US20080241535A1 - D1364 bt secondary coatings on optical fiber - Google Patents

D1364 bt secondary coatings on optical fiber Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080241535A1
US20080241535A1 US11/955,838 US95583807A US2008241535A1 US 20080241535 A1 US20080241535 A1 US 20080241535A1 US 95583807 A US95583807 A US 95583807A US 2008241535 A1 US2008241535 A1 US 2008241535A1
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Prior art keywords
coating
radiation curable
cured
optical fiber
oligomer
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US11/955,838
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Inventor
Wendell Wayne Cattron
Steven R. Schmid
Edward J. Murphy
John M. Zimmerman
Anthony Joseph Tortorello
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DSM IP Assets BV
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DSM IP Assets BV
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Priority to US11/955,838 priority Critical patent/US20080241535A1/en
Assigned to DSM IP ASSETS B.V. reassignment DSM IP ASSETS B.V. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TORTORELLO, ANTHONY JOSEPH, MURPHY, EDWARD J., SCHMID, STEVEN R., ZIMMERMAN, JOHN M., CATTRON, WENDELL WAYNE
Publication of US20080241535A1 publication Critical patent/US20080241535A1/en
Priority to US13/233,670 priority patent/US8426021B2/en
Priority to US13/868,017 priority patent/US8734945B2/en
Priority to US14/106,637 priority patent/US20140106082A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
    • C03C25/10—Coating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
    • G02B1/12—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements by surface treatment, e.g. by irradiation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
    • C03C25/10—Coating
    • C03C25/104—Coating to obtain optical fibres
    • C03C25/1065—Multiple coatings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
    • C03C25/10—Coating
    • C03C25/24—Coatings containing organic materials
    • C03C25/26—Macromolecular compounds or prepolymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/67—Unsaturated compounds having active hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/67—Unsaturated compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/671—Unsaturated compounds having only one group containing active hydrogen
    • C08G18/672—Esters of acrylic or alkyl acrylic acid having only one group containing active hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
    • C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
    • C08G18/721—Two or more polyisocyanates not provided for in one single group C08G18/73 - C08G18/80
    • C08G18/724—Combination of aromatic polyisocyanates with (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D163/00—Coating compositions based on epoxy resins; Coating compositions based on derivatives of epoxy resins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D175/04—Polyurethanes
    • C09D175/14—Polyurethanes having carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D175/00—Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D175/04—Polyurethanes
    • C09D175/14—Polyurethanes having carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C09D175/16—Polyurethanes having carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds having terminal carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • Y10T428/2938—Coating on discrete and individual rods, strands or filaments
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • Y10T428/2964—Artificial fiber or filament

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to Radiation Curable Secondary Coatings suitable for use on Optical Fibers. More particularly the present invention relates to Optical fiber Secondary Coating compositions that include a urethane-free oligomer, and to optical fibers coated with such secondary compositions.
  • Optical fibers are frequently coated with two or more superposed radiation-curable coatings immediately after the fiber is produced by drawing.
  • the coating which directly contacts the optical fiber is called the “inner Primary Coating” and an overlaying coating is called the “outer Primary Coating.”
  • the inner Primary Coating is also called simply the “Primary Coating” and the outer Primary Coating is called a “Secondary Coating.” Inner Primary Coatings are softer than Secondary Coatings.
  • the relatively soft inner Primary Coating provides resistance to microbending which results in attenuation of the signal transmission capability of the coated optical fiber and is therefore undesirable.
  • Microbends are sharp but microscopic curvatures in the optical fiber involving local axial displacements of a few micrometers and spatial wavelengths of a few millimeters. Microbends can be induced by thermal stresses and/or mechanical lateral forces. Coatings can provide lateral force protection that protect the optical fiber from microbending, but as coating diameter decreases the amount of protection provided decreases. The relationship between coatings and protection from lateral stress that leads to microbending is discussed, for example, in D. Gloge, “Optical-fiber packaging and its influence on fiber straightness and loss”, Bell System Technical Journal , Vol. 545, 2, 245 (1975); W.
  • Optical fiber Secondary Coating compositions generally comprise, before cure, a mixture of ethylenically-unsaturated compounds, often consisting of one or more oligomers dissolved or dispersed in liquid ethylenically-unsaturated diluents and photoinitiators.
  • the coating composition is typically applied to the optical fiber in liquid form and then exposed to actinic radiation to effect cure.
  • compositions use is made of a urethane oligomer having reactive termini and a polymer backbone.
  • the compositions generally comprise reactive diluents, photoinitiators to render the compositions UV-curable, and other suitable additives.
  • a curable liquid resin composition suitable for use as a Secondary Coating on Optical Fiber comprising: (A) a urethane (meth) acrylate having a structure originating from a polyol and a number average molecular weight of 800 g/mol or more, but less than 6000 g/mol, and (B) a urethane (meth)acrylate having a structure originating from a polyol and a number average molecular weight of 6000 g/mol or more, but less than 20,000 g/mol, wherein the total amount of the component (A) and component (B) is 20-95 wt % of the curable liquid resin composition and the content of the component (B) is 0.1-30 wt % of the total of the component (A)
  • polyester polyols are particularly attractive because of their commercial availability, oxidative stability and versatility to tailor the characteristics of the coating by tailoring the backbone.
  • the use of polyester polyols as the backbone polymer in a urethane acrylate oligomer is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,146,531, 6,023,547, 6,584,263, 6,707,977, 6,775,451 and 6,862,392, as well as European Patent 539 030 A.
  • urethane-free polyester acrylate oligomers have been used in radiation-curable coating compositions for optical glass fibers.
  • Japanese Patent 57-092552 discloses an optical glass fiber coating material comprising a polyester di(meth)acrylate where the polyester backbone has an average molecular weight of 300 or more.
  • German Patent Application 04 12 68 60 A1 (Bayer) discloses a matrix material for a three-fiber ribbon consisting of a polyester acrylate oligomer, 2-(N-butyl-carbamyl)ethylacrylate as reactive diluent and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one as photoinitiator.
  • Japanese Patent Application No. 10-243227 (Publication No. 2000-072821) discloses a liquid curable resin composition comprising a polyester acrylate oligomer which consists of a polyether diol end-capped with two diacids or anhydrides and terminated with hydroxy ethyl acrylate.
  • 6,714,712 B2 discloses a radiation curable coating composition
  • a radiation curable coating composition comprising a polyester and/or alkyd (meth)acrylate oligomer comprising a polyacid residue or an anhydride thereof, optionally a reactive diluent, and optionally a photoinitiator.
  • Mark D. Soucek and Aaron H. Johnson disclose the use of hexahydrophthalic acid for hydrolytic resistance in “New Intramolecular Effect Observed for Polyesters: An Anomeric Effect,” JCT Research , Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 111 (April 2004).
  • the first aspect of the instant claimed invention is a Radiation Curable Secondary Coating composition
  • a Radiation Curable Secondary Coating composition comprising a urethane-free Alpha Oligomer prepared by reaction of the following:
  • the second aspect of the instant claimed invention is a Radiation Curable Secondary Coating composition
  • a Radiation Curable Secondary Coating composition comprising a Secondary Coating Oligomer Blend; wherein said Secondary Coating Oligomer Blend comprises an Alpha Oligomer, a Beta Oligomer, and, optionally, a Gamma Oligomer;
  • Alpha Oligomer is urethane-free and is prepared by reaction of,
  • the third aspect of the instant claimed invention is a Radiation Curable Secondary Coating composition, wherein said composition comprises a Secondary Coating Oligomer Blend; an antioxidant; a first photoinitiator; a second photoinitiator; and optionally a single slip additive or a blend of slip additives;
  • Secondary Coating Oligomer Blend comprises:
  • Alpha Oligomer is prepared by the reaction of
  • Beta Oligomer is prepared by the reaction of
  • Beta oligomer catalyst is selected from the group consisting of dibutyl tin dilaurate; metal carboxylates, including, but not limited to: organobismuth catalysts such as bismuth neodecanoate, CAS 34364-26-6; zinc neodecanoate, CAS 27253-29-8; zirconium neodecanoate, CAS 39049-04-2; and zinc 2-ethylhexanoate, CAS 136-53-8; sulfonic acids, including but not limited to dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, CAS 27176-87-0; and methane sulfonic acid, CAS 75-75-2; amino or organo-base catalysts, including, but not limited to: 1,2-dimethylimidazole, CAS 1739-84-0; and diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), CAS 280-57-9; and triphenyl phosphin
  • Gamma Oligomer is an epoxy diacrylate.
  • the fourth aspect of the instant claimed invention is an optical fiber coated with a Radiation Curable Primary Coating and the Radiation Curable Secondary Coating of the first aspect of the instant claimed invention.
  • the fifth aspect of the instant claimed invention is an optical fiber coated with a Radiation Curable Primary Coating and the Radiation Curable Secondary Coating of the second aspect of the instant claimed invention.
  • the sixth aspect of the instant claimed invention is an optical fiber coated with a Radiation Curable Primary Coating and the Radiation Curable Secondary Coating of the third aspect of the instant claimed invention.
  • the seventh aspect of the instant claimed invention is a process for coating an optical fiber, the process comprising:
  • the eighth aspect of the instant claimed invention is a wire coated with a first and second layer, wherein the first layer is a cured radiation curable Primary Coating that is in contact with the outer surface of the wire and the second layer is a cured radiation curable Secondary Coating of the first aspect of the instant claimed invention in contact with the outer surface of the Primary Coating,
  • the ninth aspect of the instant claimed invention is an optical fiber coated with a first and second layer, wherein the first layer is a cured radiation curable Primary Coating that is in contact with the outer surface of the optical fiber and the second layer is a cured radiation curable Secondary Coating of the first aspect of the instant claimed invention in contact with the outer surface of the Primary Coating,
  • the cured Secondary Coating on the optical fiber has the following properties after initial cure and after one month aging at 85° C. and 85% relative humidity:
  • Tube Tg of from about 50° C. to about 80° C.
  • the tenth aspect of the instant claimed invention is a wire coated with a first and second layer, wherein the first layer is a cured radiation curable Primary Coating that is in contact with the outer surface of the wire and the second layer is a cured radiation curable Secondary Coating of the second aspect of the instant claimed invention in contact with the outer surface of the Primary Coating,
  • Tube Tg of from about 50° C. to about 80° C.
  • the eleventh aspect of the instant claimed invention is an optical fiber coated with a first and second layer, wherein the first layer is a cured radiation curable Primary Coating that is in contact with the outer surface of the optical fiber and the second layer is a cured radiation curable Secondary Coating of the second aspect of the instant claimed invention in contact with the outer surface of the Primary Coating,
  • the cured Secondary Coating on the optical fiber has the following properties after initial cure and after one month aging at 85° C. and 85% relative humidity:
  • Tube Tg of from about 50° C. to about 80° C.
  • the twelfth aspect of the instant claimed invention is a wire coated with a first and second layer, wherein the first layer is a cured radiation curable Primary Coating that is in contact with the outer surface of the wire and the second layer is a cured radiation curable Secondary Coating of the third aspect of the instant claimed invention in contact with the outer surface of the Primary Coating,
  • Tube Tg of from about 50° C. to about 80° C.
  • the thirteenth aspect of the instant claimed invention is an optical fiber coated with a first and second layer, wherein the first layer is a cured radiation curable Primary Coating that is in contact with the outer surface of the optical fiber and the second layer is a cured radiation curable Secondary Coating of the third aspect of the instant claimed invention in contact with the outer surface of the Primary Coating,
  • the cured Secondary Coating on the optical fiber has the following properties after initial cure and after one month aging at 85° C. and 85% relative humidity:
  • Tube Tg of from about 50° C. to about 80° C.
  • BHT 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol available from Fitz Chem. CN-120Z epoxy diacrylate, available from Sartomer.
  • DABCO 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane available from Air Products.
  • DBTDL dibutyl tin dilaurate, available from OMG Americas.
  • HEA hydroxyethyl acrylate available from BASF HHPA hexahydrophthalic anhydride, available from Milliken Chemical.
  • Irgacure 184 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, available from Ciba Geigy Irganox 1035 thiodiethylene bis (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), available from Ciba Geigy.
  • SR-506 isobornyl Acrylate, available as from Sartomer.
  • Photomer 4066 ethoxylated nonylphenol acrylate, available from Cognis.
  • SR-349 ethoxylated bisphenol A diacrylate, available from Sartomer.
  • TDI An 80/20 blend of the 2,4- and 2,6-isomer of toluene diisocyanate, available from BASF IPDI Isophorone diisocyanate, available from Bayer TPO 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide type photoinitiator, available from Chitech.
  • CAS means Chemical Abstracts Registry Number
  • Optical fiber coatings are typically radiation-curable compositions that include, prior to cure, one or more radiation-curable oligomers or monomers having at least one functional group capable of polymerization when exposed to actinic radiation.
  • the present invention provides an improved radiation-curable oligomer (the Alpha Oligomer) that is urethane-free and derived from an anhydride which is useful in a Secondary Coating composition for optical fiber.
  • the optical fiber Secondary Coating composition of the invention preferably includes one or more additional oligomers (e.g., a Beta Oligomer and optionally a Gamma Oligomer) and at least one reactive diluent which has at least one functional group capable of polymerization when exposed to actinic radiation.
  • additional oligomers e.g., a Beta Oligomer and optionally a Gamma Oligomer
  • the optical fiber Secondary Coating compositions of the invention optionally include additional components as describe herein, including one or more antioxidants, photoinitiators, slip additives and the like.
  • the Secondary Coating composition of the invention comprises an Alpha Oligomer that is derived from an anhydride.
  • the Alpha Oligomer preferably is formed by reaction of;
  • the reaction can also be carried out in the presence of antioxidants.
  • the oligomer according to the invention is made by reacting (a) a hydroxyl-containing (meth)acrylate, and (b) an anhydride and reacting the reaction product of the acrylate and anhydride with (c) an epoxy-containing compound.
  • the oligomer thus formed will comprise an acrylate residue, a diester residue derived from anhydride compound, a secondary alcohol-containing residue derived from the epoxy-containing compound, and optionally an extender residue.
  • acrylates are preferred over methacrylates because compositions having higher cure speeds can be obtained.
  • the molar ratio of the acrylate residue to the diester residue in the Alpha Oligomer of the invention is substantially equal.
  • the mole ratio of the acrylate residue to the diester residue in the oligomer desirably ranges from about 0.8:1 to about 1:0.8.
  • the acrylate, diester, and secondary alcohol residues within the oligomer are linked such that the acrylate residue is bound to a diester residue which is bound to a secondary alcohol residue. More preferably, the acrylate (A), diester (B), secondary alcohol (C), and optional extender (D) residues within the oligomer are linked together substantially as follows:
  • the hydroxyl-containing (meth)acrylate can be any compound comprising an acrylate or (meth)acrylate group and an alcohol group.
  • the acrylate is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), 1,4-butylene glycol monoacrylate, tripropylene glycol monoacrylate (TPGMA), polyethylene glycol monoacrylate, polypropylene glycol monoacrylate (PPA6), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol diacrylate, 1,4-butylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, 1,6-hexane glycol diacrylate, 1,6-hexane glycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate, 2,2-bis(4-acryloxydiethoxyphenyl)propane, tripropylene glycol diacrylate (
  • the acrylate is selected from HEA, PPA6, caprolactone acrylates, TPGMA, pentaerithrytol triacrylate (e.g., SR-444), diacrylate derivative of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, bisphenol A based epoxy diacrylate (e.g., CN-120), and combinations thereof. More preferably the acrylate is HEA.
  • the anhydride is any anhydride of a saturated or unsaturated polybasic acid.
  • the saturated or unsaturated polybasic acid is a polyfunctional carboxylic acid.
  • the polybasic acid is an aromatic or aliphatic dibasic carboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, adipic acid, glutaric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, citric acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, dodecane dicarboxylic acid, dodecane dioic acid, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, methylene tetrahydrophthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, succinic acid or lower alkyl esters thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the anhydride is selected from the group consisting of hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA), methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA), succinic anhydride (SA), phthalic anhydride (PA), maleic anhydride (MA), dodecenylsuccinie anhydride (DDSA), octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA), tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, trimelitic anhydride, and combinations thereof.
  • HHPA hexahydrophthalic anhydride
  • MHHPA methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride
  • SA succinic anhydride
  • PA phthalic anhydride
  • PA maleic anhydride
  • MA dodecenylsuccinie anhydride
  • OSA octenyl succinic anhydride
  • trimelitic anhydride trimelitic anhydride
  • the epoxy-containing compound is any compound or resin containing one or more epoxy groups per molecule, preferably two epoxy groups per molecule.
  • the epoxy-containing compound can be an aromatic or cycloaliphatic compound or resin comprising one or more epoxy groups per molecule.
  • the epoxy-containing compound is an aromatic epoxy-containing compound.
  • Suitable epoxy-containing compounds include diglycidyl ethers such as bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (e.g., EPON Resins sold by Hexion Specialty Chemicals including bisphenol A epichlorohydrin epoxy unmodified liquid resins, MW-700, sold as EPON 825 and EPON 828 (CAS No.
  • an extender can optionally be used to make the oligomer.
  • the extender is a polyol, polyester, polyalkyd, fatty acid, oil, or derivative thereof.
  • the extender can have any suitable molecular weight.
  • the polyol can have any suitable number of alcohol groups, for example the polyol can have 2-10 alcohol groups, preferably 2-4 alcohol groups, or can be a polyether polyol, such as an aliphatic polyether polyol or a cyclic polyether polyol. It is preferred to use alcohols that are substituted in the ⁇ -position such that there is no ⁇ -hydrogen present which would be susceptible to hydrolytic instability.
  • Suitable diols include, for example, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 2-methyl-1,3-propane diol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-propyl-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-propyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-butyl-2
  • C 36 -diols such as Pripol 2033 diol (supplied by Uniqema) and Speziol C36/2 diol (supplied by Cognis). These diol components can be used in admixture. Suitable diols for use as extenders are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,023,547 which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • Preferred diols which can be used as extenders are ethoxylated bisphenol-A, propoxylated bisphenol-A, neopentyl glycol (NPG), 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propane diol (BEPD), 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (MPD), hydroxy pivaloyl hydroxy pivalate (HPHP), hydrogenated analogs of dimer acids, 2,4-diethyl-1,5-pentane diol or mixtures thereof.
  • NPG neopentyl glycol
  • BEPD 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propane diol
  • MPD 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
  • HPHP hydroxy pivaloyl hydroxy pivalate
  • polystyrene resin examples include, for example, triols such as glycerol, trimethylolethane (i.e., 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane), and trimethylolpropane (i.e., 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane); tetraols such as pentaerythritol; pentaols such as glucose; hexaols such as dipentaerythritol and sorbitol; or alkoxylated derivatives of all the above polyalcohols, such as preferably, ethoxylated and propoxylated derivatives thereof, ethoxylated bisphenol-A having 2-12 ethylene oxide units, propoxylated bisphenol-A having 2-12 propylene oxide units, sugars, halogenated sugars such as trichlorinated sucrose (sucralose), glycerins, and the like.
  • the polyol preferably is a dio
  • Suitable aliphatic polyether polyols include polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, polyhexamethylene glycol, polyheptamethylene glycol, polydecamethylene glycol, a polyether polyol obtained by the ring-opening copolymerization of two or more ion-polymerizable cyclic compounds and the like.
  • ion-polymerizable cyclic compounds include cyclic ethers such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, butene-1-oxide, isobutene oxide, 3,3-bischloromethyloxetane, tetrahydrofran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 3-methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, trioxane, tetraoxane, cyclohexene oxide, styrene oxide, epichlorohydrin, glycidyl methacrylate, allyl glycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl carbonate, butadiene monoxide, isoprene monoxide, vinyl oxetane, vinyl tetrahydrofuran, vinyl cyclohexene oxide, phenyl glycidyl ether, butyl glycidyl ether, and glycidyl
  • polyether polyols obtained by ring-opening copolymerization of the above ion-polymerizable cyclic compounds with monomers for example, cyclic imines such as ethyleneimine, cyclic lactone acids such as propyolactone and glycolic acid lactide, and dimethylcyclopolysiloxanes can be used.
  • cyclic imines such as ethyleneimine
  • cyclic lactone acids such as propyolactone and glycolic acid lactide
  • dimethylcyclopolysiloxanes can be used.
  • combinations of tetrahydrofuran and propylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran and 3-methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran and ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, butene-1-oxide and ethylene oxide, a ternary copolymer of tetrahydrofuran, butene-1-oxide, and ethylene oxide, and the like can be given.
  • the ring-opening copolymer of these ion-polymerizable cyclic compounds can be either a random copolymer or a block copolymer.
  • Suitable cyclic polyether polyols include an alkylene oxide addition diol of bisphenol A, alkylene oxide addition diol of bisphenol F, hydrogenated bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol F, alkylene oxide addition diol of hydrogenated bisphenol A, alkylene oxide addition diol of hydrogenated bisphenol F, alkylene oxide addition diol of hydroquinone, alkylene oxide addition diol of naphthohydroquinone, alkylene oxide addition diol of anthrahydroquinone, 1,4-cyclohexanediol and alkylene oxide addition diol thereof, tricyclodecaniediol, tricyclodecaniedimethanol, pentacyclopentadecanediol, pentacyclopentadecanedimethanol, and the like.
  • the alkylene oxide addition diol of bisphenol A, tricyclodecanedimethanol, and the like are preferable.
  • the above polyether polyols at least one polyether polyol selected from the group consisting of polypropylene glycol, a copolymer of 1,2-butylene oxide and ethylene oxide, and a copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide is preferable.
  • the polyol preferably is selected from the group consisting of polyester polyols or polyether polyols.
  • polyether polyols include, for instance, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol-ethyleneglycol copolymer, polytetramethylene glycol, polyhexamethylene glycol, polyheptamethylene glycol, polydecamethylene glycol, and polyether diols obtained by ring-opening copolymerization of two or more ion-polymerizable cyclic compounds (e.g.
  • polyester polyols are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0209994 A1 (Terwillegar), which is incorporated by reference herein. These polyols may be used either individually or in combinations of two or more. In addition, the polyols described above, alone or in combination, may be reacted at each end with anhydride (examples of which are described above) to form a diacid which can serve as an extender in the invention. Such diacids can be further used to synthesize polyester based extenders.
  • Dimer acids are a well known commercially available class of dicarboxylic acids (or esters). They are typically prepared by dimerizing unsaturated long chain aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, usually of 13 to 22 carbon atoms, or their esters (e.g. alkyl esters). The dimerization is thought by those in the art to proceed by possible mechanisms which include Diels-Alder, free radical, and carbonium ion mechanisms.
  • the dimer acid will usually contain 26 to 44 carbon atoms.
  • the dimer acids (or esters) are derived from C 18 and C 22 unsaturated monocarboxylic acids (or esters) which will yield, respectively, C 36 and C 44 dimer acids (or esters).
  • Dimer acids derived from C 18 unsaturated acids which include acids such as linoleic and linolenic are particularly well known (yielding C 36 dimer acids).
  • the dimer acid products will normally also contain a proportion of trimer acids (e.g., C 54 acids when using C 18 starting acids), possibly even higher oligomers and also small amounts of the monomer acids.
  • trimer acids e.g., C 54 acids when using C 18 starting acids
  • Several different grades of dimer acids are available from commercial sources and these differ from each other primarily in the amount of monobasic and trimer acid fractions and the degree of unsaturation.
  • dimer acid (or ester) products as initially formed are unsaturated which could possibly be detrimental to their oxidative stability by providing sites for crosslinking or degradation, and so resulting in changes in the physical properties of the coating films with time. It is therefore preferable (although not essential) to use dimer acid products which have been hydrogenated to remove a substantial proportion of the unreacted double bonds.
  • dimer acid is used to refer to both the diacid itself, its ester derivatives, such as lower alkyl esters, which would act as an acid component in polyester synthesis, and includes any trimer or monomer if present.
  • alkyds Another class of suitable extender compounds is alkyds.
  • An alkyd, or alkyd resin is a type of polyester having one or more ester groups pendant from a main polymer chain of ester linkages.
  • Alkyd resins can be prepared by condensation reactions of polyols, polyfunctional carboxylic acids (hereafter referred to as polyacids), and oils or fatty acids derived from the oils.
  • the oil can be a natural oil which consists of an ester, e.g., a triester of glycerol and fatty acids.
  • a polyol/fatty acid mixture can be prepared in situ by alcoholysis of a naturally derived oil or by direct esterification of a polyol with a naturally derived long chain fatty acid.
  • the resulting product from either of these reactions can then be polymerized with other polyols and polyacids (e.g., diols and diacids) as in conventional polyesterification.
  • the alkyd is prepared by alcoholysis of a naturally derived oil, preferably one with a low degree of unsaturation.
  • the pendant ester group of the alkyd can be introduced by including a monofunctional carboxylic acid (monoacid) along with the customary components used to prepare a polyester.
  • the monoacid used to prepare the alkyd can be any monocarboxylic acid having between 4 and 28 carbon atoms.
  • the monoacid is a fatty acid, more preferably a long chain monoacid.
  • a long chain monoacid, or long chain fatty acid is characterized as having between 12 and 28 carbon atoms in their chain; more preferably, between 12 and 24 carbon atoms. Most fatty acids have 18 carbon atoms in their chain, but also a higher number of carbon atoms in naturally derived oils is possible. For example, C 22 acid, erucic acid (docosenoic acid), is found in some varieties of rapeseed oil.
  • naturally derived fatty acids or oils from which fatty acids are derived are fatty acids or oils originating from vegetable or animal sources.
  • fatty acids and oils are fatty acids and oils.
  • the fatty acids or oils suitable in the alkyd backbones according to the present invention can be unsaturated or saturated.
  • the fatty acids or oils have a low degree of unsaturation, as defined hereunder.
  • oils or fatty acids examples include castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil, low eruric rapeseed oil, hempseed oil, kapok oil, linseed oil, wild mustard, oiticica oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, perilla oil, poppyseed oil, tobaccoseed oil, argentine rapeseed oil, rubberseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sugarcane oil, sunflower oil, tall oil, teaseed oil, tung oil, black walnut oil, or mixtures thereof, and the like.
  • fatty acids/oils having a low degree of unsaturation examples include coconut oil, babassu oil, Chinese tallow oil, ouri-curl oil, palm kernel oil, caprylic acid, caproic acid, capric acid, coconut fatty acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and the like or mixtures thereof, fatty acids derived from the oils, as well as the hydrogenated form of unsaturated oils and fatty acids derived from the oils, such as castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil, low eruric rapeseed oil, hempseed oil, kapok oil, linseed oil, wild mustard, oiticica oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, perilla oil, poppyseed oil, tobaccoseed oil, argentine rapeseed oil, rubberseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sugarcane oil, sunflower oil, tall oil, teaseed oil, tung
  • the Alpha Oligomer of the invention can be prepared using any suitable method.
  • the Alpha Oligomer can be prepared following a 1-step process in which the acrylate, anhydride, epoxy-containing compound, and optional extender compound are all charged together in a reactor.
  • the reaction can be carried out at a temperature ranging from about 80° C. to about 150° C., typically from about 90° C. to about 130° C., preferably from about 100° C. to about 140° C., more preferably about 110° C. to about 130° C., at atmospheric or reduced pressure.
  • the Alpha Oligomer is prepared according to a 2-step synthesis process.
  • the Alpha Oligomer is prepared by combining the acrylate, the anhydride, and optionally the extender compound, and reacting the components at a temperature in the range of from about 90° C. to about 130° C., preferably from about 100° C. to about 120° C., more preferably from about 105° C. to about 115° C.
  • this step is carried out under air atmosphere, more preferably dry air atmosphere.
  • an alcohol group from the acrylate and/or the extender compound when present, reacts with the anhydride causing the anhydride ring to open to form an ester linkage and an acid group.
  • the epoxy-containing compound is reacted with the product of step 1.
  • the free acid group of the reaction product of step 1 (the free acid derived from the anhydride) reacts with the epoxide group to form a secondary alcohol group.
  • the second step desirably is carried out under the same reaction conditions, such as temperature and reaction time, as described for the 1-step process above.
  • the reaction temperature can thereafter be maintained by adding at a controlled rate, or by drop-wise addition of, the remaining portion of the acrylate. If needed, the reaction can be heated in order to maintain the desired reaction temperature.
  • the reaction in step 1 of the procedure is carried out within about 2-4 hours and the reaction in step 2 of the procedure is carried out within about S-15 hours.
  • an inhibitor or polymerization inhibition system can be added.
  • suitable inhibitors include butylated hydroxyoluene (BHT), hydroquinone, derivatives of hydroquinone, such as methylether hydroquinone, 2,5-dibutyl hydroquinone (DBH), 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene; methyl-di-tert-butylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol; and the like, nitrobenzenes, phenothiazines, and the like.
  • BHT and DBH are preferred since they produce a relatively low discoloration in the final oligomer.
  • a catalyst can be used to assist the reaction of the epoxy-containing compound during the preparation of the Alpha oligomer of the present invention.
  • Suitable catalysts include, for example, triarylphosphine catalysts such as triphenylphosphine (TPP) and tritoluoylphosphine, phosphonium salts, tertiary amines such as triethylene triamine catalysts such as 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), and metal catalysts such as chromium (III) acetate, carboxylic acid metal salts, tin catalysts such as stannous alkoxides or stannous acrylates, and titanium catalysts, many of which are known in the art.
  • triarylphosphine catalysts such as triphenylphosphine (TPP) and tritoluoylphosphine
  • phosphonium salts such as triethylene triamine catalysts such as 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2
  • the catalysts can be used alone or in combination.
  • TPP and DABCO are used in combination so as to enable the use of a low reaction temperature (e.g., 110° C.).
  • the concentration of the catalyst in the reaction mixture generally lies between about 0.1 and about 1.0 wt. %, preferably between about 0.1 and about 0.7 wt. %, more preferably between about 0.1 and about 0.5 wt. %, and even more preferably between about 0.1 and about 0.3 wt. % (based on the total weight of the reaction mixture).
  • the Alpha Oligomer of the invention desirably has a low acid value and has improved hydrolytic stability.
  • the acid value is a measure of the free carboxylic acids content of a resin and is expressed as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free carboxylic acids in one gram of the resin.
  • the acid value reflects the amount of acid, for example the amount of carboxylic acid, remaining in the oligomer.
  • the acid value can be determined by dissolving a weighed quantity of a resin in a solvent such as toluene or tetrahydrofuran (THF) together with neutralized ethyl alcohol or 50/50 isopropyl alcohol/acetone and titrating the resulting solution with carbonate-free decinormal potassium hydroxide solution to a phenolphthalein end point. It is also possible to determine the acid value potentiometrically as described further below under the test methods section.
  • the acid value (“AV”) in “mg KOH/g resin” can be expressed by formula:
  • the acid value is desirably about 20 mg KOH/g or less, preferably about 15 mg KOH/g or less, more preferably about 10 mg KOH/g or less, and even more preferably about 5 mg KOH/g or less.
  • the resin is substantially neutral such that the acid value is about 1 mg KOH/g resin or less. If desired, the oligomer can be washed and/or neutralized after synthesis so as to further remove excess acid.
  • the number average molecular weight of the Alpha Oligomer is preferably about 400 g/mol or more, but equal to or less than about 6,000 g/mol, preferably equal to or less than about 5,000 g/mol, more preferably equal to or less than about 4,000 g/mol.
  • the number average molecular weight is about 2,000 g/mol or less, more preferably about 1,500 g/mol or less, and about 500 g/mol or more, more preferably about 800 g/mol or more.
  • the number average molecular weight of the Alpha Oligomer can be tailored, in part, through selection of an extender compound of appropriate molecular weight.
  • the percentage of urethane linkages in the oligomer can be calculated by multiplying the number of urethane linkages in the theoretical structure by the molecular weight of a urethane linkage (42 g/mol) and dividing by the molecular weight of the theoretical oligomer structure.
  • the Secondary Coating composition preferably further comprises a second oligomer (the Beta Oligomer) in addition to the Alpha Oligomer.
  • a second oligomer the Beta Oligomer
  • the presence of the Beta Oligomer in addition to the Alpha Oligomer described above provides a composition having more balanced coating properties, for example, an improved cured surface with a low attaching force and low coefficient of friction after curing.
  • One advantage of this embodiment of the invention is to provide the cured coating composition with a lower modulus while maintaining a high T g or tan ⁇ max .
  • the Beta Oligomer may contain urethane or, alternatively, may be urethane-free, for example a urethane-free oligomer derived from an anhydride as described above for the Alpha Oligomer.
  • the Beta Oligomer is typically a urethane-containing oligomer, for example, a urethane-containing oligomer prepared in accordance with the teachings of International Patent Publication No. WO 2005/026228 A1, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,835, 6,298,189, 6,584,263, 6,661,959, 6,775,451, or 6,872,760, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • the Beta Oligomer has a low T g and a high elongation if cured by itself, and not as part of a Secondary Coating.
  • Beta Oligomer is derived from an anhydride as described above for the Alpha Oligomer, then a suitable molecular weight extender is chosen such that the Beta Oligomer has a different and higher molecular weight than the Alpha Oligomer.
  • Beta Oligomer When the Beta Oligomer is a urethane-containing oligomer, it generally is produced by reacting a polyether polyol or other suitable extender compound, a polyisocyanate, and an acrylate containing a hydroxyl group, preferably in the presence of a catalyst.
  • a urethane acrylate oligomer suitable for use as the Beta Oligomer can be produced by reacting isocyanate groups of a polyisocyanate respectively with a hydroxyl group of a polyol and a hydroxyl group of an acrylate containing a hydroxyl group.
  • This reaction can be carried out by several methods as follows, (a) charging a polyol, polyisocyanate, and acrylate containing a hydroxyl group and reacting them together; (b) reacting a polyol and a polyisocyanate, and reacting the resulting product with an acrylate containing a hydroxyl group; (c) reacting a polyisocyanate and acrylate containing a hydroxyl group, and reacting the resulting product with a polyol; or (d) reacting a polyisocyanate and acrylate containing a hydroxyl group, reacting the resulting product with a polyol, and further reacting the resulting product with an acrylate containing a hydroxyl group.
  • the reaction is typically carried out in the presence of a urethanation catalyst.
  • Suitable catalysts for the Beta Oligomer described herein, when said Beta Oligomer is a urethane based oligomer may be selected from the group consisting of dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBTDL); metal carboxylates, including, but not limited to: organobismuth catalysts such as bismuth neodecanoate, CAS 34364-26-6; zinc neodecanoate, CAS 27253-29-8; zirconium neodecanoate, CAS 39049-04-2; and zinc 2-ethylhexanoate, CAS 136-53-8; sulfonic acids, including but not limited to dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, CAS 27176-87-0; and methane sulfonic acid, CAS 75-7
  • DBTDL dibutyl tin dilaurate
  • metal carboxylates including, but not limited to: organobismuth catalysts such as bis
  • any of the acrylate compounds described above with respect to the Alpha Oligomer can be used to make the Beta Oligomer.
  • the preferred acrylate is HEA.
  • One or more diisocyanates can be used to make the Beta Oligome.
  • These diisocyanates may be selected from the group consisting of aromatic diisocyanates and aliphatic diisocyanates such as, but not limited to, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, 1,3-xlylene diisocyanate, 1,4-xylylene diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, m-phenylene diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, 3,3′-dim ethyl-4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 3,3′-dimethylphenylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-biphenylene diisocyanate, 1,6-hexane diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, methylenebis
  • any of the polyol extender compounds described above with respect to the Alpha Oligomer can be used to produce the Beta Oligomer.
  • the polyol used to produce the Beta Oligomer is a polyester polyol or polyether polyol, for example a polyether polyol selected from the group consisting of polypropylene glycol, a copolymer of 1,2-butylene oxide and ethylene oxide, and a copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide.
  • the number average molecular weight of the polyol extender is preferably in the range of from about 300 g/mol to about 10,000 g/mol.
  • the extender is polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of about 1000 g/mol.
  • both the Alpha Oligomer and Beta Oligomer comprise a polyol extender residue, wherein the polyol used to produce the Alpha Oligomer differs from the polyol used to produce the Beta Oligomer at least with respect to molecular weight.
  • the polyol used in the Alpha Oligomer can also differ in chemical structure from the polyol used in the Beta Oligomer.
  • the polyol used to produce the Alpha Oligomer can be a copolymer of 1,2-butylene oxide and ethylene oxide while the polyol used to produce the Beta Oligomer can be polypropylene glycol.
  • the polyol used to produce the Alpha Oligomer can be a polyester polyol while the polyol compound used to produce the Beta Oligomer is a polyether polyol.
  • the number average molecular weight of the Beta Oligomer is desirably about 3,000 to about 10,000 g/mol, more preferably about 7,000 to about 9,000 g/mol. For this reason, the extender used for the Beta Oligomer is selected according to the molecular weight.
  • PML S-X3008
  • the proportion of the polyol or other extender, polyisocyanate, and acrylate containing a hydroxyl group is preferably determined so that isocyanate groups included in the polyisocyanate and hydroxyl groups included in the acrylate containing a hydroxyl group are, respectively, 1.1-3 equivalents and 0.2-1.5 equivalents for one equivalent of hydroxyl groups included in the polyol.
  • the total amount of the Alpha Oligomer and Beta Oligomer included in the radiation curable, optical fiber coating composition of the present invention is usually from about 30 to about 95 wt. %, preferably from about 35 to about 95 wt. %, more preferably from about 40 to about 80 wt. %, and most preferably from about 50 to about 80 wt. % based on the total weight of the composition.
  • the Beta Oligomer desirably is present in the composition in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 30 wt. %, preferably from about 1 to about 25 wt. %, and more preferably from about 3 to about 20 wt. % of the total amount of the Alpha Oligomer and the Beta Oligomer present in the composition.
  • the modulus of the cured coating is less than 1500 MPa, preferably less than 1000 MPa, while the T g of the cured coating is about 70° C. or greater.
  • the radiation curable composition comprises Alpha Oligomer and a urethane acrylate Beta Oligomer having a structure derived from a polyol and having a number average molecular weight of about 4,000 g/mol or more, but less than about 16,000 g/mol, wherein the composition comprises from about 30 to about 95 wt % of the Alpha Oligomer and Beta Oligomer and the Beta oligomer is from about 0.1 to about 30 wt % of the total amount of the Alpha Oligomer and Beta Oligomer present in the composition.
  • the Beta Oligomer is a urethane oligomer obtained by reacting 1 mol of diisocyanate with 2 moles of acrylate containing a hydroxyl group without using the polyol.
  • a urethane acrylate are the reaction products of hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate; HEA and 2,5 (or 6)-bis(isocyanatomethyl)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane; HEA and isophorone diisocyanate; HEA and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, and HEA and isophorone diisocyanate.
  • the Beta Oligomer is a urethane free oligomer obtained by reacting an anhydride with a hydroxyl-containing acrylate.
  • the Alpha Oligomer of the invention can be blended with the Beta Oligomer (to form a Secondary Coating Oligomer Blend) in a coating composition by any suitable method and in any relative amount.
  • the overall percentage of urethane linkages in the resulting coating composition can be determined from the molar amount of isocyanate compound used in the reaction as follows.
  • % urethane [(wt. % isocyanate used/ MW isocyanate) ⁇ ( MW urethane)]/coating weight
  • the reactive functionality terminus of the Alpha Oligomer desirably is reactive when exposed to actinic radiation.
  • the radiation-curable reactive-functionality terminus includes ethylenic unsaturation, which can be polymerized through radical polymerization or cationic polymerization.
  • suitable ethylenic unsaturation are groups containing acrylate, methacrylate, styrene, vinylether, vinyl ester, N-substituted acrylamide, N-vinyl amide, maleate esters, and fumarate esters.
  • the ethylenic unsaturation is provided by a group containing acrylate, methacrylate, N-vinyl, or styrene functionality, most preferably acrylate functionality.
  • the oligomer is useful in UV-curable optical fiber coating compositions.
  • the Secondary Coating composition includes a third oligomer (the Gamma Oligomer).
  • the Gamma Oligomer can be derived from an anhydride such that it is urethane free, or, alternatively, can be a urethane containing oligomer.
  • the Gamma oligomer is an epoxy diacrylate and is free of a urethane component.
  • the preferred epoxy diacrylate is CN-120 or CN-120Z, a bisphenol A based epoxy diacrylate.
  • the Gamma Oligomer desirably has a number average molecular weight of about 500 g/mol or less, and an elongation if cured by itself, and not as part of a Radiation Curable Secondary Coating.
  • the Alpha Oligomer of the invention can be blended with the Beta Oligomer and Gamma Oligomer if present (to form a Secondary Coating Oligomer Blend) in a coating composition by any suitable method and in any relative amount.
  • the radiation-curable coating compositions of the invention optionally further comprise at least one reactive diluent which can be used to adjust the viscosity of the compositions.
  • Reactive diluents can be low viscosity monomers having at least one functional group capable of polymerization when exposed to actinic radiation. This functional group may be of the same nature as that used in the radiation-curable Alpha Oligomer or Beta Oligomer.
  • the functional group present in the reactive diluent is capable of copolymerizing with the radiation-curable functional group present in the Alpha Oligomer or Beta Oligomer. More preferably, the radiation-curable functional group forms free radicals during curing which can react with the free radicals generated on the surface of surface-treated optical fiber.
  • the reactive diluent can be a monomer or mixture of monomers having an acrylate or vinyl ether functionality and a C 4 -C 20 alkyl or polyether moiety
  • reactive diluents include hexylacrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, isobornylacrylate, decylacrylate, laurylacrylate, stearylacrylate, 2-ethoxyethoxy-ethylacrylate, laurylvinylether, 2-ethylhexylvinyl ether, isodecyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, N-vinyl-caprolactam, N-vinylpyrrolidone, tripropylene glycol acrylate, acrylamides, and the alkoxylated derivatives, such as, ethoxylated lauryl acrylate, ethoxylated isodecyl acrylate, and the like.
  • reactive diluent that can be used is a compound having an aromatic group.
  • reactive diluents having an aromatic group include ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, polyethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, polypropylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, and alkyl-substituted phenyl derivatives of the above monomers, such as polyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether acrylate. Ethoxylated nonylphenol acrylate is also suitable.
  • the reactive diluent can also comprise a diluent having two or more functional groups capable of polymerization.
  • diluents include C 1 -C 18 hydrocarbon-diol diacrylates, C 4 -C 18 hydrocarbon divinylethers, C 3 -C 18 hydrocarbon triacrylates, and the polyether analogues thereof, and the like, such as 1,6-hexanedioldiacrylate, trimethylolpropanetriacrylate, hexanedioldivinylether, triethylene-glycoldiacrylate, pentaerythritol-triacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol-A diacrylate, tripropyleneglycol diacrylate, and tris-2-hydroxyethyl isocyanurate triacrylate (SR-368).
  • the antioxidant is a sterically hindered phenolic compound, for example 2,6-ditertiarybutyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-ditertiarybutyl-4-ethyl phenol, 2,6-ditertiarybutyl-4-n-butyl phenol, 4-hydroxymethyl-2,6-ditertiarybutyl phenol, and such commercially available compounds as thiodiethylene bis(3,5-ditertiarybutyl-4-hydroxyl)hydrocinnamate, octadecyl-3,5-ditertiarybutyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, 1,6-hexamethylene bis(3,5-ditertiarybutyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), and tetrakis(methylene(3,5-ditertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate))methane, all available as Irganox 1035, 1076, 259 and 1010, respectively, from Ci
  • sterically hindered phenolics useful herein include 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-ditertiarybutyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene and 4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-ditertiarybutylphenol), available as Ethyl 330 and 702, respectively, from Ethyl Corporation.
  • the antioxidant preferably is thiodiethylene bis(3,5-ditertiarybutyl-4-hydroxyl)hydrocinnamate (e.g., Irganox 1035).
  • the coating composition of the invention optionally further comprises a photoinitiator or mixture of photoinitiators to facilitate cure of the compositions upon exposure to active radiation, and to provide a satisfactory cure rate.
  • photoinitiators useful in the coating composition of the present invention are isobutyl benzoin ether; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide; bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxide (sold as Irgacure 819); 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenylketone; 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-butan-1-one; 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone; perfluorinated diphenyltitanocene; 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-propanone; 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one
  • the radiation curable coating composition of the present invention optionally contains one or two phosphine oxide type photoinitiators, such as 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide type (TPO) or bisacyl phosphine oxide type (BAPO) photoinitiators, and/or ⁇ -hydroxyketo-type photoiniator (e.g., Irgacure 184 (i.e., 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone available from Ciba Geigy) or Darocur 1173 (i.e., 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one available from Ciba Geigy)).
  • phosphine oxide type photoinitiators such as 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide type (TPO) or bisacyl phosphine oxide type (BAPO) photoinitiators
  • TPO 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylpho
  • Lucirin TPO i.e., 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide available from BASF Corporation
  • Irgacure 1845 Darocur 1173 Irgacure 907 (i.e., 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropan-1-one, available from Ciba Geigy).
  • additives which can be used in the coating composition include, but are not limited to, catalysts, lubricants, slip agents, wetting agents, adhesion promoters and stabilizers. The selection and use of such additives is within the skill of the art.
  • the Secondary Coating composition includes one or more slip additives.
  • Preferred slip additives include DC-190 and DC-57. Most preferably, a blend of DC-190 and DC-57 is used.
  • DC-57 is dimethyl, methyl(propyl(poly(EO))acetate) siloxane; CAS Registry Number 70914-12-4.
  • DC-190 is a mixture of (a) from about 40.0 to about 70.0 weight % of dimethyl, methyl(propyl(poly(EO) (PO))acetate)siloxane; CAS Registry Number 68037-64-9; (b) from about 30.0 to about 60.0 weight % of poly(ethylene oxide propylene oxide) monoallyl ether acetate; CAS Registry Number 56090-69-8; (c) less than about 9.0 weight % polyether polyol acetate CAS Registry Number 39362-51-1.
  • DC-57 and DC-190 are commercially available from Dow Corning.
  • the weight percent of each component of the radiation curable Secondary Coating is as follows:
  • Alpha Oligomer anhydride from about 5 to about 7 wt. % hydroxyl-containing from about 3 to about 5 wt. % (meth)acrylate epoxy from about 5 to about 9 wt. % first catalyst from about 0.005 to about 0.25 wt. % second catalyst from about 0.01 to about 0.05 wt. % polymerization inhibitor from about 0.01 to about 0.05 wt. % Beta Oligomer hydroxyl-containing from about 3 to about 5 wt. % (meth)acrylate Isocyanate from about 4 to about 6 wt. % polyether polyol from about 13 to about 17 wt. % polymerization inhibitor (e.g. from about 0.010 to about 0.125 wt.
  • % HEA diisocyanate
  • TDI TDI
  • polyether polyol e.g., P1010
  • 15.44 wt. % polymerization inhibitor e.g. BHT
  • 0.05 wt. % catalyst e.g., DBTDL
  • Gamma Oligomer epoxy diacrylate e.g., CN120Z
  • Additives 4.52 wt. % first diluent monomer (e.g., isobornyl 6 wt. % acrylate) second diluent monomer (e.g., tripropylene 22.98 wt.
  • first diluent monomer e.g., isobornyl 6 wt. % acrylate
  • second diluent monomer e.g., tripropylene 22.98 wt.
  • Antioxidant e.g., Irganox 1035
  • first photoinitiator e.g., Irgacure 184
  • second photoinitiator e.g., TPO
  • slip additives e.g., DC-57 + DC-190
  • Total 100.33 wt. %* *0.33 of other ingredients is not present when the optional blend of slip additives is present
  • the radiation curable Primary Coating may be any commercially available radiation curable Primary Coating for optical fiber.
  • Such commercially available radiation curable Primary Coatings are available from DSM Desotech Inc., and others, including, but without being limited to Hexion, Luvantix and PhiChem.
  • the Secondary Coating is applied on top of the Primary Coating, the radiation is applied and the secondary coating is cured.
  • the preferred type of radiation is UV.
  • Drawing is carried out using either wet on dry or wet on wet mode
  • Wet on dry mode means the liquid Primary Coating is applied wet, and then radiation is applied to cure the liquid Primary Coating to a solid layer on the wire. After the Primary Coating is cured, the Secondary Coating is applied and then cured as well.
  • Wet on wet mode means the liquid Primary Coating is applied wet, then the Secondary Coating is applied wet and then both the Primary Coating and Secondary Coatings are cured.
  • the Secondary Coating is clear rather than colored, a layer of ink coating may be applied thereon. If the Secondary Coating is colored, the ink coating layer is typically not applied onto the Secondary Coating. Regardless of whether the ink coating is applied, it is common practice to place a plurality of coated fibers alongside each other in a ribbon assembly, applying a radiation curable matrix coating thereto to hold the plurality of fibers in place in that ribbon assembly.
  • a layer of “ink coating” is typically applied and then the coated and inked optical fiber is placed alongside other coated and inked optical fibers in a “ribbon assembly” and a radiation curable matrix coating is used to hold the optical fibers in the desired location in the ribbon assembly.
  • a Secondary Coating produced from the coating composition according to the invention will desirably have properties such as modulus, toughness and elongation suitable for coating optical fiber.
  • the Secondary Coating typically has toughness greater than about 12 J/m 3 , a secant modulus of less than about 1500 MPa, and a T g greater than about 50° C.
  • the Secondary Coating has toughness greater than about 14 J/m 3 , a secant modulus of from about 200 MPa to about 1200 MPa, and a T g greater than about 60° C.
  • the Secondary Coating has a toughness greater than about 16 J/m 3 , a secant modulus of from about 400 MPa to about 1000 MPa, and a T g greater than about 70° C.
  • the Secondary Coating preferably has an elongation of from about 30% to about 80%.
  • the Secondary Coating shows a change in equilibrium modulus of about 20% or less when aged for 60 days at 85° C. and 85% relative humidity.
  • a Secondary Coating produced from the coating composition according to the invention will desirably have an oil sensitivity and/or water sensitivity suitable for coating optical fiber.
  • the Secondary Coating will have an oil sensitivity of about 10% or less, and a water sensitivity of about 10% or less.
  • the Secondary Coating will have an oil sensitivity of about 5% or less, and a water sensitivity of about 5% or less.
  • the modulus is the rate of change of strain as a function of stress. This is represented graphically as the slope of the straight line portion of a stress-strain diagram.
  • the modulus may be determined by use of any instrument suitable for providing a stress-strain curve of sample. Instruments suitable for this analysis include those manufactured by Instron, Inc., and include the Instron 5564.
  • a sample of the radiation-curable composition is drawn onto a plate to provide a thin film, or alternatively formed into a rod using a cylindrical template.
  • the sample is then exposed to radiation to affect cure.
  • One (or more, if an average value is desired) film sample is cut from the cured film.
  • the sample(s) should be free of significant defects, e.g., holes, jagged edges, substantial non-uniform thickness.
  • Opposite ends of the sample are then attached to the instrument. During testing, a first end of the sample remains stationary, while the instrument moves the second end away from the first end at what may be referred to as a crosshead speed.
  • the crosshead speed which may initially be set at 1 inch/minute, may be altered if found to be inappropriate for a particular sample, e.g., a high modulus film breaks before an acceptable stress-strain curve is obtained. After setup is completed, the testing is then commenced, with the instrument providing a stress-strain curve, modulus and other data.
  • toughness can be measured in several ways.
  • One way includes a tensile modulus of toughness that is based on the ability of material to absorb energy up to the point of rupture, and that is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve.
  • Another way to measure toughness is fracture toughness based on tear strength that requires starting with a pre-defined infinitely sharp crack of a certain length, and that uses a critical stress intensity factor resulting from the resistance of the material to crack propagation.
  • Alpha Oligomer in accordance with the invention can be prepared, for example, using hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA) that has a melting/solidification point of 35° C., so it can be heated up in a hot box to make a liquid.
  • the Alpha Oligomer can be prepared from a mixture of three monomers added in the following order: First, BHT (acrylate polymerization inhibitor), molten HHPA, and hydroxylethyl acrylate (HEA) are combined and heated to a set point temperature of about 110° C. Second, after about one hour, when the acid value of the mixture is about 205 meq KOH, an epoxy-containing compound, EPON 825 (EPON), is added along with triphenylphosphine and DABCO catalysts. Finally, after about 10-14 hours, when the acid value of the mixture is less than 5.0 meq KOH, a product is recovered from the reaction. The reaction product is believed to have the following theoretical structure:
  • the acid value (AV) is measured as follows: About 2 grams of sample is diluted in 50 mL acetone mixed with 50 ml isopropyl alcohol. The mixture is potentiometrically titrated with 0.1 M potassium hydroxide in methanol standard solution (KOH/MeOH) after it is stirred for 5 minutes. Both acid values (AV1, for acids having a pK a ⁇ 2, and AV2, for acids having a pK a >2) are automatically determined on Brinkmann 751 Tirino Titrator.
  • Alpha Oligomers in accordance with the invention can be prepared using extenders to change molecular weight.
  • the acrylate e.g., HEA
  • the anhydride compound e.g., HHPA
  • 12-hydroxystearic acid 1204
  • polyol e.g., polypropylene glycol or “PPG”
  • Air is used as a purge to provide renewal for the BHT to maintain its activity as a polymerization inhibitor.
  • the reaction mixture is heated slowly to 80° C., at which point a mild exothermic reaction begins to takes place as the anhydride opens up by reacting with the hydroxyl group of the HEA or the acid group of the 12-hydroxystearic acid to make acid terminated derivatives. Then the reaction is controlled by cooling and heating until it reaches a temperature of about 110° C. The reaction conditions are held constant for about one hour.
  • a polyol such as PPG
  • one mole of the anhydride HPPA will react with each terminal hydroxyl group of the polypropylene glycol to make a di-acid terminated pre-oligomer.
  • a multifunctional epoxy is added to the mixture.
  • the product desirably has the theoretical structure:
  • the glycidyl ester of neodecanoic acid (Cardura E10 sold by Hexion Speciality Chemicals, also referred to as versatic acid monoglycidyl ester or VAME) is used as an extender by including it in the reaction mixture.
  • Table 1a lists the wt. % amounts of anhydride, acrylate, epoxy 1, epoxy 2 (if present) extender (if present), catalyst 1, catalyst 2, and polymerization inhibitor used to prepare various Alpha Oligomers in accordance with the invention (formulations A-W) suitable for use in Secondary Coating compositions.
  • the anhydride is HHPA
  • the acrylate is HEA
  • the epoxy 1 is EPON 825
  • the catalyst 1 is TPP
  • the catalyst 2 is DABCO
  • the polymerization inhibitor is BHT unless otherwise indicated.
  • the isocyanate is TD1
  • the acrylate is HEA
  • the catalyst is DBTDL
  • the polymerization inhibitor is BHT unless otherwise indicated
  • Beta Oligomer Formulations for Secondary Coating Compositions Isocyanate Acrylate 1 Acrylate 2 Extender Catalyst Inhibitor Ex # (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt.
  • Coating compositions comprising the Alpha Oligomers and Beta Oligomers described above are prepared in accordance with the following example.
  • 25 g of the Alpha Oligomer formulation A, 7.5 g urethane containing Beta Oligomer formulation AC, and 15.5 g SR-306 diluent i.e., tripropylene glycol diacrylate
  • SR-306 diluent i.e., tripropylene glycol diacrylate
  • Table 2a lists the components of Secondary Coating formulations (coatings 1-13) comprising an Alpha Oligomer of the invention in the absence of Beta Oligomer or Gamma Oligomer.
  • the Alpha Oligomers are those listed in Table 1a and are prepared in accordance with the foregoing method.
  • Table 2b lists the components of Secondary Coating formulations (coatings 14-22) comprising blends of Alpha Oligomer and Beta Oligomer of the invention listed in Tables 1a and 1b and prepared in accordance with the foregoing method.
  • Table 2c lists the components of comparative Secondary Coating formulations (coatings 23-28) comprising no Alpha Oligomer and only conventional urethane-containing Beta Oligomer listed in Table 1b or other components as indicated.
  • Comparative examples 26 and 27 shown in Table 3 are prepared according to test coatings 1 and 10, respectively, provided in Table 1, col. 20, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,707,977 B2, which are prepared using commercially available materials.
  • Comparative example 27 comprises SR-444, which is pentaerythritol triacrylate sold by Sartomer Co.
  • Comparative example 28 is prepared with an oligomer based on comparative example AH that contains the cure package materials, as listed in Table 1a.
  • the Secondary Coating compositions shown above in Tables 2a-2c are tested for various physical properties after cure including the elastic modulus, tensile strength, elongation, tensile modulus, and oil and water sensitivity.
  • Elastic Modulus The Elastic Modulus is determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Elastic storage modulus (E′), viscous loss modulus (E′′), and tan delta (E′′/E′) are measured by conventional DMA methods. A free film specimen of cured material is cut to size (about 35 mm length), measured for width and thickness and mounted. The environmental chamber containing the sample is brought to 80° C. The sample is stretched before temperature sweep is started. The temperature is lowered in prescribed steps to the starting temperature. The temperature sweep is started and allowed to proceed upwards on the temperature scale until the material is beyond the glass transition range and well into the rubbery range.
  • DMA dynamic mechanical analysis
  • the DMA instrument (Rheometries Solids Analyzer, RSA-II equipped with a personal computer) produced a plot of the data on the computer screen.
  • the temperature at which E′ is 1,000 MPa and E′ is 100 MPa is calculated from this plot, as well as the tan ⁇ max .
  • the minimum value of E′ attained in the rubbery region is measured and reported in Table 3 as the equilibrium modulus or rubbery modulus.
  • Additional test samples prepared in the same manner are subjected to aging in a controlled chamber maintained at 85° C. and 85% relative humidity. After 60 days of aging under these conditions, a set of test samples is removed and tested in accordance with the above dynamic mechanical analysis procedures, and an equilibrium modulus determined. This value is compared to the equilibrium modulus prior to aging and the result is reported as the percent equilibrium modulus loss or change after 60 days aging relative to the initial value.
  • Table 3 illustrate that coating compositions prepared with Alpha Oligomer of the invention have a T g and % change in equilibrium modulus after aging that is comparable to coating compositions comprising urethane oligomers. All of the Secondary Coatings of the invention (coatings 1-23) are shown to have a T g greater than 50° C. These coatings also show very good hydrolytic stability compared to the comparative experiments in terms of the percent change in the equilibrium modulus after aging.
  • the tensile properties of Radiation Curable Secondary Coatings for Optical Fiber are tested on films using a universal testing instrument, Instron Model 4201 equipped with a suitable personal computer and Instron software to yield values of tensile strength, percent elongation at break, and secant or segment modulus. Load cells have 2 or 20 pound capacity, or metric equivalents.
  • a drawdown (cured film) of each material to be tested is made on a glass plate and cured using a UV processor. The cured film is conditioned at 23 ⁇ 2° C. and 50 ⁇ 5% relative humidity for a minimum of sixteen hours prior to testing.
  • test specimens having a width of 0.5 ⁇ 0.002 inches and a length of 5 inches, are cut from the cured film. To minimize the effects of minor sample defects, sample specimens are cut parallel to the direction in which the drawdown of the cured film was prepared. If the cured film is tacky to the touch, a small amount of talc is applied to the film surface using a cotton tipped applicator.
  • test specimens are then removed from the substrate. Caution is exercised so that the test specimens are not stretched past their elastic limit during the removal from the substrate. If any noticeable change in sample length has taken place during removal from the substrate, the test specimen is discarded. If the top surface of the film is talc coated to eliminate tackiness, then a small amount of talc is applied to the bottom surface of test specimen after removal from the substrate.
  • the average film thickness of the test specimens is determined with a micrometer. At least five measurements of film thickness were made in the area to be tested (from top to bottom) and the average value used for calculations. If any of the measured values of film thickness deviated from the average by more than 10% relative, the test specimen is discarded. Film width is also measured. All specimens came from the same plate, and generally, at least six strips are needed to obtain tensile properties. After calibration and standardization, each test specimen is tested by suspending it into the space between the upper pneumatic grips such that the test specimen is centered laterally and hanging vertically. The upper grip (only) is locked. The lower end of the test specimen is pulled gently so that it has no slack or buckling, and it is centered laterally in the space between the open lower grips. While holding the specimen in this position, the lower grip is locked.
  • the sample number and sample dimensions are entered into the data system, following the instructions provided by the software package. Tensile measurement for the sample is then executed with the Instron device. This is repeated for additional specimens. The temperature and humidity are measured after the last test specimen from the current drawdown is tested. The calculation of tensile properties is performed automatically by the software package. The values for tensile strength, % elongation, and secant modulus are checked to determine whether any one of them deviated from the average enough to be an “outlier.” If necessary, the procedure is repeated. A measure of toughness is calculated based on the ability of material to absorb energy up to the point of rupture, and that is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve.
  • the tensile properties of cured Secondary Coatings are tested on rods following the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,862,392, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the rods are prepared by filling elastomeric clear silicone rubber tubing with the coating composition and using a Fusion UV processor.
  • the set-up of the Fusion UV processor is as follows:
  • the tubes are rotated 180°, then it is not required that the tubes be cured on aluminum foil. If the tubes are not rotated 180°, then the tubes are to be cured on aluminum foil.
  • the rods are recovered from the tubing by gently stretching the tube from the end of the rod and cutting the empty portion of the tube with a razor blade. The end of the rod is then grasped using forceps and the tubing was slowly pulled off of the rod.
  • Table 4 illustrate that coating compositions prepared with Alpha Oligomer of the invention have a toughness, a secant modulus, and an elongation that is comparable to coating compositions comprising urethane oligomers. Nearly all of the Secondary Coatings of the invention are shown to have a toughness greater than 12 J/m 2 , a secant modulus less than 1500 MPa, and an elongation between 30-80%.
  • the oil sensitivity for each sample is determined using ASTM D 570 (Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics), which describes a procedure for determining the maximum oil absorption and total amount of oil extractable material of UV-cured coatings, as well as a procedure for determining the dimensional changes in UV cured coatings when exposed to oil.
  • ASTM D 570 Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics
  • the samples are prepared by (1) preparing one draw-down per material to be tested at a film thickness of 150 microns (6 mils), (2) curing the film at 1.0 J/cm 2 exposure using a Fusion D bulb and nitrogen inserting; (3) cutting three sample specimens in the cured film, approximately 7.5 cm ⁇ 3.8 cm, using a single edge razor blade; (4) cutting a small notch, approximately 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm, in one corner of each specimen so that dimensional changes can be made on the same sides throughout the duration of the experiment; (5) placing a glass plate containing the three sample specimens in a 60° C.
  • the oil sensitivity of each sample is determined by (1) placing 125 ml (4 oz.) of a light, white mineral oil into each of three Pyrex petri dishes (100 mm ⁇ 20 mm with Pyrex cover lids), maintaining a temperature to 23 ⁇ 2° C.; (2) measuring the length and width of each of the specimens to the nearest 0.1 mm using a ruler marked in increments of 1 mm; (3) weighing each of the sample specimens to the nearest 0.1 mg on an analytical balance (having 0.1 mg accuracy) using corrugated Teflon paper to prevent sticking; (4) placing each specimen into one of the petri dishes of cabling gel; (5) after 30 minutes have elapsed, removing the samples one at a time using the forceps (approximately 15-20 cm long) and blotting them on the wiping tissue (absorbent, low-lint wiping tissue); (6) remeasuring the length and width of the samples; (7) reweighing the samples and placing them back into their respective petri dishes.
  • the steps of removing, measuring and weighing the samples as described above at 1, 3, 6 was repeated after 24 hours, 7 days and 14 days. After 21 days, the samples are re-measured and re-weighed and placed onto a glass plate and into the 60° C. oven for one hour. The samples are then removed from the oven and placed in the desiccator for 15 minutes after which time the relative humidity is recorded and the samples are measured and weighed as before. The percent weight change and percent dimensional change at each time interval is determined and each set of values is averaged. The maximum oil absorption is the largest, positive average percent weight change. The percent oil extractables for each sample is determined by dividing the difference of the initial and 21-day dried weights by the initial dried weight and multiplying by 100. The total oil sensitivity is the sum of the absolute values of the maximum oil absorption and the percent cabling gel extractables.
  • the dynamic water sensitivity for each sample is determined using ASTM D 570-81 (Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics), which describes a procedure for determining the maximum water absorption and total amount of water-extractable material of UV-cured coatings.
  • the samples are prepared by (1) preparing one draw-down per material to be tested at a film thickness of 150 microns (6 mils); (2) curing the film at a 1.0 J/cm 2 exposure using a Fusion D bulb and nitrogen inserting; (3) cutting three, approximately 3 cm ⁇ 3 cm, sample specimens in the cured film using a single edge razor blade; (4) placing the glass plate containing the three sample specimens in the 60° C.
  • the dynamic water sensitivity is determined by (1) placing 125 ml (4 oz.) of deionized or distilled water into 125 ml (4 oz.) glass jars with screw-top lids, maintaining a temperature to 23 ⁇ 2° C.; (2) weighing each of the sample specimens on an analytical balance (capable of reading 0.0001 g) using corrugated Teflon paper to prevent sticking, and place each specimen into one of the jars of water; (3) after 30 minutes elapsed, removing the samples one at a time using forceps (approximately 15-20 cm long) and blotting them on the wiping tissue (absorbent, low-lint wiping tissue); (4) re-weighing the samples as above and placing them back into their respective jars; (5) repeating the steps of removing and re-weighing the samples at 1, 2, 6, and 24 hours, and 7 and 14 days; (6) at 21 days, reweighing the samples as above and place them onto a glass plate and into the 60° C.
  • the percent weight change at each time interval is determined and the values are averaged.
  • the maximum water absorption is the largest, positive average percent weight change.
  • the percent water extractables for each sample is determined by dividing the difference of the initial and 21-day dried weights by the initial dried weight and multiplying by 100.
  • the total water sensitivity is the sum of the absolute values of the maximum water absorption and the percent water extractables
  • Draw tower simulators are custom designed and constructed based on detailed examination of actual glass fiber draw tower components. All the measurements (lamp positions, distance between coating stages, gaps between coating stages and UV lamps, etc) are duplicated from glass fiber drawing towers. This helps mimic the processing conditions used in fiber drawing industry.
  • One known DTS is equipped with five Fusion F600 lamps—two for the upper coating stage and three for the lower.
  • the second lamp in each stage can be rotated at various angles between 15-1350, allowing for a more detailed study of the curing profile.
  • the “core” used for the known DTS is 130.0 ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ m stainless steel wire. Fiber drawing applicators of different designs, from different suppliers, are available for evaluation. This configuration allows the application of optical fiber coatings at similar conditions that actually exist at industry production sites.
  • the draw tower simulator has already been used to expand the analysis of radiation curable coatings on optical fiber.
  • a method of measuring the Primary Coating's in-situ modulus that can be used to indicate the coating's strength, degree of cure, and the fiber's performance under different environments in 2003 was reported by P. A. M. Steemani, J. J. M. Slot, H. G. H. van Melick, A. A. F. v.d. Ven, H. Cao, and R. Johnson, in the Proceedings of the 52nd IWCS, p. 246 (2003).
  • Steeman et al reported on how the rheological high shear profile of optical fiber coatings can be used to predict the coatings' processability at faster drawing speeds P. A. M.
  • the draw tower simulator can be used to investigate further the properties of primary and Secondary Coatings on an optical fiber.
  • % RAU Secondary Test Method The degree of cure on the outer coating on an optical fiber is determined by FTIR using a diamond ATR accessory.
  • FTIR instrument parameters include: 100 co-added scans, 4 cm ⁇ 1 resolution, DTGS detector, a spectrum range of 4000-650 cm ⁇ 1 , and an approximately 25% reduction in the default mirror velocity to improve signal-to-noise.
  • Two spectra are required; one of the uncured liquid coating that corresponds to the coating on the fiber and one of the outer coating on the fiber.
  • the spectrum of the liquid coating is obtained after completely covering the diamond surface with the coating.
  • the liquid should be the same batch that is used to coat the fiber if possible, but the minimum requirement is that it must be the same formulation.
  • the final format of the spectrum should be in absorbance.
  • the fiber is mounted on the diamond and sufficient pressure is put on the fiber to obtain a spectrum suitable for quantitative analysis.
  • the fiber should be placed on the center of the diamond parallel to the direction of the infrared beam. If insufficient intensity is obtained with a single fiber, 2-3 fibers may be placed on the diamond parallel to each other and as close as possible.
  • the final format of the spectrum should be in absorbance.
  • Peak area is determined using the baseline technique where a baseline is chosen to be tangent to absorbance minima on either side of the peak. The area under the peak and above the baseline is then determined.
  • the integration limits for the liquid and the cured sample are not identical but are similar, especially for the reference peak.
  • the ratio of the acrylate peak area to the reference peak area is determined for both the liquid and the cured sample.
  • Degree of cure expressed as percent reacted acrylate unsaturation (% RAU), is calculated from the equation below:
  • R L is the area ratio of the liquid sample and RF is the area ratio of the cured outer coating.
  • In-situ Modulus of Secondary Coating Test Method The in-situ modulus of a Secondary Coating on a dual-coated (soft Primary Coating and hard Secondary Coating) glass fiber or a metal wire fiber is measured by this test method.
  • Strip ⁇ 2 cm length of the coating layers off the fiber as a complete coating tube from one end of the coated fiber by first dipping the coated fiber end along with the stripping tool in liquid N 2 for at least 10 seconds and then strip the coating tube off with a fast motion while the coating layers are still rigid.
  • a DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) instrument: Rheometrics Solids Analyzer (RSA-II) is used to measure the modulus of the Secondary Coating.
  • the coating tube sample may be shorter than the distance between the two grips.
  • a simple sample holder made by a metal plate folded and tightened at the open end by a screw is used to tightly hold the coating tube sample from the lower end. Slide the fixture into the center of the lower grip and tighten the grip. Using tweezers to straighten the coating tube to upright position through the upper grip. Close and tighten the upper grip. Adjust the strain offset until the pretension is 10 g.
  • the tests are conducted at room temperature ( ⁇ 23° C.). Under the dynamic tensile test mode of DMA, the test frequency is set at 1.0 radian/second; the strain is 5E-4. The geometry type is selected as cylindrical. The sample length is the length of the coating tube between the upper edge of the metal fixture and the lower grip, 11 mm in our test. The diameter (D) is entered to be 0.16 mm according to the following equation:
  • R s , and R p are secondary and Primary Coating outer radius respectively.
  • a dynamic time sweep is fun and 5 data points of tensile storage modulus E are recorded.
  • the reported E is the average of all data points.
  • This measured modulus E is then corrected by multiplying a correction factor which used the actual fiber geometry.
  • the correction factor is (122.5 2 ⁇ 92.5 2 )/(R s actual ⁇ R p actual ).
  • actual fiber geometry including R s , and R p values is measured by PK2400 Fiber Geometry System.
  • R s , and R p are measured under microscope.
  • the reported E is the average of three test samples.
  • T g glass transition temperatures of primary and Secondary Coatings on a dual-coated glass fiber or a metal wire fiber are measured by this method. These glass transition temperatures are referred to as “Tube Tg”.
  • strip ⁇ 2 cm length of the coating layers off the fiber as a complete coating tube from one end of the coated fiber by first dipping the coated fiber end along with the stripping tool in liquid N 2 for at least 10 seconds and then strip the coating tube off with a fast motion while the coating layers are still rigid.
  • RSA-II the gap between the two grips of RSAII can be expanded as much as 1 mm.
  • the gap is first adjusted to the minimum level by adjusting strain offset.
  • a simple sample holder made by a metal plate folded and tightened at the open end by a screw is used to tightly hold the coating tube sample from the lower end, Slide the fixture into the center of the lower grip and tighten the grip. Using tweezers to straighten the coating tube to upright position through the upper grip. Close and tighten the upper grip. Close the oven and set the oven temperature to a value higher than the T, for Secondary Coating or 100° C. with liquid nitrogen as temperature control medium. When the oven temperature reached that temperature, the strain offset is adjusted until the pretension was in the range of 0 g to 0.3 g.
  • the test frequency is set at 1.0 radian/second; the strain is 5E-3; the temperature increment is 2° C. and the soak time is 10 seconds.
  • the geometry type is selected as cylindrical. The geometry setting was the same as the one used for secondary in-situ modulus test.
  • the sample length is the length of the coating tube between the upper edge of the metal fixture and the lower grip, 11 mm in our test.
  • the diameter (D) is entered to be 0.16 mm according to the following equation:
  • R s , and R p are secondary and Primary Coating outer radius respectively.
  • a dynamic temperature step test is run from the starting temperature (100° C. in our test) till the temperature below the Primary Coating T g or ⁇ 80° C. After the run, the peaks from tan ⁇ curve are reported as Primary Coating T g (corresponding to the lower temperature) and Secondary Coating T g (corresponding to the higher temperature). Note that the measured glass transition temperatures, especially for primary glass transition temperature, should be considered as relative values of glass transition temperatures for the coating layers on fiber due to the tall ⁇ shift from the complex structure of the coating tube.
  • a commercially available radiation curable Primary Coating is located.
  • the radiation curable Primary Coating may be any commercially available radiation curable Primary Coating for optical fiber.
  • Such commercially available radiation curable Primary Coatings are available from DSM Desotech Inc., and others, including, but without being limited to Hexion, Luvantix and PhiChem.
  • the commercially available Primary Coating and various embodiments of the instant claimed Secondary Coating are applied to wire using a Draw Tower Simulator.
  • the wire is run at five different line speeds, 750 meters/minute, 1200 meters/minute, 1500 meters/minute, 1800 meters/minute and 2100 meters/minute.
  • Drawing is carried out using either wet on dry or wet on wet mode.
  • Wet on dry mode means the liquid Primary Coating is applied wet, and then the liquid Primary Coating is cured to a solid layer on the wire. After the Primary Coating is cured, the Secondary Coating is applied and then cured as well.
  • Wet on wet mode means the liquid Primary Coating is applied wet, then the Secondary Coating is applied wet and then both the Primary Coating and Secondary Coatings are cured.
  • Temperatures for the two coatings are 30° C.
  • the dies are also set to 30° C.
  • Carbon dioxide level is 7 liters/min at each die.
  • Nitrogen level is 20 liters/min at each lamp.
  • Pressure for the 1° coating is 1 bar at 25 m/min and goes up to 3 bar at 1000 m/min.
  • Pressure for the 20 coating is 1 bar at 25 m/min and goes up to 4 bar at 1000 m/min.
  • the cured Secondary Coating on the wire is tested for initial % RAU, initial in-situ modulus and initial Tube Tg.
  • the coated wire is then aged for one month at 85° C. and 85% relative humidity.
  • the cured Secondary Coating on the wire is then tested for % RAU, in-situ modulus and Tube Tg.
  • the cured radiation curable Secondary Coating on wire is found to have the following properties:
  • the cured Secondary Coating on the wire has the following properties after initial cure and after one month aging at 85° C. and 85% relative humidity:
  • Tube Tg of from about 50° C. to about 80° C.
  • the cured Secondary Coating on the optical fiber has the following properties after initial cure and after one month aging at 85° C. and 85% relative humidity:
  • Tube Tg of from about 50° C. to about 80° C.

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