US20110020388A1 - Targeted synthetic nanocarriers with ph sensitive release of immunomodulatory agents - Google Patents

Targeted synthetic nanocarriers with ph sensitive release of immunomodulatory agents Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110020388A1
US20110020388A1 US12/788,260 US78826010A US2011020388A1 US 20110020388 A1 US20110020388 A1 US 20110020388A1 US 78826010 A US78826010 A US 78826010A US 2011020388 A1 US2011020388 A1 US 2011020388A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
immunomodulatory agent
composition
synthetic
synthetic nanocarrier
solution
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US12/788,260
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English (en)
Inventor
Charles Zepp
Yun Gao
Mark J. Keegan
Sam Baldwin
Fen-Ni Fu
Lloyd Johnston
Grayson B. Lipford
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cartesian Therapeutics Inc
Original Assignee
Selecta Biosciences Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Selecta Biosciences Inc filed Critical Selecta Biosciences Inc
Priority to US12/788,260 priority Critical patent/US20110020388A1/en
Assigned to SELECTA BIOSCIENCES, INC. reassignment SELECTA BIOSCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BALDWIN, SAM, FU, FEN-NI, GAO, YUN, JOHNSTON, LLOYD, KEEGAN, MARK J., LIPFORD, GRAYSON B., ZEPP, CHARLES
Publication of US20110020388A1 publication Critical patent/US20110020388A1/en
Priority to US13/948,129 priority patent/US20140030344A1/en
Priority to US14/273,099 priority patent/US20140242173A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • This invention relates to compositions, and related methods, of synthetic nanocarriers that target sites of action in cells, such as antigen presenting cells (APCs), and comprise immunomodulatory agents that dissociate from the synthetic nanocarriers in a pH sensitive manner.
  • the invention additionally relates to protection of labile immunomodulatory agents by means of their encapsulation in synthetic nanocarriers.
  • Immunomodulatory agents are used to produce immune responses in subjects. Stimulation of the immune system, which includes stimulation of either or both innate immunity and adaptive immunity, is a complex phenomenon that can result in either protective or adverse physiologic outcomes for the host. In recent years there has been increased interest in the mechanisms underlying innate immunity, which is believed to initiate and support adaptive immunity. This interest has been fueled in part by the recent discovery of a family of highly conserved pattern recognition receptor proteins known as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) believed to be involved in innate immunity as receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
  • TLRs Toll-like receptors believed to be involved in innate immunity as receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
  • compositions and methods useful for modulating innate immunity are therefore of great interest, as they may affect therapeutic approaches to conditions involving inflammation, allergy, asthma, infection, cancer, and immunodeficiency, etc.
  • the immunomodulatory agent is coupled to the synthetic nanocarrier via an immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety. In certain embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent is encapsulated within the synthetic nanocarrier. In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent comprises a labile immunomodulatory agent such as an imidazoquinoline, an adenine derivative, or an oligonucleotide that comprises 5′-CG-3′, wherein C is unmethylated and wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a backbone comprising one or more unstabilized internucleotide linkages.
  • a labile immunomodulatory agent such as an imidazoquinoline, an adenine derivative, or an oligonucleotide that comprises 5′-CG-3′, wherein C is unmethylated and wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a backbone comprising one or more unstabilized internucleotide linkages.
  • the imidazoquinoline comprises an imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazopyridine amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, an imidazoquinoline amine, imiquimod, or resiquimod.
  • the oligonucleotide's backbone comprises no stabilizing chemical modifications that function to stabilize the backbone under physiological conditions. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide's backbone comprises a backbone that is not modified to incorporate phosphorothioate stabilizing chemical modifications.
  • the immunomodulatory agent is an adjuvant. In certain embodiments, the adjuvant comprises a Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist such as a TLR 3 agonist, TLR 7 agonist, TLR 8 agonist, TLR 7/8 agonist, or a TLR 9 agonist.
  • TLR Toll-like receptor
  • the TLR agonist is an immunostimulatory nucleic acid such as an immunostimulatory DNA or immunostimulatory RNA.
  • the immunostimulatory nucleic acid is a CpG-containing immunostimulatory nucleic acid that comprises one or more stabilizing chemical modifications that function to stabilize the backbone under physiological conditions.
  • the adjuvant comprises a universal T-cell antigen.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers further comprise a B cell antigen and/or a T cell antigen. In certain embodiments, the synthetic nanocarriers further comprise an antigen presenting cell (APC) targeting feature. In some embodiments, the synthetic nanocarriers comprise one or more biodegradable polymers. In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent is coupled to the one or more biodegradable polymers via the immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety. In certain embodiments, the biodegradable polymer comprises poly(lactide), poly(glycolide), or poly(lactide-co-glycolide).
  • the biodegradable polymers have a weight average molecular weight ranging from 800 Daltons to 10,000 Daltons, as determined using gel permeation chromatography.
  • the immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety comprises an amide bond. In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety comprises an ester bond.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers comprise lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, surfactant-based emulsions, dendrimers, buckyballs, nanowires, virus-like particles, peptide or protein-based particles, nanoparticles that comprise a combination of nanomaterials, spheroidal nanoparticles, cubic nanoparticles, pyramidal nanoparticles, oblong nanoparticles, cylindrical nanoparticles, or toroidal nanoparticles.
  • the immunomodulatory agent comprises a labile immunomodulatory agent encapsulated within the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • the labile immunomodulatory agent comprises an imidazoquinoline, an adenine derivative, or an oligonucleotide that comprises 5′-CG-3′, wherein C is unmethylated and wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a backbone comprising one or more unstabilized internucleotide linkages.
  • the imidazoquinoline comprises an imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazopyridine amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, an imidazoquinoline amine, imiquimod, or resiquimod.
  • the oligonucleotide's backbone comprises no stabilizing chemical modifications that function to stabilize the backbone under physiological conditions. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide's backbone comprises a backbone that is not modified to incorporate phosphorothioate stabilizing chemical modifications.
  • the immunomodulatory agent comprises a labile immunomodulatory agent encapsulated within the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • the labile immunomodulatory agent comprises an imidazoquinoline, an adenine derivative, or an oligonucleotide that comprises 5′-CG-3′, wherein C is unmethylated and wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a backbone comprising one or more unstabilized internucleotide linkages.
  • the imidazoquinoline comprises an imidazoquinoline amine, an imidazopyridine amine, a 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amine, a imidazoquinoline amine, imiquimod, or resiquimod.
  • the oligonucleotide's backbone comprises no stabilizing chemical modifications that function to stabilize the backbone under physiological conditions. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide's backbone comprises a backbone that is not modified to incorporate phosphorothioate stabilizing chemical modifications.
  • the immunomodulatory agent is coupled to the synthetic nanocarrier via an immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety. In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent is encapsulated within the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • the immunomodulatory agent is an adjuvant.
  • the adjuvant comprises a Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist such as a TLR 3 agonist, TLR 7 agonist, TLR 8 agonist, TLR 7/8 agonist, or a TLR 9 agonist.
  • TLR agonist is an immunostimulatory nucleic acid such as an immunostimulatory DNA or immunostimulatory RNA.
  • the immunostimulatory nucleic acid is a CpG-containing immunostimulatory nucleic acid that comprises one or more stabilizing chemical modifications that function to stabilize the backbone under physiological conditions.
  • the adjuvant comprises a universal T-cell antigen.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers further comprise a B cell antigen and/or a T cell antigen.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers further comprise an antigen presenting cell (APC) targeting feature.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers comprise one or more biodegradable polymers.
  • the immunomodulatory agent is coupled to the one or more biodegradable polymers via the immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety.
  • the biodegradable polymer comprises poly(lactide), poly(glycolide), or poly(lactide-co-glycolide).
  • the biodegradable polymers have a weight average molecular weight ranging from 800 Daltons to 10,000 Daltons, as determined using gel permeation chromatography.
  • the immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety comprises an amide bond. In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety comprises an ester bond.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers comprise lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, surfactant-based emulsions, dendrimers, buckyballs, nanowires, virus-like particles, peptide or protein-based particles, nanoparticles that comprise a combination of nanomaterials, spheroidal nanoparticles, cubic nanoparticles, pyramidal nanoparticles, oblong nanoparticles, cylindrical nanoparticles, or toroidal nanoparticles.
  • compositions associated with the invention further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • compositions comprising a vaccine comprising any of the compositions associated with the invention.
  • compositions associated with the invention involve methods comprising administering any of the compositions associated with the invention to a subject.
  • the composition is in an amount effective to induce or enhance an immune response.
  • the subject has cancer, an infectious disease, a non-autoimmune metabolic disease, a degenerative disease, or an addiction.
  • FIG. 1 demonstrates the release of resiquimod (R848) from synthetic nanocarrier formulations at pH 7.4, 37° C.
  • FIG. 2 demonstrates the release of R848 from synthetic nanocarrier formulations at pH 4.5, 37° C.
  • FIG. 3 demonstrates the release of R848 from synthetic nanocarrier formulations at pH 7.4 and pH 4.5 at 24 hours.
  • FIG. 4 shows the level of antibody induction by synthetic nanocarriers with a CpG-containing immunostimulatory nucleic acid (Groups 2 and 3) as compared to the level of antibody induction by synthetic nanocarriers without the CpG-containing immunostimulatory nucleic acid (Group 1).
  • FIG. 5 shows the level of antibody induction by synthetic nanocarriers that release a phosphodiester, non-thioated CpG-containing immunostimulatory nucleic acid or a thioated CpG-containing immunostimulatory nucleic acid.
  • FIG. 6 shows the level of antibody induction by synthetic nanocarriers that release R848 at different rates.
  • FIG. 7 shows the level of antibody induction by synthetic nanocarriers carrying entrapped phosphodiester (PO) CpG, designated as NC-Nic/PO-CpG.
  • PO phosphodiester
  • FIG. 8 shows the release of entrapped PO-CpG from nanocarriers at a pH of 4.5 versus pH 7.5.
  • a labile immunomodulatory agent such as PO-CpG
  • Such a labile agent can be released at a desired site of action with a pH of 4.5 (e.g., in the endosome/lysosome) with low levels of release occurring at a pH of 7.4 (e.g., generally the pH outside of the endosome/lysosome).
  • This invention is useful in that it provides a way to release immunomodulatory agents more directly at the sites of action in cells of interest, in particular antigen presenting cells, which would result in beneficial immune response and/or reduce off-target effects and toxicity, as the majority of the release of the immunomodulatory agents would be at a site of action in the cells of interest.
  • This is of particular interest for the delivery of adjuvants.
  • the controlled release properties offer for the first time a controlled way of delivering immunomodulatory agents to the immune cells of interest and allow for a more precise intervention on the immune system, including the ability to release immunomodulatory agents over an extended period. All of this leads to a very tunable system to get the optimum release of immunomodulatory agent such that it will release primarily at a site of action in the desired cells.
  • the inventors have further recognized that coupling labile immunomodulatory agents within the inventive synthetic nanocarriers through encapsulating the labile immunomodulatory agents within the inventive synthetic nanocarriers, and providing a controlled way of delivering labile immunomodulatory agents to immune cells of interest, preferably over an extended period, results in targeted delivery of the labile immunomodulatory agents while minimizing off-target effects of the immunomodulatory agents, especially off-target effects associated with systemic administration of the immunomodulatory agents. Additionally, this approach can enhance the performance of labile immunomodulatory agents having a short half-life of elimination that otherwise might not have a desirable level of pharmacological activity.
  • the invention relates to certain oligonucleotides.
  • nucleic acid molecules including CpG nucleic acids, GU rich ssRNA and double-stranded RNA.
  • TLR9 Toll-like receptor 9
  • Natural DNA oligonucleotides contain phosphodiester linkages that are rapidly cleaved by nucleases found in the extracellular environment. Yu, D., et al., Potent CpG oligonucleotides containing phosphodiester linkages: in vitro and in vivo immunostimulatory properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2002. 297(1): p. 83-90 (“Yu et al.”); Heeg, K., et al., Structural requirements for uptake and recognition of CpG oligonucleotides. Int J Med Microbiol, 2008. 298(1-2): p. 33-8 (“Heeg et al.”).
  • Such natural oligonucleotides may be considered labile immunomodulatory agents. Accordingly, methods of chemically stabilizing the linkages by replacing the phosphodiester linking group with a phosphorothioate group have been extensively reported in the literature. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,811,975—Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Having Modified Internucleoside Linkages.
  • Phosphorothioate CpG containing oligonucleotides have been administered systemically as vaccine adjuvants. Yu et al. However, systemic administration of stabilized CpG oligonucleotides can result in off-target immunostimulatory effects, such as general inflammation, non-specific activation of lymphocytes, and flu-like symptoms.
  • Haas, T., et al. Sequence independent interferon-alpha induction by multimerized phosphodiester DNA depends on spatial regulation of Toll-like receptor-9 activation in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Immunology, 2009. 126(2): p. 290-8 (“Haas et al.”). Accordingly, such oligonucleotides may be usefully incorporated in the practice of the present invention, as is described in more detail below.
  • composition comprising: synthetic nanocarriers that comprise an immunomodulatory agent coupled to the synthetic nanocarrier; wherein the immunomodulatory agent, preferably a labile immunodmodulatory agent, dissociates from the synthetic nanocarrier according to the following relationship:
  • the immunomodulatory agent preferably a labile immunodmodulatory agent, dissociates from the synthetic nanocarrier according to the following relationship: IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.3, IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.4, IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.5, IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.6, IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.7, IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.8, IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.9, IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % 2, IArel(4.5)
  • the immunomodulatory agent preferably a labile immunodmodulatory agent, dissociates from the synthetic nanocarrier according to the following relationship: 2 ⁇ IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.2, 2.5 ⁇ IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.2, 3 ⁇ IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.2, 3.5 ⁇ IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.2, 4 ⁇ IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.2, 4.5 ⁇ IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % ⁇ 1.2, 5 ⁇ IArel(4.5) t %/IArel(7.4) t % 1.2, 6 ⁇ IArel(4.5) t
  • this invention relates to compositions and methods comprising synthetic nanocarriers that release immunomodulatory agents at significantly different rates at neutral and acidic pH.
  • immunomodulatory agents to have the most potent effect it is desirable to have the majority of the immunomodulatory agent released inside APCs where they can have a desired effect.
  • immunomodulatory agents are injected in free form, or when they are released from a synthetic nanoparticle outside the APCs, only a small portion of that immunomodulatory agent finds its way to the APCs, while the rest diffuses through the body, where the immune stimulation would be less and may result in deleterious effects.
  • inventive synthetic nanocarriers provided herein are preferentially taken up by APCs.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers Upon being taken up by the APC, the synthetic nanocarriers are presumed to be endocytosed into an endosomal/lysosomal compartment where the pH becomes more acidic, as opposed to the neutral pH outside the cells. Under these conditions, the immunomodulatory agent exhibits a pH sensitive dissociation from the synthetic nanocarrier (e.g., from an immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety) and is released from the synthetic nanocarrier. The immunomodulatory agent is then free to interact with receptors associated with the endosome/lysosome and stimulate a desired immune response.
  • the synthetic nanocarrier e.g., from an immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety
  • the immunomodulatory agents can be coupled to the synthetic nanocarriers by any of a number of methods. Generally, the coupling can be a result of bonding between the immunomodulatory agent and the synthetic nanocarrier. This bonding can result in the immunomodulatory agent being attached to the surface of the synthetic nanocarrier and/or contained within (encapsulated) the synthetic nanocarrier. In some embodiments, however, the immunomodulatory agent is encapsulated by the synthetic nanocarrier as a result of the structure of the synthetic nanocarrier rather than bonding to the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • an immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety can be any moiety through which an immunomodulatory agent is bonded to a synthetic nanocarrier.
  • moieties include covalent bonds, such as an amide bond or ester bond, as well as separate molecules that bond (covalently or non-covalently) the immunomodulatory agent to the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • molecules include linkers or polymers or a unit thereof.
  • the immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety can comprise a charged polymer to which an immunomodulatory agent (e.g., an immunostimulatory nucleic acid) electrostatically binds.
  • the immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety can comprise a polymer or unit thereof to which the immunomodulatory agent is covalently bonded.
  • the polymer or unit thereof comprises a polyester, polycarbonate, polyamide, or polyether, or unit thereof.
  • the polymer or unit thereof comprises poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), or a polycaprolactone, or unit thereof.
  • PEG poly(ethylene glycol)
  • the polymer is biodegradable. Therefore, in these embodiments, it is preferred that if the polymer comprises a polyether, such as poly(ethylene glycol) or unit thereof, the polymer comprises a block-co-polymer of a polyether and a biodegradable polymer such that the polymer is biodegradable.
  • the polymer does not solely comprise a polyether or unit thereof, such as poly(ethylene glycol) or unit thereof.
  • any of the polymers provided herein can have a weight average molecular weight, as determined by gel permeation chromatography, of about 800 Da to 10,000 Da (e.g., 2,000 Da).
  • the immunomodulatory agent is an adjuvant, such as an imidazoquinoline.
  • Imidazoquinolines include compounds, such as imiquimod and resiquimod (also known as R848).
  • Such adjuvants can be coupled to a polymer as provided above.
  • resiquimod was conjugated to poly-lactic acid (PLA) polymer of ⁇ 2000 Da.
  • PPA poly-lactic acid
  • Table 1 lists the compositions of the particles tested.
  • immunomodulatory agents such as R848, can be coupled to other polymers or units thereof, such as those provided above and elsewhere herein including polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) block co-polymer or unit thereof.
  • Immunomodulatory agents, such as R848, can be coupled to such polymers or units thereof by an amide or ester bond. Examples of methods for effecting such coupling are provided elsewhere herein and in the EXAMPLES.
  • composition comprising:
  • synthetic nanocarriers that comprise an immunomodulatory agent coupled to the synthetic nanocarrier; wherein the immunomodulatory agent, preferably a labile immunodmodulatory agent, dissociates from the synthetic nanocarrier according to the following relationship:
  • t1 is 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 or 30 hours
  • t2 is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, or 28 hours
  • t1 is 24 hours
  • t2 is 6 hours.
  • the immunomodulatory agent preferably a labile immunodmodulatory agent, dissociates from the synthetic nanocarrier according to the following relationship: IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 1.5, IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 2, IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 2.5, IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 3, IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 3.5, IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 4, IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 4.5, IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 5, IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 6, IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 7, IA(4.5)
  • the immunomodulatory agent preferably a labile immunodmodulatory agent, dissociates from the synthetic nanocarrier according to the following relationship: 10 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 1.2, 10 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 2, 10 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 2.5, 10 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 3, 10 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 3.5, 10 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 4, 10 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 4.5, 10 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 5, 10 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 6, 10 ⁇ IA(
  • Inventive synthetic nanocarriers have also been shown to exhibit the property of augmenting a humoral immune response to a specific antigen. Such augmented humoral immune response has been found to be elevated, in some embodiments, with faster release of immunomodulatory agent.
  • the immunomodulatory agent is a CpG-containing immunostimulatory nucleic acid
  • the CpG-containing immunostimulatory nucleic acid is encapsulated within a synthetic nanocarrier.
  • optimal release of the CpG-containing immunostimulatory nucleic acids from synthetic nanocarriers produced an elevated humoral immune response to nicotine, which was also coupled to the synthetic nanocarriers. In some embodiments, such optimal release was found to better augment an antibody response to an antigen.
  • Optimal release is the dissociation of the immunomodulatory agent from the synthetic nanocarrier that produces the best levels of desired effect(s).
  • the desired effect is an immediate immune response of a desired level (i.e., one that occurs soon after the administration of the synthetic nanocarrier).
  • an immediate immune response is one measured on the order of seconds, minutes, or a few hours.
  • the desired effect is an immune response of a desired level that occurs after a few hours.
  • the desired effect is an immune response of a desired level that is sustained for an extended period of time, such as for 1, 2, 5, 10, 15 or more hours. In other embodiments, the extended period of time is for 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or more days.
  • the extended period of time is for 1, 2, 5, 10 or more months. In further embodiments, the extended period of time is for 1, 2, 5, 10 or more years.
  • a composition of synthetic nanocarriers that provides optimal release is one wherein the immunomodulatory agent dissociates from the synthetic nanocarrier according to one of the above relationships.
  • an immunomodulatory agent preferably a labile immunodmodulatory agent, that dissociates from the synthetic nanocarrier at an intermediate rate satisfies the following relationship: 6 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 1.2, 5 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 1.2, 4 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 1.2, 3 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 1.2, 2 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 1.2, 6 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 2, 6 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 2.5, 6 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t2 ⁇ 3, 6 ⁇ IA(4.5) t1 /IA(4.5) t1 /I
  • resiquimod was encapsulated within a synthetic nanocarrier.
  • resiquimod contained in the synthetic nanocarriers augmented humoral immune response against nicotine also coupled to the synthetic nanocarriers.
  • an intermediate release of the resiquimod from the synthetic nanocarriers was optimal, as it resulted in a higher level of antibody induction than fast or slow release of the resiquimod.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers provided herein can also comprise one or more antigens.
  • the antigens can be B cell antigens or T cell antigens or a combination of both.
  • Such antigens can be coupled to the synthetic nanocarriers such that they are present on the surface of the synthetic nanocarriers, encapsulated within the nanocarriers or both, in some embodiments.
  • the immunomodulatory agent augments an immune response to such an antigen.
  • the antigen can also be coupled to the synthetic nanocarriers. In other embodiments, however such as antigen is not coupled to the synthetic nanocarriers. In some of these embodiments, such an antigen can be coadministered to a subject. In still other of these embodiments, such an antigen is not coadministered to the subject.
  • adjuvant means an agent that does not constitute a specific antigen, but boosts the strength and longevity of immune response to an antigen.
  • adjuvants may include, but are not limited to stimulators of pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, RIG-1 and NOD-like receptors (NLR), mineral salts, such as alum, alum combined with monphosphoryl lipid (MPL) A of Enterobacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella typhimurium , or Shigella flexneri or specifically with MPL® (AS04), MPL A of above-mentioned bacteria separately, saponins, such as QS-21, Quil-A, ISCOMs, ISCOMATRIXTTM, emulsions such as MF59TM, Montanide® ISA 51 and ISA 720, AS02 (QS21+squalene+MPL®), liposomes and liposomal formulations such as AS01, synthe
  • adjuvants comprise agonists for pattern recognition receptors (PRR), including, but not limited to Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), specifically TLRs 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and/or combinations thereof.
  • PRR pattern recognition receptors
  • TLRs Toll-Like Receptors
  • adjuvants comprise agonists for Toll-Like Receptors 3, agonists for Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 8, or agonists for Toll-Like Receptor 9; preferably the recited adjuvants comprise imidazoquinolines; such as resiquimod (also known as R848); adenine derivatives, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,329,381 (Sumitomo Pharmaceutical Company); immunostimulatory DNA; or immunostimulatory RNA.
  • synthetic nanocarriers incorporate as adjuvants compounds that are agonists for toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 & 8 (“TLR 7/8 agonists”).
  • TLR 7/8 agonist compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,696,076 to Tomai et al., including but not limited to imidazoquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, and 1,2-bridged imidazoquinoline amines.
  • Preferred adjuvants comprise imiquimod and resiquimod.
  • an adjuvant may be an agonist for the DC surface molecule CD40.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier incorporates an adjuvant that promotes DC maturation (needed for effective priming of naive T cells) and the production of cytokines, such as type I interferons, which in turn stimulate antibody and cytotoxic immune responses against desired antigen.
  • adjuvants also may comprise immunostimulatory RNA molecules, such as but not limited to dsRNA or poly I:C (a TLR3 stimulant), and/or those disclosed in F. Heil et al., “Species-Specific Recognition of Single-Stranded RNA via Toll-like Receptor 7 and 8” Science 303(5663), 1526-1529 (2004); J.
  • an adjuvant may be a TLR-4 agonist, such as bacterial lipopolysacccharide (LPS), VSV-G, and/or HMGB-1.
  • adjuvants may comprise TLR-5 agonists, such as flagellin, or portions or derivatives thereof, including but not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • synthetic nanocarriers incorporate a ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9, such as immunostimulatory oligonucleotide molecules comprising 5′-CG-3′ motifs, wherein the C is unmethylated, which induce type I interferon secretion, and stimulate T and B cell activation leading to increased antibody production and cytotoxic T cell responses (Krieg et al., CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B cell activation. Nature. 1995. 374:546-549; Chu et al. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides act as adjuvants that switch on T helper 1 (Thi) immunity. J.
  • TLR Toll-like receptor
  • adjuvants may be proinflammatory stimuli released from necrotic cells (e.g., urate crystals).
  • adjuvants may be activated components of the complement cascade (e.g., CD21, CD35, etc.).
  • adjuvants may be activated components of immune complexes.
  • the adjuvants also include complement receptor agonists, such as a molecule that binds to CD21 or CD35.
  • the complement receptor agonist induces endogenous complement opsonization of the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • adjuvants are cytokines, which are small proteins or biological factors (in the range of 5 kD-20 kD) that are released by cells and have specific effects on cell-cell interaction, communication and behavior of other cells.
  • the cytokine receptor agonist is a small molecule, antibody, fusion protein, or aptamer.
  • administering means providing a drug to a patient in a manner that is pharmacologically useful.
  • APC targeting feature means one or more portions of which the inventive synthetic nanocarriers are comprised that target the synthetic nanocarriers to professional antigen presenting cells (“APCs”), such as but not limited to dendritic cells, SCS macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, and B cells.
  • APC targeting features may comprise immunofeature surface(s) and/or targeting moieties that bind known targets on APCs.
  • APC targeting features may comprise one or more B cell antigens present on a surface of synthetic nanocarriers.
  • APC targeting features may also comprise one or more dimensions of the synthetic nanoparticles that is selected to promote uptake by APCs.
  • targeting moieties for known targets on macrophages comprise any targeting moiety that specifically binds to any entity (e.g., protein, lipid, carbohydrate, small molecule, etc.) that is prominently expressed and/or present on macrophages (i.e., subcapsular sinus-Mph markers).
  • entity e.g., protein, lipid, carbohydrate, small molecule, etc.
  • Exemplary SCS-Mph markers include, but are not limited to, CD4 (L3T4, W3/25, T4); CD9 (p24, DRAP-1, MRP-1); CD11a (LFA-1 ⁇ , ⁇ L Integrin chain); CD11b ( ⁇ M Integrin chain, CR3, Mol, C3niR, Mac-1); CD11c ( ⁇ X Integrin, p150, 95, AXb2); CDw12 (p90-120); CD13 (APN, gp150, EC 3.4.11.2); CD14 (LPS-R); CD15 (X-Hapten, Lewis, X, SSEA-1,3-FAL); CD15s (Sialyl Lewis X); CD15u (3′ sulpho Lewis X); CD15su (6 sulpho-sialyl Lewis X); CD16a (FCRIIIA); CD16b (FcgRIIIb); CDw17 (Lactosylceramide, LacCer); CD18 (Integrin ⁇
  • targeting moieties for known targets on dendritic cells comprise any targeting moiety that specifically binds to any entity (e.g., protein, lipid, carbohydrate, small molecule, etc.) that is prominently expressed and/or present on DCs (i.e., a DC marker).
  • entity e.g., protein, lipid, carbohydrate, small molecule, etc.
  • DC markers include, but are not limited to, CD1a (R4, T6, HTA-1); CD1b (R1); CD1c (M241, R7); CD1d (R3); CD1e (R2); CD11b ( ⁇ M Integrin chain, CR3, Mol, C3niR, Mac-1); CD11c ( ⁇ X Integrin, p150, 95, AXb2); CDw117 (Lactosylceramide, LacCer); CD19 (B4); CD33 (gp67); CD 35 (CR1, C3b/C4b receptor); CD 36 (GpIIIb, GPIV, PASIV); CD39 (ATPdehydrogenase, NTPdehydrogenase-1); CD40 (Bp50); CD45 (LCA, T200, B220, Ly5); CD45RA; CD45RB; CD45RC; CD45RO (UCHL-1); CD49d (VLA-4 ⁇ , ⁇ 4 Integrin); CD49e (VLA-5 ⁇ , ⁇ 5 Integrin); CD58
  • targeting can be accomplished by any targeting moiety that specifically binds to any entity (e.g., protein, lipid, carbohydrate, small molecule, etc.) that is prominently expressed and/or present on B cells (i.e., B cell marker).
  • entity e.g., protein, lipid, carbohydrate, small molecule, etc.
  • Exemplary B cell markers include, but are not limited to, CD1c (M241, R7); CD1d (R3); CD2 (E-rosette R, T11, LFA-2); CD5 (T1, Tp67, Leu-1, Ly-1); CD6 (T12); CD9 (p24, DRAP-1, MRP-1); CD11a (LFA-1 ⁇ , ⁇ L Integrin chain); CD11b ( ⁇ M Integrin chain, CR3, Mol, C3niR, Mac-1); CD11c ( ⁇ X Integrin, P150, 95, AXb2); CDw17 (Lactosylceramide, LacCer); CD18 (Integrin ⁇ 2, CD11a, b, c ⁇ -subunit); CD19 (B4); CD20 (B1, Bp35); CD21 (CR2, EBV-R, C3dR); CD22 (BL-CAM, Lyb8, Siglec-2); CD23 (FceRII, B6, BLAST-2, Leu-20); CD24 (BBA-1
  • B cell targeting can be accomplished by any targeting moiety that specifically binds to any entity (e.g., protein, lipid, carbohydrate, small molecule, etc.) that is prominently expressed and/or present on B cells upon activation (i.e., activated B cell marker).
  • entity e.g., protein, lipid, carbohydrate, small molecule, etc.
  • Exemplary activated B cell markers include, but are not limited to, CD1a (R4, T6, HTA-1); CD1b (R1); CD15s (Sialyl Lewis X); CD15u (3′ sulpho Lewis X); CD15su (6 sulpho-sialyl Lewis X); CD30 (Ber-H2, Ki-1); CD69 (AIM, EA 1, MLR3, gp34/28, VEA); CD70 (Ki-24, CD27 ligand); CD80 (B7, B7-1, BB1); CD86 (B7-2/B70); CD97 (BLKDD/F12); CD125 (IL-5R ⁇ ); CD126 (IL-6R ⁇ ); CD138 (Syndecan-1, Heparan sulfate proteoglycan); CD152 (CTLA-4); CD252 (OX40L, TNF(ligand) superfamily, member 4); CD253 (TRAIL, TNF(ligand) superfamily, member 10); CD279 (PD1);
  • B cell antigen means any antigen that naturally is or could be engineered to be recognized by a B cell, and triggers (naturally or being engineered as known in the art) an immune response in a B cell (e.g., an antigen that is specifically recognized by a B cell receptor on a B cell).
  • an antigen that is a T cell antigen is also a B cell antigen.
  • the T cell antigen is not also a B cell antigen.
  • B cell antigens include, but are not limited to proteins, peptides, small molecules, and carbohydrates.
  • the B cell antigen is a non-protein antigen (i.e., not a protein or peptide antigen).
  • the B cell antigen is a carbohydrate associated with an infectious agent. In some embodiments, the B cell antigen is a glycoprotein or glycopeptide associated with an infectious agent.
  • the infectious agent can be a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, parasite or prion.
  • the B cell antigen is a poorly immunogenic antigen. In some embodiments, the B cell antigen is an abused substance or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the B cell antigen is an addictive substance or a portion thereof. Addictive substances include, but are not limited to, nicotine, a narcotic, a cough suppressant, a tranquilizer, and a sedative.
  • the B cell antigen is a toxin, such as a toxin from a chemical weapon or natural sources, or a pollutant.
  • the B cell antigen may also be a hazardous environmental agent.
  • the B cell antigen is an alloantigen, an allergen, a contact sensitizer, a degenerative disease antigen, a hapten, an infectious disease antigen, a cancer antigen, an atopic disease antigen, an addictive substance, a xenoantigen, or a metabolic disease enzyme or enzymatic product thereof.
  • Biodegradable polymer means a polymer that degrades over time when introduced into the body of a subject.
  • Biodegradable polymers include but are not limited to, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyketals, or polyamides. Such polymers may comprise poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), or polycaprolactone.
  • the biodegradable polymer comprises a block-co-polymer of a polyether, such as poly(ethylene glycol), and a polyester, polycarbonate, or polyamide or other biodegradable polymer.
  • the biodegradable polymer comprises a block-co-polymer of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), or polycaprolactone.
  • the biodegradable polymer does not comprise a polyether, such as poly(ethylene glycol), or consists solely of the polyether.
  • the biodegradable polymer in embodiments, have a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 800 to about 50,000 Daltons, as determined using gel permeation chromatography.
  • the weight average molecular weight is from about 800 Daltons to about 10,000 Daltons, preferably from 800 Daltons to 10,000 Daltons, as determined using gel permeation chromatography. In other embodiments, the weight average molecular weight is from 1000 Daltons to 10,000 Daltons, as determined by gel permeation chromatography. In an embodiment, the biodegradable polymer does not comprise polyketal.
  • Coadministered means administering two or more drugs to a subject in a manner that is correlated in time. In embodiments, coadministration may occur through administration of two or more drugs in the same dosage form. In other embodiments, coadministration may encompass administration of two or more drugs in different dosage forms, but within a specified period of time, preferably within 1 month, more preferably within 1 week, still more preferably within 1 day, and even more preferably within 1 hour.
  • “Couple” or “Coupled” or “Couples” means attached to or contained within the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • the coupling is covalent.
  • the covalent coupling is mediated by one or more linkers, polymers or a unit thereof.
  • the coupling is non-covalent.
  • the non-covalent coupling is mediated by charge interactions, affinity interactions, metal coordination, physical adsorption, hostguest interactions, hydrophobic interactions, TT stacking interactions, hydrogen bonding interactions, van der Waals interactions, magnetic interactions, electrostatic interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the coupling may arise in the context of encapsulation within the synthetic nanocarriers, using conventional techniques. Any of the aforementioned couplings may be arranged to be on a surface or within an inventive synthetic nanocarrier.
  • “Derived” means adapted or modified from the original source.
  • a peptide antigen derived from an infectious strain may have several non-natural amino acid residues substituted for the natural amino acid residues found in the original antigen found in the infectious strain.
  • the adaptations or modifications may be for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to increased specificity, easier antigen processing, or improved safety.
  • Dosage form means a drug in a medium, carrier, vehicle, or device suitable for administration to a subject.
  • Effective amount of an inventive composition is that amount effective for a certain purpose. For example, when the effective amount is for a therapeutic purpose the amount is effective for treating, alleviating, ameliorating, relieving, delaying onset of, inhibiting progression of, reducing severity of, and/or reducing incidence of one or more symptoms or features of a disease, disorder, and/or condition provided herein.
  • Encapsulate means to enclose within a synthetic nanocarrier, preferably enclose completely within a synthetic nanocarrier. Most or all of a substance that is encapsulated is not exposed to the local environment external to the synthetic nanocarrier. Encapsulation is distinct from absorbtion, which places most or all of a substance on a surface of a synthetic nanocarrier, and leaves the substance exposed to the local environment external to the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • “Exhibits a pH sensitive dissociation” means that a coupling between two entities, such as the immunomodulatory agent and the synthetic nanocarrier or immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety, is significantly reduced or eliminated by a change in environmental pH.
  • relevant pH sensitive dissociations may satisfy any of the relationships or combinations thereof provided herein.
  • t is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 30 hours.
  • t is 24 hours.
  • t is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 30 hours.
  • t is 24 hours.
  • IA(4.5) t1 is defined as a weight of immunomodulatory agent released upon exposure of the synthetic nanocarrier to an in vitro aqueous environment at pH 4.5 for t1 hours taken as an average across a sample of the synthetic nanocarriers.
  • IA(4.5) t2 is defined as a weight of immunomodulatory agent released upon exposure of the synthetic nanocarrier to an in vitro aqueous environment at pH 4.5 for t2 hours taken as an average across a sample of the synthetic nanocarriers.
  • t1 is 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 or 30 hours;
  • t2 is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, or 28 hours; and t1>t2.
  • t1 is 24 hours
  • t2 is 6 hours.
  • Immunomodulatory agent means an agent that modulates an immune response. “Modulate”, as used herein, refers to inducing, enhancing, stimulating, or directing an immune response. Such agents include adjuvants that stimulate (or boost) an immune response to an antigen but is not an antigen or derived from an antigen.
  • the immunomodulatory agent is on the surface of the synthetic nanocarrier and/or is incorporated within the synthetic nanocarrier. In embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent is coupled to the synthetic nanocarrier via a polymer or unit thereof.
  • all of the immunomodulatory agents of a synthetic nanocarrier are identical to one another.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier comprises a number of different types of immunomodulatory agents.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier comprises multiple individual immunomodulatory agents, all of which are identical to one another.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier comprises exactly one type of immunomodulatory agent.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier comprises exactly two distinct types of immunomodulatory agents.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier comprises greater than two distinct types of immunomodulatory agents.
  • Immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety is any moiety through which an immunomodulatory agent is bonded to a synthetic nanocarrier.
  • Such moieties include covalent bonds, such as an amide bond or ester bond, as well as separate molecules that bond (covalently or non-covalently) the immunomodulatory agent to the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • Such molecules include linkers or polymers or a unit thereof.
  • the immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety can comprise a charged polymer to which an immunomodulatory agent (e.g., an immunostimulatory nucleic acid) electrostatically bonds.
  • the immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety can comprise a polymer or unit thereof to which the immunomodulatory agent covalently bonds.
  • the moiety comprises a polyester. In other embodiments, the moiety comprises poly(ethylene glycol), poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), or a polycaprolactone. The moiety may also comprise a unit of any of the foregoing polymers, such as a lactide or glycolide.
  • “Labile immunomodulatory agent(s)” means immunomodulatory agent or agents that are unstable under physiological conditions, and degrade to the point where they are no longer pharmacologically active. In embodiments, labile immunomodulatory agents are observed to have systemic half-lives of elimination of less than 24 hours, preferably less than 12 hours, more preferably less than 10 hours, even more preferably less than 8 hours, and still more preferably less than 6 hours. In embodiments, labile immunomodulatory agents comprise imidazoquinolines, adenine derivative, or oligonucleotides that comprise 5′-CG-3′, wherein C is unmethylated and wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a backbone comprising one or more unstabilized internucleotide linkages.
  • the imidazoquinolines comprise imidazoquinoline amines, imidazopyridine amines, 6,7-fused cycloalkylimidazopyridine amines, imidazoquinoline amines, imiquimod or resiquimod.
  • “Maximum dimension of a synthetic nanocarrier” means the largest dimension of a nanocarrier measured along any axis of the synthetic nanocarrier. “Minimum dimension of a synthetic nanocarrier” means the smallest dimension of a synthetic nanocarrier measured along any axis of the synthetic nanocarrier. For example, for a spheroidal synthetic nanocarrier, the maximum and minimum dimension of a synthetic nanocarrier would be substantially identical, and would be the size of its diameter. Similarly, for a cubic synthetic nanocarrier, the minimum dimension of a synthetic nanocarrier would be the smallest of its height, width or length, while the maximum dimension of a synthetic nanocarrier would be the largest of its height, width or length.
  • a minimum dimension of at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, of the synthetic nanocarriers in a sample, based on the total number of synthetic nanocarriers in the sample is greater than 100 nm.
  • a maximum dimension of at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, of the synthetic nanocarriers in a sample, based on the total number of synthetic nanocarriers in the sample is equal to or less than 5 ⁇ m.
  • a minimum dimension of at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, of the synthetic nanocarriers in a sample, based on the total number of synthetic nanocarriers in the sample is equal to or greater than 110 nm, more preferably equal to or greater than 120 nm, more preferably equal to or greater than 130 nm, and more preferably still equal to or greater than 150 nm.
  • a maximum dimension of at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, of the synthetic nanocarriers in a sample, based on the total number of synthetic nanocarriers in the sample is equal to or less than 3 ⁇ m, more preferably equal to or less than 2 ⁇ m, more preferably equal to or less than 1 ⁇ m, more preferably equal to or less than 800 nm, more preferably equal to or less than 600 nm, and more preferably still equal to or less than 500 nm.
  • a maximum dimension of at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, of the synthetic nanocarriers in a sample, based on the total number of synthetic nanocarriers in the sample is equal to or greater than 100 nm, more preferably equal to or greater than 120 nm, more preferably equal to or greater than 130 nm, more preferably equal to or greater than 140 nm, and more preferably still equal to or greater than 150 nm.
  • Measurement of synthetic nanocarrier sizes is obtained by suspending the synthetic nanocarriers in a liquid (usually aqueous) media and using dynamic light scattering (e.g. using a Brookhaven ZetaPALS instrument).
  • antigens obtained from a source may comprise the original amino acid residue sequence found in that source.
  • antigens obtained from a source may comprise the original molecular structure found in that source.
  • Oligonucleotide means a nucleotide molecule having from 6 to 100 nucleotides, preferably from 8 to 75 nucleotides, more preferably from 10 to 50 nucleotides, still more preferably from 15 to 25 nucleotides, even still more preferably 20 nucleotides.
  • oligonucleotides comprise less than 100 nucleotides, preferably less than 50 nucleotides, more preferably less than 25 nucleotides, and still more preferably less than 10 nucleotides.
  • any cytosine nucleotides (“C”) present in a 5′-CG-3′ sequence of which the oligonucleotide may be comprised are unmethylated, C present in parts of the oligonucleotides other than in a 5′-CG-3′ sequence of which the oligonucleotide may be comprised may be methylated, or may be unmethylated.
  • inventive oligonucleotides comprise a backbone comprising one or more unstabilized internucleotide linkages (meaning internucleotide linkages that are unstable under physiological conditions).
  • Unstabilized internucleotide linkage means a linkage between two nucleotides of which the oligonucleotide is comprised that is not chemically modified to stabilize the backbone, or is chemically modified to destabilize the backbone of the oligonucleotide under physiological conditions.
  • An example of an unstablized internucleotide linkage is a phophodiester internucleotide linkage.
  • the inventive oligonucleotides' backbone comprises no stabilizing chemical modifications that function to stabilize the backbone under physiological conditions.
  • the inventive oligonucleotides' backbone comprises a backbone that is not modified to incorporate phosphorothioate stabilizing chemical modifications.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means a pharmacologically inactive substance added to an inventive composition to further facilitate administration of the composition.
  • examples, without limitation, of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various diluents, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils and polyethylene glycols.
  • Release Rate means the rate that an entrapped immunomodulatory agent flows from a composition, such as a synthetic nanocarrier, into a surrounding media in an in vitro release test.
  • the synthetic nanocarrier is prepared for the release testing by placing into the appropriate in vitro release media. This is generally done by exchanging the buffer after centrifugation to pellet the synthetic nanocarrier and reconstitution of the synthetic nanocarriers using a mild condition.
  • the assay is started by placing the sample at 37° C. in an appropriate temperature-controlled apparatus. A sample is removed at various time points.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers are separated from the release media by centrifugation to pellet the synthetic nanocarriers.
  • the release media is assayed for the immunomodulatory agent that has dispersed from the synthetic nanocarriers.
  • the immunomodulatory agent is measured using HPLC to determine the content and quality of the immunomodulatory agent.
  • the pellet containing the remaining entrapped immunomodulatory agent is dissolved in solvents or hydrolyzed by base to free the entrapped immunomodulatory agent from the synthetic nanocarriers.
  • the pellet-containing immunomodulatory agent is then also measured by HPLC to determine the content and quality of the immunomodulatory agent that has not been released at a given time point.
  • the mass balance is closed between immunomodulatory agent that has been released into the release media and what remains in the synthetic nanocarriers. Data are presented as the fraction released or as the net release presented as micrograms released over time.
  • Subject means an animal, including mammals such as humans and primates; avians; domestic household or farm animals such as cats, dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, horses and pigs; laboratory animals such as mice, rats and guinea pigs; fish; and the like.
  • Synthetic nanocarrier(s) means a discrete object that is not found in nature, and that possesses at least one dimension that is less than or equal to 5 microns in size. Albumin nanoparticles are expressly included as synthetic nanocarriers.
  • Synthetic nanocarriers include polymeric nanoparticles.
  • synthetic nanocarriers can comprise one or more polymeric matrices.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers can also include other nanomaterials and may be, for example, lipid-polymer nanoparticles.
  • a polymeric matrix can be surrounded by a coating layer (e.g., liposome, lipid monolayer, micelle, etc.).
  • the synthetic nanocarrier is not a micelle.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier may comprise a core comprising a polymeric matrix surrounded by a lipid layer (e.g., lipid bilayer, lipid monolayer, etc.).
  • the various elements of the synthetic nanocarriers can be coupled with the polymeric matrix.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers may comprise one or more lipids.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier may comprise a liposome.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier may comprise a lipid bilayer.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier may comprise a lipid monolayer.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier may comprise a micelle.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier may comprise a non-polymeric core (e.g., metal particle, quantum dot, ceramic particle, bone particle, viral particle, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, etc.) surrounded by a lipid layer (e.g., lipid bilayer, lipid monolayer, etc.).
  • the synthetic nanocarriers may comprise lipid-based nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, surfactant-based emulsions, dendrimers, buckyballs, nanowires, virus-like particles, peptide or protein-based particles (such as albumin nanoparticles).
  • Synthetic nanocarriers may be a variety of different shapes, including but not limited to spheroidal, cubic, pyramidal, oblong, cylindrical, toroidal, and the like.
  • Synthetic nanocarriers according to the invention comprise one or more surfaces.
  • Exemplary synthetic nanocarriers that can be adapted for use in the practice of the present invention comprise: (1) the biodegradable nanoparticles disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • Synthetic nanocarriers according to the invention that have a minimum dimension of equal to or less than about 100 nm, preferably equal to or less than 100 nm, do not comprise a surface with hydroxyl groups that activate complement or alternatively comprise a surface that consists essentially of moieties that are not hydroxyl groups that activate complement.
  • synthetic nanocarriers according to the invention that have a minimum dimension of equal to or less than about 100 nm, preferably equal to or less than 100 nm, do not comprise a surface that substantially activates complement or alternatively comprise a surface that consists essentially of moieties that do not substantially activate complement.
  • synthetic nanocarriers according to the invention that have a minimum dimension of equal to or less than about 100 nm, preferably equal to or less than 100 nm, do not comprise a surface that activates complement or alternatively comprise a surface that consists essentially of moieties that do not activate complement.
  • synthetic nanocarriers may possess an aspect ratio greater than 1:1, 1:1.2, 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, or greater than 1:10.
  • synthetic nanocarriers are spheres or spheroids. In some embodiments, synthetic nanocarriers are flat or plate-shaped. In some embodiments, synthetic nanocarriers are cubes or cubic. In some embodiments, synthetic nanocarriers are ovals or ellipses. In some embodiments, synthetic nanocarriers are cylinders, cones, or pyramids.
  • a population of synthetic nanocarriers that is relatively uniform in terms of size, shape, and/or composition so that each synthetic nanocarrier has similar properties. For example, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the synthetic nanocarriers may have a minimum dimension or maximum dimension that falls within 5%, 10%, or 20% of the average diameter or average dimension. In some embodiments, a population of synthetic nanocarriers may be heterogeneous with respect to size, shape, and/or composition.
  • Synthetic nanocarriers can be solid or hollow and can comprise one or more layers. In some embodiments, each layer has a unique composition and unique properties relative to the other layer(s).
  • synthetic nanocarriers may have a core/shell structure, wherein the core is one layer (e.g., a polymeric core) and the shell is a second layer (e.g., a lipid bilayer or monolayer). Synthetic nanocarriers may comprise a plurality of different layers.
  • T cell antigen means any antigen that is recognized by and triggers an immune response in a T cell (e.g., an antigen that is specifically recognized by a T cell receptor on a T cell or an NKT cell via presentation of the antigen or portion thereof bound to a Class I or Class II major histocompatability complex molecule (MHC), or bound to a CD1 complex).
  • an antigen that is a T cell antigen is also a B cell antigen.
  • the T cell antigen is not also a B cell antigen.
  • T cell antigens generally are proteins or peptides.
  • T cell antigens may be an antigen that stimulates a CD8+ T cell response, a CD4+ T cell response, or both. The T cell antigens, therefore, in some embodiments can effectively stimulate both types of responses.
  • the T cell antigen is a T-helper antigen, which is a T cell antigen that can generate an augmented response to an unrelated B cell antigen through stimulation of T cell help.
  • a T-helper antigen may comprise one or more peptides derived from tetanus toxoid, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, mumps virus, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, diphtheria toxoid, or a PADRE peptide.
  • a T-helper antigen may comprise one or more lipids, or glycolipids, including but not limited to: ⁇ -galactosylceramide ( ⁇ -GalCer), ⁇ -linked glycosphingolipids (from Sphingomonas spp.), galactosyl diacylglycerols (from Borrelia burgdorferi ), lypophosphoglycan (from Leishmania donovani ), and phosphatidylinositol tetramannoside (PIM4) (from Mycobacterium leprae ).
  • ⁇ -galactosylceramide ⁇ -GalCer
  • ⁇ -linked glycosphingolipids from Sphingomonas spp.
  • galactosyl diacylglycerols from Borrelia burgdorferi
  • lypophosphoglycan from Leishmania donovani
  • PIM4 phosphatidylinositol tetramann
  • CD4+ T-cell antigens may be derivatives of a CD4+ T-cell antigen that is obtained from a source, such as a natural source.
  • CD4+ T-cell antigen sequences such as those peptides that bind to MHC II, may have at least 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% identity to the antigen obtained from the source.
  • the T cell antigen preferably a T-helper antigen, may be coupled to, or uncoupled from, a synthetic nanocarrier.
  • Unit thereof refers to a monomeric unit of a polymer, the polymer generally being made up of a series of linked monomers.
  • Vaccine means a composition of matter that improves the immune response to a particular pathogen or disease.
  • a vaccine typically contains factors that stimulate a subject's immune system to recognize a specific antigen as foreign and eliminate it from the subject's body.
  • a vaccine also establishes an immunologic ‘memory’ so the antigen will be quickly recognized and responded to if a person is re-challenged.
  • Vaccines can be prophylactic (for example to prevent future infection by any pathogen), or therapeutic (for example a vaccine against a tumor specific antigen for the treatment of cancer).
  • Vaccines according to the invention may comprise one or more of the synthetic nanocarriers or compositions provided herein.
  • the immunomodulatory agent can be coupled to the synthetic nanocarrier in any manner such that the dissociation of the immunomodulatory agent from the synthetic nanocarrier satisfies the dissociation relationships provided herein.
  • Methods for determining whether or not immunomodulatory agents of synthetic nanocarriers satisfy the dissociation relationships provided herein are provided elsewhere above and in the EXAMPLES.
  • Oligonucleotides according to the invention may be encapsulated into synthetic nanocarriers using a variety of methods including but not limited to C. Astete et al., “Synthesis and characterization of PLGA nanoparticles” J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Edn, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 247-289 (2006); K. Avgoustakis “Pegylated Poly(Lactide) and Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Nanoparticles: Preparation, Properties and Possible Applications in Drug Delivery” Current Drug Delivery 1:321-333 (2004); C. Reis et al., “Nanoencapsulation I.
  • the immunomodulatory agent is covalently coupled to the synthetic nanocarrier via an immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety (e.g., a polymer or unit thereof).
  • an immunomodulatory agent coupling moiety e.g., a polymer or unit thereof.
  • a polymer or unit thereof can be covalently coupled with an immunomodulatory agent in several ways.
  • solvents that may be suitable for use in the invention include, but are not limited to, p-cresol, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, diethyl ether, glycol, petroleum ether, hexane, cyclohexane, pentane, dichloromethane (or methylene chloride), chloroform, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), triethylamine, acetonitrile, methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAC), isopropan
  • a reaction or any step of the methods provided may be carried out at any suitable temperature. In some cases, a reaction or any step of the methods provided is carried out at about room temperature (e.g., about 25° C., about 20° C., between about 20° C. and about 25° C., or the like).
  • room temperature e.g., about 25° C., about 20° C., between about 20° C. and about 25° C., or the like.
  • the reaction or any step of the methods provided may be carried out at a temperature below or above room temperature, for example, at about ⁇ 20° C., at about ⁇ 10° C., at about 0° C., at about 10° C., at about 30° C., about 40° C., about 50° C., about 60° C., about 70° C., about 80° C., about 90° C., about 100° C., about 120° C., about 140° C., about 150° C. or greater.
  • the reaction or any step of the methods provided is conducted at temperatures between 0° C. and 120° C.
  • reaction or any step of the methods provided may be carried out at more than one temperature (e.g., reactants added at a first temperature and the reaction mixture agitated at a second wherein the transition from a first temperature to a second temperature may be gradual or rapid).
  • the reaction or any step of the methods provided may be allowed to proceed for any suitable period of time. In some cases, the reaction or any step of the methods provided is allowed to proceed for about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 8 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 24 hours, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, or more. In some cases, aliquots of the reaction mixture may be removed and analyzed at an intermediate time to determine the progress of the reaction or any step of the methods provided. In some embodiments, a reaction or any step of the methods provided may be carried out under an inert atmosphere in anhydrous conditions (e.g., under an atmosphere of nitrogen or argon, anhydrous solvents, etc.)
  • anhydrous conditions e.g., under an atmosphere of nitrogen or argon, anhydrous solvents, etc.
  • reaction products and/or intermediates may be isolated (e.g., via distillation, column chromatography, extraction, precipitation, etc.) and/or analyzed (e.g., gas liquid chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, etc.) using commonly known techniques.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier may be analyzed to determine the loading of immunomodulatory agent, for example, using reverse phase HPLC.
  • the polymers may have any suitable molecular weight.
  • the polymers may have a low or high molecular weight.
  • Non-limiting molecular weight values include 100 Da, 200 Da, 300 Da, 500 Da, 750 Da, 1000 Da, 2000 Da, 3000 Da, 4000 Da, 5000 Da, 6000 Da, 7000 Da, 8000 Da, 9000 Da, 10,000 Da, or greater.
  • the polymers have a weight average molecular weight of about 800 Da to about 10,000 Da.
  • the molecular weight of a polymer may be determined using gel permeation chromatography. Provided below are exemplary reactions that are not intended to be limiting.
  • a polymer e.g., PLA, PLGA
  • a reactive acylating agent such as an acyl halide, acylimidazole, active ester, etc. using an activating reagent commonly used in amide synthesis.
  • the resulting activated polymer or unit thereof e.g., PLA, PLGA
  • an immunomodulatory agent e.g., R848
  • a base e.g., PLA-R848
  • Activating reagents that can be used to convert polymers or units thereof, such as PLA or PLGA, to an activated acylating form include, but are not limited to cyanuric fluoride, N,N-tetramethylfluoroformamidinium hexafluorophosphate (TFFH); Acylimidazoles, such as carbonyl diimidazole (CDI), N,N′-carbonylbis(3-methylimidazolium) triflate (CBMIT); and Active esters, such as N-hydroxylsuccinimide (NHS or HOSu) in the presence of a carbodiimide such as N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N-ethyl-N′-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) or N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC); N,N′-disucc
  • the activated polymer or unit thereof may be isolated (e.g., via precipitation, extraction, etc.) and/or stored under suitable conditions (e.g., at low temperature, under argon) following activation, or may be used immediately.
  • the activated polymer or unit thereof may be reacted with an immunomodulatory agent under any suitable conditions. In some cases, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a base and/or catalyst.
  • bases/catalysts include diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP).
  • a polymer or unit thereof e.g., PLA, PLGA having any suitable molecular weight
  • an immunomodulatory agent e.g., R848
  • an activating or coupling reagent which converts the polymer or unit thereof (e.g., PLA, PLGA) to a reactive acylating agent in situ, to give the desired conjugate (e.g., PLA-R848, PLGA-R848).
  • Coupling or activating agents include but are not limited to: activating agents used in the presence of an carbodiimide such as EDC or DCC or DIC, such as 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), 1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt), 3,4-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine (HO-Dhbt), N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS or HOSu), Pentafluorophenol (PFP);
  • Activating agents without carbodiimide: Phosphonium salts such as O-Benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP), O-Benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(pyrrolidino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP), 7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yloxytri
  • Immunomodulatory agents can also be coupled to polymers or units thereof that are terminated in a hydroxyl group.
  • polymers or units thereof include polyethylene glycol, polylactide, polylactide-co-glycolide, polycaprolactone, and other like polyesters, or units thereof.
  • the reaction proceeds as follows where an imide of the general structure (IV) will react with the terminal hydroxyl of the aforementioned polymers or units thereof using a catalyst used in lactone ring opening polymerizations.
  • the resulting reaction product (II) links the amide of the agent to the polymer or unit thereof via an ester bond.
  • the compounds of formula (IV) and (II) are as follows:
  • R 1 ⁇ H, OH, SH, NH 2 , or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, or alkylamino
  • R 2 ⁇ H, alkyl, or substituted alkyl
  • Y ⁇ N or C R 3 is absent if Y ⁇ N; or is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, or combined with R 4 to form a carbocycle or heterocycle with the carbon atoms of the pyridine ring to which they are connected if Y ⁇ C
  • R 4 is H, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, or alkylamino when not combined with R 3 to form a carbocycle or heterocycle with the carbon atoms of the pyridine ring to which they are connected; or is combined with R 3 to form a carbocycle or heterocycle with the carbon atoms of the pyridine ring to which they are connected
  • R 5 is a polymer or unit thereof
  • Catalysts include, but are not limited to, phosphazine bases, 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU), 1,4,7-triazabicyclodecene (TBD), and N-methyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclodecene (MTDB).
  • DBU 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene
  • TBD 1,4,7-triazabicyclodecene
  • MTDB N-methyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclodecene
  • suitable solvents include methylene chloride, chloroform, and THF.
  • R 5 —OH contains two hydroxyl groups (e.g., a diol, HO—R 5 —OH), each of which are functionalized by reaction with an imide associated with R848.
  • HO—R 5 —OH is a poly-diol such as poly(hexamethyl carbonate) diol or polycaprolactone diol.
  • one of the diol groups may be protected with a protecting group (e.g., t-butyloxycarbonyl), thus the poly-diol would be a compound of formula HO—R 5 —OP, wherein P is a protecting group.
  • the protecting group may be removed and the second diol group may be reacted with any suitable reagent (e.g., PLGA, PLA).
  • a conjugate (e.g., R848-PLA) can be formed via a one-pot ring-opening polymerization of an immunomodulatory agent (e.g., R848) with a polymer or unit thereof (e.g., D/L-lactide) in the presence of a catalyst, for example, as shown in the following scheme:
  • an immunomodulatory agent e.g., R848
  • a polymer or unit thereof e.g., D/L-lactide
  • the immunomodulatory agent and the polymer or unit thereof may be combined into a single reaction mixture comprising a catalyst.
  • the reaction may proceed at a suitable temperature (e.g., at about 150° C.) and the resulting conjugate may be isolated using commonly known techniques.
  • suitable catalysts include DMAP and tin ethylhexanoate.
  • a conjugate can be formed two-step ring opening polymerization of an immunomodulatory agent (e.g., R848) with one or more polymers or units thereof (e.g., D/L-lactide and glycolide) in the presence of a catalyst, for example, as shown in the following scheme:
  • an immunomodulatory agent e.g., R848
  • polymers or units thereof e.g., D/L-lactide and glycolide
  • the polymers or units thereof may be first combined, and in some cases, heated (e.g., to 135° C.) to form a solution.
  • the immunomodulatory agent may be added to a solution comprising the polymers or units thereof, followed by addition of a catalyst (e.g., tin ethylhexanoate).
  • a catalyst e.g., tin ethylhexanoate
  • the resulting conjugate may be isolated using commonly known techniques.
  • suitable catalysts include DMAP and tin ethylhexanoate.
  • the immunomodulatory agent, antigen, and/or targeting moiety can be covalently associated with a polymeric matrix. In some embodiments, covalent association is mediated by a linker. In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent, antigen, and/or targeting moiety can be noncovalently associated with a polymeric matrix. For example, in some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent, antigen, and/or targeting moiety can be encapsulated within, surrounded by, and/or dispersed throughout a polymeric matrix. Alternatively or additionally, the immunomodulatory agent, antigen, and/or targeting moiety can be associated with a polymeric matrix by hydrophobic interactions, charge interactions, van der Waals forces, etc.
  • the immunomodulatory agents can also be encapsulated within the nanocarriers.
  • the nanocarriers therefore, can be of any material that is pH sensitive provided that the resulting inventive synthetic nanocarriers satisfy the dissociation relationships provided herein.
  • Such synthetic nanocarriers are well known in the art and include polyketal nanocarriers, pH sensitive liposomes, acid-swelling, cross-linked nanoparticles, such as those of Griset et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.
  • the pH sensitive synthetic nanocarriers also include those that comprise polymers that dissolve at a pH below 6 or polymers that swell at an acidic pH.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers are of a non-polyketal material. In other embodiment, the synthetic nanocarriers are not micelles.
  • a polymeric matrix comprises one or more polymers.
  • Polymers may be natural or unnatural (synthetic) polymers.
  • Polymers may be homopolymers or copolymers comprising two or more monomers. In terms of sequence, copolymers may be random, block, or comprise a combination of random and block sequences.
  • polymers in accordance with the present invention are organic polymers.
  • polymers suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to polyethylenes, polycarbonates (e.g., poly(1,3-dioxan-2one)), polyanhydrides (e.g., poly(sebacic anhydride)), polyhydroxyacids (e.g., poly( ⁇ -hydroxyalkanoate)), polypropylfumerates, polycaprolactones, polyamides (e.g., polycaprolactam), polyacetals, polyethers, polyesters (e.g., polylactide, polyglycolide), poly(orthoesters), polycyanoacrylates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyurethanes, polyphosphazenes, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyureas, polystyrenes, polyamines, and polysaccharides (e.g., chitosan).
  • polyethylenes e.g., poly(1,3-dioxan-2one)
  • polyanhydrides
  • polymers in accordance with the present invention include polymers which have been approved for use in humans by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under 21 C.F.R. ⁇ 177.2600, including but not limited to polyesters (e.g., polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polycaprolactone, polyvalerolactone, poly(1,3-dioxan-2one)); polyanhydrides (e.g., poly(sebacic anhydride)); polyethers (e.g., polyethylene glycol); polyurethanes; polymethacrylates; polyacrylates; and polycyanoacrylates.
  • FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
  • polymers can be hydrophilic.
  • polymers may comprise anionic groups (e.g., phosphate group, sulphate group, carboxylate group); cationic groups (e.g., quaternary amine group); or polar groups (e.g., hydroxyl group, thiol group, amine group).
  • a synthetic nanocarrier comprising a hydrophilic polymeric matrix generates a hydrophilic environment within the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • polymers can be hydrophobic.
  • a synthetic nanocarrier comprising a hydrophobic polymeric matrix generates a hydrophobic environment within the synthetic nanocarrier. Selection of the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the polymer may have an impact on the nature of materials that are incorporated (e.g., coupled) within the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • polymers may be modified with one or more moieties and/or functional groups.
  • moieties or functional groups can be used in accordance with the present invention.
  • polymers may be modified with PEG, with a carbohydrate, and/or with acyclic polyacetals derived from polysaccharides (Papisov, 2001, ACS Symposium Series, 786:301).
  • polymers may be modified with a lipid or fatty acid group.
  • a fatty acid group may be one or more of butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, or lignoceric acid.
  • a fatty acid group may be one or more of palmitoleic, oleic, vaccenic, linoleic, alpha-linoleic, gamma-linoleic, arachidonic, gadoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, or erucic acid.
  • polymers may be polyesters, including copolymers comprising lactic acid and glycolic acid units, such as poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide), collectively referred to herein as “PLGA”; and homopolymers comprising glycolic acid units, referred to herein as “PGA,” and lactic acid units, such as poly-L-lactic acid, poly-D-lactic acid, poly-D,L-lactic acid, poly-L-lactide, poly-D-lactide, and poly-D,L-lactide, collectively referred to herein as “PLA.”
  • exemplary polyesters include, for example, polyhydroxyacids; PEG copolymers and copolymers of lactide and glycolide (e.g., PLA-PEG copolymers, PGA-PEG copolymers, PLGA-PEG copolymers, and derivatives thereof.
  • polyesters include, for example, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho ester), poly(ortho ester)-PEG copolymers, poly(caprolactone), poly(caprolactone)-PEG copolymers, polylysine, polylysine-PEG copolymers, poly(ethyleneimine), poly(ethylene imine)-PEG copolymers, poly(L-lactide-co-L-lysine), poly(serine ester), poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester), poly[ ⁇ -(4-aminobutyl)-L-glycolic acid], and derivatives thereof.
  • a polymer may be PLGA.
  • PLGA is a biocompatible and biodegradable co-polymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid, and various forms of PLGA are characterized by the ratio of lactic acid:glycolic acid.
  • Lactic acid can be L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, or D,L-lactic acid.
  • the degradation rate of PLGA can be adjusted by altering the lactic acid:glycolic acid ratio.
  • PLGA to be used in accordance with the present invention is characterized by a lactic acid:glycolic acid ratio of approximately 85:15, approximately 75:25, approximately 60:40, approximately 50:50, approximately 40:60, approximately 25:75, or approximately 15:85.
  • polymers may be one or more acrylic polymers.
  • acrylic polymers include, for example, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates, cyanoethyl methacrylate, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), methacrylic acid alkylamide copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylic acid anhydride), methyl methacrylate, polymethacrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer, polyacrylamide, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, glycidyl methacrylate copolymers, polycyanoacrylates, and combinations comprising one or more of the foregoing polymers.
  • the acrylic polymer may comprise fully-polymerized copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammoni
  • polymers can be cationic polymers.
  • cationic polymers are able to condense and/or protect negatively charged strands of nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA, or derivatives thereof).
  • Amine-containing polymers such as poly(lysine) (Zauner et al., 1998, Adv. Drug Del. Rev., 30:97; and Kabanov et al., 1995, Bioconjugate Chem., 6:7), poly(ethylene imine) (PEI; Boussif et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad.
  • polymers can be degradable polyesters bearing cationic side chains (Putnam et al., 1999, Macromolecules, 32:3658; Barrera et al., 1993, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115:11010; Kwon et al., 1989, Macromolecules, 22:3250; Lim et al., 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121:5633; and Zhou et al., 1990, Macromolecules, 23:3399).
  • polyesters include poly(L-lactide-co-L-lysine) (Barrera et al., 1993, J. Am. Chem.
  • polymers can be linear or branched polymers. In some embodiments, polymers can be dendrimers. In some embodiments, polymers can be substantially cross-linked to one another. In some embodiments, polymers can be substantially free of cross-links. In some embodiments, polymers can be used in accordance with the present invention without undergoing a cross-linking step. It is further to be understood that inventive compounds and synthetic nanocarriers may comprise block copolymers, graft copolymers, blends, mixtures, and/or adducts of any of the foregoing and other polymers. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the polymers listed herein represent an exemplary, not comprehensive, list of polymers that can be of use in accordance with the present invention.
  • synthetic nanocarriers may comprise metal particles, quantum dots, ceramic particles, etc.
  • synthetic nanocarriers may optionally comprise one or more amphiphilic entities.
  • an amphiphilic entity can promote the production of synthetic nanocarriers with increased stability, improved uniformity, or increased viscosity.
  • amphiphilic entities can be associated with the interior surface of a lipid membrane (e.g., lipid bilayer, lipid monolayer, etc.). Many amphiphilic entities known in the art are suitable for use in making synthetic nanocarriers in accordance with the present invention.
  • amphiphilic entities include, but are not limited to, phosphoglycerides; phosphatidylcholines; dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC); dioleylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE); dioleyloxypropyltriethylammonium (DOTMA); dioleoylphosphatidylcholine; cholesterol; cholesterol ester; diacylglycerol; diacylglycerolsuccinate; diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG); hexanedecanol; fatty alcohols such as polyethylene glycol (PEG); polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether; a surface active fatty acid, such as palmitic acid or oleic acid; fatty acids; fatty acid monoglycerides; fatty acid diglycerides; fatty acid amides; sorbitan trioleate (Span®85) glycocholate; sorbitan monolaurate (Span®20); polysorbate 20
  • amphiphilic entity component may be a mixture of different amphiphilic entities. Those skilled in the art will recognize that this is an exemplary, not comprehensive, list of substances with surfactant activity. Any amphiphilic entity may be used in the production of synthetic nanocarriers to be used in accordance with the present invention.
  • synthetic nanocarriers may optionally comprise one or more carbohydrates.
  • Carbohydrates may be natural or synthetic.
  • a carbohydrate may be a derivatized natural carbohydrate.
  • a carbohydrate comprises monosaccharide or disaccharide, including but not limited to glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, cellbiose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, glucoronic acid, galactoronic acid, mannuronic acid, glucosamine, galatosamine, and neuramic acid.
  • a carbohydrate is a polysaccharide, including but not limited to pullulan, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxycellulose (HC), methylcellulose (MC), dextran, cyclodextran, glycogen, starch, hydroxyethylstarch, carageenan, glycon, amylose, chitosan, N,O-carboxylmethylchitosan, algin and alginic acid, starch, chitin, heparin, konjac, glucommannan, pustulan, heparin, hyaluronic acid, curdlan, and xanthan.
  • the carbohydrate is a sugar alcohol, including but not limited to mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, maltitol, and lactitol.
  • Synthetic nanocarriers may be prepared using a wide variety of methods known in the art.
  • synthetic nanocarriers can be formed by methods as nanoprecipitation, flow focusing fluidic channels, spray drying, single and double emulsion solvent evaporation, solvent extraction, phase separation, milling, microemulsion procedures, microfabrication, nanofabrication, sacrificial layers, simple and complex coacervation, and other methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • aqueous and organic solvent syntheses for monodisperse semiconductor, conductive, magnetic, organic, and other nanomaterials have been described (Pellegrino et al., 2005, Small, 1:48; Murray et al., 2000, Ann. Rev. Mat.
  • synthetic nanocarriers are prepared by a nanoprecipitation process or spray drying. Conditions used in preparing synthetic nanocarriers may be altered to yield particles of a desired size or property (e.g., hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, external morphology, “stickiness,” shape, etc.). The method of preparing the synthetic nanocarriers and the conditions (e.g., solvent, temperature, concentration, air flow rate, etc.) used may depend on the materials to be coupled to the synthetic nanocarriers and/or the composition of the polymer matrix.
  • Conditions used in preparing synthetic nanocarriers may be altered to yield particles of a desired size or property (e.g., hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, external morphology, “stickiness,” shape, etc.).
  • the method of preparing the synthetic nanocarriers and the conditions (e.g., solvent, temperature, concentration, air flow rate, etc.) used may depend on the materials to be coupled to the synthetic nanocarriers and/or the composition of the polymer matrix.
  • particles prepared by any of the above methods have a size range outside of the desired range, particles can be sized, for example, using a sieve.
  • Coupling can be achieved in a variety of different ways, and can be covalent or non-covalent. Such couplings may be arranged to be on a surface or within an inventive synthetic nanocarrier. Elements of the inventive synthetic nanocarriers (such as moieties of which an immunofeature surface is comprised, targeting moieties, polymeric matrices, and the like) may be directly coupled with one another, e.g., by one or more covalent bonds, or may be coupled by means of one or more linkers.
  • Additional methods of functionalizing synthetic nanocarriers may be adapted from Published US Patent Application 2006/0002852 to Saltzman et al., Published US Patent Application 2009/0028910 to DeSimone et al., or Published International Patent Application WO/2008/127532 A1 to Murthy et al.
  • Linkers may be used to form amide linkages, ester linkages, disulfide linkages, etc.
  • Linkers may contain carbon atoms or heteroatoms (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, etc.).
  • a linker is an aliphatic or heteroaliphatic linker.
  • the linker is a polyalkyl linker.
  • the linker is a polyether linker.
  • the linker is a polyethylene linker.
  • the linker is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker.
  • the linker is a cleavable linker.
  • cleavable linkers include protease cleavable peptide linkers, nuclease sensitive nucleic acid linkers, lipase sensitive lipid linkers, glycosidase sensitive carbohydrate linkers, pH sensitive linkers, hypoxia sensitive linkers, photo-cleavable linkers, heat-labile linkers, enzyme cleavable linkers (e.g., esterase cleavable linker), ultrasound-sensitive linkers, x-ray cleavable linkers, etc.
  • the linker is not a cleavable linker.
  • a variety of methods can be used to couple a linker or other element of a synthetic nanocarrier with the synthetic nanocarrier.
  • General strategies include passive adsorption (e.g., via electrostatic interactions), multivalent chelation, high affinity non-covalent binding between members of a specific binding pair, covalent bond formation, etc. (Gao et al., 2005, Curr. Op. Biotechnol., 16:63).
  • click chemistry can be used to associate a material with a synthetic nanocarrier.
  • Non-covalent specific binding interactions can be employed.
  • a particle or a biomolecule can be functionalized with biotin with the other being functionalized with streptavidin. These two moieties specifically bind to each other noncovalently and with a high affinity, thereby associating the particle and the biomolecule.
  • Other specific binding pairs could be similarly used.
  • histidine-tagged biomolecules can be associated with particles conjugated to nickel-nitrolotriaceteic acid (Ni-NTA).
  • compositions of the invention can be made in any suitable manner, and the invention is in no way limited to compositions that can be produced using the methods described herein. Selection of an appropriate method may require attention to the properties of the particular moieties being associated.
  • compositions according to the invention comprise inventive synthetic nanocarriers in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • the compositions may be made using conventional pharmaceutical manufacturing and compounding techniques to arrive at useful dosage forms.
  • inventive synthetic nanocarriers are suspended in sterile saline solution for injection together with a preservative.
  • inventive synthetic nanocarriers are manufactured under sterile conditions or are terminally sterilized. This can ensure that resulting composition are sterile and non-infectious, thus improving safety when compared to non-sterile compositions. This provides a valuable safety measure, especially when subjects receiving synthetic nanocarriers have immune defects, are suffering from infection, and/or are susceptible to infection.
  • inventive synthetic nanocarriers may be lyophilized and stored in suspension or as lyophilized powder depending on the formulation strategy for extended periods without losing activity.
  • compositions may be administered by a variety of routes of administration, including but not limited to subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, oral, parenteral, intranasal, transmucosal, rectal; ophthalmic, transdermal, transcutaneous or by a combination of these routes.
  • compositions and methods described herein can be used to induce, enhance, stimulate, modulate, or direct an immune response.
  • the compositions and methods described herein can be used in the diagnosis, prophylaxis and/or treatment of conditions such as cancers, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases, degenerative diseases, inflammatory diseases, immunological diseases, or other disorders and/or conditions.
  • the compositions and methods described herein can also be used for the prophylaxis or treatment of an addiction, such as an addiction to nicotine or a narcotic.
  • the compositions and methods described herein can also be used for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a condition resulting from the exposure to a toxin, hazardous substance, environmental toxin, or other harmful agent.
  • PLA dl-polylactide
  • Resomer R202H from Boehringer-Ingelheim, KOH equivalent acid number of 0.21 mmol/g, intrinsic viscosity (iv): 0.21 dl/g) (10 g, 2.1 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM) (35 mL).
  • EDC 2.0 g, 10.5 mmol, 5 eq
  • NHS 1.2 g, 10.5 mmol, 5 eq
  • the solution was concentrated to remove most of DCM and the residue was added to a solution of 250 mL of diethyl ether and 5 mL of MeOH to precipitate out the activated PLA-NHS ester.
  • the solvents were removed and the polymer was washed twice with ether (2 ⁇ 200 mL) and dried under vacuum to give PLA-NHS activated ester as a white foamy solid ( ⁇ 8 g recovered, H NMR was used to confirm the presence of NHS ester).
  • the PLA-NHS ester was stored under argon in a below ⁇ 10 C freezer before use.
  • the reaction can be performed in DMF, THF, dioxane, or CHCl3 instead of DCM.
  • DCC can be used instead of EDC (resulting DCC-urea is filtered off before precipitation of the PLA-NHS ester from ether).
  • the amount of EDC or DCC and NHS can be in the range of 2-10 eq of the PLA.
  • PLA (R202H, acid number of 0.21 mmol/g) (2.0 g, 0.42 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in 10 mL of dry acetonitrile. N,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC) (215 mg, 1.26 mmol, 3.0 eq) and catalytic amount of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred under argon for 1 day. The resulting solution was concentrated to almost dryness.
  • DSC N,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonate
  • DMAP 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine
  • PLA (R202H) (5.0 g, 1.05 mmol) was dissolved in 25 mL of anhydrous DCM and 2.5 mL of anhydrous DMF. DCC (650 mg, 3.15 mmol, 5.0 eq) and pentafluorophenol (PFP) (580 mg, 3.15 mmol, 5.0 eq) were added. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 6 days and then concentrated to remove DCM. The resulting residue was added to 250 mL of ether to precipitate out the activated PLA polymer which was washed with ether (2 ⁇ 100 mL) and dried under vacuum to give PLA-PFP activated ester as a white foamy solid (4.0 g).
  • PLA-NHS 1.0 g
  • R848 132 mg, 0.42 mmol
  • DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
  • the resulting solution was heated at 50-60 C for 2 days.
  • the solution was cooled to rt and added to 40 mL of de-ionized (DI) water to precipitate out the polymer product.
  • R848-PLA conjugate was then washed with DI water (40 mL) and ether (2 ⁇ 40 mL) and dried at 30 C under vacuum to give R848-PLA conjugate as a white foamy solid (0.8 g, H NMR showed the conjugation of R848 to PLA via the amide bond).
  • the degree of conjugation (loading) of R848 on the polymer was confirmed by HPLC analysis as follows: a weighed amount of polymer was dissolved in THF/MeOH and treated with 15% NaOH. The resulting hydrolyzed polymer products were analyzed for the amount of R848 by HPLC in comparison with a standard curve.
  • PLA-NHS 1.0 g, 0.21 mmol, 1.0 eq
  • R848 132 mg, 0.42 mmol, 2.0 eq
  • DIPEA 0.15 mL, 0.84 mmol, 4.0 eq
  • DMAP 25 mg, 0.21 mmol, 1.0 eq
  • the polymer was then washed with DI water (40 mL) and ether (2 ⁇ 40 mL) and dried at 30 C under vacuum to give PLA-R848 conjugate as a white foamy solid (0.7 g, 20 mg of the polymer was hydrolyzed in solution of 0.2 mL of THF, 0.1 mL of MeOH and 0.1 mL of 15% NaOH.
  • the amount of R848 on the polymer was determined to be about 35 mg/g by reverse phase HPLC analysis (C18 column, mobile phase A: 0.1% TFA in water, mobile phase B: 0.1% TFA in CH3CN, gradient).
  • PLA (R202H) (2.0 g, 0.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), DCC (260 mg, 1.26 mmol, 3.0 eq), NHS (145 mg, 1.26 mmol, 3.0 eq), R848 (200 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1.5 eq), DMAP (77 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1.5 eq) and DIPEA (0.223 mL, 1.26 mmol, 3.0 eq) were dissolved in 4 mL of dry DMF. The mixture was heated at 50-55 C for 3 days. The mixture was cooled to rt and diluted with DCM. The DCC-urea was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated to remove DCM.
  • PLA (R202H) (2.0 g, 0.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), EDC (242 mg, 1.26 mmol, 3.0 eq), HOAt (171 mg, 1.26 mmol, 3.0 eq), R848 (200 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1.5 eq), and DIPEA (0.223 mL, 1.26 mmol, 3.0 eq) were dissolved in 4 mL of dry DMF. The mixture was heated at 50-55 C for 2 days. The solution was cooled to rt and added to water (40 mL) to precipitate out the polymer product which was washed with water (40 mL), ether/MeOH (40 mL/2 mL) and ether (40 mL).
  • the orange colored polymer was dissolved in 4 mL of DCM and the resulting solution was added to 40 mL of ether to precipitate out the polymer without much of the orange color.
  • the light colored polymer was washed with ether (40 mL). After drying under vacuum at 30 C, the desired PLA-R848 conjugate was obtained as a light brown foamy solid (1.5 g).
  • PLA (R202H) (1.0 g, 0.21 mmol, 1.0 eq), EDC (161 mg, 0.84 mmol, 4.0 eq), HOBt.H2O (65 mg, 0.42 mmol, 2.0 eq), R848 (132 mg, 0.42 mmol, 2.0 eq), and DIPEA (0.150 mL, 0.84 mmol, 4.0 eq) were dissolved in 2 mL of dry DMF. The mixture was heated at 50-55° C. for 2 days. The solution was cooled to room temperature and added to water (40 mL) to precipitate out the polymer product.
  • the orange colored polymer was dissolved in 2 mL of DCM and the resulting solution was added to 40 mL of ether to precipitate out the polymer which was washed with water/acetone (40 mL/2 mL) and ether (40 mL). After drying under vacuum at 30° C., the desired PLA-R848 conjugate was obtained as an off-white foamy solid (1.0 g, loading of R848 on polymer was about 45 mg/g based on HPLC analysis and confirmed by 1 H NMR).
  • PLGA (75% Lactide)-R848 and PLGA (50% lactide)-R848 were prepared.
  • PCADK is synthesized in a 50 mL two-necked flask, connected to a short-path distilling head.
  • 5.5 mg of re-crystallized p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.029 mmol, Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.)
  • ethyl acetate a 30 mL benzene solution (kept at 100° C.), which contains 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (12.98 g, 90.0 mmol, Aldrich).
  • the ethyl acetate is allowed to boil off, and distilled 2,2-dimethoxypropane (10.94 mL, 90.0 mmol, Aldrich) is added to the benzene solution, initiating the polymerization reaction. Additional doses of 2,2-dimethoxypropane (5 mL) and benzene (25 mL) are subsequently added to the reaction every hour for 6 hours via a metering funnel to compensate for 2,2-dimethoxypropane and benzene that is distilled off. After 8 hours, the reaction is stopped by addition of 500 ⁇ L of triethylamine. The polymer is isolated by precipitation in cold hexane (stored at ⁇ 20° C.) followed by vacuum filtration.
  • the molecular weight of PCADK is determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a UV detector. THF is used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Polystyrene standards from Polymer Laboratories (Amherst, Mass.) are used to establish a molecular weight calibration curve. This compound is used to generate the PCADK particles in all subsequent experiments.
  • R848 may be conjugated to the terminal alcohol groups of the PCADK having molecular weight 6000 via imide ring opening, according to the step 2 shown below.
  • Step 2 Conjugation of PCADK to R848
  • step 2 the polymer from step 1 (12 g, 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is dissolved in methylene chloride 100 mL, and the lactam of R848 (3.3 g, 8.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is added. This slurry is stirred as 1,5,7-triazabicyclo-[4,4,0]dec-5-ene (TBD, 0.835 g, 6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is added in a single portion. After stiffing at room temperature overnight, a clear solution forms. The solution is diluted with methylene chloride (100 mL) and the solution is washed with 5% citric acid. This solution is dried over sodium sulfate after which it is filtered and evaporated under vacuum. After drying under high vacuum there is obtained 11.3 grams (81%) of polymer. A portion is hydrolyzed in acid and the R848 content is determined to be 9% by weight.
  • Imide ring opening is used to attach R854 to the terminal alcohol groups of poly-caprolactonediol of molecular weight 2000.
  • the polycaprolactone diol is purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Cat. #189421 and has the following structure:
  • the polycaprolactone diol-R854 conjugate has the following structure:
  • the polymer (5 g, 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is dissolved in methylene chloride 25 mL and the lactam of R854 (2.4 g, 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is added. This slurry is stirred as 1,5,7-triazabicyclo-[4,4,0]dec-5-ene (TBD, 0.557 g, 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is added in a single portion. After stirring at room temperature for 15 minutes, a clear pale yellow solution forms. The solution is diluted with methylene chloride (100 mL) and the solution is washed with 5% citric acid. This solution is dried over sodium sulfate after which it is filtered and evaporated under vacuum. After drying under high vacuum there is obtained 5.2 grams (70%) of polymer. A portion is hydrolyzed in acid and the R848 content is determined to be 18.5% by weight.
  • Imide ring opening is used to attach R848 to the terminal alcohol groups of poly-(hexamethylene carbonate)diol of molecular weight 2000.
  • the poly(hexamethylene carbonate) diol is purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Cat # 461164, and has the following structure:
  • the poly(hexamethylene carbonate) diol-R848 conjugate has the following structure:
  • the polymer (5 g, 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is dissolved in methylene chloride 25 mL and the lactam of R848 (2.06 g, 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is added. This slurry is stirred as 1,5,7-triazabicyclo-[4,4,0]dec-5-ene (TBD, 0.557 g, 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is added in a single portion. After stirring at room temperature overnight a clear pale yellow solution forms. The solution is diluted with methylene chloride (100 mL) and the solution is washed with 5% citric acid. This solution is dried over sodium sulfate after which it is filtered and evaporated under vacuum. After drying under high vacuum there is obtained 5.9 grams (84%) of polymer. NMR is used to determine the R848 content which is determined to be 21%.
  • the solution was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated under vacuum to give 3.59 grams of polylactic acid-R-848 conjugate.
  • a portion of the polymer was hydrolyzed in base and examined by HPLC for R-848 content. By comparison to a standard curve of R-848 concentration vs. HPLC response, it was determined that the polymer contained 4.51 mg of R-848 per gram of polymer.
  • the molecular weight of the polymer was determined by GPC to be about 19,000.
  • the imidazoquinoline (R-848), D/L lactide, and associated glassware were all dried under vacuum at 50° C. for 8 hours prior to use.
  • To a round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar and condenser was added the R-848 (33 mg, 1.05 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 moles), and dry toluene (5 mL). This was heated to reflux to dissolve all of the R-848.
  • the solution was stirred under nitrogen and cooled to room temperature to provide a suspension of finely divided R-848.
  • a solution of lithium diisopropyl amide 2.0 M in THF, 50 ⁇ L, 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 moles
  • the polymer was dissolved in methylene chloride (10 mL) and the solution was dripped into stirred hexane (200 mL). The precipitated polymer was isolated by decantation and was dried under vacuum to give 1.47 grams of the polylactic acid—R-848 conjugate as a white solid. A portion of the polymer was hydrolyzed in base and examined by HPLC for R-848 content. By comparison to a standard curve of R-848 concentration vs. HPLC response, it was determined that the polymer contained 10.96 mg of R-848 per gram of polymer.
  • PLA D/L-polylactide
  • DCM dichloromethane
  • EDC 2.0 g, 10.5 mmol, 5 eq
  • NHS 1.2 g, 10.5 mmol, 5 eq
  • the resulting solution is stirred at room temperature for 3 days.
  • the solution is concentrated to remove most of DCM and the residue is added to a solution of 250 mL of diethyl ether and 5 mL of MeOH to precipitate out the activated PLA-NHS ester.
  • PLA-NHS activated ester is stored under argon in a below ⁇ 10° C. freezer before use.
  • the reaction can be performed in DMF, THF, dioxane, or CHCl3 instead of DCM.
  • DCC can be used instead of EDC (resulting DCC-urea is filtered off before precipitation of the PLA-NHS ester from ether).
  • the amount of EDC or DCC and NHS can be in the range of 2-10 eq of the PLA.
  • low MW PLGA with 50% to 75% glycolide is converted to the corresponding PLGA-NHS activated ester and is stored under argon in a below ⁇ 10° C. freezer before use.
  • the polymer was dried under vacuum at 30° C. to give an off-white puffy solid (5.0 g). Polymeric structure was confirmed by 1 H NMR in CDCl 3 . A small sample of the polymer was treated with 2 N NaOH aq in THF/MeOH to determine the loading of R848 on the polymer by reverse phase HPLC. The loading of R848 is 3 mg per gram of polymer (0.3% loading-27.5% of theory).
  • t-butyloxycarbonyl (tBOC) protected polyglycine carboxylic acid (I) is prepared by ring opening polymerization of glycine N-carboxyanhydride (Aldrich cat #369772) using 6-aminohexanoic acid benzyl ester (Aldrich cat #S33465) by the method of Aliferis et al. ( Biomacromolecules, 5, 1653, (2004)). Protection of the end amino group as the t-BOC carbamate followed by hydrogenation over palladium on carbon to remove the benzyl ester completes the synthesis of BOC protected polyglycine carboxylic acid (I).
  • the polymer is isolated by filtration and the polymer is then washed with 2-propanol (4 ⁇ 25 mL) to remove residual reagents and dried under vacuum at 35-40° C. for 3 days.
  • the polymer is isolated as an off white solid in a yield of 5.1 g (88%).
  • the R848 loading can be determined by NMR is 10.1%.
  • the t-BOC protecting group is removed using trifluoroacetic acid and the resulting polymer is grafted to PLA with carboxyl end groups by conventional methods.
  • Step 1 A t-BOC protected polyglycine/R848 conjugate (5 g) is dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (25 mL) and this solution is warmed at 50° C. for one hour. After cooling, the trifluoroacetic acid is removed under vacuum and the residue is triturated in ethyl acetate (25 mL). The polymer is isolated by filtration and is washed well with 2-propanol. After drying under vacuum there is obtained 4.5 grams of polymer as an off white solid.
  • Step 2 A mixture of PLGA (Lakeshores Polymers, MW ⁇ 5000, 7525DLG1A, acid number 0.7 mmol/g, 10 g, 7.0 mmol) and HBTU (5.3 g, 14 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (100 mL) is stirred at RT under argon for 50 minutes.
  • the polymer from above (1.4 g, 7 mmol) dissolved in dry DMF (20 mL) is added, followed by diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) (5 mL, 28 mmol). The mixture is stirred at RT for 6 h and then at 50-55° C. overnight (16 h).
  • DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
  • the poly(hexamethylene carbonate) diol is purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Cat # 461164.
  • the polymer (5 g, 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is dissolved in methylene chloride 25 mL and the lactam of 2-pentyl-8-hydroxy-9-benzyladenine (2.05 g, 5.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is added. This slurry is stirred as 1,5,7-triazabicyclo-[4,4,0]dec-5-ene (TBD, 0.557 g, 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) is added in a single portion. After stirring at room temperature overnight a clear pale yellow solution forms. The solution is diluted with methylene chloride (100 mL), and the solution is washed with 5% citric acid. This solution is dried over sodium sulfate after which it is filtered and evaporated under vacuum. After drying under high vacuum there is obtained 5.5 grams (78%) of polymer. NMR is used to determine the benzyladenine content which is 18%.
  • a 3-nicotine-PEG-PLA polymer was synthesized as follows:
  • the cotinine/PEG polymer (0.20 gm, 5.7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 moles) was dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) under nitrogen and the solution was stirred as a solution of lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran (1.43 mL of 2.0M, 2.85 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 moles) was added. The addition of the lithium aluminum hydride caused the polymer to precipitate as a gelatinous mass. The reaction was heated to 80° C. under a slow stream of nitrogen and the tetrahydrofuran was allowed to evaporate. The residue was then heated at 80° C. for 2 hours. After cooling, water (0.5 mL) was cautiously added.
  • the flask was placed in an oil bath set at 120° C., and once the lactide had dissolved, tin ethylhexanoate (5.5 mg, 1.36 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 moles) was added. The reaction was allowed to proceed at 120° C. for 16 hours. After cooling to room temperature, water (15 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 30 minutes. Methylene chloride (200 mL) was added, and after agitation in a separatory funnel, the phases were allowed to settle. The methylene chloride layer was isolated and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After filtration to remove the drying agent, the filtrates were evaporated under vacuum to give the polymer as a colorless foam.
  • Resiquimod (aka R848) was synthesized according to the synthesis provided in Example 99 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,640 to Gerster et al.
  • R848 was conjugated to PLA by a method provided above, and the PLA structure was confirmed by NMR.
  • PLA-PEG-nicotine conjugate was prepared according to Example 31.
  • PLA was purchased (Boehringer Ingelheim Chemicals, Inc., 2820 North Normandy Drive, Orlando, Va. 23805).
  • Ovalbumin peptide 323-339 was obtained from Bachem Americas Inc. (3132 Kashiwa Street, Torrance Calif. 90505. Part #406-4565).
  • Solution #1 (0.25 to 0.75 mL), solution #2 (0.25 mL), solution #3 (0.25 to 0.5 mL) and solution #4 (0.1 mL) were combined in a small vial and the mixture was sonicated at 50% amplitude for 40 seconds using a Branson Digital Sonifier 250.
  • solution #5 2.0 mL
  • sonication at 35% amplitude for 40 seconds using the Branson Digital Sonifier 250 forms the second emulsion.
  • This was added to a beaker containing phosphate buffer solution (30 mL) and this mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours to form the nanoparticles.
  • nanoparticle dispersion a portion of the nanoparticle dispersion (7.4 mL) was transferred to a centrifuge tube and spun at 5,300 g for one hour, supernatant was removed, and the pellet was re-suspended in 7.4 mL of phosphate buffered saline. The centrifuge procedure was repeated and the pellet was re-suspended in 2.2 mL of phosphate buffered saline for a final nanoparticle dispersion of about 10 mg/mL.
  • Ovalbumin peptide 323-339 a 17 amino acid peptide known to be a T cell epitope of Ovalbumin protein, was purchased from Bachem Americas Inc. (3132 Kashiwa Street, Torrance Calif. 90505.)
  • Resiquimod (aka R848) was synthesized according to a method provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,201.
  • PLA-R848, resiquimod was conjugated to PLA with a molecular weight of approximately 2,500 Da according to a method provided above.
  • PLGA-R848, resiquimod was conjugated to PLGA with a molecular weight of approximately 4,100 Da according to a method provided above.
  • PS-1826 DNA oligonucleotide with fully phosphorothioated backbone having nucleotide sequence 5′-TCC ATG ACG TTC CTG ACG TT-3′ with a sodium counter-ion was purchased from Oligos Etc (9775 SW Commerce Circle C-6, Wilsonville, Oreg. 97070.)
  • PO-1826 DNA oligonucleotide with phosphodiester backbone having nucleotide sequence 5′-TCC ATG ACG TTC CTG ACG TT-3′ with a sodium counter-ion was purchased from Oligos Etc. (9775 SW Commerce Circle C-6, Wilsonville, Oreg. 97070.) ⁇
  • PLA with an inherent viscosity of 0.21 dL/g was purchased from SurModics Pharmaceuticals (756 Tom Martin Drive, Birmingham, Ala. 35211. Product Code 100 ⁇ L 2A.)
  • PLA with an inherent viscosity of 0.71 dL/g was purchased from SurModics Pharmaceuticals (756 Tom Martin Drive, Birmingham, Ala. 35211. Product Code 100 ⁇ L 7A.)
  • PLA with an inherent viscosity of 0.19 dL/g was purchased from Boehringer Ingelheim Chemicals, Inc. (Petersburg, Va. Product Code R202H.)
  • PLA-PEG-nicotine with a molecular weight of approximately 18,500 to 22,000 Da was prepared according to a method provided above.
  • PLA-PEG-R848 with a molecular weight of approximately 15,000 Da was synthesized was prepared according to a method provided above.
  • Solution 1A Ovalbumin peptide 323-339 @ 35 mg/mL in dilute hydrochloric acid aqueous solution.
  • the solution was prepared by dissolving ovalbumin peptide in 0.13N hydrochloric acid solution at room temperature.
  • Solution 1B Ovalbumin peptide 323-339 @ 70 mg/mL in dilute hydrochloric acid aqueous solution.
  • the solution was prepared by dissolving ovalbumin peptide in 0.13N hydrochloric acid solution at room temperature.
  • Solution 2A 0.21-IV PLA @ 75 mg/mL and PLA-PEG-nicotine @ 25 mg/ml in methylene chloride.
  • the solution was prepared by first preparing two separate solutions at room temperature: 0.21-IV PLA @ 100 mg/mL in pure methylene chloride and PLA-PEG-nicotine @ 100 mg/mL in pure methylene chloride.
  • the final solution was prepared by adding 3 parts PLA solution for each part of PLA-PEG-nicotine solution.
  • Solution 2B 0.71-IV PLA @ 75 mg/mL and PLA-PEG-nicotine @ 25 mg/ml in methylene chloride.
  • the solution was prepared by first preparing two separate solutions at room temperature: 0.71-IV PLA @ 100 mg/mL in pure methylene chloride and PLA-PEG-nicotine @ 100 mg/mL in pure methylene chloride.
  • the final solution was prepared by adding 3 parts PLA solution for each part of PLA-PEG-nicotine solution.
  • Solution 2C 0.19-IV PLA @ 75 mg/mL and PLA-PEG-nicotine @ 25 mg/ml in methylene chloride.
  • the solution was prepared by first preparing two separate solutions at room temperature: 0.19-IV PLA @ 100 mg/mL in pure methylene chloride and PLA-PEG-nicotine @ 100 mg/mL in pure methylene chloride.
  • the final solution was prepared by adding 3 parts PLA solution for each part of PLA-PEG-nicotine solution.
  • Solution 3A Oligonucleotide (either PS-1826 or P0-1826) @ 200 mg/ml in purified water.
  • the solution was prepared by dissolving oligonucleotide in purified water at room temperature.
  • Solution 4A Same as Solution #2A.
  • Solution 4B Same as Solution #2B.
  • Solution 5A Polyvinyl alcohol @ 50 mg/mL in 100 mM pH 8 phosphate buffer.
  • W1/O2 was prepared by combining solution 1 and solution 2 in a small pressure tube and sonicating at 50% amplitude for 40 seconds using a Branson Digital Sonifier 250.
  • W3/O4 was prepared by combining solution 3 and solution 4 in a small pressure tube and sonicating at 50% amplitude for 40 seconds using a Branson Digital Sonifier 250.
  • a third emulsion with two inner emulsion ([W1/O2,W3/O4]/W5) emulsion was prepared by combining 0.5 ml of each primary emulsion (W1/O2 and W3/O4) and solution 5 and sonicating at 30% amplitude for 40 to 60 seconds using the Branson Digital Sonifier 250.
  • the third emulsion was added to a beaker containing 70 mM phosphate buffer solution (30 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours to allow for the methylene chloride to evaporate and for the nanocarriers to form.
  • a portion of the nanocarriers were washed by transferring the nanocarrier suspension to a centrifuge tube and spinning at 13,823 g for one hour, removing the supernatant, and re-suspending the pellet in phosphate buffered saline. The washing procedure was repeated and the pellet was re-suspended in phosphate buffered saline for a final nanocarrier dispersion of about 10 mg/mL.
  • oligonucleotide and peptide in the nanocarrier were determined by HPLC analysis.
  • Solution 1A Ovalbumin peptide 323-339 @ 69 mg/mL in de-ionized water. The solution was prepared by slowly adding ovalbumin peptide to the water while mixing at room temperature.
  • Solution 1B Ovalbumin peptide 323-339 @ 70 mg/mL in dilute hydrochloric acid aqueous solution.
  • the solution was prepared by dissolving ovalbumin peptide in 0.13N hydrochloric acid solution at room temperature.
  • Solution 1C Oligonucleotide (PS-1826) @ 50 mg/ml in purified water. The solution was prepared by dissolving oligonucleotide in purified water at room temperature.
  • Solution 1D Ovalbumin peptide 323-339 @ 17.5 mg/mL in dilute hydrochloric acid aqueous solution.
  • the solution was prepared by dissolving ovalbumin peptide @ 70 mg/ml in 0.13N hydrochloric acid solution at room temperature and then diluting the solution with 3 parts purified water per one part of starting solution.
  • Solution 2A R848 @ 10 mg/ml and 0.19-IV PLA @ 100 mg/mL in pure methylene chloride prepared at room temperature.
  • Solution 2B PLA-R848 @ 100 mg/ml in pure methylene chloride prepared at room temperature.
  • Solution 2C PLGA-R848 @ 100 mg/ml in pure methylene chloride prepared at room temperature.
  • Solution 2D PLA-PEG-R848 @ 100 mg/ml in pure methylene chloride prepared at room temperature.
  • Solution 3A PLA-PEG-nicotine @ 100 mg/ml in pure methylene chloride prepared at room temperature.
  • Solution 4A 0.19-IV PLA @ 100 mg/mL in pure methylene chloride prepared at room temperature.
  • Solution 5A Polyvinyl alcohol @ 50 mg/mL in de-ionized water.
  • Solution 5B Polyvinyl alcohol @ 50 mg/mL in 100 mM pH 8 phosphate buffer.
  • the water in oil (W/O) primary emulsion was prepared by combining solution 1 and solution 2, solution 3, and solution 4 in a small pressure tube and sonicating at 50% amplitude for 40 seconds using a Branson Digital Sonifier 250.
  • the water/oil/water (W/O/W) double emulsion was prepared by adding solution 5 to the primary emulsion and sonicating at 30% to 35% amplitude for 40 seconds using the Branson Digital Sonifier 250.
  • the double emulsion was added to a beaker containing phosphate buffer solution (30 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours to allow for the methylene chloride to evaporate and for the nanocarriers to form.
  • a portion of the nanocarriers were washed by transferring the nanocarrier suspension to a centrifuge tube and spinning at 5,000 to 9,500 RPM for one hour, removing the supernatant, and re-suspending the pellet in phosphate buffered saline. The washing procedure was repeated and the pellet was re-suspended in phosphate buffered saline for a final nanocarrier dispersion of about 10 mg/mL.
  • CpG immunological agent
  • Agilent 1100 reverse phase HPLC on Agilent 1100 system at 260 nm equipped with Waters XBridge C-18 (2.5 micron particle, 50 ⁇ 4.6 mm ID (part No. 186003090), column temp. 600 C) using mobile phase A of 2% acetonitrile in 100 mM TEA-acetic acid buffer, pH about 8.0 and mobile B as 90% acetonitrile, 10% water (column equilibrated at 5% B, increased to 55% B in 8.5 min, then ramped to 90% B to 12 minutes. Strength of B was rapidly decreased to 5% in one minute and equilibrated until stop time, 16 minutes. The flow rate was 1 mL/min until end of the method, 16 minutes).
  • Nicotine analog was measured using reverse phase HPLC on Agilent 1100 system at 254 nm equipped with Waters X-Bridge C-18 (5 micron particle, 100 ⁇ 4.6 mm ID, column temp at 400 C) using Mobile Phase A (MPA) of 95% water/5% acetonitrile/0.1% TFA and Mobile Phase B (MPB) of 90% acetonitrile/10% water/0.09% TFA (gradient: column was equilibrated at 5% B increased to 45% B in 14 minutes. Then ramped up to 95% B from 14 to 20 minutes. Mobile B strength was quickly decreased back to 5% and requilibrated until the end of the method. The flow rate of the method was maintained at 0.5 ml/min with total run time of 25 minutes.
  • the NC suspension was centrifuged @14000 rpm for about 15-30 minutes depending on particle size.
  • the collected pellets were treated with 200 uL of conc. NH 4 OH (8 M) for 2 h with agitation until the solution turns clear.
  • a 200 uL of 1% TFA was added to neutralize the mixture solution, which brought the total volume of the pellet solution to 200 uL.
  • An aliquot of 50 uL of the solution was diluted with MPA(or water) to 200 uL and analyzed on HPLC as above to determine the amount present in the pellets.
  • NC suspension from the manufacture (about 10 mg/mL suspension in PBS) was spun down at 14000 rpm for 15 to 30 minutes depending on particle size.
  • the collected pellets were re-suspended with 500 uL of water and sonicated for 30 minutes to fully disperse the particles.
  • the NC was then heated at 600° C. for 10 minutes. Additional 200 uL of 1 N NaOH was added to the mixture, heated for another 5 minutes where the mixture becomes clear.
  • the hydrolyzed NC solution was centrifuged briefly at 14000 rpm. A final 2 ⁇ dilution of the clear solution using water was then made and assayed on the reverse HPLC described above.
  • Encapsulated T Cell Antigens e.g., Ova Peptide, or Human Peptide, TT2pDT5t
  • NC suspension from the manufacture (about 10 mg/mL suspension in PBS) was spun down at 14000 rpm for 15 to 30 minutes.
  • 100 uL of acetonitrile was added to the pellets to dissolve the polymer components of the NC.
  • the mixture was vortexed and sonicated for 1 to 5 minutes.
  • 100 uL 0.2% TFA was added to the mixture to extract the peptides and sonicated for another 5 minutes to ensure the break down of the aggregates.
  • the mixture was centrifuged at 14000 rpm for 15 minutes to separate any insoluble materials (e.g., polymers).
  • a 50 uL aliquot of the supernatant diluted with 150 uL of MPA (or water) was taken and assayed on the reverse phase HPLC as described above.
  • the total amount of R848 and ova peptide present in the nanoparticles was as shown in Table 1.
  • An aqueous suspension of the tested synthetic nanocarriers was then diluted to a final stock volume of 4.4 mL with PBS.
  • a 200 ⁇ L aliquot was immediately removed from each of the NP sample and centrifuged @ 14000 rpm in a microcentrifuge tubes using a Microcentrifuge (Model: Galaxy 16). 100 ⁇ L of supernatant was removed and diluted to 200 ⁇ L in HPLC Mobile Phase A (MPA) and assayed for the amount of R848 and ova peptide released on the reverse phase HPLC.
  • MPA HPLC Mobile Phase A
  • T0 sample a 200 ⁇ L aliquot was removed from each of the samples and centrifuged @ 6000 rpm for 20 minutes and the supernatant was removed. The residue nanoparticles was resuspended in 200 uL of citrate buffer and centrifuged @ 14000 rpm for 15 minutes. 100 uL of the supernatant was removed and diluted to 200 uL with MPA and assayed for R848 and peptide as above.
  • the remaining pellets (conjugated R848 samples only) from each sample was treated with 200 uL of conc. NH4OH (8 M) for 3 h with mixing. After the mixture was settled, 200 uL of 1% TFA was added to bring total volume of the pellet to 400 uL. An aliquot of 50 uL of the solution was diluted with MPA to 200 uL and analyzed on HPLC as above to determine the amount of R848 and ova peptide that remained in the pellet after in vitro release to close the mass balance. For unconjugated samples, the sample was diluted with TFA in acetonitrile and assayed as above for R848 and peptide.
  • HPLC grade water EMD—#WX0008-1.
  • antigen e.g., ova peptide, T cell antigen
  • immunostimulatory agents e.g., R848, CpG
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline solution
  • the release of R848 from the nanocarrier composed of conjugated R848 and the ova peptide was achieved by exchanging desired amount of the aqueous suspension of the tested synthetic nanocarriers obtained from the manufacture (e.g., about 10 mg/mL in PBS) into the same volume of the appropriate release media (Citrate buffer 100 mM) via centrifugation and re-suspension.
  • desired amount of the aqueous suspension of the tested synthetic nanocarriers obtained from the manufacture e.g., about 10 mg/mL in PBS
  • the appropriate release media e.g., about 10 mg/mL in PBS
  • a 150 ⁇ L aliquot was immediately removed from NC suspension prior placing the NC suspension to 37° C. thermal chamber and centrifuged @ 14000 rpm in microcentrifuge tubes using a microcentrifuge (Model: Galaxy 16). 100 ⁇ L of the supernatant was removed and diluted to 200 ⁇ L with HPLC Mobile Phase A (MPA) or water and assayed for the amount of R848 and ova peptide released on the reverse phase HPLC.
  • MPA HPLC Mobile Phase A
  • the remaining pellets from each time point were treated with 100 uL of NH 4 OH (8 M) for 2 h (or more) with agitation until solution turn clear.
  • a 100 uL of 1% TFA was added to neutralize the mixture, which brought the total volume of the pellet solution to 200 uL.
  • the release of CpG was determined similar to the measurement of R848 and ova peptide in terms of sample preparation and monitored time points. However, the amount of the CpG in the release media was assayed by the reverse phase HPLC method described above.
  • NC-Nic was a composition of nanocarriers exhibiting nicotine on the outer surface and, for all groups of mice except for Group 1, carrying CpG-1826 (thioated) adjuvant, which was released from the nanocarriers at different rates.
  • the nanocarriers were prepared according to a method provided above. Serum anti-nicotine antibodies were then measured on days 26 and 40. EC 50 for anti-nicotine antibodies as measured in standard ELISA against polylysine-nicotine are shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the Group 1 mice were administered NC-Nic w/o CpG-1826 containing Ova peptide and polymers, 75% of which were PLA and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic.
  • the Group 2 mice were administered NC-Nic containing ova peptide, polymers, 75% of which were PLA and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic, and 3.2% CpG-1826; release rate at 24 hours: 4.2 ⁇ g CpG per mg of NC.
  • the Group 3 mice were administered NC-Nic containing polymers, 75% of which were PLA and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic, and 3.1% CpG-1826; release rate at 24 hours: 15 ⁇ g CpG per mg of NC. Release was determined at a pH of 4.5.
  • results shown in FIG. 4 demonstrate that entrapment of adjuvant into nanocarriers is beneficial for the immune response against NC-associated antigen, and, furthermore, that the higher release rate of entrapped CpG adjuvant from within the nanocarriers (NC) at 24 hours produced an immune response, which was elevated compared to one induced by NC with a slower release rate of CpG adjuvant (a TLR9 agonist).
  • NC-Nic was a composition of nanocarriers exhibiting nicotine on the outer surface and carrying one of two forms of CpG-1826 adjuvant.
  • the nanocarriers were prepared according to a method provided above. EC 50 for anti-nicotine antibodies as measured in standard ELISA against polylysine-nicotine are shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the Group 1 mice were administered NC-Nic containing ova peptide, polymers, 75% of which were PLA and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic, and 6.2% CpG-1826 (thioated); release rate at 24 hours: 16.6 ⁇ g CpG per mg of NC.
  • the Group 2 mice were administered NC-Nic containing ova peptide, polymers, 75% of which were PLA and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic, and 7.2% CpG-1826 (thioated); release rate at 24 hours: 13.2 ⁇ g CpG per mg of NC.
  • the Group 3 mice were administered NC-Nic containing ova peptide, polymers, 75% of which were PLA and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic, and 7.9% CpG-1826 (phosphodiester or PO, non-thioated); release rate at 24 hours: 19.6 ⁇ g CpG per mg of NC.
  • the Group 4 mice were administered NC-Nic containing ova peptide, polymers, 75% of which were PLA and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic, and 8.5% CpG-1826 (PO, non-thioated); release rate at 24 hours: 9.3 ⁇ g CpG per mg of NC. Release was determined at a pH of 4.5.
  • mice Groups of five mice were immunized three times (subcutaneously, hind limbs) at 2-week intervals (days 0, 14 and 28) with 100 ⁇ g of NC-Nic and serum anti-nicotine antibodies were then measured on days 26, 40 and 54.
  • the nanocarriers were prepared according to a method provided above. EC 50 for anti-nicotine antibodies as measured in standard ELISA against polylysine-nicotine are shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the Group 1 mice were administered NC-Nic containing ova peptide and polymers, 75% of which were PLA and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic, but without adjuvant.
  • the Group 2 mice were administered NC-Nic containing ova peptide, polymers, 75% of which were PLA and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic, and 1.0% R848; of which 92% is released at 2 hours and more than 96% is released at 6 hours.
  • the Group 3 mice were administered NC-Nic containing ova peptide, polymers, 75% of which were PLA-R848 and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic, and 1.3% R848, of which 29.4% is released at 6 hours and 67.8% is released at 24 hours.
  • mice were administered NC-Nic containing ova peptide, polymers, 75% of which were PLA-R848 and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic, and 1.4% of R848, of which 20.4% is released at 6 hours and 41.5% is released at 24 hours.
  • the Group 5 mice were administered NC-Nic containing ova peptide, polymers, 25% of which were PLA-PEG-R848, 50% PLA, and 25% were PLA-PEG-Nic, and 0.7% of R848; of which less than 1% is released at 24 hours. Release was determined at a pH of 4.5.
  • mice Groups of five mice were immunized three times (subcutaneously, hind limbs) at 2-week intervals (days 0, 14 and 28) with 100 ⁇ g of NC-Nic (nanocarrier exhibiting nicotine on the outer surface) with entrapped PO-CpG or not containing entrapped PO-CpG admixed with free PO-CpG.
  • the synthetic nanocarriers were prepared according to methods provided above. Serum anti-nicotine antibodies were then measured in both groups on days 26 and 40. EC 50 for anti-nicotine antibodies as determined in standard ELISA against polylysine-nicotine are shown in FIG. 7 .
  • mice were immunized with a NC-Nic with 1826 PO-CpG and MHC-II helper peptide from ovalbumin (Ov-II) encapsulated (6.6% PO-CpG; 2.3% Ov-II).
  • the group 2 mice were immunized with a NC-Nic with 0.7% of entrapped Ov-II admixed with 20 ⁇ g of free 1826 PO-CpG.

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