possible to combine as few as two or three fuel cells (in a series combination) through a DC to DC converter to a battery.
  • this hybrid power source is preferably with a fuel cell of low crossover current density such as the fuel cell of the invention.
  • the fuel cell charges the battery and supplies the low power demand while the high power battery supplies the heavy loads. This small number of required fuel cells enables the use of a flat and thin fuel cell system.
  • the present invention provides such hybrid power sources that are fueled with the fuels of the present invention. Fueling such hybrid power sources with a solid fuel of the present invention will be most advantageous.
  • a hybrid power source built of two thin fuel cells, connected in a series combination and fueled by liquid fuels of the invention such as EG or by a solid fuel of the invention, such as DMO, a DC to DC converter and a small high power lithium ion cell.
  • Fig. 1 is a graph showing polarization curves of some fuels according to the present invention and some current art fuels; and Fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of a solid feed organic fuel cell in accordance with the invention.
  • a fuel cell was manufactured with the use of pure metal catalysts, instead of carbon supported catalysts.
  • a cathodic catalyst ink was prepared by the following process:
  • a nano powder Pt (Pt black, purchased from “Johnson Matthey)
  • TeflonTM emulsion and NafionTM 5% solution were combined in the following weight proportions: 60%Pt, 25% Teflon emulsion and 15% Nafion.
  • An anodic catalyst ink was prepared by the following process: A Pt:Ru nano powder (Pt:Ru black 50% purchased from "Johnson Matthey") and PNDF were mixed in the following weight proportions: 91% catalyst powder and 9% PNDF. Propylene carbonate was added in an amount equal to 30-70% of the catalyst volume, then cyclopentanone was added and the ink obtained was stirred for at least one night.
  • the cathode catalyst ink was applied on teflonated TorayTM carbon fiber paper, to form 4 mg Pt/cm .
  • the ink in the form of a paste
  • the anode catalyst ink was applied on unteflonated TorayTM carbon fiber paper, until 5-10 mg catalyst/cm was obtained. Both electrodes were washed with 3M sulfuric acid and then with water.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates polarization curves for this kind of fuel cell under the following conditions: a solution of the fuel and 3M H 2 S0 4 was circulated through the anode at a rate of 9ml/min. Oxygen was circulated past the cathode at a pressure of 0.25 atm. over the atmospheric pressure. The cell temperature was 65°C.
  • the PCM was 300 micron thick, consisting of (N/N) 16% nanosize powder of Si0 2 , 24% PNDF and 60%) pore volume, of 1.5 nm typical diameter.
  • the cell demonstrated over 100 hours of stable operation at 0.4N.
  • the fuels tested have been: methanol (1M), oxalic acid (0.1M with methanol 1M. Oxalic acid 0.1M, dimethyl oxalate 0.1M, ethylene glycol 0.5M, and glycerol 0.5M. (Of these, glycerol oxalic acid and methanol are not n accordance of the present invention.)
  • DMO and EG had the best performance.
  • none of the conditions in this experiment was optimized, so that other concentrations and/or other catalysts could have resulted in qualitatively different observations.
  • Fuel utilization was determined by performing electrochemical titrations of 50 ml of fuel solution at constant voltage until the current dropped to 3 rnA. It is estimated that at this current only a few percents of the fuel left not oxidized. The utilization was calculated by comparing the experimental capacity with the theoretical value. A further correction was made by extrapolation of the titration curves to zero current. This correction increases the utilization values by 3 to 6% (Table 1). Fuel utilization at 0.2N was found to be 95% for DMO, 94% for EG and only 85% for methanol (see Table 1). At the more practical voltage of 0.4N, fuel utilization was found to be 89% for EG, 67% for DMO and 81% for methanol.
  • the crossover current density depends on fuel permeability, temperature, concentration and on the total number of electrons involved in the oxidation.
  • the crossover current density for IM methanol (at 80°C) is double that of IM EG and that of 0.25M DMO.
  • the permeability (flux) of EG is one-third that of methanol while that of DMO is almost as large as that of methanol.
  • Table 1 Utilization comparison of different fuels.
  • Example 2 Application of fuels according to the invention to a NafionTM based fuel cell
  • a fuel cell housing was fabricated from synthetic graphite plates purchased from Globetech Inc., in which a flow field was engraved.
  • the anode was formed using a platinum-ruthenium ink that was spread on a carbon fiber sheet commercially available from TorayTM paper.
  • the catalyst layer consists of 15% Teflon (DuPont), 15% NafionTM and 70% Pt-Ru nanopowder (Pt:Ru black 50% purchased from "Johnson Matthey")- Anode loading was 5mg/cm .
  • the cathode used was a commercially available ELAT E-TEKTM consisting of 4mg Pt/cm 2 and 0.6 mg nafion/cm 2.
  • the anode and cathode were hot pressed to a 117 Nafion membrane, available from DuPont, to form the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) as described in Example 1. After cooling the MEA was placed between the graphite flow field plates, a polypropylene sealing was inserted and the cell was assembled.
  • MEA membrane electrode assembly
  • an aqueous solution of a fuel selected from oxalic acid, dimethyl oxalate, ethylene glycol, glycerol, in the concentration range of 0.1-0.5 M was circulated past the anode (with the use of a peristaltic Masterflex L/S
  • Oxygen was fed into the cathode chamber directly or through a water bubbler at an ambient pressure and at a rate of 7 to 40 ml/min. The cells were run at 60°C. The polarization curves were found to be similar to those of Figure 1.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a solid feed organic fuel cell having a plastic case 501, an anode 509, a cathode 511 and a solid polymer electrolyte membrane 510.
  • the membrane 510 was a PCM of the kind described in W099/44245, consisting of 12% Si0 2 28% PVDF and 60% voids (to which the acid solution was introduced).
  • the anode, cathode and MEA were prepared as in Example 1.
  • the solid organic fuel is filled through the fuel hole 502 and sealed with a cork 503.
  • the fuel is dissolved in the tank and is absorbed through a hastalloy C-276 (Cabot) net 507 at a porous carbon cloth 508.
  • Carbon dioxide formed in the anode compartment is vented through an exhaust nozzle 504. Since liquid fuel may leek through the exhaust nozzle, the nozzle is covered with a thin hydrophobic porous layer 506. The hydrophobic layer is permeable to the gas only while the fuel solution remains in the tank.
  • the cathode is open to air through a second hastalloy net 513.
  • the MEA is sealed with a gasket 512.
  • the second hastalloy net 513 is used also as a cover to the whole assembly. 200mg DMO were dissolved into the fuel tank, which contained IM H 2 S0 4 solution.
  • the fuel cell delivered 30mA at 0.35V.
  • the crossover current density was 2 mA/cm at room temperature.

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PCT/IL2001/000054 2000-01-18 2001-01-18 Fuels for non-alkaline fuel cells Ceased WO2001054220A2 (en)

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EP01901354A EP1249052B1 (en) 2000-01-18 2001-01-18 Fuels for non-alkaline fuel cells
JP2001553610A JP2003520413A (ja) 2000-01-18 2001-01-18 新規な燃料
AT01901354T ATE429717T1 (de) 2000-01-18 2001-01-18 Brennstoffe für nichtalkalische brennstoffzellen
IL15064801A IL150648A0 (en) 2000-01-18 2001-01-18 Fuels for non-alkaline fuel cells
KR1020027009174A KR20020092359A (ko) 2000-01-18 2001-01-18 비알칼리성 연료 전지용 연료
CA002397568A CA2397568A1 (en) 2000-01-18 2001-01-18 Novel fuels
DE60138453T DE60138453D1 (de) 2000-01-18 2001-01-18 Brennstoffe für nichtalkalische brennstoffzellen
AU2001227021A AU2001227021A1 (en) 2000-01-18 2001-01-18 Fuels for non-alkaline fuel cells
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US09/484,267 US6447943B1 (en) 2000-01-18 2000-01-18 Fuel cell with proton conducting membrane with a pore size less than 30 nm
US09/604,297 US6492047B1 (en) 2000-01-18 2000-06-26 Fuel cell with proton conducting membrane
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US7105244B2 (en) 2001-09-25 2006-09-12 Hitachi, Ltd. Fuel cell power generation equipment and a device using the same
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CN100487963C (zh) 2009-05-13
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US8092955B2 (en) 2012-01-10
JP2003520413A (ja) 2003-07-02
EP1249052B1 (en) 2009-04-22
US20080241629A1 (en) 2008-10-02
CN1255894C (zh) 2006-05-10
CA2397536A1 (en) 2001-07-26
JP5173099B2 (ja) 2013-03-27
IL150645A0 (en) 2003-02-12
AU2001227022A1 (en) 2001-07-31
CA2397568A1 (en) 2001-07-26
EP1249052A2 (en) 2002-10-16
JP2003520412A (ja) 2003-07-02
WO2001054216A2 (en) 2001-07-26
AU2001227021A1 (en) 2001-07-31
WO2001054216A3 (en) 2002-02-21
US20030091883A1 (en) 2003-05-15
RU2262161C2 (ru) 2005-10-10
WO2001054220A8 (en) 2003-02-13
CN1411618A (zh) 2003-04-16
EP1249053A2 (en) 2002-10-16
WO2001054220A3 (en) 2002-08-08
RU2002122086A (ru) 2004-02-20
US7413824B2 (en) 2008-08-19
CA2397536C (en) 2010-04-06
CN1401143A (zh) 2003-03-05

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