Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G08—SIGNALLING
  • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
  • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
  • G08B17/06—Electric actuation of the alarm, e.g. using a thermally-operated switch
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G08—SIGNALLING
  • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
  • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
  • G08B17/12—Actuation by presence of radiation or particles, e.g. of infrared radiation or of ions
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G08—SIGNALLING
  • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
  • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
  • G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G08—SIGNALLING
  • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
  • G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
  • G08B29/18—Prevention or correction of operating errors
  • G08B29/183—Single detectors using dual technologies
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G08—SIGNALLING
  • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
  • G08B7/00—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00
  • G08B7/06—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00 using electric transmission, e.g. involving audible and visible signalling through the use of sound and light sources
  • G08B7/062—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00 using electric transmission, e.g. involving audible and visible signalling through the use of sound and light sources indicating emergency exits
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G08—SIGNALLING
  • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
  • G08B7/00—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00
  • G08B7/06—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00 using electric transmission, e.g. involving audible and visible signalling through the use of sound and light sources
  • G08B7/066—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00 using electric transmission, e.g. involving audible and visible signalling through the use of sound and light sources guiding along a path, e.g. evacuation path lighting strip

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a fire detector with at least one sensor for detecting at least one fire parameter and with an evaluation circuit, by means of which an alarm is triggered when the given fire parameter exceeds a predetermined first value.
• DE-A-196 44 127 describes an evacuation system with a variable escape route signage which can be adapted to the respective danger situation, which detectors for hazard detection and localization, a central detection for automatic activation of the evacuation system and a risk-oriented, has automatic control of the escape route signage, but there is no more precise information about the practical implementation of this system.
• the Expert System lacks all the information on how a reliable determination of the hazard potential should take place, because for an optimized evacuation plan it is not enough to know where it is burning and how this fire may spread, but it is concrete and not Only calculated information about the usability of the escape routes is required
• the present invention takes a completely different approach and sets itself the task of specifying a fire detector which, in addition to its usual function of detecting small values of fire parameters, with high false alarm security provides reliable information about the condition of escape routes
• the at least one sensor additionally monitors a second, higher value of the respective fire parameter, and that an alarm signal indicating the unusability of the relevant escape route is triggered if this second value is exceeded
• the fire detector according to the invention therefore contains at least a second threshold value for each fire parameter, if exceeded, an alarm signal is triggered which indicates the unusability of the escape route in question a life-threatening radiation pressure, whereby the fire detector is equipped with appropriate sensors.
• the control center or a special device such as a pager or the like, receives a corresponding signal and the emergency officer knows that the relevant escape route is unusable and thus has the opportunity to block this escape route
• the second threshold value can also be assigned a somewhat lower third threshold value corresponding to a pre-alarm, so that the control center also receives information as to which escape route will become unusable with a certain probability in the foreseeable future
• a second preferred exemplary embodiment of the fire detector according to the invention is characterized by optical and / or acoustic display and / or alarm means which can be activated by the alarm signal mentioned. These means can be provided on the detector itself, but it is also possible to place it at suitable points in some Distance from the detectors, for example at the entrances to aisles or staircases
• Another preferred exemplary embodiment of the fire detector according to the invention is characterized by a camera for monitoring the area surrounding the detector and by means for the controlled transmission of the images registered by the camera in each case to a central evaluation and / or observation station, which preferably forms part of the center of a fire alarm system
• the fire detector equipped with the camera enables the operations manager to select specific rooms or escape routes to observe optically and to become aware of dangerous situations that may not be recognizable as such by the sensors of the fire detector.
• it can be determined whether an escape route is still structurally / mechanically intact so that it can be used safely and there is the opportunity to discover injured or unconscious people and to initiate their rescue
• the invention further relates to a fire alarm system with a control center, with fire detectors connected to it and with an escape route display system with adjustable display means.
• the fire alarm system according to the invention is characterized in that fire detectors, hereinafter referred to as escape route detectors, are provided in the area of the escape routes, by means of which fire characteristic variables are additionally monitored life-threatening values occur, and that the display means are controlled on the basis of this additional monitoring
• the display means mentioned can, for example, be simple displays in the form of the arrows that are customary today, or complex display panels for entire parts of a building or building, or also display means provided directly on the escape route detectors, but in any case the unusable escape routes are marked accordingly using the additional monitoring mentioned become
• the escape route display could be formed, for example, by an electronic display board, on which the free escape routes are marked with green arrows and the blocked escape routes with red, crossed green arrows.
• suitable escape symbols can be used to mark the escape routes that will soon become unusable
• a first preferred embodiment of the fire alarm system according to the invention is characterized in that means for monitoring the flow of people in the respective escape route, which are referred to below as persons payer, are arranged in the area of the escape routes and that the display means are controlled on the basis of this monitoring
• This embodiment has the advantage that the system provides reliable information about the flow of people in the escape routes, thereby enabling blocked escape routes to be blocked
• a second preferred embodiment of the fire alarm system according to the invention is characterized in that the escape route detectors and / or the people payer are directly connected to the respective display means
• an escape route detector and / or person counter installed in a corridor is connected to the display arranged at the entrance to this passage.
• the escape route detectors and / or person counters installed in a stairwell or in a main aisle are analogous to the displays mounted in the entrances or side passages to the staircase or the main aisle, so that these entrances or side passages could be marked as unusable
• connection from the escape route detectors and / or persons paying to the display means can also be made via the control center, but it may make sense under certain circumstances, for example as a backup in the event of failure if the escape route control is carried out locally
• a further preferred embodiment of the fire alarm system according to the invention is characterized by a computer to which all fire detectors and people who are connected are connected and supply current fire and escape route data, the computer being used in the event of an alarm to calculate the cheapest escape routes and to switch the display means accordingly with the appropriate software, an evacuation system forms with the fire detectors (normal fire detectors plus escape route detectors) and the person counters and the display elements
• the software mentioned can also contain a fire simulation system which, in the alarm-free state, allows a simulation of the emergency, which is very useful for planning the system and the escape routes, in particular also for new or special use of rooms.With such a fire simulation system, for example, the functioning of the Run through the system (escape route detector plus number of people plus display element) for a given population of the building and a given danger using software and test and optimize the system
• the evacuation system according to the invention thus differs significantly from all fire or evacuation simulation models, to which none People counters and / or escape route detectors are connected
• the evacuation system can also provide a graphic representation of the building and the local danger, which can be very useful for the head of operations.
• the fire alarm system according to the invention can also be connected to a “voice system”
• the people payer are designed in the manner of a light barrier or a light curtain and are equipped to pay for the people passing through their detection area.
• the people can be paid by image processing, for example using a camera in CMOS technology
• FIG. 1 shows a first schematic detail of a fire alarm system according to the invention
• FIG. 2 shows a second schematic detail of a fire alarm system according to the invention
• the detail shown in Fig. 1 from a fire detection system shows an escape route detector F and a person counter P, which are connected to a control center 12 and an escape route display 13.
• the escape route detector F contains an optical fire detector 1, for example a stray light or a point extinction avoidance device, which by additional Sensors for fire parameters has been expanded
• These additional sensors are a CO sensor 14, which forms the actual core of the escape route detector F, and a temperature sensor 15, and optionally a radiation pressure sensor (not shown) can also be provided
• the CO sensor is referred to as the core piece because by far most of the fatalities in fires are due to CO poisoning.
• the escape route detector F contains, in addition to the fire detector 1, a camera 2.
• the fire detector 1 shown consists, in a known manner, of an avoidance insert 3 which can be fastened in a base (not shown), and from a detector hood 4 which is placed over the avoidance insert 3 and which is provided with smoke openings 5 in the area of its summit.
• the detector insert 3 essentially contains an optical module 6 and evaluation electronics 7
• the optics module 6 essentially consists of one light source
• the optical axes of the light source 8 formed by an infrared or a red or blue light-emitting diode (IRED or LED) and the light receiver 9 are bent towards one another, this course and by means of diaphragms prevents light rays from going directly from the light source 8 to the light receiver
• the light source 8 sends short, intense light pulses into the central part of the measuring chamber 10 called the scattering space, the light receiver 9 "seeing" the scattering space but not the light source 8.
• the light from the light source 8 is scattered by smoke penetrating into the scattering space, and part of this scattered light falls on the light receiver 9.
• the receiver signal generated thereby is processed by the evaluation electronics 7.
• the receiver signal is processed in a known manner with an alarm threshold and at least compared to a pre-alarm threshold, and the evaluation electronics 7 emits an alarm signal at an output 11 when the alarm threshold referred to below as the fire alarm threshold is exceeded by the receiver signal.
• Intelligent signal processing using fuzzy logic or a neural network ensures that the output the alarm signal occurs at smoke values that are as low as possible, but without causing unacceptable false alarms
• the evaluation electronics 7 contains a further alarm threshold, hereinafter referred to as an escape threshold, which is significantly higher than the fire alarm threshold and has a life-threatening smoke density value of, for example 10% per meter corresponds, of course, the evaluation electronics 7 must be designed in such a way that a correspondingly large dynamic range can be processed.
• the receiver signal is thus still observed even after a fire alarm has been triggered, and it is examined whether the receiver signal also exceeds the escape route alarm threshold Depending on the signal curve, a single additional bit for “escape route safe” or “escape route unsafe” (dangerous) is transmitted via output 11, for example in a simple implementation, and in the case of “escape route unsafe” this bit has the consequence that the relevant escape route as is impassable
• the said bit is transmitted to the control center 12 of the fire alarm system and, if appropriate, to an adjustable escape route display 13 connected to and controlled by the fire detector in question and has the effect that the escape route monitored by the fire detector in question is blocked, either via the control center 12 or directly through the escape route indicator connected to the detector 13.
• the latter can be, for example, one of the usual illuminated indicators for an emergency exit, which lights up green in the case of passability and red in the case of impassability, the colors being supported by corresponding pictograms.
• the information "Escape route unsafe" can also be transmitted to the fire department by remote control
• the evaluation electronics 7 also contain fire alarm thresholds and additional escape wall arm thresholds for the CO sensor 14 and and the temperature sensor 15, the escape wall arm threshold of the CO sensor 14 being, for example, 1000 to 1500 ppm CO and the escape wall arm threshold of the temperature sensor 15 being, for example, approximately 60 ° C. the smoke density, the evaluation electronics 7 monitors the receiver signals of the CO sensor 14 and the temperature sensor 15 and delivers a corresponding signal to the output 1 1 when the relevant escape route thresholds are exceeded, so that an additional bit for "escape route free” or "escape route unsafe” is also provided here transmitted to the control center 12 or to the escape route display 13 connected to the detector and the escape route is blocked in the case of “escape route unsafe”
• the person counter P is designed in the manner of a light barrier or a light curtain and consists, for example, of two active infrared detectors, each of which contains an active light source and a receiver with evaluation electronics.
• Such an arrangement is described, for example, in EP-A-0 845 765 P, which is connected either directly or via the escape route detector F to the control center 12 and the escape route display 13, pays the flow of people in the relevant escape route 12 is compared to an alarm threshold provided at whose exceeding the escape route display 13 is controlled such that the relevant escape route is blocked.
• the person payer P can be integrated in the escape route detector F or installed separately from it
• the camera 2 is preferably arranged in a support part 16 which is connected to the fire detector 1 or is worked on thereon and has a stage (not shown) for processing the camera signals, the output of which is connected to the evaluation electronics 7.
• the camera 2 is constantly ready to take pictures, but it delivers from no images of the monitored room are sent to the control center 12, the latter only takes place on the basis of a corresponding command from the control center 12. In this way, the head of operations is given the opportunity to control escape routes remotely and to block them if they are no longer safe, in addition he can observe what is going on in the escape routes, which means that injured or powerless people can be rescued in good time, but it would also be possible to use the camera to pay for people
• the camera 2 can also be automatically activated by exceeding an escape route threshold of the escape route detector F or the person counter P and sending images to the control center 12. It is essential that the connection, for example formed by a data bus, between the detector 1 and control center 12 is not triggered by image signals in the alarming stage the camera 2 is blocked, so that alarm signals from the various sensors can reach the control center 12 at any time and without delay. On the other hand, it is more important at the point in time at which the sensors have responded and a fire alarm has already been triggered or an escape route alarm threshold has been exceeded, that the head of operations can monitor the escape routes because this drastically improves the possibility of saving human lives
• the camera 2 does not have to be structurally connected to the detector 1, but can also be arranged at a certain distance from it, but this requires additional wiring.
• a camera using CMOS technology is preferably used as the camera 2, the processor of the Detector 1 compresses the images recorded by the camera such that they can be transmitted at a frequency of approximately 5 images per minute via a conventional data bus, the transmission rate being dependent on the occupancy of the bus
• the control center 12 can contain a computer with suitable evacuation software, to which all the people P and all the fire detectors of the system, the escape route detectors F and the “normal” fire detectors are connected.
• a software tool suitable for this purpose is called Exodus.
• the fire detectors provide current fire and escape route data and the person payer P also provides current escape route data the computer, which uses this data to calculate the cheapest escape routes and switches the escape route displays 13 accordingly
• the control center 12 with the computer and the connected peripheral devices forms an evacuation system, which can be supplemented by fire simulation software.
• the latter allows a simulation of the emergency in the event of no fire, which is necessary for planning the system and the escape routes or for new or special use of Clearing can be very useful
• FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a rectangular staircase S, into which four side aisles G flow.
• the staircase S is closed on each side aisle G by a door T, on each side of which an escape route indicator 13 is arranged.
• the side aisle-side escape route indication is in each case with 13 and the stairway-side with 13 'designated in the stairway S and in the side walks G escape route detectors F are also installed, the escape route detector (s) in the stairway S being connected to the side-aisle-side escape route indicators 13 the escape route display 13 'arranged to measure the side passage in question
• Number of people P Arranged in the side aisles G are number of people P who are connected via the escape route detector F arranged close to them or directly to the escape route display 13 'arranged on the stairway side of the door T which shuts off the relevant side aisle G'.
• Number of people P can also be arranged in the stairway S, preferably but the flow of people in the staircase S is calculated from the data of the side aisles G opening into and branching off from the staircase S.
• escape route detector (s) F in the staircase S registers an exceedance of an escape wall arm threshold or if the values of the people P indicate an overcrowding of the staircase S, then all associated side-aisle escape route displays 13 are switched to impassable, with the result that the access from the side walks G into the staircase S is blocked If an escape route detector F or a person P in a side aisle G registers that an escape wall arm threshold has been exceeded, the escape route display 13 'on the stairway side of the door T protecting this side aisle is switched to impassable and thus access to this side aisle is blocked
• FIG. 2 which is primarily used to explain the mode of operation of a fire detection system equipped with escape route detectors and person pagers, should not be understood as restrictive.
• the communication between escape route detectors F and person pens P on the one hand and escape route displays 13, 13 on the other hand is not limited to the direct connection shown and in many ways As already mentioned, the communication can also take place via the control center 12 (FIG. 1) and also to the fire brigade. Likewise, the communication is not restricted to a data bus, but can of course also take place wirelessly or in a so-called hybrid system
• escape route displays in the entire building or in the individual floors or building tracts with one another, and thus to make it possible to pass on commands for blocking escape routes from escape route display to escape route display so that it is ensured that the first one in each case is ensured Display of each escape route shows its current status

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
• Emergency Management (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
• Fire Alarms (AREA)
• Alarm Systems (AREA)
• Fire-Detection Mechanisms (AREA)

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Cited By (11)

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Citations (12)

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• 1999
  • 1999-09-07 ES ES99939887T patent/ES2198939T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-09-07 PL PL99340408A patent/PL195861B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1999-09-07 HU HU0004233A patent/HU224146B1/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1999-09-07 AU AU54046/99A patent/AU764012B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1999-09-07 WO PCT/CH1999/000413 patent/WO2000014693A1/de active IP Right Grant
  • 1999-09-07 EP EP99939887A patent/EP1046146B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-09-07 CZ CZ20001674A patent/CZ300492B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1999-09-07 CN CN99801559A patent/CN1125417C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1999-09-07 AT AT99939887T patent/ATE239280T1/de active
  • 1999-09-07 KR KR1020007004469A patent/KR100696740B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1999-09-07 DE DE59905313T patent/DE59905313D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 2000
  • 2000-04-28 NO NO20002271A patent/NO317973B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation

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