WO2000059635A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von platinmetall-katalysatoren - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von platinmetall-katalysatoren Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000059635A1 WO2000059635A1 PCT/EP2000/003086 EP0003086W WO0059635A1 WO 2000059635 A1 WO2000059635 A1 WO 2000059635A1 EP 0003086 W EP0003086 W EP 0003086W WO 0059635 A1 WO0059635 A1 WO 0059635A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- platinum metal
- solution
- platinum
- reaction
- palladium
- Prior art date
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 144
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 157
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 143
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 82
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 76
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 43
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 43
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- -1 alkaline earth metal carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 33
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940083124 ganglion-blocking antiadrenergic secondary and tertiary amines Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001687 destabilization Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001860 alkaline earth metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 53
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 49
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 49
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 49
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 31
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 26
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 19
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 14
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 13
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 101150003085 Pdcl gene Proteins 0.000 description 12
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 11
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen bromide Chemical compound Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetophenone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910001379 sodium hypophosphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- KWSLGOVYXMQPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=CC(C2=NNN=N2)=C1 KWSLGOVYXMQPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 102100021604 Ephrin type-A receptor 6 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 101000898696 Homo sapiens Ephrin type-A receptor 6 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910000042 hydrogen bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000002843 nonmetals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 101100242031 Mus musculus Pdha2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012431 aqueous reaction media Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- UAOMVDZJSHZZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N diisopropylamine Chemical compound CC(C)NC(C)C UAOMVDZJSHZZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007772 electroless plating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
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- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N D-gluconic acid Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium formate Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-]C=O VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aqua regia Chemical compound Cl.O[N+]([O-])=O QZPSXPBJTPJTSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical class OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000368 destabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutylamine Chemical compound CCCCNCCCC JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000039 hydrogen halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012433 hydrogen halide Substances 0.000 description 2
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001433 sodium tartrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002167 sodium tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011004 sodium tartrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfite Chemical class [O-]S([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- YBRBMKDOPFTVDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylamine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)N YBRBMKDOPFTVDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium;2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxylatomethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 150000003608 titanium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004901 trioxanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropylamine Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)CCC YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007704 wet chemistry method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- PENRVBJTRIYHOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dithionite Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])=O PENRVBJTRIYHOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/42—Platinum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B15/00—Peroxides; Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof; Superoxides; Ozonides
- C01B15/01—Hydrogen peroxide
- C01B15/029—Preparation from hydrogen and oxygen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/20—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state
- B01J35/23—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state in a colloidal state
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/391—Physical properties of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/393—Metal or metal oxide crystallite size
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0215—Coating
- B01J37/0225—Coating of metal substrates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/132—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group
- C07C29/136—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH
- C07C29/143—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of ketones
- C07C29/145—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of ketones with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of catalysts by electroless deposition of at least one platinum metal on a metallic support, the catalysts obtainable by this process, the use of the catalysts for the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from the elements, for the hydrogenation of organic compounds and a process for Production of hydrogen peroxide using these catalysts.
- Catalysts which contain platinum metals as catalytically active substances are used in a variety of forms and are of great technical importance, e.g. in the reduction or hydrogenation of organic compounds and in the catalytic purification of exhaust gases from industry and traffic.
- supported platinum metal catalysts which only use small amounts of the expensive noble metals on mostly catalytically inactive support materials with a large surface area, e.g. Have coal, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, ceramic or other mineral carriers.
- Catalysts in which the support can be used in the form of larger units are particularly easy to handle, e.g. in the form of granules, pearls or in particular fabrics, nets or moldings, such as monoliths.
- Such supported catalysts are mostly used as fixed bed catalysts and enable the economically advantageous continuous implementation of catalytic processes.
- the catalytically active metals are usually applied to such porous supports by impregnating or impregnating the supports with solutions of the salts or organometallic compounds of the catalytically active metal and then immobilizing them by precipitation, hydrolysis, tempering, calcining and / or forming. This usually requires repeated heating of the impregnated catalyst to temperatures between 200 and 1200 ° C.
- DE-A-2 317 560 describes the production of a catalytic device by impregnating a mineral monolith with a melt of trialkylaluminum at about 120 ° C., treating it with steam at 120 ° C./18 psi and then burning at 400 ° C. The procedure is then repeated with tetraalkylzirconium and the oxidic support obtained in this way soaked with a hexachloroplatinate is annealed at 300 ° C. and formed.
- porous catalysts in addition to the complex production, the low resistance to strongly acidic reaction media.
- use of such porous catalysts as fixed bed catalysts usually leads to a strong, undesirable pressure drop in the reaction vessel.
- Electrochemical plating processes or electroless plating processes such as those used to refine material surfaces, lead to smooth, uniform coatings.
- the palladium-coated metals obtained are suitable, for. B. as an inexpensive replacement for gold-coated metal parts in the electronics industry.
- substrates coated in this way are unsuitable as catalysts.
- Another process for the production of supported noble metal catalysts on porous oxidic supports is the electroless deposition of noble metal salts from aqueous solutions with reducing agents described in EP-A-0 878 235 in the presence of complexing agents such as ammonium chloride, EDTA or DTPA
- the porous carrier must be activated by soaking with sensitizers before the deposition process.
- sensitizers Formaldehyde or aqueous solutions of silver nitrate, titanium salts or tin halides are mentioned as suitable sensitizers.
- the palladium catalysts produced by this process show good activity as hydrogenation catalysts in the anthraquinone process for the preparation of H 2 O 2 in the organic phase, but, like most catalysts based on oxidic supports or coatings, are not suitable for wet-chemical processes in the presence of aggressive chemicals .
- DE-A-196 42 770 discloses a process for the production of hydrogen peroxide by continuous reaction of hydrogen and oxygen over palladium catalysts in an aqueous or alcoholic medium.
- the metal-supported catalysts used in the examples are obtained by electroless deposition of Pd salts in a strongly acidic environment.
- the noble metal is applied to the metallic support by electroless plating with palladium chloride or palladium and platinum chloride in the presence of sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent.
- the reduction of the noble metal takes place in a strongly acidic solution in the presence of the carrier metal and leads to the formation of finely divided noble metal particles in the solution, which becomes cloudy and turns gray.
- the solution decolors to the extent that the precious metal is deposited on the carrier in the form of a black coating.
- JP Reymond describes the production of metal-supported palladium catalysts and their use for the hydrogenation of acetophenones.
- the production of the catalyst is based on the work of Kosak, but also here Palladium chloride in a strongly acidic solution (pH ⁇ 2.2) with sodium hypophosphite as detergent is deposited.
- Reymond also observed clouding and darkening of the aqueous reaction medium before the palladium began to be deposited on the metallic support, which Reymond attributed to the formation of very fine palladium particles in the aqueous medium.
- Reymond describes that the formation of the palladium particles in the solution and the deposition on the metallic carrier are simultaneous processes, the formation of the particles in the aqueous medium proceeding faster than the deposition on the metallic carrier. Reymond concludes from the fact that the catalysts produced in this way have a good catalytic activity in comparison with catalysts produced according to conventional plating regulations by separating noble metals from homogeneous solution. Only the separation of noble metals from a solution inhomogeneous by failed noble metal particles is too catalytic active deposits on the metal supports.
- a disadvantage of the catalysts produced by the Kosak and Reymond processes is that the catalytically active coating thus obtained has insufficient adhesion.
- the insufficient adhesion manifests itself in the detachment of precious metal particles both when cleaning the catalyst after manufacture and when used in the catalytic process. This can lead to the gradual deactivation of the catalyst and contamination of the reaction medium with metal particles.
- the activity and selectivity of the catalysts prepared in this way are at least insufficient for economical direct synthesis of H 2 O 2 from hydrogen and oxygen, in particular when using hydrogen / oxygen mixtures below the explosion limit.
- the primary formation of the metal particles in the liquid medium entails the risk that the suspended palladium is not completely deposited on the carrier and the particles are often attached very loosely to the metallic carrier.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide an improved process for the production of metal-supported platinum metal catalysts which ensures that the expensive platinum metal is deposited as completely as possible and that the noble metal adheres well to the metal support. Furthermore, the catalysts should have a high catalytic activity and selectivity for the direct synthesis of H 2 0 2 from hydrogen and oxygen. In addition, the catalysts should be characterized by improved service lives.
- the present object was achieved by providing a process for the production of metal-supported catalysts, in which one has an aqueous reducing solution which contains at least one platinum metal complex, at least one reducing agent and a complexing agent and a pH of greater than 4, with the metallic Bring carrier for the deposition of the platinum metal in contact, the deposition of the platinum metal on the carrier surface in the form of discrete, immobilized - ie firmly anchored - particles from the homogeneous, aqueous medium.
- platinum metal complexes are to be understood as meaning both uncharged or charged coordination compounds and salt-like compounds of platinum metals.
- the aqueous reaction medium is "homogeneous" when no clouding or discoloration due to the precipitation of metal particles can be observed.
- the catalysts produced according to the invention have excellent catalyst properties.
- essentially quantitative deposition of the platinum metal from the solution can be achieved.
- the catalytic coatings produced according to the invention have high abrasion resistance even under heavy mechanical stress, such as, for example, in hydrogen peroxide synthesis due to high exposure to circulating gas and strong liquid circulation. Even after a long period of operation, there is no mechanical detachment.
- the platinum metal is preferably deposited without current, i. H. not electrochemically, but by adding a reducing agent to the solution.
- Platinum metals in the sense of the invention are preferably the noble metals of subgroup 8 of the periodic table, namely rhodium, iridium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum. Ruthenium, rhodium, palladium and platinum are preferred, palladium and platinum are particularly preferred.
- the catalysts according to the invention can comprise several platinum metals. All combinations of the platinum metals mentioned are conceivable, preference is given to combinations of palladium and platinum, of palladium and rhodium, of palladium and iridium, of palladium, platinum and rhodium and of palladium, platinum and iridium. Palladium and platinum are particularly preferred as a combination.
- palladium is preferably the main platinum metal component.
- the palladium content is then preferably above 40% by weight, preferably above 60% by weight and particularly preferably above 80% by weight, based on the total platinum metal content.
- the further platinum metals optionally contained as secondary constituents can each account for up to 30% by weight, preferably up to 20% by weight and particularly preferably up to 15% by weight of the total platinum metal content.
- the platinum metals preferably comprise 80 to 100% by weight of palladium and 0 to 20% by weight of platinum or iridium. In most cases, 1 to 3 of the platinum metals mentioned make up more than 95% by weight of the amount of platinum metal used.
- platinum metals are also present, these are generally present in amounts of greater than 0.001% by weight, preferably greater than 0.01% by weight, e.g. B. about 0.1% by weight, about 1% by weight or about 5% by weight.
- the catalytically active component can contain further elements as additional components or impurities.
- Additional components that can influence the activity and / or selectivity of the catalyst are e.g. B. metals such as cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, gold, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, rhenium, aluminum, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony and bismuth, and non-metals such as boron, carbon, silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus .
- the metals and non-metals mentioned can be present in the catalytically active coating both in ionic and in nonionic form.
- the catalytically active component may contain other elements (metals and non-metals) as impurities, e.g. B. by the fact that the catalytically active components used contain impurities, or that during the process for the preparation of the catalysts according to the invention, components of the components used in the process according to the invention are incorporated into the platinum metal coatings, such as. B. alkali and alkaline earth metals, phosphorus, boron and halogens.
- the additional components can be present at 0.001 to 25% by weight, based on the platinum metal content.
- Additional components used as promoters or dopings generally make up 0.01 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 15% by weight and in particular 0.5 to 10% by weight, based on the platinum metal content.
- the platinum metals are preferably used as platinum metal complexes.
- Platinum metal complexes in which the platinum metal is present in the oxidation states +1 to +4 are preferably used.
- Four-coordinate complexes are preferred.
- the process according to the invention is preferably suitable for the production of platinum metal catalysts in which palladium is the main platinum metal component.
- Palladium (II) complexes are preferably suitable for the production of catalysts which contain palladium, and in particular of catalysts which contain palladium as the main platinum metal component. Palladium (II) complexes in which palladium has the coordination number 4 are particularly suitable.
- Such combinations of platinum metal ions and ligand are preferably selected whose complex formation constant is> 1,000 and in particular> 10,000.
- Suitable combinations of ligands and counterions for palladium complexes and for platinum metal complexes other than palladium can be selected according to the principle of charge neutrality.
- Suitable negatively charged ligands are e.g. B. selected from halides and pseudohalides, such as fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, CN, OCN and SCN, Cx-C ö carboxylic acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid and their salts, chelating ligands, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA ), Nitrotriesriacetic acid, 1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid and its salts, aminophosphonic acids such as nitrilomethylenephosphonic acid, diketonates such as acetylacetonate, hydroxycarboxylic acids such as glycolic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid and gluconic acid, and their salts.
- Suitable as electroneutral ligands are e.g. B. alkyl nitriles such as acetonitrile, amines such as ammonia, primary, secondary and tertiary Ci-C ö alkyl amines such as ethylamine, n-propylamine, isopropylamine, n-butylamine, tert-butylamine, in Hexyla, dimethylamine, Diethylamine, diisopropylamine, di-n-butylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, N, N-dimethylethylamine, N, N-dimethylisopropylamine and N, N-dimethylbutylamine, di-, tri-, tetra- and poly - Amines, such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetraamine, non-aromatic and aromatic cyclic amines, such as pyrolidine,
- halides chloride and bromide are particularly preferred as complex ligands; Amines, especially ammonia and triethylamine, cyanide and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and the di-, tri- or tetra-alkali metal (such as sodium) or ammonium salts thereof.
- Alkali metals such as lithium, sodium and potassium, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium and calcium, nitrite, nitrate and ammonium are preferably suitable as counterions.
- Suitable platinum metal complexes are preferably at least 0.01% by weight soluble in water at room temperature (25 ° C.).
- the platinum metal complex (s) are used in an aqueous medium, in such a concentration that the platinum metal content of the solution is in the range from 0.01 to 0-20.0 g / l, preferably in the range from 0. 1 to 2.0 g / 1 and especially
- ⁇ preferably in the range of 0.15 to 1.0 g / 1, such as. B. in the range of 0.15 to 0.25 g / 1, 0.2 to 0.5 g / 1 or 0.35 to 0.8 g / 1.
- Preferred palladium complexes are H 2 PdHal 4 , M 2 PdHal, M 2 Pd (CN),
- Preferred preferred platinum metal complexes are (NH) IrCl 6 , HPtCl, (NH 4 ) 2 PtCl 4 , Na 2 PtCl 4 and K 2 PtCl 4 .
- the aqueous medium contains at least one reducing agent in completely or partially dissolved form.
- Suitable as 5 reducing agents are all substances or mixtures of substances whose redox potential lies below the redox potential of the platinum metal complex used, i.e. that is, substances with a standard potential in aqueous medium of less than +0.5 volts, but preferably with a standard potential less than 0 volts.
- the reducing agent or reducing agent mixture is at least at least at least
- the reducing agent or the reducing agent mixture is practically completely soluble in the aqueous medium.
- suitable reducing agents are carboxylic acids, such as formic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid and in particular the salts of the carboxylic acids, preferably the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, potassium, ammonium and C 1 -C 20 -alkylammonium salts, phosphorous or hypophosphorous acid, the salts of phosphorous or hypophosphorous acid, in particular the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, C ⁇ -C ⁇ o-alkanols, such as methanol, ethanol and isopropanol, sugar, such as aldoses and ketoses in the form of mono-, di- and oligosaccharides, especially glucose, Fructose and lactose, aldehydes such as formaldehyde, hydrogen boron compounds or borohydrides such as boranes, metal boranates and borane complexes, e.g.
- carboxylic acids such as formic acid, citric acid, lactic acid,
- sodium borohydride and aminoboranes in particular trimethylamine borane
- hydrazine and alkylhydrazines such as methylhydrazine
- hydrogendithionites and dithionites in particular sodium and potassium hydrogen dithionite, sodium, potassium and zinc dithionite
- hydrogen sulfites and sulfites in particular sodium - and potassium hydrogen sulfite, sodium, potassium and calcium sulfite, hydroxyl
- Preferred reducing agents are sodium and potassium hypophosphite, 10 ammonium formate, trimethylaminoborane, sodium borohydride, sodium dithionite and sodium hydrogen dithionite, and mixtures of ammonium formate and sodium hypophosphite.
- At least one redox equivalent, based on the sum of the platinum metals and additional components (e.g. promoters / doping components), of reducing agent is used.
- the reducing agent is preferably used in excess.
- the electroless deposition of the platinum metal is advantageously carried out at a pH of the aqueous medium of greater than 4, preferably greater than 6, such as. B. 7 to 14, especially 8 to
- bases are all substances or compounds which are suitable for the pH of the
- aqueous medium to the desired value.
- bases are used which have complex stabilizing properties, i. H. at least partially have a Lewis base character.
- the base is preferably selected from metal oxides, metal hydroxides, in particular alkali metal hy-
- hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide
- metal carbonates in particular alkali metal and alkaline earth metal carbonates, such as lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate
- nitrogen bases in particular ammonia, primary, secondary and tertiary amines, such as those previously mentioned
- Buffer systems are also suitable, in particular those from the aforementioned bases, the salts of the aforementioned bases and / or suitable acids.
- Particularly preferred bases are ammonia and sodium hydroxide solution.
- aqueous media are substances or mixtures of substances which are liquid under the process conditions and contain at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 30% by weight and in particular at least 50% by weight of water.
- the part other than water is preferably selected from inorganic or organic substances which are at least partially soluble in water or at least partially miscible with water.
- the substances other than water are selected from organic solvents, -C 22 alkanols, in particular methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, pentanols and hexanols, C -Cs- Cycloalkyl ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, pyrans, dioxanes and trioxanes, C 1 -C 2 -dialkyl ethers, such as dimethyl ether, dibutyl ether and methyl butyl ether, and customary auxiliaries, such as are used in processes for electroless deposition.
- organic solvents -C 22 alkanols, in particular methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, pentanols and he
- the aqueous medium preferably contains less than 40%, in particular less than 30% and particularly preferably less than 20% organic solvent.
- the aqueous medium is essentially free of organic solvents.
- the aqueous solution additionally contains at least one complexing agent, preferably with at least one halogen, nitrogen, oxygen and / or phosphorus atom.
- Complexing agents in the sense of the present invention are ions or compounds which are able to stabilize metal ions in aqueous media. As a rule, such complexing agents are donors or salts of donors. Suitable donors usually have a lone pair of electrons that can interact with the metal ions. Complexing agents which have the above-mentioned hetero atoms as donors are particularly suitable for the process according to the invention. Examples of suitable complexing agents are the metal salts, in particular the alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts, of the compounds previously mentioned as complex ligands of the platinum metals.
- hydrogen halide acids such as hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen iodide
- hydrogen halide acids such as hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen iodide
- the metal salts of the hydrogen halide acids mentioned, in particular the alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts and also tin dihalides, zinc dihalides, ammonium salts, such as ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, ammonium nitride, ammonium ammonium ammonium,
- platinum metal complex, reducing agent, base and complexing agent can be added to the aqueous medium in any order.
- at least a portion of the base is added to the aqueous medium before the reducing agent is added.
- the platinum metal complex if appropriate the complexing agent and / or the base, is initially introduced into the aqueous medium and then the reducing agent is added.
- the process according to the invention is carried out at temperatures in the range between 0 and 100 ° C., preferably in the range from 30 to 100 ° C. and in particular in the range from 40 to 85 ° C.
- Metallic supports in the sense of the invention are preferably structures which, at least on the (outer) surface which can be reached by the reaction medium, have essentially solid metal (ie in oxidation state 0).
- Suitable metals for the metallic supports are all metals and alloys which have sufficient stability under the production conditions of the platinum metal catalysts according to the invention and / or under the conditions of use of the catalysts produced therewith.
- Suitable metals are e.g. As magnesium, aluminum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver and zinc as well as mixtures and alloys thereof.
- elements such as B.
- the non-metals boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and other transition metals may be included.
- the further alloy or secondary constituents with the exception of carbon in a proportion of less than 20% by weight, preferably less than 15% by weight and in particular less than 5% by weight per element, based on the total weight of the metallic support.
- Carbon can be contained in the metallic carriers in amounts of up to 25% by weight. If the metallic supports have further alloy or secondary constituents, these are generally present in amounts of at least 0.01% by weight and preferably about 0.1% by weight, based on the total weight of the metallic support.
- the metallic carrier preferably consists essentially of steel or iron, copper, aluminum, silver, nickel, chromium, tungsten, titanium and mixtures and / or alloys thereof.
- high-alloy stainless steel or metals that are formed by Protect fertilizers from a passivation layer against further corrosion, e.g. chrome steels, chrome nickel steels, chrome nickel titanium steels and chrome nickel molybdenum steels, V4A steels and heat-resistant steels with the material numbers 1.4539, 1.4571, 1.4016, 1.4767, 1.4401, 2.4610, 1.4765, 1.4847, 1.4301 and 1.4742, as well as alloys like 1.4742 and Hastelloy.
- the metallic supports can be used directly as sheets, perforated sheets, grids, wires or preferably as wire nets, woven or knitted fabrics and in particular in the form of shaped bodies.
- Shaped bodies in the sense of the invention are preferably spatial structures made of the carriers described above, which, for. B. can be formed by rolling, bending, pressing and the like, for. B. fillers such as Raschig rings, saddle bodies, Pall® rings, wire spirals, wire mesh rings, with or without a web, and monoliths.
- Monoliths are to be understood here as shaped bodies in the form of ordered packings which are installed in the reactor and which, owing to a large number of flow channels, have a large surface area, based on their volume.
- Preferred shaped bodies have channels with hydraulic radii (for definition see VDI Heat Atlas, section LE 1) in the range from 0.1 to 10 mm.
- Fabrics of various types of weave can be produced from wires and fibers of the metals and materials mentioned, such as smooth fabrics, body fabrics, braid fabrics, five-shaft atlas fabrics and other special weaves. These fabrics are preferably combined to form multi-layer fabric associations.
- Suitable fabric-shaped monolithic catalyst supports are described in EP-A-198 435.
- Metal foams and metal sponges are also suitable, in particular open-cell or open-pore metal foams or sponges.
- Particularly suitable monoliths are made up of several layers of corrugated, kinked and / or smooth fabric, which are arranged in such a way that adjacent layers form more or less closed channels.
- the hydraulic diameter of the channels is preferably in the range from 1 to 10 mm, in particular from 1.5 to 3 mm (as defined in VDI Heat Atlas, section LE 1).
- the channels can be straight or curved.
- Multi-layer fabrics are preferably used, in which smooth and corrugated or kinked fabrics alternate.
- Monoliths in which the fabrics are partially or completely replaced by sheets, knitted fabrics or expanded metals can also be used.
- the fabric layers themselves are preferably installed parallel to the flow direction in the reactor. If several of these units are connected in series, the installation is preferably carried out in such a way that the throughflow channels are inclined alternately in opposite directions to the direction of flow.
- the structural units are preferably installed in such a way that the fabric layers of two successive structural units form an angle of preferably approximately 90 ° to one another. How winding modules made of corrugated or kinked and possibly also of flat fabric layers are also suitable.
- the deposition of the catalytically active component i.e. H. the platinum metals and optionally promoters and / or the doping components can be carried out before or after the shaping of the metallic supports into shaped bodies.
- the deposition of the catalytically active components is preferably carried out after the molding into shaped bodies.
- suitable metallic supports preferably have a geometric surface area of greater than 0.5 m / l, in particular greater than 1.5 m 2 / l and preferably greater than 2.5 m 2 / l.
- the platinum metal Before the platinum metal is applied to the metallic support, it is preferably cleaned thoroughly, e.g. B. by treatment with aqueous surfactant solutions and / or galvanosalt solutions, as are common in electroplating, and / or by treatment with organic solvents, such as ethyl acetate, acetone and water, optionally with the aid of ultrasound.
- the metallic carrier can be subjected to a surface treatment prior to the deposition of the platinum metal, which leads to an enlargement of the surface of the metallic carrier and / or to an improvement in the adhesion of the platinum metal to the carrier, such as e.g. B.
- the etching of the surface is preferably carried out in such a way that 0.1 to 15% by weight, preferably 1 to 5% by weight, of the carrier is dissolved.
- the active component ie the platinum metal or the platinum metals and the additional components which may be present, as a rule make up 5 ⁇ 10 -4 to 5% by weight, in particular 10 -3 to 1% by weight, particularly preferably 0.1 to 1.0 wt .-%, based on the entire catalyst mass (carrier + catalytically active coating).
- an additional complexing agent is added to the solution, 0.1 to 10,000 equivalents, preferably 1 to 1000 equivalents, particularly preferably 10 to 600 equivalents of the complexing agent, based on the platinum metal component, are generally used.
- the metallic carrier is only brought into contact with the aqueous medium when the aqueous medium contains at least the platinum metal complex, the reducing agent, at least part of the base and optionally the additional complexing agent.
- the aqueous medium preferably already contains all of the components used in the electroless deposition before the aqueous medium is brought into contact with the metallic support.
- the carrier can first be brought into contact with all of the components mentioned above, except for the platinum metal. The platinum metal is then at reaction temperature or a z. B. added up to 30 ° C lower temperature. “Reaction temperature” in the sense of the present invention means the temperature at which the platinum metal particles are deposited on the carrier.
- the catalysts of the invention differ fundamentally from coated metallic supports produced according to the plating regulations, although the chemicals used for the electroless deposition of the noble metal according to the invention can be completely or partially the same.
- Active or selective catalysts for the hydrogenation of organic compounds and for the hydrogen peroxide synthesis are formed by one or more of the following measures according to the invention for the reaction of the components described above with one another: (1)
- the platinum metal complex, the complexing agent and the reducing agent are brought to the reaction temperature in an essentially aqueous medium in the presence of the cleaned and preferably etched support, ie in less than 120 minutes, preferably in less than 30 minutes.
- the reaction temperature can be between room temperature and the boiling point of the aqueous solution. If the mixture at comparatively low temperatures of e.g. B. 40 to 60 ° C tends to form smooth, catalytically inactive coatings of palladium on the support, then a temperature which is at least 10 ° C higher, but preferably a temperature which is at least 20 ° C higher.
- the substantially aqueous mixture of all components in the absence of the carrier z. B. is tempered for about 5 to 600 minutes before the carrier is brought into contact with the substantially aqueous solution of the reactants. This tempering takes less time, the higher the temperature is selected and the stronger the reducing agent. In the system palladium chloride, ammonium chloride, ammonia and hypophosphite, for example 30 to 90 minutes at 60 to 90 ° C. are advantageous. If the temperature is first tempered in the absence of the carrier, a temperature can also be selected at which a smooth coating would form when the carrier was installed immediately after all the reactants had been mixed.
- Another measure which leads to the formation of a supported catalyst according to the invention instead of a support with a smooth coating consists in the fact that the platinum metal salt concentration or platinum metal complex concentration is compared to the conditions under which a smooth layer is formed by the factor increase at least 2, d. H. for example about 0.5 g / 1 palladium in the case of one
- Solution consisting of palladium chloride, ammonia, ammonium chloride and a reducing agent, to about 1 to 20 g / 1.
- platinum metal sol vaccine sol
- Such a sol can be produced using known techniques, in the simplest case by mixing a platinum metal salt solution or platinum metal complex solution with a solution of sodium hypophosphite or another reducing agent in Water.
- the amount of platinum metal used as the inoculation sol can be 1 to 20% of the total, preferably 5 to 15%.
- a further measure according to the invention can consist in destabilizing the mixture of all dissolved components by using one or more of the complexing agents in a low concentration than is necessary for a platinum metal complex solution which is stable at the chosen reaction temperature with respect to the reducing agent is.
- the amount of concentrated ammonia for a solution stable at 65 ° C. can be reduced from 100 to 160 ml / 1 to 75 ml / 1 or less to make the solution for the invention Adjust the assignment of the metallic carrier, d. H. to destabilize.
- a further measure can consist in destabilizing the essentially aqueous solution of the platinum metal compound at a given temperature by increasing the concentration of the reducing agent and thus preparing it for the use according to the invention.
- the desired effect is achieved, for example, with ammonium chloride and ammonia as a complexing agent with> 15 g / 1 sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent.
- catalytically active coatings are obtained by heating the reaction solution or the reaction mixture before the deposition. Temperature control is preferably carried out for 5 to 600 minutes, in particular 10 to 300 minutes and particularly preferably 15 to 180 minutes.
- the reaction solution or the reaction mixture i. H. the aqueous medium, which contains platinum metal complex, reducing agent, base and complexing agent, preferably in less than
- reaction solution or the reaction mixture is particularly preferably temperature-controlled at a temperature which is up to 30 ° C., preferably up to 20 ° C., lower than the deposition temperature, or approximately at the desired separation temperature.
- the metallic support is brought into contact with the reaction solution or the reaction mixture and the temperature of the reaction mixture is given. if brought to a different temperature suitable for the deposition.
- the reaction solution or the reaction mixture is mixed with a separately prepared seed sol, if necessary in addition to tempering.
- a vaccine sol can be prepared in a variety of ways (for example according to Kosak, op. Cit. 0.), most simply by mixing a platinum metal salt solution or platinum metal complex solution with a reducing agent in an aqueous medium.
- the vaccine sol should then be added before, during or after the metallic carrier has been brought into contact with the reaction solution or the reaction mixture.
- the amount of platinum metal used to produce a vaccine sol preferably makes up 1 to 20% by weight, preferably 5 to 15% by weight, of the total amount of platinum metal used in the invention.
- the reaction time required for the deposition of the platinum metal on the metallic supports is generally between 5 and 500 minutes, preferably 10 and 300 minutes and particularly preferably between 15 and 120 minutes.
- the platinum metals used are deposited on the metallic support.
- the platinum metal is bonded so tightly to the metallic support that it is not significantly replaced by contact with liquids and gases when used in catalytic reactions. There is no clouding due to the precipitation of the platinum metal.
- Additional components in particular the elements suitable as promoters or doping components, can optionally be added together with the platinum metal into the aqueous medium, so that the deposition of the platinum metal and the installation of the additional components take place essentially simultaneously.
- the additional components can also be added to the reaction solution towards the end or after the platinum metal deposition has ended, as a result of which the additional components are preferably installed on the surface of the active component.
- the additional components can also in a separate second step on the inventive Catalysts are applied, e.g. B. by vapor deposition, preferably as described in EP-A-0 198 435, or by electroless or non-currentless deposition from aqueous and non-aqueous media.
- the catalysts obtained according to the invention can then be formed at temperatures from 0 to 500 ° C., preferably 10 to 350 ° C., and pressures between normal pressure and 200 bar gauge pressure.
- the formation can, for example, in the presence of water 5 and / or hydrogen, preferably hydrogen, at 10 to 200 ° C, preferably 30 to 150 ° C, and normal pressure or 1 to 150 bar, preferably 10 to 100 bar and particularly preferably 30 to 70 bar.
- formation lasts 0.1 to 10 hours, preferably 1 to 5 hours.
- the catalysts are formed in the presence of the aqueous reaction medium which is described below for the synthesis of water peroxide according to the invention.
- the catalysts according to the invention are prepared by at least 0.1 to 30 g / 1, preferably 0.15 to 3 g / 1 and particularly preferably 0.15 to 0.5 g / 1 at least one platinum metal complex, optionally 0.01 to 5 g / 1,
- Another object of the present invention is a catalyst obtainable by one of the methods described above.
- the invention also relates to platinum metal catalysts with a metallic support and a catalytically active coating applied thereon, which are characterized in that the catalytically active coating on the support surface
- platinum metal particles with an average particle diameter of less than about 1 ⁇ m, preferably less than about 100 nm.
- the platinum metals preferably have tallparticles have an average diameter of more than about 1 nm and can have, for example, diameters in the range from about 20 to 100 nm.
- the discrete particles have an approximately spherical shape.
- the platinum metal particles essentially form a coating formed as a monolayer on the carrier, while according to the prior art an uneven deposition, often in the form of mechanically unstable agglomerates, is obtained.
- the subject matter is a catalyst in which the metallic support consists essentially of steel, iron, copper, aluminum, silver, nickel, chromium, tungsten, titanium and mixtures and / or alloys thereof.
- Such catalysts preferably have a platinum metal content in the range from 0.01 to 50 g / kg of support.
- the catalysts obtainable by this process preferably have a selectivity of greater than 70%, in particular greater than 80% and particularly preferably greater than 85%.
- the catalysts of the invention are preferably suitable for the hydrogenation of organic and inorganic compounds and in particular for organic compounds such as olefins, for. B. ethylene, propylene, acetylene and butadiene, carbonyl compounds, for. B. aldehydes, ketones, aromatics, such as. As benzene, and particularly preferred for the hydrogenation of oxygen.
- organic compounds such as olefins, for. B. ethylene, propylene, acetylene and butadiene, carbonyl compounds, for. B. aldehydes, ketones, aromatics, such as. As benzene, and particularly preferred for the hydrogenation of oxygen.
- the present invention further provides a process for the production of hydrogen peroxide, in which a catalyst, as described above, is brought into contact in an essentially aqueous solution with an oxygen / hydrogen mixture with a mixing ratio in the range from 4: 1 to 30: 1.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the catalysts according to the invention for the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from the elements, both according to the anthraquinone process or an analogous process, and by direct synthesis, ie by direct reaction of oxygen and hydrogen on a platinum metal catalyst in one liquid or gaseous medium, preferably by a method as described above. Suitable methods are e.g. B. described in WO 98/16463. The use of the catalysts according to the invention for the direct synthesis of H 2 0 2 is particularly preferred.
- Suitable reactors for the synthesis of H0 2 are described for example in EP-A-068 862, EP-A-201 614 and EP-A-448 884.
- Tubular reactors in which cylindrically constructed catalyst units are fitted are particularly preferred, since here can form a uniform flow, which allows particularly good reaction management.
- tubular reactors with beds of shaped catalyst parts, such as. B. net rings are suitable.
- the reaction is usually carried out with the reactor flooded.
- Water and / or -CC 3 alkanols in particular water and / or methanol, are preferably used as the reaction medium. If water is used as the reaction medium, up to 20% by weight of the alcohol, preferably methanol, can be added to it. If an alcoholic reaction medium is used, it can contain 40% by weight, preferably up to 20% by weight and particularly preferably up to 5% by weight of water. Water is very particularly preferably used as the sole reaction medium.
- acids the pKa value of which is preferably lower than that of acetic acid, in particular mineral acids, such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or hydrochloric acid, are added to the reaction medium.
- the acid concentration is usually at least 10 -4 mol / liter, preferably 10 -3 to 10 -1 mol / liter. Furthermore, traces of bromide or chloride are generally added in concentrations of 1 to 1000 ppm, preferably 5 to 700 ppm and particularly preferably 50 to 600 ppm. But other stabilizers, such as. B. formaldehyde can be used.
- the reaction gas which in addition to hydrogen and oxygen can also contain inert gases such as nitrogen or noble gases, generally has 0 2 : H 2 ratios in the range from 2: 1 to 1000: 1. Molar ratios in the range from 5: 1 to 100: 1, in particular 4: 1 to 60: 1 and particularly preferably in the range from 20: 1 to 50: 1 are preferred.
- the oxygen used in the reaction gas can also be added to the reaction gas in the form of air.
- the reaction gas is circulated.
- the molar ratio in the fresh gas mixture is close to the stoichiometry, preferably in the range from 1.5: 1 to 0.5: 1.
- the molar ratio 0 2 : H 2 in the cycle gas should be in the range from 5: 1 to 1000: 1, preferably in the range from 20: 1 to 100: 1.
- the reaction can be carried out at normal pressure and also under excess pressure up to 200 bar.
- the pressure is preferably 10 to 300 bar, in particular 10 to 80 bar.
- the reaction temperature can be in the range from 0 to 60 ° C, preferably in the range from 5 to 60 ° C and in particular from 15 to 45 ° C.
- the partial pressures of the reaction gases in the reaction gas mixture in the reactor and in the cycle gas are preferably selected such that the hydrogen concentration is below the lower explosion limit under reaction conditions located.
- Reaction gas and reaction medium can be carried out in cocurrent or in countercurrent to one another, preferably in cocurrent, the liquid phase forming the continuous phase and the reaction gas the discontinuous phase.
- the reaction gas and reaction medium are preferably passed through the reactor in cocurrent from bottom to top.
- hydrogen can be fed to the reactor via one or more intermediate feeds downstream of the oxygen or air feed point.
- the empty pipe speed of the reaction gas and reaction medium is in the range from 50 to 1000 m / h, preferably in the range from 150 to 300 m / h.
- the process described enables hydrogen peroxide solutions with hydrogen contents above 2% by weight, preferably in the range from 3 to 25% by weight, to be prepared.
- the concentration can be preselected in the desired manner by adjusting the material flows.
- the selectivity of the hydrogen peroxide formation is z. B. above 65%, preferably 70%. Long-term studies have shown that even after more than 40 days of operation, there is no or only a slight decrease in the catalyst activity and selectivity.
- the present invention is illustrated by the following examples without restricting it.
- a corrugated and a smooth mesh made of stainless steel (material no. 1.4539, mesh size 200 ⁇ m, wire diameter 140 ⁇ m) were placed on top of one another and thus rolled into a cylindrical monolith with a height of 5 cm and a diameter of 5 cm, that an axial cavity with a diameter of 16 mm was created in the center. The ends of the nets were fixed by welding spots. The mesh level spacing of the smooth mesh was at least 1 mm.
- the monolith obtained was successively treated in an ultrasonic bath with ethyl acetate, acetone and distilled water and then dried.
- Ib pretreatment of the monolith The monolith prepared and purified as described under Ia was treated at 60 ° C. for 180 minutes with concentrated hydrochloric acid (37%) and then rinsed several times with distilled water.
- wire mesh rings prepared as described under I.c were at 60 ° C for 60 minutes with concentrated hydrochloric acid
- the monolith which had turned dark gray, was then separated from the reaction mixture and rinsed off with water, a fine black solid becoming detached.
- the washing liquid was combined with the solid and the reaction mixture, the soluble components are dissolved in aqua regia and then the palladium content of the resulting solution is determined. A deposition of 44% of the palladium offered on the monolith could be calculated from this data.
- a monolith prepared according to Ib is suspended in a beaker in such a way that it was completely covered by the reaction solution subsequently added.
- a solution of 9.6 g of NaH 2 PO 2 was then added .
- 1 H 2 0, 21.6 g ammonium chloride and 134 ml (25%) ammonia solution with stirring in 180 ml deionized water and 19.06 g of an aqueous solution of Na 2 PdCl 4 (1%, based on the palladium content)
- the reaction solution was gradually warmed to 65 ° C. in the course of 2 hours and stirred at this temperature for 60 minutes.
- the monolith was then removed from the reaction solution and rinsed off with water. No solid was detached from the support.
- the reaction solution was then combined with the washing solution and the palladium content of the combined solutions was determined. A deposition of> 99% of the palladium offered on the monolith could be calculated from this data.
- a solution of 9.6 g NaH 2 P0 2 .1 H 2 0, 21.6 g ammonium chloride and 134 ml aqueous ammonia solution (25%) in 560 ml deionized water was prepared in a 1000 ml beaker. Then 41.4 mg of lead (II) nitrate, dissolved in 100 ml of water, and 24.12 g of an aqueous Na 2 PdCl solution (1%, based on the palladium content) were added, the mixture was heated to 65 ° C and stirred for a further 60 minutes at this temperature. A monolith prepared according to Ib was then suspended in the solution, the reaction mixture was heated to 75 ° C. and then stirred at this temperature for a further 210 minutes.
- lead (II) nitrate dissolved in 100 ml of water
- 24.12 g of an aqueous Na 2 PdCl solution 1%, based on the palladium content
- reaction solution remained colorless and clear all the time.
- the monolith was then removed from the reaction mixture and rinsed with water. No precipitate was detached from the carrier.
- the reaction solution and washing solution were then combined and the palladium content of the combined solution was determined. A deposition of more than 99% of the palladium offered on the monolith could be calculated from this data.
- a solution of 9.6 g of NaH 2 PO 2 was placed in a 1,000 ml beaker. 1 H 2 0, 21.6 g ammonium chloride and 134 ml aqueous ammonia solution (25%) in 560 ml deionized water. 55 mg (NH) 2 IrCl 6 , dissolved in 100 ml of water, and 24.12 g of an aqueous Na 2 PdCl solution (1%, based on the palladium content) were then added, the mixture was heated to 65 ° C and stirred at this temperature for a further 60 minutes. A monolith prepared according to Ib was then suspended in the solution, the reaction mixture was heated to 75 ° C. and stirred at this temperature for a further 170 minutes.
- reaction solution remained colorless and clear all the time.
- the monolith was then removed from the reaction mixture and rinsed with water. No solid was detached from the support.
- the reaction solution and washing solution were then combined and the palladium content of the combined solution was determined. A deposition of 96% of the palladium offered on the monolith could be calculated from this data.
- a solution of 9.6 g of NaH 2 PO 2 was placed in a 1,000 ml beaker. 1 H 2 0, 10 g of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt and 134 ml of aqueous ammonia solution (25%) in 650 ml of completely deionized water. 24.12 g of an aqueous Na 2 PdCl 4 solution (1%, based on the palladium content) were then added, the reaction mixture was heated. tion solution to 75 ° C and stirred for a further 60 minutes at this temperature. A monolith prepared according to Ib was then suspended in the reaction solution and the reaction mixture was stirred at 75 ° C. for a further 40 minutes.
- the aqueous solution remained colorless and clear all the time.
- the monolith was then removed from the reaction mixture and rinsed with water. No solid was detached from the support.
- the reaction solution and washing solution were then combined and the palladium content of the combined solution was determined. A separation of
- EK5 A solution of 9.6 g of NaH 2 P0 2 was placed in a 1,000 ml round-bottomed flask with a Teflon blade stirrer. 1 H 2 0, 21.6 g ammonium chloride and 134 ml aqueous ammonia solution (25%) in 560 ml deionized water. 24.12 g of an aqueous NaPdCl solution (1%, based on the palladium content) were then added with stirring, and the reaction solution was heated up
- EK6 In a 2000 ml round bottom flask with a Teflon blade stirrer, a solution of 19.2 g of NaH 2 P0 2 was. 1 H 2 0, 43.2 g of ammonium chloride and 268 ml of aqueous ammonia solution (25%) in 1 320 ml of completely deionized water. 48.24 g of an aqueous Na 2 PdCl 4 solution (1%, based on the palladium content) were added with stirring, the reaction solution was heated to 75 ° C. and the mixture was stirred for a further 40 minutes at this temperature.
- a solution of 8.64 g of NaH 2 P0 2 was. 1 H 2 0, 19.4 g of ammonium chloride, 121 ml of aqueous ammonia solution (25%) and 19.5 g of an aqueous NaPdCl 4 solution (1%, based on the palladium content) in 594 ml of deionized water.
- the 2nd solution was allowed to stand until it began to turn brown and was added dropwise to the 1st solution within 5 minutes of the start of browning.
- the reaction mixture obtained was then heated to 40 to 45 ° C. with stirring. After 20 minutes at this temperature, 45 g of the wire mesh rings produced according to Id were added to the reaction solution, which had become colorless and clear again, and the reaction mixture was heated to 75 ° C. within 30 minutes.
- the wire mesh rings were then separated from the reaction solution and rinsed with water. A small amount of black precipitate remained in the reaction solution.
- the reaction solution was then combined with the solid and the washing solution, the solid was brought into solution with aqua regia and the palladium content of the resulting solution was determined. A deposition of more than 89% of the palladium offered on the carriers could be calculated from this data.
- a solution of 99.7 g of NaH 2 P0 2 was. 1 H 2 0, 224.4 g ammonium chloride and 337 ml aqueous ammonia solution (25%) in 1 663 ml deionized water. 250.6 g of an aqueous Na 2 PdCl 4 solution (1%, based on the palladium content) were added, and the reaction solution was heated to 58 ° C. with stirring in 25 minutes. Then 468 g of the wire mesh rings produced according to Id were added and the reaction mixture was heated to 70 ° C. and circulated for a further 25 minutes. The aqueous solution remained colorless and clear all the time.
- the catalysts VKl and VK2 not according to the invention (comparative examples VB1 and VB2 in Table 1) and the catalysts EKl to EK4 according to the invention (examples B1 to B5 according to the invention in Table 1) were placed in a 300 ml autoclave with stirrer, thermostatting and pressure maintenance 50 bar used as a reaction vessel.
- a catalyst monolith was installed centered around the stirrer axis so that it was supplied with liquid and gas evenly by the stirrer.
- the autoclave floor there were supply lines for oxygen, hydrogen and the reaction medium.
- reaction volume 200 ml was available.
- Water containing 544 ppm hydrogen bromide and 1,200 ppm phosphoric acid was used as the reaction medium.
- the autoclave was flooded with the reaction medium and sealed. The autoclave was then tempered and the reaction medium, oxygen and hydrogen were passed continuously through the reaction vessel at constant flow rates.
- the hydrogen content in the discharge gas was determined using a thermal conductivity detector.
- the H 2 0 2 content in the liquid discharge was determined by titration.
- the selectivity of hydrogen peroxide was based on the hydrogen consumed in the reactor.
- the autoclave described above was used for examples B6 to B12 according to the invention, but this was provided with a metal basket for holding the catalysts EK5 to EK10 (wire mesh rings), which was attached to the lid of the autoclave.
- the basket had a cylindrical recess in the center for the shaft of the stirrer, so that the respective catalyst was supplied with liquid and gas evenly.
- Water was used as the reaction medium, with a hydrogen bromide content of 121 ppm and a phosphoric acid content of 5,000 ppm.
- the reaction vessel was flooded with the reaction medium and sealed. A constant stream of reaction medium, hydrogen and acid was then passed through. fabric through the reactor. The product / gas mixture was removed continuously from the autoclave lid.
- reaction temperature T The reaction temperature T, the total reaction time ti and the time t 2 after which the hydrogen conversion and the hydrogen peroxide discharge were constant are also given in Table 1.
- the catalyst (B13: EKII; B14: EK12) was fed into a double-jacket metal tube reactor with an inner diameter of 2.2 cm and a length of 2.00 m.
- the tubular reactor charged with the catalyst was connected to a circulation pump for the gas circuit and to a cooling / heating circuit.
- the apparatus was then filled with a solution of 121 ppm hydrogen bromide and 5,000 ppm phosphoric acid in water as the reaction medium and sealed.
- the reaction medium was passed through the apparatus at a constant rate of 500 ml / h.
- the entire system was adjusted to a pressure of 50 bar by supplying nitrogen using a pressure maintaining valve.
- the gas circulation (B13: 2 500 Nl / h; B14: 15 600 Nl / h) was set using the gas circuit pump.
- the nitrogen in the gas circuit was then replaced by a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen, the ratio of the two gases being set to a hydrogen content of 3%.
- a stream of 44 Nl of circulating gas / h was constantly branched off from the gas circuit and passed into a heat conduction detector for determining the hydrogen content in the exhaust gas.
- the supply of hydrogen and oxygen was controlled via mass flow meters.
- the quantities of fresh gas and exhaust gas were continuously recorded during the reaction.
- the reaction medium emerging from the reactor was separated from the circulating gas in a separator and conveyed out of the plant.
- the hydrogen peroxide content in the separated reaction medium was continuously monitored by titration with KMn0. Table 1:
- the 300 ml autoclave described in Examples B6 to B12, described above, was used, the one for receiving 9.2 g of the catalyst EKII (wire mesh rings) with a metal basket which is attached to the lid of the autoclave was provided.
- the basket had a cylindrical recess in the center for the shaft of the stirrer so that the catalyst was supplied with liquid and gas evenly.
- the autoclave was charged with 200 ml of cyclohexane and 8 g of acetophenone, sealed and freed of air by injecting 100 bar of nitrogen twice.
- the autoclave was then heated to 120 ° C. and 250 bar of hydrogen were injected. While pressing in the consumed hydrogen, stirring was continued at this temperature for 60 minutes. A total of 1.59 liters of hydrogen were consumed.
- Gas chromatographic analysis of the product obtained showed complete conversion of the acetophenone with formation of 1-phenylethanol (81%) and ethylbenzene (19%).
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Abstract
Description
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JP2000609188A JP2002540921A (ja) | 1999-04-07 | 2000-04-06 | 白金金属触媒の製造法 |
CA002368149A CA2368149A1 (en) | 1999-04-07 | 2000-04-06 | Method for producing platinum metal catalysts |
MXPA01009978 MXPA01009978A (es) | 1999-04-07 | 2000-04-06 | Metodo para la produccion de catalizadores metalicos de platino |
US09/926,274 US6676919B1 (en) | 1999-04-07 | 2000-04-06 | Method for producing platinum metal catalysts |
AU45445/00A AU4544500A (en) | 1999-04-07 | 2000-04-06 | Method for producing platinum metal catalysts |
EP00926831A EP1169129A1 (de) | 1999-04-07 | 2000-04-06 | Verfahren zur herstellung von platinmetall-katalysatoren |
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US6936564B2 (en) | 2000-10-02 | 2005-08-30 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Supported catalyst consisting of metal of the platinum group and obtained by means of controlled electroless deposition |
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US7312174B2 (en) * | 2002-09-09 | 2007-12-25 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Method for preparing highly loaded, highly dispersed platinum metal on a carbon substrate |
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US7008607B2 (en) * | 2002-10-25 | 2006-03-07 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Process for preparing hydrogen peroxide from the elements |
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US7067103B2 (en) * | 2003-03-28 | 2006-06-27 | Headwaters Nanokinetix, Inc. | Direct hydrogen peroxide production using staged hydrogen addition |
JP4297716B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-31 | 2009-07-15 | カウンシル オブ サイエンティフィク アンド インダストリアル リサーチ | C−c結合の形成方法 |
US7045479B2 (en) * | 2003-07-14 | 2006-05-16 | Headwaters Nanokinetix, Inc. | Intermediate precursor compositions used to make supported catalysts having a controlled coordination structure and methods for preparing such compositions |
US7569508B2 (en) * | 2004-11-17 | 2009-08-04 | Headwaters Technology Innovation, Llc | Reforming nanocatalysts and method of making and using such catalysts |
US7011807B2 (en) * | 2003-07-14 | 2006-03-14 | Headwaters Nanokinetix, Inc. | Supported catalysts having a controlled coordination structure and methods for preparing such catalysts |
US7655137B2 (en) | 2003-07-14 | 2010-02-02 | Headwaters Technology Innovation, Llc | Reforming catalysts having a controlled coordination structure and methods for preparing such compositions |
US7144565B2 (en) * | 2003-07-29 | 2006-12-05 | Headwaters Nanokinetix, Inc. | Process for direct catalytic hydrogen peroxide production |
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- 2000-04-06 AU AU45445/00A patent/AU4544500A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-04-06 EP EP00926831A patent/EP1169129A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-04-06 CA CA002368149A patent/CA2368149A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-04-06 KR KR1020017012745A patent/KR20010105411A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-04-06 ID IDW00200102430A patent/ID30550A/id unknown
- 2000-04-06 CN CNB008086672A patent/CN1144620C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-04-06 MX MXPA01009978 patent/MXPA01009978A/es unknown
- 2000-04-06 JP JP2000609188A patent/JP2002540921A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-04-06 US US09/926,274 patent/US6676919B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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US5405656A (en) * | 1990-04-02 | 1995-04-11 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Solution for catalytic treatment, method of applying catalyst to substrate and method of forming electrical conductor |
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US6936564B2 (en) | 2000-10-02 | 2005-08-30 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Supported catalyst consisting of metal of the platinum group and obtained by means of controlled electroless deposition |
US7514476B2 (en) | 2006-03-17 | 2009-04-07 | Headwaters Technology Innovation, Llc | Stable concentrated metal colloids and methods of making same |
US7601668B2 (en) | 2006-09-29 | 2009-10-13 | Headwaters Technology Innovation, Llc | Methods for manufacturing bi-metallic catalysts having a controlled crystal face exposure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE19915681A1 (de) | 2000-10-12 |
US6676919B1 (en) | 2004-01-13 |
ZA200109145B (en) | 2002-11-06 |
CA2368149A1 (en) | 2000-10-12 |
KR20010105411A (ko) | 2001-11-28 |
ID30550A (id) | 2001-12-20 |
CN1144620C (zh) | 2004-04-07 |
CN1354690A (zh) | 2002-06-19 |
AU4544500A (en) | 2000-10-23 |
JP2002540921A (ja) | 2002-12-03 |
EP1169129A1 (de) | 2002-01-09 |
MXPA01009978A (es) | 2002-02-28 |
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