US20200129485A1 - Treating sickle cell disease with a pyruvate kinase r activating compound - Google Patents

Treating sickle cell disease with a pyruvate kinase r activating compound Download PDF

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US20200129485A1
US20200129485A1 US16/576,720 US201916576720A US2020129485A1 US 20200129485 A1 US20200129485 A1 US 20200129485A1 US 201916576720 A US201916576720 A US 201916576720A US 2020129485 A1 US2020129485 A1 US 2020129485A1
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United States
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compound
pkr
dose
dpg
day
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US16/576,720
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English (en)
Inventor
Anna Ericsson
Neal Green
Gary Gustafson
David R. Lancia, Jr.
Gary Marshall
Lorna Mitchell
David Richard
Zhongguo Wang
Forsyth Sanjeev
Kelly J. Patrick
Madhu Mondal
Maria Ribadeneira
Schroeder Patricia
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Forma Therapeutics Inc
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Forma Therapeutics Inc
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Priority to US16/576,720 priority Critical patent/US20200129485A1/en
Assigned to FORMA THERAPEUTICS, INC reassignment FORMA THERAPEUTICS, INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GREEN, NEAL, WANG, ZHONGGUO, MARSHALL, GARY, ERICSSON, ANNA, GUSTAFSON, GARY, RICHARD, DAVID, FORSYTH, SANJEEV, KELLY, PATRICK F., MITCHELL, Lorna, MONDAL, MADHU, RIBADENEIRA, Maria, SCHROEDER, Patricia, LANCIA, DAVID R., JR.
Publication of US20200129485A1 publication Critical patent/US20200129485A1/en
Priority to US17/008,787 priority patent/US20200405699A1/en
Priority to AU2020349555A priority patent/AU2020349555A1/en
Priority to CN202080066237.3A priority patent/CN114615977A/zh
Priority to BR112022004715A priority patent/BR112022004715A2/pt
Priority to CN202080066236.9A priority patent/CN114650817A/zh
Priority to KR1020227008771A priority patent/KR20220066272A/ko
Priority to PCT/US2020/051645 priority patent/WO2021055863A1/en
Priority to KR1020227008754A priority patent/KR20220066058A/ko
Priority to EP20865925.0A priority patent/EP4031133A4/de
Priority to MX2022003254A priority patent/MX2022003254A/es
Priority to MX2022003025A priority patent/MX2022003025A/es
Priority to EP20864351.0A priority patent/EP4031132A4/de
Priority to CA3151610A priority patent/CA3151610A1/en
Priority to BR112022004376A priority patent/BR112022004376A2/pt
Priority to AU2020350763A priority patent/AU2020350763A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2020/051579 priority patent/WO2021055807A1/en
Priority to CA3151612A priority patent/CA3151612A1/en
Priority to US18/087,774 priority patent/US11980611B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/436—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a six-membered ring having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. rapamycin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/06—Antianaemics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C07D491/056—Ortho-condensed systems with two or more oxygen atoms as ring hetero atoms in the oxygen-containing ring

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD), including the treatment of patients diagnosed with SCD by the administration of a compound that activates pyruvate kinase R (PKR).
  • SCD sickle cell disease
  • PKA pyruvate kinase R
  • Sickle cell disease is a chronic hemolytic anemia caused by inheritance of a mutated form of hemoglobin (Hgb), sickle Hgb (HgbS). It is the most common inherited hemolytic anemia, affecting 70,000 to 80,000 patients in the United States (US). SCD is characterized by polymerization of HgbS in red blood cells (RBCs) when HgbS is in the deoxygenated state (deoxy-HgbS), resulting in a sickle-shaped deformation. Sickled cells aggregate in capillaries precipitating vaso-occlusive events that generally present as acute and painful crises resulting in tissue ischemia, infarction, and long-term tissue damage.
  • Hgb red blood cells
  • deoxy-HgbS deoxygenated state
  • RBCs in patients with SCD tend to be fragile due to sickling and other factors, and the mechanical trauma of circulation causes hemolysis and chronic anemia.
  • damaged RBCs have abnormal surfaces that adhere to and damage vascular endothelium, provoking a proliferative/inflammatory response that underlies large-vessel stroke and potentially pulmonary-artery hypertension. Collectively, these contribute to the significant morbidity and increased mortality associated with this disease.
  • HU is in wide use as a backbone therapy for SCD, it remains only partially effective, and is associated with toxicity, such as myelosuppression and teratogenicity. Patients receiving HU still experience hemolysis, anemia, and vaso-occlusive crises, suggesting a need for more effective therapies, either as a replacement or in combination with HU. Beyond HU, therapeutic intervention is largely supportive care, aimed at managing the symptoms of SCD. For instance, blood transfusions help with the anemia and other SCD complications by increasing the number of normal RBCs. However, repeated transfusions lead to iron overload and the need for chelation therapies to avoid consequent tissue damage. In addition to these approaches, analgesic medications are used to manage pain.
  • One aspect of the disclosure relates to methods of treating SCD comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a pyruvate kinase R (PKR) activator to a patient in need thereof diagnosed with SCD.
  • PPKR pyruvate kinase R
  • PLR pyruvate kinase R
  • the invention is based in part on the discovery that the activation of PKR can target both sickling, by reducing deoxy-HgbS, and hemolysis. Targeting hemolysis may be achieved by improving RBC membrane integrity.
  • One aspect of the disclosure is the recognition that activation of PKR can reduce 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), which leads to decreased deoxy-HgbS (and, therefore, sickling), as well as can increase ATP, which promotes membrane health and reduces hemolysis.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is the recognition that activation of PKR can reduce 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), which inhibits Hgb deoxygenation/increases oxygen affinity of HgbS and leads to decreased deoxy-HgbS (and, therefore, sickling), as well as can increase ATP, which promotes membrane health and reduces hemolysis.
  • PKR activation reduces RBC sickling via a reduction in levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), which in turn reduces the polymerization of sickle Hgb (HgbS) into rigid aggregates that deform the cell.
  • PKR activation may contribute to overall RBC membrane integrity via increasing levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is predicted to reduce vaso-occlusive and hemolytic events which cause acute pain crises and anemia in SCD patients.
  • ATP adenosine triphosphate
  • the PKR Activating Compound can be the compound (S)-1-(5-((2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)sulfonyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropan-1-one (Compound 1):
  • Compound 1 is a selective, orally bioavailable PKR Activating Compound that decreases 2,3-DPG, increases ATP, and has anti-sickling effects in disease models with a wide therapeutic margin relative to preclinical toxicity.
  • the PKR Activating Compound can be any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • PKR Activating Compounds such as 1-(5-((2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)sulfonyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropan-1-one, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are useful in pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of patients diagnosed with SCD.
  • PKR Activating Compounds such as any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are useful in pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of patients diagnosed with SCD.
  • compositions comprising a compound of Formula I e.g., Compound 1
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be obtained by certain processes also provided herein.
  • compositions comprising any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be obtained by certain processes also provided herein.
  • a PKR Activating Compound such as Compound 1
  • HU hydroxyurea
  • use of a PKR Activating Compound, such as any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 provides a novel and improved therapeutic approach either alone or in combination with drugs that act through alternative mechanisms, such as hydroxyurea (HU).
  • FIG. 1 is a table of PKR Activating Compounds.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic showing the relationship of PKR activation to the reduction of the clinical consequences of sickle cell disease (SCD).
  • SCD sickle cell disease
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and modulating factors by plotting the relationship between hemoglobin saturation (percent) vs. partial pressure of oxygen (mmHg).
  • FIG. 4A is a chemical synthesis scheme for compounds of Formula I, including a synthesis of Compound 1 (separately provided in FIG. 4B ).
  • FIG. 4B is a chemical synthesis scheme for Compound 1.
  • FIG. 4C is a general chemical synthesis of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 6 is a graph of data showing activation of recombinant PKR-R510Q by Compound 1 in the enzyme assay of Example 3.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph of data showing PKR activation in human red blood cells treated with Compound 1 (Example 4).
  • FIG. 8A (Study 1) and FIG. 8B (Study 2) are each graphs showing the observed changes in 2,3-DPG levels in blood from mice following 7 days of once daily (QD) oral treatment with Compound 1 (Example 5).
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing observed changes in 2,3-DPG levels in blood from mice following 7 days of once daily (QD) oral treatment with Compound 1 (Example 5, Study 2).
  • FIG. 10A (Study 1) and FIG. 10B (Study 2) are graphs of data measuring ATP concentrations in red blood cells of mice following 7 days of once daily (QD) oral treatment with Compound 1 (Example 5).
  • FIG. 11 is a graph of the blood 2,3-DPG levels measured over time in healthy volunteers who received a single dose of Compound 1 or placebo.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph of the blood 2,3-DPG levels measured 24 hours post-dose in healthy volunteers who received a single dose of Compound 1 or placebo.
  • FIG. 13 is a graph of the blood 2,3-DPG levels measured over time in healthy volunteers who received daily doses of Compound 1 or placebo for 14 days.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph of the blood 2,3-DPG levels measured on day 14 in healthy volunteers who received daily doses of Compound 1 or placebo for 14 days.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph of the blood ATP levels measured on day 14 in healthy volunteers who received daily doses of Compound 1 or placebo for 14 days.
  • FIG. 16 is a graph plotting the blood concentration of Compound 1 (ng/mL) measured in healthy volunteer (HV) patients on a first (left) axis and the concentration of 2,3-DPG (micrograms/mL) measured in these HV patients on a second (right) axis after administration of a single dose of Compound 1 (400 mg).
  • Methods of treating SCD preferably include administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound (e.g., Compound 1) that reduces HgbS polymerization, for example by increasing HgbS affinity for oxygen.
  • Methods of treating SCD also preferably include administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound (e.g., any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 ) that reduces HgbS polymerization, for example by increasing HgbS affinity for oxygen.
  • Methods of lowering 2,3-DPG and/or increasing ATP levels in human RBCs comprise administering a PKR Activating Compound, such as Compound 1.
  • Methods of lowering 2,3-DPG and/or increasing ATP levels in human RBCs also comprise administering a PKR Activating Compound, such as any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 .
  • PKR Activating Compound such as any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 .
  • PKR Activating Compounds are also useful to increase Hgb oxygen affinity in RBC.
  • the disclosure is based in part on the discovery that PKR activation is a therapeutic modality for SCD, whereby HgbS polymerization and RBC sickling are reduced via decreased 2,3-DPG and increased ATP levels.
  • SCD is the most common inherited blood disorder and clinically manifests with potentially severe pathological conditions associated with substantial physical, emotional, and economic burden. For instance, acute vaso-occlusive pain crises can be debilitating and necessitate rapid medical response. Chronic hemolytic anemia causes fatigue and often necessitates blood transfusions and supportive care. Over time, impaired oxygen transport through microvasculature precipitates organ and tissue damage. While there are a number of options available for treating symptoms, overall disease management would benefit from therapies that target upstream processes to prevent vaso-occlusion and hemolysis.
  • HgbS polymerizes when it is in the deoxygenated state and ultimately causes a deformed, rigid membrane that is unable to pass through small blood vessels, thereby blocking normal blood flow through microvasculature.
  • the loss of membrane elasticity also increases hemolysis, reducing RBC longevity.
  • decreased cellular ATP and oxidative damage contribute to a sickle RBC membrane that is stiffer and weaker than that of normal RBCs.
  • the damaged membrane has a greater propensity for adhering to vasculature, leading to hemolysis, increased aggregation of sickled RBCs, and increased coagulation and inflammation associated with vaso-occlusive crises.
  • the underlying cause of sickling is the formation of rigid deoxy-HgbS aggregates that alter the cell shape and consequently impact cellular physiology and membrane elasticity.
  • These aggregates are highly structured polymers of deoxygenated HgbS; the oxygenated form does not polymerize. Polymerization is promoted by a subtle shift in conformation from the oxygen-bound relaxed (R)-state to the unbound tense (T)-state. In the latter, certain residues within the 0-chain of HgbS are able to interact in a specific and repetitive manner, facilitating polymerization.
  • the concentration of deoxy-HgbS depends on several factors, but the predominant factor is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO 2 ).
  • Oxygen reversibly binds to the heme portions of the Hgb molecule.
  • the binding of oxygen to Hgb is cooperative and the relationship to PO 2 levels fits a sigmoidal curve ( FIG. 3 ). This relationship can be impacted by temperature, pH, carbon dioxide, and the glycolytic intermediate 2,3-DPG.
  • 2,3-DPG binds within the central cavity of the Hgb tetramer, causes allosteric changes, and reduces Hgb's affinity for oxygen. Therefore, therapeutic approaches that increase oxygen affinity (i.e., reduce deoxygenation) of HgbS would presumably decrease polymer formation, changes to the cell membrane, and clinical consequences associated with SCD.
  • One aspect of this disclosure is targeting PKR activation to reduce 2,3-DPG levels, based on PKR's role in controlling the rate of glycolysis in RBCs.
  • a decrease in 2,3-DPG with PKR activation has been demonstrated in preclinical studies and in healthy volunteers and patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency. Additionally, PKR activation would be expected to increase ATP, and has been observed to do so in these same studies. Given the role of ATP in the maintenance of a healthy RBC membrane and protection from oxidative stress, elevating its levels is likely to have broad beneficial effects.
  • the disclosure relates to a method of improving the anemia and the complications associated with anemia in SCD patients (e.g., ⁇ 12 years of age) with Hgb SS or Hgb SB 0 -thalassemia.
  • Compound 1 is a selective, orally bioavailable PKR activator that has been shown to decrease 2,3-DPG, increase ATP, and have anti-sickling effects in disease models with a wide therapeutic margin relative to preclinical toxicity.
  • Methods of treatment can comprise administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (i) a PKR Activating Compound (e.g., a compound disclosed herein), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or (ii) a PKR Activating Composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier).
  • a PKR Activating Composition e.g., a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form.
  • a compound, composition, or pharmaceutical composition described herein is added directly to whole blood or packed cells extracorporeally or provided to the subject (e.g., the patient) directly.
  • a patient and/or subject can be selected for treatment using a compound described herein by first evaluating the patient and/or subject to determine whether the subject is in need of activation of PKR, and if the subject is determined to be in need of activation of PKR, then administering to the subject a PKR Activating Compound in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition.
  • a patient and/or subject can be selected for treatment using a compound described herein by first evaluating the patient and/or subject to determine whether the subject is diagnosed with SCD, and if the subject is diagnosed with SCD, then administering to the subject a PKR Activating Compound in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition.
  • administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a PKR Activating Compound can include administration of a total of about 25 mg-1,500 mg of Compound 1 each day, in single or divided doses.
  • Compound 1 is administered to patients diagnosed with SCD in total once daily (QD) doses of 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 125 mg, 150 mg, and/or higher if tolerated (e.g., 250 mg, 300 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 1000 mg, and/or 1500 mg).
  • a human dose of 80 to 130 mg of Compound 1 is administered once daily (QD) to a patient in need thereof (e.g., a patient diagnosed with SCD).
  • a PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 400 mg per day (e.g., 400 mg QD or 200 mg BID).
  • Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in an amount of 400 mg per day (e.g., 400 mg QD or 200 mg BID).
  • any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in an amount of 400 mg per day (e.g., 400 mg QD or 200 mg BID).
  • a PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 700 mg per day (e.g., 700 mg QD or 350 mg BID).
  • Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in an amount of 700 mg per day (e.g., 700 mg QD or 350 mg BID). In some embodiments, any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in an amount of 700 mg per day (e.g., 700 mg QD or 350 mg BID). In some embodiments, a PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 1100 mg, or 1500 mg per day, in single or divided doses.
  • Compound 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in an amount of 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 1100 mg, or 1500 mg per day, in single or divided doses. In some embodiments, any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in an amount of 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 1100 mg, or 1500 mg per day, in single or divided doses.
  • Methods of treating a patient diagnosed with SCD can include administering to the patient in need thereof a therapeutic compound targeting reduction of deoxy-HgbS, which may or may not directly improve RBC membrane integrity.
  • Compound 1 has been shown to decrease 2,3-DPG and increase ATP, and reduced cell sickling has been demonstrated in disease models. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the methods of treatment can address not only sickling, but also hemolysis and anemia.
  • Methods of treating a patient diagnosed with sickle cell disease, and PKR Activating Compounds for use in such methods can include administering to the patient the PKR Activating Compound (e.g., a composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula I, such as Compound 1 or a mixture of Compound 1 and Compound 2) in an amount sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels in the patient's red blood cells.
  • the amount is sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels by at least 30% after 24 hours, or greater (e.g., reducing 2,3-DPG levels in the patient's red blood cells by at least 40% after 24 hours).
  • the amount is sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels by 30-50% after 24 hours.
  • the amount is sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels by 40-50% after 24 hours. In some embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels by at least 25% after 12 hours. In some embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels by 25-45% after 12 hours. In some embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels by at least 15% after 6 hours. In some embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels by 15-30% after 6 hours. In some embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels by at least 40% on day 14 of treatment. In some embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels by 40-60% on day 14 of treatment. In some embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels by at least 50% on day 14 of treatment. In some embodiments, the amount is sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels by 50-60% on day 14 of treatment.
  • Methods of treating a patient diagnosed with sickle cell disease, and PKR Activating Compounds for use in such methods can also include administering to the patient the PKR Activating Compound (e.g., a composition comprising one or more compounds of Formula I, such as Compound 1 or a mixture of Compound 1 and Compound 2) in a daily amount sufficient to increase the patient's ATP blood levels.
  • the amount is sufficient to increase ATP blood levels by at least 40% on day 14 of treatment, or greater (e.g., t least 50% on day 14 of treatment).
  • the amount is sufficient to increase ATP blood levels by 40-65% on day 14 of treatment.
  • the amount is sufficient to increase ATP blood levels by at least 50% on day 14 of treatment, or greater (e.g., at least 50% on day 14 of treatment). In some embodiments, the amount is sufficient to increase ATP blood levels by 50-65% on day 14 of treatment.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising Compound 1 can be used in a method of treating a patient diagnosed with sickle cell disease, the method comprising administering to the patient 400 mg of Compound 1 once per day (QD)
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising Compound 1 can be used in a method of treating a patient diagnosed with sickle cell disease, the method comprising administering to the patient 200 mg of Compound 1 twice per day (BID)
  • the present disclosure provides PKR Activating Compounds of Formula I:
  • a PKR Activating Compound is 1-(5-((2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)sulfonyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropan-1-one.
  • the compound of Formula I is preferably Compound 1:
  • a compound of Formula I is (S)-1-(5-((2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)sulfonyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropan-1-one.
  • the present disclosure provides a PKR Activating Compound that is any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • compositions comprising a compound of Formula I.
  • a provided composition containing a compound of Formula I comprises a mixture of Compound 1 and Compound 2:
  • compositions comprising any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • compositions comprising a PKR Activating Composition containing a compound of Formula (I) can be formulated for oral administration (e.g., as a capsule or tablet).
  • Compound 1 can be combined with suitable compendial excipients to form an oral unit dosage form, such as a capsule or tablet, containing a target dose of Compound 1.
  • the drug product can be prepared by first manufacturing Compound 1 as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), followed by roller compaction/milling with intragranular excipients and blending with extra granular excipients.
  • API active pharmaceutical ingredient
  • a Drug Product can contain the Compound 1 API and excipient components in Table 1 in a tablet in a desired dosage strength of Compound 1 (e.g., a 25 mg or 100 mg tablet formed from a Pharmaceutical Composition in Table 1).
  • the blended material can be compressed to form tablets and then film coated.
  • the pharmaceutical composition preferably comprises about 30-70% by weight of (S)-1-(5-((2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)sulfonyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropan-1-one, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in an oral dosage form.
  • a provided composition containing a compound of Formula I comprises a mixture of (S)-1-(5-((2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)sulfonyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropan-1-one and (R)-1-(5-((2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)sulfonyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrro[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropan-1-one.
  • a provided composition containing a compound of Formula I is a mixture of Compound 1 and Compound 2 as part of a PKR Activating Composition.
  • a compound of Formula I is racemic.
  • a compound of Formula I consists of about 50% of Compound 1 and about 50% of Compound 2.
  • a compound of Formula I is not racemic.
  • a compound of Formula I does not consist of about 50% of Compound 1 and about 50% of Compound 2.
  • a compound of Formula I comprises about 99-95%, about 95-90%, about 90-80%, about 80-70%, or about 70-60% of Compound 1.
  • a compound of Formula I comprises about 99%, 98%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, or 60% of Compound 1.
  • a PKR Activating Composition comprises a mixture of Compound 1 and Compound 2. In some embodiments, a PKR Activating Composition comprises a mixture of Compound 1 and Compound 2, wherein the PKR Activating Composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1.
  • compositions comprising a compound of Formula I can be prepared as shown in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B .
  • Compounds of Formula I can be obtained by the general chemical synthesis scheme of FIG. 4A .
  • Compound 1 can be obtained by the chemical synthesis route of FIG. 4A or FIG. 4B .
  • compounds of Formula I ( FIG. 4A ) and/or Compound 1 ( FIG. 4B ) can be obtained from a series of four reaction steps from commercially available starting materials.
  • Commercially available 7-bromo-2H,3H-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-b]pyridine was treated with a mixture of n-butyl lithium and dibutylmagnesium followed by sulfuryl chloride to give sulfonyl chloride 3.
  • the compounds listed in FIG. 1 can be prepared as shown in FIG. 4C and as described in International Publication No. WO 2018/175474, published Sep. 27, 2018. Generally, the compounds listed in FIG. 1 can be prepared by acylation and sulfonylation of the secondary amine groups of hexahydropyrrolopyrrole 6. For example, sulfonylation of 6 with a suitable sulfonyl chloride 7 affords sulfonyl hexahydropyrrolopyrrole 8, which is then treated with a suitable carboxylic acid 9 in the presence of an amide coupling reagent (e.g., HATU) to afford compound 10 (Path 1).
  • an amide coupling reagent e.g., HATU
  • acylation of 6 with a suitable carboxylic acid 9 in the presence of an amide coupling reagent affords acyl hexahydropyrrolopyrrole 11, which is then treated with a suitable sulfonyl chloride 7 to afford compound 10 (Path 2).
  • a suitable sulfonyl chloride 7 to afford compound 10 (Path 2).
  • Methods of treating SCD also include administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a bioactive compound (e.g., a small molecule, nucleic acid, or antibody or other therapy) that reduces HgbS polymerization, for example by increasing HgbS affinity for oxygen.
  • a bioactive compound e.g., a small molecule, nucleic acid, or antibody or other therapy
  • composition comprising a PKR Activating Compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
  • composition of embodiment 1, wherein the compound of Formula I is Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
  • composition of embodiment 2 wherein the composition comprises a mixture of Compound 1 and Compound 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
  • composition of embodiment 1, comprising the compound: 1-(5-((2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)sulfony)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropan-1-one. 5.
  • SCD sickle cell disease
  • the method comprises oral administration of the pharmaceutical composition comprising (S)-1-(5-((2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-b]pyridin-7-yl)sulfonyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropan-1-one, as the only PKR Activating Compound in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • SCD sickle cell disease
  • a composition comprising a compound of Formula I obtainable by a process comprising the step of converting compound 5 into a compound of Formula I in a reaction described as Step 4:
  • SCD sickle cell disease
  • a method for reducing 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels in a patient's red blood cells comprising administering to the patient a PKR Activating Compound in a therapeutically effective amount, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is a compound of Formula I:
  • PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 25-1500 mg per day. 5. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered once daily in an amount of 250 mg, 300 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 1000 mg, or 1500 mg per day. 6. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered once daily in an amount of 100 mg per day. 7. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered once daily in an amount of 600 mg per day. 8. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered once per day. 9. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is orally administered to the patient. 10. The method of embodiment 3, wherein Compound 1 is the only PKR Activating Compound administered to the patient.
  • a method for reducing 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels in a patient's red blood cells comprising administering to the patient the PKR Activating Compound in an amount sufficient to reduce 2,3-DPG levels in the patient's red blood cells by at least 30% after 24 hours, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is a compound of Formula I:
  • PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 1100 mg, or 1500 mg per day. 10. The method of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 200 mg per day. 11. The method of embodiment 10, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 200 mg per day once per day (QD). 12. The method of embodiment 10, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 100 mg per day twice per day (BID). 13. The method of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 400 mg per day. 14.
  • the method of embodiment 13, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 400 mg once per day (QD). 15. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 200 mg twice per day (BID). 16. The method of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 600 mg per day. 17. The method of embodiment 16, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 300 mg twice per day (BID). 18. The method of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the PKR Activating Compound is administered in an amount of 700 mg per day. 19.
  • PKR As the enzyme that catalyzes the last step of glycolysis, PKR underlies reactions that directly impact the metabolic health and primary functions of RBCs.
  • the following Examples demonstrate how PKR activation by Compound 1 impacts RBCs.
  • the primary effect of Compound 1 on RBCs is a decrease in 2,3-DPG that is proposed to reduce Hgb sickling and its consequences on RBCs and oxygen delivery to tissues.
  • Compound 1 also increases ATP, which may provide metabolic resources to support cell membrane integrity and protect against loss of deformability and increased levels of hemolysis in SCD. With the combination of effects Compound 1 has on RBCs, it is likely to reduce the clinical sequelae of sickle Hgb and provide therapeutic benefits for patients with SCD.
  • the PKR Activating Compound designated Compound 1 was prepared as described in Example 1, and tested for PKR activating activity in the biochemical assay of Example 2.
  • PKR biological enzymatic activity of PKR (i.e., formation of ATP and/or pyruvate) was evaluated in enzyme and cell assays with Compound 1, as described in Example 3 and Example 4, respectively. Results from enzyme assays show that Compound 1 is an activator of recombinant wt-PKR and mutant PKR, (e.g., R510Q), which is one of the most prevalent PKR mutations in North America. PKR exists in both a dimeric and tetrameric state, but functions most efficiently as a tetramer. Compound 1 is an allosteric activator of PKR and is shown to stabilize the tetrameric form of PKR, thereby lowering the K m (the Michaelis-Menten constant) for PEP.
  • K m the Michaelis-Menten constant
  • mice In vivo testing in mice (Examples 5) demonstrated PKR activation in wt mice, and provided an evaluation of effects on RBCs and Hgb in a murine model of SCD.
  • Compound 1 was well tolerated up to the highest dose tested, and exposures increased in a dose-proportional manner. Levels of 2,3-DPG were reduced by >30% for doses 2120 mg/kg Compound 1 (AUC from 0 to 24 hours (AUC 0-24 >5200 hr ⁇ ng/mL) and levels of ATP were increased by >40% for 260 mg/kg Compound 1 (AUC 0-24 >4000 hr ⁇ ng/mL).
  • a daily dose of between 100 mg to 1500 mg of a PKR Activating Compound is administered to humans. In some embodiments, a daily dose of between 100 mg to 1500 mg of Compound 1 is administered to humans. In some embodiments, a daily dose of between 100 mg to 1500 mg of any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 is administered to humans. In particular, a total daily dose of 100 mg-600 mg of a PKR Activating Compound can be administered to humans (including, e.g., a dose of 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, or 600 mg, per day, in single or divided doses).
  • a total daily dose of 100 mg-600 mg of Compound 1 can be administered to humans (including, e.g., a dose of 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, or 600 mg, per day, in single or divided doses).
  • a total daily dose of 100 mg-600 mg of any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 can be administered to humans (including, e.g., a dose of 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, or 600 mg, per day, in single or divided doses).
  • a daily dose of 400 mg (e.g., 400 mg QD or 200 mg BID) of a PKR Activating Compound is administered to humans.
  • a daily dose of 400 mg (e.g., 400 mg QD or 200 mg BID) of Compound 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to humans.
  • a daily dose of 400 mg (e.g., 400 mg QD or 200 mg BID) of any of the compounds listed in FIG. 1 is administered to humans.
  • the PKR Activating Compound 1 was obtained by the method described herein and the reaction scheme shown in FIG. 4A and/or FIG. 4B .
  • Compound 1 has a molecular weight of 457.50 Da.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with 20 mL of water and was then extracted with 3 ⁇ 20 mL of dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by prep-TLC eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (20:1) and further purified by prep-HPLC (Column: XBridge C18 OBD Prep Column, 100 ⁇ , 5 m, 19 mm ⁇ 250 mm; Mobile Phase A: water (10 mmol/L NH 4 HCO 3 ), Mobile Phase B: MeCN; Gradient: 15% B to 45% B over 8 min; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; UV Detector: 254 nm).
  • Compound 1 can be synthesized using the procedure described here as Step 5.
  • a solution of 7-((3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)sulfonyl)-2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-b]pyridine (130.9 mg, 0.423 mmol) in DMF (2.5 ml) was cooled on an ice bath, then treated with (S)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoic acid (84.8 mg, 0.510 mmol), HATU (195.5 mg, 0.514 mmol), and DIEA (0.30 mL, 1.718 mmol) and stirred at ambient temperature overnight.
  • the solution was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed sequentially with water (20 mL) and brine (2 ⁇ 20 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, treated with silica gel, and evaporated under reduced pressure.
  • the material was chromatographed by Biotage MPLC (10 g silica gel column, 0 to 5% MeOH in DCM) to provide a white, slightly sticky solid.
  • PKR Activating Compounds can be identified with the biochemical Luminescence Assay of Example 2.
  • the PKR activating activity of a series of chemical compounds was evaluated using the Luminescence Assay below, including compounds designated Compound 1, Compound 2, and Compounds 6, 7, and 8 below, and the compounds listed in FIG. 1 .
  • PKR adenosine-5′-diphosphate
  • ADP adenosine-5′-diphosphate
  • FBP D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate
  • reagents are prepared in buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 , and 0.01% Triton X100, 0.03% BSA, and 1 mM DTT.
  • Enzyme and PEP phosphoenolpyruvate are added at 2 ⁇ to all wells of an assay-ready plate containing serial dilutions of test compounds or DMSO vehicle.
  • Final enzyme concentrations for PKR(wt), PKR(R510Q), and PKR(G332S) are 0.8 nM, 0.8 nM, and 10 nM respectively.
  • Final PEP concentration is 100 M.
  • the Enzyme/PEP mixture is incubated with compounds for 30 minutes at RT before the assay is initiated with the addition of 2 ⁇ ADP and KinaseGloPlus.
  • Final concentration of ADP is 100 M.
  • Final concentration of KinaseGloPlus is 12.5%.
  • that reagent is added at 30 ⁇ M upon reaction initiation. Reactions are allowed to progress for 45 minutes at RT until luminescence is recorded by the BMG PHERAstar FS Multilabel Reader.
  • the compound is tested in triplicate at concentrations ranging from 42.5 ⁇ M to 2.2 nM in 0.83% DMSO.
  • AC 50 measurements were obtained by the standard four parameter fit algorithm of ActivityBase XE Runner (max, min, slope and AC 50 ).
  • the AC 50 value for a compound is the concentration ( ⁇ M) at which the activity along the four parameter logistic curve fit is halfway between minimum and maximum activity.
  • AC 50 values are defined as follows: ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ M (+++); >0.1 ⁇ M and ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ M (++); >1.0 ⁇ M and ⁇ 40 ⁇ M (+); >40 ⁇ M (0).
  • PKR neuropeptide kinase kinase
  • PKR mutants having lower activities compared to the wild type.
  • Such mutations in PKR can affect enzyme activity (catalytic efficiency), regulatory properties, and/or thermostability of the enzyme.
  • One example of a PKR mutation is G332S.
  • Another example of a PKR mutation is R510Q.
  • V max maximum velocity
  • FBP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
  • Assessments were made up to 60 min at RT, and V max and PEP K m were calculated.
  • the effect of Compound 1 on V max ranged from no effect to a modest increase (see FIG. 5 for a representative curve).
  • Compound 1 consistently reduced the PEP K m , typically by ⁇ 2 fold, for wt-PKR and PKR-R510Q in the presence or absence of FBP (Table 4), demonstrating that Compound 1 can enhance the rate of PKR at physiological concentrations of PEP.
  • Activation of wt-PKR and PKR-R510Q by different concentrations of Compound 1 was evaluated for PEP concentrations at or below K m .
  • Compound 1 increased the rate of ATP formation, with AC 50 values ranging from ⁇ 0.05 to ⁇ 0.10 ⁇ M and a range of ⁇ 2.0 to ⁇ 3.0 maximum-fold activation (i.e., ⁇ 200% to ⁇ 300%) (Table 5).
  • Representative data from PKR-R510Q showed that the effect was concentration dependent ( FIG. 6 ).
  • wt-PKR The activation of wt-PKR by Compound 1 in mature human erythrocytes ex vivo was evaluated in purified RBCs purchased from Research Blood Components. Cells treated with Compound 1 for 3 hr in glucose-containing media were washed, lysed, and assayed using a Biovision Pyruvate Kinase Assay (K709-100). The assay was repeated multiple times to account for donor-to-donor variability and the relatively narrow dynamic range. Mean maximum activation increase (Max-Min) was ⁇ 100% and mean 50% effective concentration (EC 50 ) was ⁇ 125 nM (Table 6). wt-PKR was activated in a concentration-dependent manner ( FIG. 7 ).
  • Mouse RBCs were isolated fresh from whole blood using a Ficoll gradient and assayed with methods similar to those used in the human RBCs assays. Maximum activation increase, and EC 50 values were comparable to the effects in human RBCs (Table 7).
  • PK/phamacodynamic (PD) studies were conducted in Balb/c mice that were administered Compound 1 once daily by oral gavage (formulated in 10% Cremophor EL/10% PG/80% DI water) for 7 days (QD ⁇ 7) at doses of 0 (vehicle), 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 mg/kg (Study 1); 0 (vehicle), 7.5, 15, 30, 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg (Study 2).
  • whole blood was collected 24 hours after dosing and snap frozen. Samples were later thawed and analyzed by LC/MS for 2,3-DPG and ATP levels.
  • Compound 1 was well tolerated. No adverse clinical signs were observed and there were no differences in body weight change compared with the vehicle group.
  • FIGS. 8A and 8B The levels of 2,3-DPG decreased with Compound 1 treatment ( FIGS. 8A and 8B (Studies 1 and 2) and FIG. 9 (Study 2)). In general, reductions were >20% at ⁇ 15 mg/kg Compound 1, and >30% for 120 and 240 mg/kg Compound 1. Together, the results from the highest doses provide in vivo evidence that 2,3-DPG decreases with PKR activation.
  • Example 6 A SAD/MAD Study to Assess the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Compound 1 in Healthy Volunteers and Sickle Cell Disease Patients
  • Compound 1 will be evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind, single ascending and multiple ascending dose study to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of Compound 1 in healthy volunteers and sickle cell disease patients.
  • the use of Compound 1 is disclosed herein for treatment of sickle cell disease in humans.
  • Compound 1 is an oral small-molecule agonist of pyruvate kinase red blood cell isozyme (PKR) being developed for the treatment of hemolytic anemias.
  • PLR pyruvate kinase red blood cell isozyme
  • This human clinical trial study will characterize the safety, tolerability and the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of a single ascending dose and multiple ascending doses of Compound 1 in the context of phase 1 studies in healthy volunteers and sickle cell disease patients. The effects of food on the absorption of Compound 1 will also be evaluated, in healthy volunteers.
  • the objectives of the study include the following:
  • the study arms and assigned interventions to be employed in the study are summarized in Table 8.
  • SAD single ascending dose
  • MAD 2-week multiple ascending dose
  • a single dose cohort is planned to understand food effects (FE) on the PK of Compound 1.
  • FE food effects
  • the safety, PK and PD of a single dose of Compound 1 that was found to be safe in healthy subjects will then be evaluated in sickle cell disease (SCD) subjects.
  • SCD sickle cell disease
  • Multiple dose studies in SCD subjects will then be initiated upon completion of MAD studies in healthy volunteers.
  • Compound 1 will be administered in 25 mg and 100 mg tablets delivered orally.
  • Drug Compound 1/Placebo in SCD subjects SCD subjects will receive Compound Sickle cell disease subject cohort 1/placebo and be monitored for side randomized 6:2 receiving a single dose of effects while undergoing Compound 1 or placebo.
  • the dose of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics Compound 1/placebo administered will be studies a dose that was found to be safe in healthy subjects.
  • the dose of Compound 1/placebo administered also will be a dose that was found to be pharmacodynamically active (e.g., results in a reduction in 2,3-DPG) in healthy subjects.
  • DPG 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
  • ATP adenosine triphosphate
  • Table 11 reports the mean maximum percentage change in 2,3-DPG and ATP across all doses and timepoints in the SAD and MAD cohorts. As shown in Table 11, a mean decrease in 2,3-DPG, and a mean increase in ATP, relative to baseline, was observed in both the SAD and MAD cohorts. Within 24 hr of a single dose of Compound 1, a decrease in 2,3-DPG was observed. After 14 days of Compound 1 dosing these PD effects were maintained along with an increase in ATP over baseline. Accordingly, the mean maximum reduction in the concentration of 2,3-DPG was at least about 40% in patients receiving Compound 1 in the SAD study and at least about 50% in patients receiving Compound 1 in the MAD study.
  • the subjects' blood 2,3-DPG levels were measured periodically after dosing by a qualified LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of 2,3-DPG in blood.
  • Decreased 2,3-DPG blood levels were observed 6 hours following a single dose of Compound 1 at all dose levels (earlier timepoints were not collected).
  • Maximum decreases in 2,3-DPG levels generally occurred ⁇ 24 hours after the first dose with the reduction sustained ⁇ 48-72 hr postdose.
  • Table 12 reports the median percentage change in 2,3-DPG blood levels, relative to baseline, measured over time in healthy volunteers after a single dose of Compound 1 (200 mg, 400 mg, 700 mg, or 1000 mg) or placebo. Accordingly, the median reduction in the concentration of 2,3-DPG, relative to baseline, was at least about 30% at all dose levels tested 24 hours after administration of the single dose.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph of the blood 2,3-DPG levels measured over time in healthy volunteers who received a single dose of Compound 1 (200 mg, 400 mg, 700 mg, or 1000 mg) or placebo. As shown in FIG. 11 , healthy volunteers who received Compound 1 experienced a decrease in blood 2,3-DPG levels, relative subjects who received the placebo.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph of the blood 2,3-DPG levels measured 24 hours post-dose in healthy volunteers who received a single dose of Compound 1 (200 mg, 400 mg, 700 mg, or 1000 mg) or placebo. As shown in FIG. 12 , healthy volunteers who received Compound 1 experienced a decrease in blood 2,3-DPG levels at 24 hours post-dose, relative to subjects who received the placebo.
  • the subjects' blood 2,3-DPG levels were measured periodically after dosing by a qualified LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of 2,3-DPG in blood.
  • the maximum decrease in 2,3-DPG on Day 14 was 55% from baseline (median).
  • 2,3-DPG levels reached a nadir and plateaued on Day 1 and had not returned to baseline levels 72 hours after the final dose on Day 14.
  • Table 13 reports the median percentage change in 2,3-DPG blood levels, relative to baseline, measured over time after the first dose on days 1 and 14 in healthy volunteers who received daily doses of Compound 1 (100 mg BID, 200 mg BID, or 300 mg BID) or placebo for 14 days. Accordingly, the median reduction in the concentration of 2,3-DPG, relative to baseline, was at least about 25% at all dose levels tested 24 hours after administration of the first dose on day 1 and at least about 40% at all dose levels tested 24 hours after administration of the first dose on day 14.
  • FIG. 13 is a graph of the blood 2,3-DPG levels measured over time in healthy volunteers who received daily doses of Compound 1 (100 mg BID, 200 mg BID, 300 mg BID, or 400 mg QD) or placebo for 14 days. As shown in FIG. 13 , healthy volunteers who received Compound 1 experienced a decrease in blood 2,3-DPG levels, relative subjects who received the placebo.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph of the blood 2,3-DPG levels measured on day 14 in healthy volunteers who received daily doses of Compound 1 (100 mg BID, 200 mg BID, 300 mg BID, or 400 mg QD) or placebo for 14 days. As shown in FIG. 14 , healthy volunteers who received Compound 1 experienced a decrease in blood 2,3-DPG levels, relative to subjects who received the placebo.
  • the subjects' blood ATP levels were measured on day 14 by a qualified LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of ATP in blood. ATP levels were elevated, relative to baseline, on day 14, and remained elevated 60 hours after the last dose. Table 14 reports the median percentage change in blood ATP levels, relative to baseline, measured over time after the first dose on day 14 in healthy volunteers who received daily doses of Compound 1 (100 mg BID, or 200 mg BID) or placebo for 14 days.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph of the blood ATP levels measured on day 14 in healthy volunteers who received daily doses of Compound 1 (100 mg BID, 200 mg BID, 300 mg BID, or 400 mg QD) or placebo for 14 days. As shown in FIG. 15 , healthy volunteers who received Compound 1 experienced an increase in blood ATP levels, relative to subjects who received the placebo.
  • Compound 1 100 mg BID, 200 mg BID, 300 mg BID, or 400 mg QD
  • FIG. 16 is a graph plotting the blood concentration of Compound 1 (ng/mL) measured in healthy volunteer (HV) patients on a first (left) axis and the concentration of 2,3-DPG (micrograms/mL) measured in these HV patients on a second (right) axis after administration of a single dose of Compound 1 (400 mg). Solid symbols represent geometric means and Standard errors of the observed Compound 1 plasma and 2,3 DPG concentrations.
  • the observed 2,3 DPG modulation does not track directly plasma pharmacokinetics (blood concentration of Compound 1) where the pharmacodynamic maximum (i.e., the minimum of the 2,3-DPG concentration, at time ⁇ 24 h) occurred nearly 24 h after the pharmacokinetic maximum (i.e., maximum of the PK curve, at time ⁇ 1-2 h).
  • the observed pharmacodynamic response in HVs was durable, with a calculated PD half-life of ⁇ 20 h, where 2,3-DPG depression was observed long after plasma levels were undetectable.
  • Standard and QC samples are prepared on ice and stored in plastic containers.
  • Needle Rinse 1 25:25:25:25:0.1 Add 500 mL of (NR1) (v:v:v:v:v) MeOH, 500 mL of Ambient MeOH:ACN: ACN, 500 mL of H2O:IPA:NH 4 OH H 2 O, 500 mL of Temperature IPA, and 2 mL of NH 4 OH. Mix. Needle Rings 2 90:10:0.1 (v:v:v) Add 2 mL of FA to Ambient (NR2) H 2 0:MeOH:FA 200 mL of MeOH Temperature and 1800 mL of H 2 0. Mix.
  • Calibration standards are prepared using water as the matrix according to the table presented below.
  • the indicated standard is prepared by diluting the indicated spiking volume of stock solution with the indicated matrix volume.
  • Quality control standards are prepared using water as the matrix according to the table presented below.
  • the indicated quality control standard is prepared by diluting the indicated spiking volume of stock solution with the indicated matrix volume.
  • An internal standard spiking solution is prepared with a final concentration of 12,500 ng/mL ATP and 2,3-DPG by diluting stock solutions of ATP and 2,3-DPG at concentrations of 1,000,000 ng/mL with water. 0.200 mL each of the ATP and 2,3-DPG stock solutions are diluted with 15.6 mL of water to produce a final volume of 16.0 mL at a final concentration of 12,500 ng/mL of ATP and 2,3-DPG.
  • the plate is then centrifuged at approximately 3500 RPM at approximately 4° C. for five minutes. After centrifugation, a liquid handler is used to transfer 50 L of each sample to a new 96-well plate, and 200 ⁇ L of acetonitrile is added to all samples on the plate. The newly prepared plate is covered and agitated by vortex for approximately 1 minute. The plate is then centrifuged at approximately 3500 RPM at approximately 4° C. for 2 minutes.
  • the collected MS data is analyzed and sample concentrations are quantified using peak area ratios with a linear 1/x 2 regression type.

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US16/576,720 US20200129485A1 (en) 2018-09-19 2019-09-19 Treating sickle cell disease with a pyruvate kinase r activating compound
US17/008,787 US20200405699A1 (en) 2018-09-19 2020-09-01 Treating sickle cell disease with a pyruvate kinase r activating compound
PCT/US2020/051579 WO2021055807A1 (en) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Activating pyruvate kinase r
CA3151612A CA3151612A1 (en) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Pyruvate kinase r (pkr) activating compositions
PCT/US2020/051645 WO2021055863A1 (en) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Pyruvate kinase r (pkr) activating compositions
MX2022003025A MX2022003025A (es) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Activacion de la piruvato cinasa r.
BR112022004715A BR112022004715A2 (pt) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Composições de ativação de piruvato quinase r (pkr)
CN202080066236.9A CN114650817A (zh) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 激活丙酮酸激酶r
KR1020227008771A KR20220066272A (ko) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 피루베이트 키나제 r 활성화
AU2020349555A AU2020349555A1 (en) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Activating Pyruvate Kinase R
KR1020227008754A KR20220066058A (ko) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 피루베이트 키나제 r(pkr) 활성화 조성물
EP20865925.0A EP4031133A4 (de) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Pyruvatkinase r (pkr)-aktivierungszusammensetzungen
MX2022003254A MX2022003254A (es) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Composiciones activadoras de piruvato cinasa r (pkr).
CN202080066237.3A CN114615977A (zh) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 丙酮酸激酶r(pkr)活化组合物
EP20864351.0A EP4031132A4 (de) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Aktivierung von pyruvatkinase r
CA3151610A CA3151610A1 (en) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Activating pyruvate kinase r
BR112022004376A BR112022004376A2 (pt) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Ativação de piruvato quinase r
AU2020350763A AU2020350763A1 (en) 2019-09-19 2020-09-18 Pyruvate kinase R (PKR) activating compositions
US18/087,774 US11980611B2 (en) 2018-09-19 2022-12-22 Treating sickle cell disease with a pyruvate kinase R activating compound

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US20200085798A1 (en) 2020-03-19
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