US20070248698A1 - Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Treatment with Tanshinone Derivatives Which Increase Metabolic Activity - Google Patents

Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Treatment with Tanshinone Derivatives Which Increase Metabolic Activity Download PDF

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US20070248698A1
US20070248698A1 US10/584,983 US58498304A US2007248698A1 US 20070248698 A1 US20070248698 A1 US 20070248698A1 US 58498304 A US58498304 A US 58498304A US 2007248698 A1 US2007248698 A1 US 2007248698A1
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composition
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tanshinone
dihydrotanshinone
cryptotanshinone
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Taehwan Kwak
Myunggyu Park
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MD Bioalpha Co Ltd
KT&G Co Ltd
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MD Bioalpha Co Ltd
KT&G Co Ltd
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Assigned to MD BIOALPHA CO., LTD.,, KT&G CO., LTD., reassignment MD BIOALPHA CO., LTD., ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KWAK, TAEHWAN, PARK, MYUNGGYU
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a composition for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome, containing tanshinone derivatives as an effective ingredient. More specifically, the present invention relates to a composition for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome, containing tanshinone derivatives that exhibit superior activity in enhancing metabolic activity, as an effective ingredient.
  • Metabolic syndrome refers to syndrome involving health risk factors such as hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, glycometabolism disorder, blood coagulation disorder and obesity. Metabolic syndrome itself is not fatal, but indicates a predisposition to severe diseases such as diabetes and ischemic cardiovascular diseases, and has emerged as the most threatening diseases among modern people. Metabolic syndrome was once lmown by various other names including Syndrome X, due to lack of knowledge about causes of such syndrome, but was officially designated as Metabolic Syndrome or Insulin Resistance Syndrome through Adult Treatment Program III (ATP III) enacted by the WHO and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the NIH.
  • ATP III Insulin Resistance Syndrome through Adult Treatment Program III
  • NCEP National Cholesterol Education Program
  • Adult Treatment Panel III Treatment Panel III
  • individuals are diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome by the presence of three or more of these components: 1) A waistline of 40 inches (102 cm) or more for men and 35 inches (88 cm) or more for women (central obesity as measured by waist circumference), 2) A triglyceride level above 150 mg/dl, 3) A high density lipoprotein level (HDL) less than 40 mg/dl (men) or under 50 mg/dl (women), 4) A blood pressure of 130/85 mm Hg or higher and 5) A fasting blood glucose (sugar) level greater than 110 mg/dl.
  • the criteria for central obesity was slightly adjusted to a waistline of 90 cm or more for men and 80 cm or more for women.
  • Insulin resistance refers to a phenomenon wherein, even though insulin is normally secreted in vivo, insulin does not induce sufficient supply of glucose to cells. Therefore, glucose in the blood cannot enter cells, thus causing hyperglycemia, and thereby cells cannot perform normal functions due to a shortage of glucose, leading to the manifestation of metabolic syndrome.
  • Known factors that are directly or indirectly associated with causes and treatment of metabolic syndrome include physical exercise, dietary habit and type, body weight, blood glucose, triglyceride levels, cholesterol levels, insulin resistance, adiponectin, leptin, AMPK activity, sex hormones such as estrogen, genetic factors and in vivo malonyl-CoA concentration.
  • Activation factors linked to promotion of metabolism include, for example, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 ⁇ (PGC-1 ⁇ ), glucose transporter 1 and 4 (GLUT 1 and 4), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT 1), uncoupling protein 1, 2 and 3 (UCP-1, 2 and 3), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase I and II (ACC I and II), which play an important role in energy metabolism.
  • AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
  • POC-1 ⁇ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 ⁇
  • CPT 1 carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
  • UCP-1, 2 and 3 uncoupling protein 1, 2 and 3
  • ACC I and II acetyl-CoA carboxylase I and II
  • AMPK promotes muscle contraction and thereby facilitates uptake of glucose, which in turn activates GLUT 1, or induces migration of GLUT 4 to a plasma membrane, regardless of insulin action, resulting in increased transport of glucose into cells (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 380, 347-352, 2000, J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 1073-1083, 2001).
  • AMPK activates hexokinase, thereby increasing flux of glycometabolism processes and simultaneously inhibiting glycogen synthesis.
  • AMPK activates 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFK-2) via a phosphorylation process, thus resulting in activation of a metabolic cascade leading to increased flux of glycometabolism (Curr. Biol. 10, 1247-1255, 2000).
  • PFK-2 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase
  • AMPK activation of AMPK in the liver inhibits release of glucose from hepatocytes.
  • oxidative phosphorylation converts energy produced from fuel metabolites such as glucose and fatty acids into ATP.
  • Functional mitochondrial alterations may effect pathogenesis of degenerative diseases associated with senescence, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson's disease and senile dementia (Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15, 706-716, 2003).
  • Peterson, et al (Science 300, 1140-1142, 2003) has reported that oxidative phosphorylation functions of mitochondria were weakened by about 40% in the elderly, suggesting the possibility that deteriorated mitochondrial function is a probable pathogenic cause of insulin resistance syndrome.
  • Lee et al Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract.
  • peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 ⁇ (PGC-1 ⁇ ) is known to be a co-activator promoting transcription of nuclear DNA and is known to play important roles in glucose metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle fiber specialization and adaptive thermogenesis as main functions. It was confirmed that increased expression of PGC-1 ⁇ facilitates an increase in the copy number of mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial proliferation (Cell, 98, 115-124, 1999).
  • AMPK is known to induce phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase which in turn inhibits fatty acid synthesis, thus resulting in decreased intracellular concentrations of malonyl-CoA that is an intermediate in a fatty acid synthesis process and is an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), leading to promotion of fatty acid oxidation.
  • CPT I is an enzyme essential for a process wherein fatty acids enter mitochondria and are oxidized, and is known to be modulated by intracellular concentration of malonyl-CoA.
  • AMPK is known to inhibit activity of HMG-CoA reductase and glycerol phosphate acyl transferase (GPAT), involved in cholesterol and triacylglycerol synthesis, through phosphorylation (J. Biol. Chem. 277, 32571-32577, 2002, J. Appl. Physiol. 92, 2475-2482, 2002). Meanwhile, it was found that activation of AMPK in the liver inhibits the activity of pyruvate kinase, fatty acid synthase and ACC through phosphorylation of carbohydrate-response-element-binding protein (ChREBP) (J. Biol. Chem. 277, 3829-3835, 2002).
  • ChREBP carbohydrate-response-element-binding protein
  • AMPK and Malonyl-CoA are targets for therapeutic treatment of metabolic syndrome, and patients suffering from metabolic syndrome are characterized by insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells, type II diabetes mellitus and manifestation of arteriosclerosis. It was hypothesized that a common feature linking these multiple abnormalities is dysregulation of AMPK/Malonyl-CoA fuel-sensing and signaling network.
  • the present inventors carried out an extensive search for metabolism-activating drugs, based on the assumption that materials activating metabolism will be effective for treatment of metabolic syndrome diseases, and as a result, have confirmed that tanshinone derivatives are effective ingredients for therapeutic agents.
  • the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and technical problems that have been desired to be solved from the past.
  • the present inventors have conducted a variety of extensive and intensive study and experimentation. As a result of such extensive investigation, the inventors have found that tanshinone derivatives, extracted from Danshen ( Salvia miltiorrhiza ), have efficacy activating metabolism in cells and tissues, and further found that when ob/ob mice, a model of obesity caused by decreased secretion of leptin, db/db mice, a model of obesity/diabetes, and DIO (diet-induced obesity) mice, caused by high fat dietary conditions, are treated with tanshinone derivatives, these materials are effective for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome including obesity and diabetes mellitus. The present invention has been completed based on these findings.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a composition for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome, comprising, as an effective ingredient, tanshinone derivatives exhibiting prophylactic and therapeutic effects on such a metabolic syndrome through activation of metabolic activators, in myoblast C2C12 cells and adipocytes, and animal disease models.
  • compositions for preventing or treating obesity and metabolic syndrome diseases comprising a therapeutically and/or prophylactically effective amount of tanshinone derivatives from danshen ( Salvia miltiorrhiza ) extract as an effective ingredient.
  • tanshinone derivatives known hitherto are as follows. Toshiyuki et al (Planta Med. 2002. 68, 1103-1107) have reported that tanshinone VI attenuates hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and inhibits synthesis of collagen by cardiac fibroblasts thereby retarding fibrosis of cardiac fibroblasts. Choi et al (Planta Med. 2004, 70, 178-180) have suggested the possibility of using tanshinone derivatives as an anti-allergic agent by inhibition of mast cell degranulation. Ip et al (Planta Med.
  • the tanshinone derivatives which are utilized as the effective ingredient in the composition of the present invention, are primarily present in Danshen, utilized as crude drug substance, such as Salvia miltiorrhiza and Perovskia abrotanoides. Tanshinone derivatives are broadly divided into tetrahydrophenanthrene derivatives and phenanthrene derivatives.
  • the composition in accordance with the present invention comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of the above-mentioned derivatives and mixtures thereof.
  • the tetrahydrophenanthrene derivative is one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of cryptotanshinone (Formula 1) and tanshinone IIA (Formula 2).
  • the phenanthrene derivative is one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of tanshinone I (Formula 3) and 15,16-Dihydrotanshinone I (Formula 4).
  • Tanshinone derivatives contained in Danshen are composed of 0.29% tanshinone IIA, 0.23% cryptotanshinone, 0.11% tanshinone I and 0.054% 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I.
  • the tanshinone derivatives are diterpene o-quinone compounds.
  • a biosynthesis process of these compounds is carried out by biosynthesis of cryptotanshinone from diterpene and biosynthesis of tanshinone derivatives of Danshen such as tanshinone IIA, 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I and tanshinone I, through oxidative processes such as demethylation or dehydrogenation of cryptotanshinone.
  • the present inventors have found that such tanshinone derivatives activate metabolism and thereby promote metabolism of glucose, proteins and lipid in the body and also inhibit fat accumulation in the body, thus being capable of treating metabolic syndrome. These finding and facts can also be demonstrated through the following examples. Specifically, the present inventors have measured the influence of tanshinone derivatives on activity of metabolic activators and expression of proteins and genes in myoblast cells (C2C12), and suppression of cellular differentiation of preadipocytes (3T3-L1 and F442A cells) and as a result, have confirmed that such compounds exhibit excellent metabolic activation. As can be seen through the effects of tanshinone derivatives on protein and gene expression, such tanshinone compounds may exhibit superior activity on metabolic activation, alone or in any combination thereof. Simultaneously, the present inventors have confirmed that inhibition of fatty acid synthesis, facilitation of fat acid oxidation and expression level of mitochondrial biogenesis factors correlate with structures of tanshinone derivatives.
  • composition in accordance with the present invention is comprised of one or more tanshinone derivatives selected from the group consisting of cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA, tanshinone I and 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I.
  • Such a composition includes all the cases as follows:
  • composition containing cryptotanshinone as the main ingredient (i) Composition containing cryptotanshinone as the main ingredient;
  • composition containing tanshinone IIA as the main ingredient (ii) Composition containing tanshinone IIA as the main ingredient;
  • composition containing cryptotanshinone as the essential ingredient, and optionally, containing one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of tanshinone IIA, tanshinone I and 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I;
  • composition containing 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I as the essential ingredient, and optionally, containing one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA and tanshinone I.
  • compositions may further comprise one or more tanshinone derivatives selected from the group consisting of 1 ⁇ -hydroxycryptotanshinone, 1-oxocryptotanshinone, tanshinol B, tanshinol IIB, captivewaquinone A, dihydroisotanshinone I, tanshinone IIA sulfonate, 1,2-dihydrotanshinone I and tanshinone VI.
  • tanshinone derivatives selected from the group consisting of 1 ⁇ -hydroxycryptotanshinone, 1-oxocryptotanshinone, tanshinol B, tanshinol IIB, gravwaquinone A, dihydroisotanshinone I, tanshinone IIA sulfonate, 1,2-dihydrotanshinone I and tanshinone VI.
  • compositions (v) through (viii) are particularly preferred.
  • compositions (v) through (viii) mention may be made of the following:
  • Composition comprising cryptotanshinone and 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I;
  • Composition comprising cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA;
  • composition comprising tanshinone IIA and 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I;
  • composition comprising tanshinone IIA and tanshinone I;
  • composition comprising 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I and tanshinone I;
  • Composition comprising tanshinone I and cryptotanshinone.
  • the ratio between the two ingredients is preferably in the range of 10:1 to 1:10 (w/w), and more preferably in the range of 5:1 to 1:5.
  • composition of tanshinone derivatives contained in naturally occurring Danshen may exhibit different distributions depending upon the harvesting season or cultivation region. Considering the above-mentioned synergistic effects, it is necessary to have the optimal composition ratio between tanshinone derivatives so as to exert efficacy thereof unifonnly.
  • the present inventors have confirmed effects of tanshinone derivatives on expression activity of genes and proteins and characteristics according to structural differences therebetween. By optionally controlling the composition ratio on the basis of these results, the present inventors confirmed effects of adjusting the ratio between tanshinone derivatives on decrease of body weight and then attempted to obtain the optimal composition ratio.
  • the preferred combination ratio therebetween may be in the range of 10:1 to 1:10 (by weight), more preferably in the range of 5:1 to 1:5, and particularly preferably in the range of 2.5:1 to 1:2.5.
  • the tetrahydrophenanthrene derivative component contains both cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA, and the ratio therebetween is in the range of 5:1 to 1:5.
  • the phenanthrene derivative component contains both 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I and tanshinone I, and the ratio therebetween is in the range of 5:1 to 1:5.
  • tanshinone derivatives have very superior prophylactic and therapeutic effects of metabolic syndrome, through extensive in vivo metabolic syndrome-prophylactic and therapeutic experiments in the ob/ob mice, a model of obesity, the db/db mice, a model of obesity/diabetes, and the DIO (diet-induced obesity) mice caused by high fat diet.
  • the composition for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome comprising tanshinone derivatives as the effective ingredient can prevent and treat metabolic syndrome through activation of metabolism, and thus it is predicted that they can be developed as various therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases associated with metabolic syndrome.
  • the composition for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome in accordance with the present invention comprises the above tanshinone derivatives or an optional mixture thereof as the effective ingredient, and can be formulated into the metabolic syndrome-prophylactic and therapeutic agent, in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, if necessary.
  • composition in accordance with the present invention is useful for prophylaxis and/or treatment of clinical conditions associated with metabolic syndrome.
  • clinical conditions include, but are not limited to, common obesity, abdominal obesity, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, type II diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia characteristically appearing with insulin resistance.
  • Dyslipidemia also known as the atherogenic lipoprotein profile of phenotype B, is characterized by significantly elevated non-esterified fatty acids, elevated very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) triglyceride rich particles, high values of ApoB, the presence of small, dense, low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, high values of ApoB in the presence of phenotype B, and low value of high density lipoproteins (HDL) associated with low value of ApoAI particles.
  • VLDL very low density lipoproteins
  • composition in accordance with the present invention is expected to be useful for treating patients suffering from combined or mixed dyslipidemia, or hypertriglycerimia having or having not other signs of metabolic syndrome and suffering from various degrees of dyslipidemia after meals.
  • the composition in accordance with the present invention is expected to have anti-inflammatory properties and also to lower the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with arteriosclerosis due to dyslipidemia.
  • cardiovascular disease conditions include macro-angiopathies of various internal organs causing myocardial infarction, cardiac insufficiency, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities.
  • the composition of the present invention is also expected to prevent or retard the progress of type II diabetes mellitus in metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes during pregnancy. Therefore, the composition of the present invention is also expected to retard the progress of chronic complications associated with clinical hyperglycaemia in diabetes, for example, the micro-angiopathies causing renal disease, retinal damage and peripheral vascular diseases of the lower extremities.
  • composition of the present invention may be useful in treatment of various conditions other than the cardiovascular system, regardless of association with insulin resistance, for example polycystic ovarian syndrome, obesity, cancers, inflammatory diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis.
  • MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment
  • composition of the present invention exhibits inhibitory effects against development of fatty liver (hepatic steatosis) in the liver and also activates ⁇ -oxidation of fatty acids, thereby playing a role in lowering concentration of triglycerol and thus is expected to be useful for preventing or treating fatty liver and hepatitis due to lipid dysmetabolism of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver.
  • composition of the present invention varies lipid composition in various tissues. In addition, it can vary fat content and distribution and also reduce plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels.
  • composition of the present invention is effective for formation of NO in endothelial cells and thus is expected to be useful for preventing or treating cardiac diseases, vascular diseases, hypertension and erectile dysfunction.
  • cardiac insufficiency myocardial infarction
  • rupture of the cerebrovascular system thrombosis and kidney damage.
  • the composition of the present invention is a material eliciting promotion of fatty acid oxidation and energy consumption in distal tissues and thereby is expected to be useful for treating or preventing common obesity and also in removing localized fat deposits such as subcutaneous and abdominal fat. Accordingly, the composition of the present invention is expected to be useful for delivering drugs in the form of ointments, patches including anti-inflammatory patches, and creams when desired to remove fat from particular regions where fat is locally deposited, such as removing subcutaneous fat from protuberant parts of the eye-lids, arms and hips, abdominal fat and fat of particular regions, for example, cellulite.
  • composition of the present invention may be used as an anti-diabetic agent by lowering the level of blood glucose.
  • the composition of the present invention improves decreased sensitivity to insulin and thereby enhances the effects of insulin.
  • the composition of the present invention promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby increasing active capacity of mitochondria and at the same time, induces conversion of muscle tissues into motor tissues, thereby resulting in improved locomotive capacity of patients, reinforced endurance, improved energy productivity, fatigue-recovery, increased vital power, reduction of oxidative stress through increased ability to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, and therefore the composition is expected to be effective for treating diseases concerned.
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • composition of the present invention was shown to provide beneficial effects for all of the above-mentioned conditions and diseases, by modulating glucose and lipid homeostasis. Therefore, it can be seen that the composition of the present invention is a suitable material for control of metabolic syndrome.
  • the present invention relates to use of a compound for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for therapy and/or prophylaxis of multiple metabolic syndrome (metabolic syndrome), that is, metabolic syndrome characteristically appearing with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, obesity, glucose intolerance, type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases or hypertension, in particular.
  • metabolic syndrome characteristically appearing with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, obesity, glucose intolerance, type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases or hypertension, in particular.
  • compositions for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome comprising tanshinone derivatives as the effective ingredient can prevent and treat metabolic syndrome through activation of metabolism, and thus it is believed that they can be developed as various drugs for a variety of diseases associated with metabolic syndrome.
  • the composition for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome in accordance with the present invention comprises the above-mentioned tanshinone derivatives as the effective ingredient, and can be formulated into the metabolic syndrome-prophylactic and therapeutic agent, in conjunction with a phannaceutically acceptable carrier, if necessary.
  • a suitable dose of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may vary depending upon various factors such as formulation method, administration fashion, age, weight and sex of patients, pathological conditions, diet, administration time, administration route, excretion rate and sensitivity to response.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of metabolic syndrome-prophylactic and therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention comprises tanshinone derivatives as the effective ingredient.
  • the tanshinone derivatives can be administered via oral or parenteral routes upon clinical administration and can be used in general forms of pharmaceutical formulations. That is, the composition in accordance with the present invention may be administered by various oral and parenteral formulations, upon practical clinical administration.
  • Solid formulations for oral administration include, for example, tablets, pills, powders, granules and capsules, and are prepared by mixing tanshinone derivatives with one or more excipients, such as starch, calcium carbonate, sucrose, lactose and gelatin. Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate and talc may also be used, except for simple excipients.
  • tanshinone derivatives such as starch, calcium carbonate, sucrose, lactose and gelatin.
  • Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate and talc may also be used, except for simple excipients.
  • liquid formulations for oral administration mention may be made of suspensions, solutions for internal use, emulsions and syrups.
  • formulations for parenteral administration include sterilized aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solvents, suspensions, emulsions, lyophilized formulations and suppositories.
  • non-aqueous solvents and suspensions there may be used propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oil such as olive oil, injectable ester such as ethylolate, etc.
  • base materials for suppositories Witepsol, macrogol, Tween 61, cacao butter, laurin butter, glycerol and gelatin may be used.
  • Dosage units may contain one-, two-, three- or four-fold amount of individual dose, or 1 ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ 3 or 1 ⁇ 4 fold amount of individual dose.
  • an individual dose contains an amount of the effective drug that is administered one time, and typically corresponds to the total amount administered for one day, or 1 ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ 3 or 1 ⁇ 4 fold-amount thereof.
  • effective doses of tanshinone derivatives are concentration-dependent, they are preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1,000 mg/kg, more preferably 0.4 to 500 mg/kg and may be administered 1 to 6 times a day. Therefore, tanshinone derivatives may be administered in the range of 0.1 to 6,000 mg/day/kg bw, for adults.
  • a health and functional food composition for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome containing tanshinone derivatives as an effective ingredient.
  • a health and functional food used throughout the specification of the present invention refers to a food in which tanshinone derivatives are added to general foods to improve functions thereof. Tanshinone derivatives may be added to general foods or may be prepared in the form of capsules, powders, suspensions and the like. Intake of such a health and functional food containing tanshinone derivatives provides beneficial effects for health, and exhibits advantages in that there are no side effects caused by prolonged use of drugs because food material is used as the raw material, unlike conventional drugs.
  • tanshinone derivatives of the present invention can be added alone, or can be used in conjunction with other food or food ingredients, or may be used appropriately according to other conventional methods.
  • Mixed amount of effective ingredients may be suitably determined depending upon the purpose of use (prophylactic, health or therapeutic treatment).
  • these derivatives may be added in an amount of 0.0001 to 10% by weight, and preferably in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by weight, relative to the total weight of raw materials.
  • the above-mentioned amount of tanshinone derivatives may be adjusted below the above-mentioned range.
  • the health food of the present invention preferably contains tanshinone derivatives falling within the determined toxicity range, when it is employed as a pharmaceutical composition.
  • tanshinone derivatives there is no particular limit to kinds of the above-mentioned foods.
  • foods to which the tanshinone derivatives can be added mention may be made of meats, sausages, bread, chocolate, candies, snack, confectionary, pizza, Ramen, other noodles, gum, skimmed milk, dried foods, raw foods, dairy products including lactic acid bacteria-fermented milk and ice cream, various soups, beverages, teas, drinks, alcoholic beverages and multi-vitamin preparations.
  • health foods containing tanshinone derivatives mention may be made of health foods and special favorite products such as squeezed liquid, tea, jelly and juice made of tanshinone derivatives as main ingredients.
  • folk medicines for edema, nephritis and urethritis as targets.
  • tanshinone derivatives of the present invention can be added by themselves or can be used in conjunction with other cosmetic ingredients, or may be used appropriately according to other conventional methods. Mixed amount of effective ingredients may be suitably determined depending upon the purpose of use thereof. Generally, in producing cosmetics using tanshinone derivatives, these derivatives may be added in an amount of 0.0001 to 10% by weight, and preferably in the amount of 0.1 to 5% by weight, relative to the total weight of raw materials. Cosmetics include, but are not limited to, aftershaves, lotions, creams, packs and color cosmetics.
  • Tanshinone derivatives in accordance with the present invention may be extracted using danshen ( Salvia miltiorrhiza ) as dried drug material or raw drug material, or may be synthesized by organochemical methods.
  • a process for extracting tanshinone derivatives from Danshen comprises: a) subjecting Danshen to water or organic solvent extraction to obtain crude extracts, b) filtering the crude extracts, followed by (vacuum) concentration, and c) optionally, removing solvent.
  • Danshen is extracted with methanol, vacuum concentrated and then re-extracted with methylene chloride to obtain a concentrated solution.
  • the solution is purified via silica column chromatography to obtain pure tanshinone derivatives.
  • FIG. 1 is a bar graph comparing activity of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) between the treatment group and control group, after treatment of myoblast cell line C2C12 with danshen ( Salvia miltiorrhiza ) extract and tanshinone derivatives;
  • AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
  • FIG. 2 shows results of Western blotting to determine effects of tanshinone derivatives on protein expression of total AMPK, p-AMPK, p-ACC and GLUT4, after treatment of myoblast cell line C2C12 with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 3 shows results of Western blotting to determine effects of tanshinone derivatives on gene expression of ACC 1 and 2, UCP-2, CPT1, PGC-1 ⁇ and GLUT1, after treatment of myoblast cell line C2C 12 with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 4 is a graph comparing effects of tanshinone derivatives on cellular glucose uptake, between the treatment group and control group, after treatment of myoblast cell line C2C12 with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 5 is a micrograph showing results of effects of tanshinone derivatives on adipocyte differentiation, after treatment of preadipocyte cell line F442A with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 6 is a graph comparing results between the treatment group and control group in effects of tanshinone derivative on insulin sensitivity, after treatment of myoblast cell line C2C 12 with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 7 shows results of effects of cryptotanshinone on changes in body weight over time, after treatment of an animal model of obesity, DIO (diet-induced obesity) mice, with cryptotanshinene;
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 are, respectively, a graph and table showing effects of tanshinone derivatives on changes in body weight over time, after treatment of an animal model of obesity, C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice, with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 10 is a graph comparing changes in adipocyte size between the treatment group and control group, after treatment of an animal model of obesity, C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice, with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 11 is a graph comparing fat distribution in terms of numerical values for respective organs between the treatment group and control group, after treatment of an animal model of obesity, C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice, with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 12 is a graph comparing adipose tissue distribution and fat accumulation in the livers between the treatment group and control group, by way of staining of livers following treatment of an animal model of obesity, C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice, with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 13 is a table comparing changes in lipid and antioxidation indicator materials in liver tissues between the treatment group and control group, after treatment of an animal model of obesity, C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice, with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 14 is a table comparing changes in blood lipid and glucose between the treatment group and control group, after treatment of an animal model of obesity, C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice, with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 15 is a micrograph comparing changes in visceral fat distribution of mice between the treatment group and control group, after treatment of an animal model of obesity, C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice, with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 16 is a table showing effects of tanshinone derivatives on changes in blood glucose, after treatment of an animal model of obesity, Lepr db/Lepr db mice, with tanshinone derivatives;
  • FIG. 17 is a table comparing activity of compositions by double combination of tanshinone derivatives in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 18 is a table showing changes in activity with respect to changes of ingredient ratio in compositions of the present invention.
  • FIG. 19 is a table comparing AMPK activity of compositions by triple combination of tanshinone derivatives in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 20 is a table showing results of effects of combination ratio between tetrahydrophenanthrene derivative group and phenanthrene derivative group of tanshinone derivatives on changes in body weight, after treatment of an animal model of obesity, C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice, at various combination ratios.
  • Danshen Salvia miltiorrhiza
  • Danshen was purchased from a Chinese medicinal herb shop and other necessary materials were collected in fields and mountains or were purchased from the shop.
  • Danshen was eluted with 50 L of methanol for 24 hours and concentrated under reduced pressure. 1500 mL of water was added to the resulting material. Then, an equal amount of n-hexane, dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) were added and sequentially extracted two times so as to obtain a gelatinous red extract. When activity was examined on the respective layers thus obtained, the activity was highest in the dichloromethane layer.
  • NMR analysis was performed to determine structures of cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I separated in Example 1, respectively.
  • Myoblast cells C2C12 were cell cultured in DMEM containing 10% bovine calf serum. When cell density reached a range of about 85% to 90%, the culture medium was replaced with 1% bovine calf serum medium to induce differentiation of cells. Enzymatic activity of AMPK was determined as follows. C2C12 cells were lysed to obtain protein extracts and then ammonium sulfate was added to a final concentration of 30%, followed by precipitation of proteins.
  • Protein precipitates were dissolved in a buffer (62.5 mM Hepes, pH 7.2, 62.5 mM NaCl, 62.5 mM NaF, 1.25 mM Na pyrophosphate, 1.25 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM PMSF, and 200 ⁇ M AMP). Thereafter, 200 ⁇ M SAMS peptide (HMRSAM S GLHLVKRR: the underlined serine residue is a phosphorylation site, as an AMPK phosphorylation site of acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and [ ⁇ -32P]ATP were added thereto and reactants were reacted for 10 minutes at 30° C.
  • HMRSAM S GLHLVKRR the underlined serine residue is a phosphorylation site, as an AMPK phosphorylation site of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
  • Myoblast cells C2C12 were cell cultured in DMEM containing 10% bovine calf serum. When cell density reached a range of about 85% to 90%, the culture medium was replaced with 1% bovine calf serum medium to induce cellular differentiation. Differentiated cells were treated with 30 ⁇ M tanshinone derivatives, respectively. Enzymatic activity of AMPK was measured by lysing C2C12 cells to obtain protein extracts and subjecting protein extracts to Western Blot analysis so as to determine the amount of total AMPK, p-AMPK (phosphorylated AMPK), p-ACC (phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) proteins.
  • AMPK phosphorylated AMPK
  • p-ACC phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase
  • GLUT4 glucose transporter 4
  • tanshinone derivative-treated cells exhibited increased amount of the phosphorylated AMPK protein, increased amount of the phosphorylated ACC protein and increased expression level of GLUT4 protein, even though there was no change in the total amount of AMPK protein.
  • Myoblast cells, C2C12 were cell cultured in DMEM containing 10% bovine calf serum. When cell density reached a range of about 85% to 90%, the culture medium was replaced with 1% bovine calf serum medium to induce cellular differentiation. Differentiated cells were treated with 30 ⁇ M tanshinone derivatives, respectively.
  • RNAs were extracted from cells and RT-PCR was performed to observe effects of respective tanshinone derivatives on gene expression of ACC-1 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1), ACC-2, CPT1 (carnitine palmitoyltransferase I), PGC 1 ⁇ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 ⁇ ), GLUT1 (glucose transporter 1) and UCP-2 (uncoupling protein-2).
  • ACC-1 acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1
  • ACC-2 CPT1 (carnitine palmitoyltransferase I)
  • PGC 1 ⁇ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 ⁇
  • GLUT1 glucose transporter 1
  • UCP-2 uncoupling protein-2
  • tanshinone derivative-treated cells exhibited increased expression level of genes for ACC-1, ACC-2, CPT1, PGC-1 ⁇ , UCP-2 and GLUT1.
  • Myoblast cells C2C12 were cell cultured in DMEM containing 10% bovine calf serum. When cell density reached a range of about 85% to 90%, the culture medium was replaced with 1% bovine calf serum medium to induce cellular differentiation. Fully differentiated cells were further cultured in Krebs-Ringer Buffer (KRB) containing 5 mM glucose, for an additional 2 hours. Cells were treated with tanshinone derivatives for a predetermined period of time, 0.2 ⁇ Ci 2-deoxyglucose was added thereto and allowed to stand for 2 min.
  • KRB Krebs-Ringer Buffer
  • Preadipocytes 3T3-L1 and F442A were cell cultured in DMEM containing 10% bovine calf serum.
  • 3T3-L1 cells were treated with Dexamethasone, IBMX, and insulin for about 48 to 55 hours to induce differentiation of adipocytes.
  • the culture medium was replaced with a medium containing fetal calf serum and insulin every 2 days.
  • F442A cells when cell density of preadipocytes reached about 90%, the culture medium was replaced with a medium containing 10% fetal calf serum and insulin and the culture medium was replaced every 2 days, so as to induce differentiation of adipocytes.
  • tanshinone derivatives which was extracted from Danshen, in a concentration of 5 to 30 ⁇ M, and were compared with the control group. Differentiation of more than 90% of cells into adipocytes took about 12 to 15 days. In order to study activity of the respective fractions, cells were treated for the same period of time as the control group and were observed under microscope to examine efficacy of tanshinone derivative treatment.
  • FIG. 5 is a micrograph comparing adipocyte differentiation ability between tanshinone derivative-treated group and control group, with respect to induction timing of adipocyte differentiation.
  • control group differentiation of 80 to 90% of F442A cells into adipocytes took about 11 days.
  • tanshinone derivative-treated group when cells were treated with a concentration of 30 ⁇ M tanshinone derivatives from the early stage of differentiation, only 5 to 10% of cells differentiated into adipocytes in the same period of time.
  • Myoblast cells, C2C12 were cell cultured in DMEM containing 10% bovine calf serum. When cell density reached a range of about 85% to 90%, the culture medium was replaced with 1% bovine calf serum medium to induce cellular differentiation.
  • insulin and tanshinone derivatives separately, or in combination thereof, the degree of glucose uptake with respect to various concentrations of the tanshinone derivatives was determined and thereby effects of tanshinone derivatives on insulin sensitivity were examined.
  • mice In order to examine the effects of tanshinone derivatives on fat metabolism, 3-month-old DIO mice (16 animals), weighing 31 to 32 g, were divided into two groups, one experimental group and one control group, consisting of 8 animals each. 8 mice of the experimental group were administered tanshinone derivatives at a concentration of 100 mg/kg, for 30 days, at a predetermined time point. Whereas, the control group was administered an equal amount of distilled water alone. When the body weights of the experimental group and control group were measured after 30 days of administration, the experimental group to which tanshinone derivatives was administered exhibited significantly lower body weight, as compared to the control group, as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • mice were allowed to acclimate to new environment of the breeding room for two weeks and were administered 300 mg/kg of tanshinone derivatives for 26 days. Observation was made on changes in body weight, blood glucose and dietary intake, with respect to time points of administration. After completion of administration, computed Tomography (CT) was performed to confirm changes in fat tissue distribution of animals, changes in fat distribution of tissues in various organs, changes in size of adipocytes, glucose in blood and liver, and changes in lipid and enzymes.
  • CT computed Tomography
  • FIG. 8 is a graph comparing changes in body weight over time, between C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice, to which tanshinone derivatives were administered and a control group. As can be seen from FIG. 8 , administration of tanshinone derivatives lead to a significant reduction in body weight, as compared to the control group.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph comparing adipocyte size in terms of numerical values, between C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice to which tanshinone derivatives were administered and a control group. As can be seen from FIG. 10 , the experimental group to which tanshinone derivatives were administered exhibited a reduction of more than 60% in adipocyte size, as compared to the control group.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph comparing fat distribution in terms of numerical value for respective organs between C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice to which tanshinone derivatives were administered and a control group.
  • the experimental group to which tanshinone derivatives were administered exhibited a significant reduction in fat content of tissues for all organs, and increased brown fat content compared with the control group, indicating that fat metabolism was significantly increased.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph comparing adipose tissue distribution in the liver by H&E staining and Oil-Red O staining, for normal mice, obese mice and C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice to which tanshinone derivatives were administered. As shown in FIG. 12 , it was confirmed through staining of adipose tissues that administration of tanshinone derivatives resulted in a pronounced reduction of fat accumulation in the liver, as compared to the control group of obese mice.
  • FIG. 13 is a table showing results for changes in lipid and antioxidation indicator materials in liver tissues between C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice to which tanshinone derivatives were administered and a control group. As can be seen from FIG. 13 , the group to which tanshinone derivatives were administered exhibited significant reductions in total fat contents, triglyceride, cholesterol, GOT and GPT in the liver, compared with the control group.
  • FIG. 14 is a table comparing changes in lipid and glucose in the blood between C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice to which tanshinone derivatives were administered and control group. As can be seen from FIG. 14 , the group to which tanshinone derivatives were administered exhibited significant reductions in triglyceride, cholesterol, GOT and glucose in blood, compared with the control group.
  • FIG. 15 shows analyzed results of computed Tomography (CT) of C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice to which tanshinone derivatives were administered.
  • CT computed Tomography
  • Lepr db/Lepr db male mice lack leptin receptors and thus continuously and excessively consume feed due to their uncontrolled appetite. As a result, fat is excessively accumulated in the animal body and blood glucose level is elevated, resulting in about 350 to 400 mg/dl of blood glucose level about 10 to 11 weeks after birth.
  • adult Lepr db/Lepr db male mice with blood glucose level of about 350 to 400 mg/dl were divided into two groups, one experimental group and one control group, consisting of 10 animals each. 10 mice of the experimental group were administered tanshinone derivatives at a concentration of 300 mg/kg, for 12 days.
  • FIG. 16 is a table showing changes in blood glucose with respect to administration period of tanshinone derivatives and it can be seen that there were blood glucose-lowering effects by tanshinone derivatives.
  • this example was carried out to confirm synergistic effects of AMPK activity with respect to the combination ratio between derivatives, which contained tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone and 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I, as main ingredients. That is, we have attempted to confirm inter-complementary functions between derivatives according to gene expression as shown in Example 5 and thereby synergistic effects by any combination of tanshinone derivatives through AMPK activity.
  • FIG. 17 is a table comparing activity of compositions by double combination of tanshinone derivatives
  • FIG. 18 is a table showing changes in activity with respect to changes of ingredient ratio in double combinations
  • FIG. 19 is a table comparing AMPK activity of compositions by triple combination of tanshinone derivatives.
  • compositions containing a two- or three-component combination of tanshinone derivatives exhibited significantly larger AMPK activity than those of the respective ingredients, at the same concentration. It could be seen that such synergistic effects due to combinations of derivative ingredients are very unique phenomena having no relationship with kinds of ingredients. Whereas, as can be seen from FIG. 18 , differences in combination ratio between the respective ingredients in the same compositions resulted in specifically different AMPK activity depending upon kinds of ingredients.
  • Tanshinone derivatives contained in Danshen extracts were divided into two groups: a tetrahydrophenanthrene derivative group (1:1 ratio of cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA), and a phenanthrene derivative group (2:1 ratio of tanshinone I and 15,16-dihydrotanshinone I), and the ratio between tanshinone derivatives was optionally adjusted. In this manner, we attempted to examine effects of changes in ingredient ratio on body weight and thus to confirm effects of inter-complementary actions. Combination ratio between the tetrahydrophenanthrene derivative group and phenanthrene derivative group was varied from 10:1 to 1:10 and administered to animals at a dose of 300 mg/kg for 26 days.
  • ICR mice weighing 23 ⁇ 2 g and Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250 ⁇ 7 g (Jung-Ang Lab Animal Inc., Seoul, Korea) were divided into 4 groups, consisting of 10 animals each, and were orally administered tanshinone derivatives in accordance with the present invention at doses of 100, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg, respectively.
  • After oral administration upon observing for 2 weeks whether toxicity was exhibited or not, none of the animals died in all four groups and no visually observable symptoms were noticed compared to the control group (except loss of weights).
  • ICR mice weighing 25 ⁇ 3 g and Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 255 ⁇ 6 g (Jung-Ang Lab Animal Inc., Seoul, Korea) were divided into 4 groups, consisting of 10 animals each, and were peritoneally administered tanshinone derivatives in accordance with the present invention at doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively.
  • tanshinone derivatives in accordance with the present invention at doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively.
  • peritoneal administration upon observing for 2 weeks whether toxicity was exhibited or not, none of the animals died in all four groups and no visually observable symptoms were noticed compared to the control group (except loss of weights).
  • 1,3-butylene glycol 4.0% Dipropylene glycol 5.0% EDTA-2Na 0.02% Octyldodeceth-16 0.3% PEG60 hydrogenated castor oil 0.2% Tanshinone derivatives 0.1% Purified water 90%
  • a composition in accordance with the present invention effectively reduces body weight through metabolic activation, prevents fat accumulation in the body, lowers blood glucose level, and effectively decreases amounts of cholesterol and triglyceride, and thus is useful for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome.
  • the composition prevents fat accumulation in the body, as well as enhances insulin sensitivity, thus controlling blood glucose level, and therefore may be useful in developing foods, cosmetics and medicinal compositions capable of preventing or treating various diseases associated with metabolic syndrome resulting from dysfunction of fat and glucose metabolism.

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EP1706108A4 (fr) 2009-08-12
MXPA06007621A (es) 2007-01-30
CN102579460A (zh) 2012-07-18
KR100818586B1 (ko) 2008-04-01
JP2007517025A (ja) 2007-06-28
EP1706108A1 (fr) 2006-10-04
AU2004308874B2 (en) 2011-01-27
US20100029760A1 (en) 2010-02-04
KR20080015495A (ko) 2008-02-19
WO2005063232A8 (fr) 2005-09-22
CA2552311A1 (fr) 2005-07-14
CN102579460B (zh) 2015-04-29
WO2005063232A1 (fr) 2005-07-14
AU2004308874A1 (en) 2005-07-14
US8029832B2 (en) 2011-10-04

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