TWI450901B - 用於傷口癒合之有機化合物 - Google Patents
用於傷口癒合之有機化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI450901B TWI450901B TW098127462A TW98127462A TWI450901B TW I450901 B TWI450901 B TW I450901B TW 098127462 A TW098127462 A TW 098127462A TW 98127462 A TW98127462 A TW 98127462A TW I450901 B TWI450901 B TW I450901B
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- methyl
- wound
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Description
本發明係關於能改進傷口癒合特別係糖尿病患者(尤其為2型糖尿病患者)傷口癒合之特定DPP-4抑制劑,以及該等DPP-4抑制劑於治療或/和預防皮膚疾病、傷口或/和傷口癒合障礙,特別係糖尿病患者身上的該等疾病之用途。用於傷口癒合,特別係糖尿病患者之傷口癒合的包括所定義之DPP-4及於此視情況附加之一種或其他更多的活性物質的醫藥成份及組合物亦屬考慮之範圍。
傷口癒合對於任何生物體於損傷後生存係必要的。傷口癒合過程中之嚴重損傷將導致慢性傷口之形成且最終引發潰瘍。特別地,糖尿病患者伴隨有傷口癒合障礙,例如傷口及潰瘍癒合緩慢,慢性傷口以及,最終為糖尿病倂發潰瘍(例如股癬動脈韌帶潰瘍和類脂質漸進性壞死)或糖尿病足。糖尿病患者可能面臨皮膚潰瘍發生,有15%會發展為由感染和截肢引發的併發症的生命風險。健康的皮膚修復過程一般涉及包含免疫細胞浸潤、血管生成、上皮再生及重塑之動態組織運動。更進一步地,據證實,傷口發炎對於該等過程係重要的,亦對組織再生係關鍵的。糖尿病患者之慢性傷口證實了金屬蛋白酶量提高及生長因子產生減少,其為傷口閉合所必須。糖尿病患者亦經常患有干擾血液供應及毛細管灌注之末梢血管病。另外,於該等病人身上之神經病變及知覺缺失可能導致更深的傷口及傷口癒合過程之惡化。因此,控制血糖係糖尿病併發症如傷口難愈之主要干預。然而,由於涉及傷口癒合之複雜生理過程的龐大數量,多種因素將會導致及影響傷口癒合障礙。
於糖尿病治療中飲食療法與運動療法係基本的。當該等療法無法有效地控制病人的病情(尤其係其血糖量)時,口服或非口服抗糖尿病劑將額外地用於糖尿病的治療。傳統的抗糖尿病劑或抗高血糖病劑包含,但不僅係,二甲雙胍、磺脲類、噻唑啶二酮類、格列萘類(glinides)、α-葡萄糖苷酶阻斷劑、GLP-1和GLP-1類似物,以及胰島素與胰島素類似物。然而,該等傳統抗糖尿病劑或抗高血糖劑之使用會伴隨多種不良反應之發生。例如,二甲雙胍會伴隨乳酸酸中毒;磺脲類、格列萘類和胰島素/胰島素類似物會伴隨低血糖或體重增加;噻唑啶二酮類會伴隨水腫、骨折、體重增加或心臟衰竭/對心臟之影響;以及α-葡萄糖苷酶阻斷劑與GLP-1和GLP-1類似物會伴隨胃腸道不良反應(例如消化不良、腸胃氣脹或腹瀉、或噁心或嘔吐)。
另外,糖尿病及其併發症之管理複雜,且需要解決許多非血糖控制的問題。
因此,仍有高度未得到滿足之需求以及對能積極影響傷口癒合特別於糖尿病患者身上之傷口癒合的新穎且高效藥物的需求。
DPP-4酶亦稱為CD26,係一類被認為會導致二肽從N末端存在脯氨酸或丙氨酸殘基之大量蛋白質的N末端分裂出來之絲氨酸蛋白酶。因其具有該屬性,故DPP-4抑制劑能干擾包含肽GLP-1的生物活性肽血漿量而且被認為係糖尿病治療之可靠藥物。
例如,DPP-4抑制劑及其用途,特別係其於代謝(尤其為於糖尿病患者)疾病中之用途,已揭示於WO 2002/068420、WO 2004/018467、WO 2004/018468、WO 2004/018469、WO 2004/041820、WO 2004/046148、WO 2005/051950、WO 2005/082906、WO 2005/063750、WO 2005/085246、WO 2006/027204、WO 2006/029769或WO 2007/014886;或於WO 2004/050658、WO 2004/111051、WO 2005/058901或WO 2005/097798;或於WO 2006/068163、WO 2007/071738或WO 2008/017670;或於WO 2007/128721或WO 2007/128761。
至於其他DPP-4抑制劑,可提及下列化合物:
-具有以下結構式A之西他列汀(Sitagliptin)(MK-0431)為(3R)-3-胺基-1-[3-(三氟甲基)-5,6,7,8-四氫-5H-[1,2,4]三唑并[4,3-a]吡嗪-7-基]-4-(2,4,5-三氟苯基)丁-1-酮,亦命名為(2R)-4-氧代-4-[3-(三氟甲基)-5,6-二氫[1,2,4]三唑并[4,3-a]吡嗪-7(8H)-基]-1-(2,4,5-三氟苯基)丁-2-胺。
於一具體例中,西他列汀(sitagliptin)呈現其二氫酯磷酸鹽形式,即西他列汀磷酸鹽。於另一具體例中,西他列汀磷酸鹽呈現無水結晶化合物或單水合物形式。該具體例之一類稱為西他列汀磷酸鹽單水化合物。西他列汀游離鹼及其醫藥可接受鹽揭示於美國專利第6,699,871號及WO 03/004498之實例7中。西他列汀磷酸鹽單水合物結晶揭示於WO 2005/003135和WO 2007/050485中。對於詳細情況,例如製作方法,調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考此等文件。
西他列汀之錠劑條配物已以商標銷售。西他列汀/二甲雙胍組合物已以商標銷售。
-具有以下結構式B之維格列汀(Vildagliptin)(LAF-237)為(2S)-{[(3-羥基金剛烷-1-基)胺基]乙醯基}吡咯啶-2-甲腈,亦命名為(S)-1-[(3-羥基-1-金剛烷基)胺基]乙醯-2-氰基吡咯啶。
維格列汀具體地揭示於美國專利第6,166,063號與WO 00/34241之實例1中。具體的維格列汀鹽揭示於WO 2007/019255中。維格列汀結晶形式以及維格列汀錠劑調配物揭示於WO 2006/078593中。
維格列汀可根據WO 00/34241或WO 2005/067976所描述調配。改良釋出之維格列汀調配物描述於WO 2006/135723中。
對於詳細情況,例如其製作方法、調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文獻。
維格列汀之錠劑調配物已以商標銷售。維格列汀/二甲雙胍組合物之錠劑調配物已以商標銷售。
-具有下列結構式C之沙格利汀(Saxagliptin)(BMS-477118)為(1S,3S,5S)-2-{(2S)-2胺基-2-(3-羥基金剛烷-1基)乙醯基}-2-氮雜雙環[3.1.0]己烷-3-甲腈,亦命名為(S)-3-羥基金剛烷基甘氨酸-L-順式-4,5-甲撐脯氨酸腈。
沙格利汀具體揭示於美國專利第6,395,767號與WO 01/68603之實例60中。
於一具體例中,沙格利汀呈現為其鹽酸鹽形式或其單苯甲酸鹽形式如揭示於WO 2004/052850中。另一具體例中,沙格利汀呈現游離鹼形式。於又另一具體例中,沙格利汀呈現游離鹼之單水合物形式如揭示於WO 2004/052850中。沙格利汀之鹽酸鹽晶體形式與其游離鹼形式揭示於WO 2008/131149。沙格利汀之製備方法亦揭示於WO 2005/106011和WO 2005/115982中。沙格利汀可調配成錠劑,如WO 2005/117841所述。
對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、其調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-具有以下結構式E之阿格列汀(Alogliptin)(SYR-322)為2-({6-[(3R)-3-胺基哌啶-1-基]-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氫-2H-嘧啶-1-基}甲基)苯甲腈。
阿格列汀具體地揭示於US 2005/261271、EP 1586571與WO 2005/095381中。
於一具體例中,阿格列汀呈現為其苯甲酸鹽形式、其鹽酸鹽形式或其甲苯磺酸鹽形式,各揭示於WO 2007/035629中。此具體例之一類稱為阿格列汀苯甲酸鹽。阿格列汀苯甲酸鹽之多晶型物揭示於WO 2007/035372。阿格列汀之製備方法揭示於WO 2007/112368,以及明確地揭示於WO 2007/035629。如WO 2007/033266所述,阿格列汀(亦即其苯甲酸鹽)可調配成錠劑並投藥。阿格列汀與二甲雙胍或吡格列酮(pioglitazone)之調配物分別揭示於WO 2008/093882或WO 2009/011451中。
對於詳細情況,例如製作方法,調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-(2S)-1-{[2-(5-甲基-2-苯基-噁唑基-4-基)-乙胺基]-乙醯基}-吡咯啶-2-甲腈,或其醫藥可接受鹽,較好為甲磺酸鹽,或(2S)-1-{[1,1-二甲基-3-(4-吡啶-3-甲基-咪唑-1-基)-丙胺基]-乙醯基}-吡咯啶-2-甲腈或其醫藥可接受鹽。
該等化合物及其製備方法揭示於WO 03/037327中。
前者化合物之甲磺酸鹽及其多晶型晶體揭示於WO 2006/100181。後者化合物之富馬酸鹽及其多晶型晶體揭示於WO 2007/071576中。該等化合物可調配為醫藥組合物如WO 2007/017423所述。
對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-(S)-1-((2S,3S,11bS)-2-胺基-9,10-二甲氧基-1,3,4,6,7,11b-六氫-2H-吡啶并[2,1-a]異喹啉-3-基)-4-氟甲基-吡咯啶-2-酮或其醫藥可接受鹽。
該化合物及其製備方法揭示於WO 2005/000848。該化合物(尤其係其鹽酸鹽)之製備方法亦揭示於WO 2008/031749、WO 2008/031750與WO 2008/055814中。該化合物可調配成醫藥組合物,如WO 2007/017423所述。
對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-(3,3-二氟吡咯啶-1-基)-((2S,4S)-4-(4-(嘧啶-2-基)哌嗪-1-基)吡咯啶-2-基)甲酮(亦稱為葛索列汀(gosogliptin))或其醫藥可接受鹽。
該化合物及其製備方法揭示於WO 2005/116014和US 7291618中。
對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-(1((3S,4S)-4-胺基-1-(4-(3,3-二氟吡咯啶-1-基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基)吡咯啶-3-基)-5,5-二氟哌啶-2-酮或其醫藥可接受鹽。
該化合物及其製備方法揭示於WO 2007/148185和US 20070299076中。對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-(2S,4S)-1-{2-[(3S,1R)-3-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基甲基)環戊基胺基]-乙醯基}-4-氟吡咯啶-2-甲腈(亦稱為美羅列汀(melogliptin))或其醫藥可接受鹽。
該化合物及其製備方法揭示於WO 2006/040625和WO 2008/001195中。特別要求之鹽類包含甲烷磺酸鹽與對-甲苯磺酸鹽。對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-(R)-2-[6-(3-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氫-2H-嘧啶-1-基甲基]-4-氟-苯甲腈或其醫藥可接受鹽。
該化合物及其製備方法與用途揭示於WO 2005/095381、US 2007060530、WO 2007/033350、WO 2007/035629、WO 2007/074884、WO 2007/112368、WO 2008/114807、WO 2008/114800與WO 2008/033851中。特別主張之鹽類包含琥珀酸鹽(WO 2008/067465)、苯甲酸鹽、苯磺酸鹽、對-甲苯磺酸鹽、(R)-扁桃酸鹽與鹽酸鹽。對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-5-{(S)-2-[2-((S)-2-氰基-吡咯啶-1-基)-2-氧代-乙胺基]-丙基}-5-(1H-四唑-5-基)-10,11-二氫-5H-二苯并[a,d]環庚烯-2,8-二羧酸雙-二甲基醯胺或其醫藥可接受鹽。
該化合物及其製備方法揭示於WO 2006/116157與US 2006/270701中。對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-3-{(2S,4S)-4-[4-(3-甲基-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-5-基)哌嗪-1-基]吡咯啶-2-羰基}噻唑啶(亦稱為特力利汀(teneligliptin))或其醫藥可接受鹽。
該化合物及其製備方法揭示於WO 02/14271中。具體鹽類揭示於WO 2006/088129與WO 2006/118127中(尤其包括鹽酸鹽、氫溴酸鹽)。使用該化合物之組合療法揭示於WO 2006/129785。對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-[(2R)-1-{[(3R)-吡咯啶-3-胺基]乙醯基}吡咯啶-2-基]酸(亦稱為杜托列汀(dutogliptin))或其醫藥可接受鹽。
該化合物及其製備方法揭示於WO 2005/047297、WO 2008/109681與WO 2009/009751中。具體鹽類揭示於WO 2008/027273(包含檸檬酸鹽、酒石酸鹽)。該化合物之調配物描述於WO 2008/144730中。對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-(2S,4S)-1-[2-[(4-乙氧基羰基雙環[2.2.2]辛-1-基)胺基]乙醯基]-4-氟吡咯啶-2-甲腈或其醫藥可接受鹽。
該化合物及其製備方法揭示於WO 2005/075421、US 2008/146818與WO 2008/114857中。對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、調配方法或該化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
-2-({6-[(3R)-3-胺基-3-甲基哌啶-1-基]-1,3-二甲基-2,4-二氧代-1,2,3,4-四氫-5H-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-5-基}甲基)-4-氟苯甲腈或其醫藥可接受鹽,或6-[(3R)-3-胺基-哌啶-1-基]-5-(2-氯-5-氟-苄基)-1,3-二甲基-1,5-二氫-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-2,4-二酮或其醫藥可接受鹽。
該等化合物及其製備方法分別揭示於WO 2009/084497與WO 2006/068163中。對於詳細情況,例如製作方法、調配方法或該等化合物或其鹽之用途,因此可參考該等文件。
為避免任何疑慮,以上所引用之各文件所揭示之內容全文係以引用之方式併入本文。
於本發明之範圍中現已意外地發現,本文所定義之某種DPP-4抑制劑具有出乎意料且特殊之優越性能,令該等抑制劑特別適合用於傷口癒合,特別係糖尿病患者(尤其係2型糖尿病患者)之傷口癒合。
因此,本發明提供一種本文定義之DPP-4抑制劑,其係用於糖尿病或非糖尿病之傷口癒合。
本發明更進一步提供一種本文定義之DPP-4抑制劑,其用於改善或改良糖尿病與非糖尿病患者,尤其係糖尿病患者之傷口癒合。
本發明另提供一種本文定義之DPP-4抑制劑,其用於治療及/或預防(包含避免或減緩發病過程或減少發病發生或延遲發病)傷口癒合過程,尤其於糖尿病患者之傷口癒合過程中的傷口癒合不全或損傷。
本發明更進一步提供一種本文定義之DPP-4抑制劑,其用於治療與/或預防(包含避免或減緩發病過程或減少發病發生或延遲發病)皮膚疾病、創傷及/或傷口癒合障礙,包含但不僅限於,糖尿病所伴隨之該等疾病。
本發明更進一步提供一種本文定義之DDP-4抑制劑,其用於治療及/或預防(包含避免或減緩發病過程或減少發病發生或延遲發病)慢性皮膚潰瘍、傷口或潰爛、破壞性傷口發炎(例如中性白血球浸潤)、傷口癒合或閉合之延遲或損傷、受干擾之組織再生、形成或重塑,尤其係對糖尿病患者。
本發明更進一步提供一種本文定義之DPP-4抑制劑,其用於縮小傷口範圍與/或改善傷口閉合,尤其係與糖尿病相關之傷口。
本發明更進一步提供一種本文定義之DPP-4抑制劑,其用於改善傷口上皮形成、傷口形態與/或組織再生,尤其係糖尿病相關之傷口。
本發明更進一步提供一種本文定義之DPP-4抑制劑,其用於促進傷口新上皮形成或上皮再生過程,尤其係糖尿病相關之傷口。
本發明更進一步提供一種本文定義之DPP-4抑制劑,其用於減少破壞性傷口發炎,例如,舉例為減少多形核嗜中性白血球(PMN)之數量,尤其發生於糖尿病相關之傷口。
本發明更進一步提供一種本文定義之DPP-4抑制劑,其用於治療與/或預防(包含降低病情發展或加速之風險)發生於存在或已患皮膚病風險之病人,特別係糖尿病(尤其係2型糖尿病)患者身上的代謝障礙或疾病、傷口及/或傷口癒合障礙或損傷(特別係與糖尿病相關的),例如,舉例說,本文所述之該等疾病(例如慢性皮膚潰瘍、傷口或潰爛、破壞性傷口發炎(例如,嗜中性白血球浸潤)、傷口癒合或閉合之延遲或損傷,或受干擾之組織再生、形成或重塑)。
此外,根據本發明之另一方面,係提供一種本文所定義的DPP-4抑制劑之用以製備用於下述一或多個目的之藥劑之用途:
-預防、減緩、延遲或治療代謝障礙或疾病進展,例如,舉例說:1型糖尿病,2型糖尿病,糖耐量受損(IGT),空腹血糖受損(IFG),高血糖,餐後高血糖,超重,肥胖,血脂異常,高血脂,高膽固醇血症,高血壓,動脈硬化,血管內皮功能障礙,骨質疏鬆症,慢性全身炎症,視網膜病變,神經病變,腎病及/或代謝症候群;
-改善血糖控制與/或降低空腹血糖、餐後血糖與/或糖化血紅蛋白HbAlc;
-預防、減緩、延遲或逆轉從糖耐量受損(IGT)、空腹血糖受損(IFG)、胰島素抵抗及/或代謝症候群轉化成2型糖尿病之過程;
-預防、降低糖尿病併發症發生之風險,減緩糖尿病併發症之進程,延遲或治療糖尿病併發症,如微血管或大血管疾病,如腎病,微量或巨量白蛋白尿,蛋白尿、視網膜病變,白內障,神經病變,學習或記憶障礙,神經退化或辨識障礙、心血管或腦血管疾病,組織缺血,糖尿病足或潰瘍,動脈硬化,高血壓,內皮功能不全,心肌梗塞,急性冠狀動脈症候群,不穩定性心絞痛,穩定性心絞痛,周圍動脈閉塞性疾病,心肌病,心力衰竭,心律不整,血管再狹窄與/或中風;
-減輕體重或防止體重增加或促進體重減輕;
-預防、減緩、延遲或治療胰島β細胞變性及/或胰島β細胞功能下降及/或用以改善及/或恢復胰島β細胞之功能及/或刺激及/或恢復胰島之分泌胰島素功能;
-預防、減緩、延遲或治療非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD),包含脂肪肝、非酒精性肝炎(NASH)及/或肝纖維化;
-預防、減緩、延遲或治療用習知(口服)抗高血糖單一或聯合療法初次或二次失敗之2型糖尿病進程;
-實現減少為達到足夠治療效果之習知抗高血糖藥物劑量的目的;
-降低與習知(口服或非口服)抗高血糖藥物帶來之不良反應的風險;及/或
-維持及/或改善胰島素敏感性及/或用以治療或預防高胰島素血症與/或胰島素抗性;特別對於患有(或存在患病風險)皮膚疾病、傷口及/或傷口癒合障礙或損傷的患者;特別對於與糖尿病有關之疾病,例如,舉例說,任何本文所論述之傷口及/或皮膚病(例如,慢性皮膚潰瘍、傷口或潰爛、破壞性傷口發炎(舉例說,嗜中性白血球浸潤)、傷口癒合或閉合之延遲或損傷,或受干擾之組織再生、形成或重塑);其視情況與一種或多種其他活性物質混合,例如,任何於本文所提及之活性物質。
本發明進一步提供一種醫藥組合物,其用於傷口癒合,尤其係糖尿病患者之傷口癒合,該醫藥組合物包括本文定義之DPP-4抑制劑與視情況之一種或多種醫藥可接受載體與/或稀釋劑。
本發明進一步提供一種固定或非固定之組合,其包括用於傷口癒合,尤其係糖尿病患者之傷口癒合的一整套組分,該組合包括本文所定義之DPP-4抑制劑與一種或多種活性物質,例如任何於本文所提及之活性物質。
本發明進一步提供了一種於本文所定義之DPP-4抑制劑與視情況一種或多種活性物質(例如,舉例說,任何本文所提及之活性物質)組合之用途,係用以製作用於傷口癒合,尤其係糖尿病患者之傷口癒合的醫藥組合物。
本發明進一步提供一種醫藥組合物,其係用於傷口癒合,尤其係糖尿病患者之傷口癒合,該醫藥組合物包括本文所定義之DPP-4抑制劑及視情況之一種或多種其他活性物質,例如任何於本文所提及之活性物質,例如舉例說單獨、依序、同時、並行或時間上錯開地使用該活性成份。
本發明進一步提供一種傷口癒合,尤其係糖尿病患者傷口癒合之方法,該方法包括對需要之個體(尤其係人類患者)投與有效量之本文所定義之DPP-4抑制劑,視情況地,該抑制劑可單獨或聯合使用,例如單獨地、順序地、同時地、並行或時間上錯開地與一種或兩種以上的其他活性物質(例如任何於本文所提及的活性物質)組合使用。
根據本發明之一具體例中的DPP-4抑制劑表示除包含其血糖作用以外,亦對於2型糖尿病個體之傷口修復過程中直接展現有利(例如額外血糖(extraglycemic))作用之該等DPP-4抑制劑。除了改善血糖控制之外,該等DPP-4抑制劑還適合於對患有皮膚疾病、傷口與/或傷口癒合障礙或損傷或存有該風險的患者提供額外之治療性好處。
根據之前及以下之論述,本發明之其他方面將為熟悉此項之技術者所理解。
於本發明中,DPP-4抑制劑係意指包括,但不僅限於,任何於上下文所提及之該等DPP-4抑制劑,較好為口服活性之DPP-4抑制劑。
於第一具體例(具體例A)中,本發明之DPP-4抑制劑意指具有結構式(I)
或具有結構式(II)
或具有結構式(III)
或具有結構式(IV)之任何DPP-4抑制劑
其中R1表示([1,5]萘啶-2-基)甲基、(喹唑啉-2-基)甲基、(喹喔啉-6-基)甲基、(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基、2-氰基-苄基、(3-氰基-喹啉-2-基)甲基、(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基、(4-甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基、或(4,6-二甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基,且R2表示3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基、(2-胺基-2-甲基-丙基)-甲胺基或(2-(S)-胺基-丙基)-甲胺基,或其醫藥可接受鹽。
於第二具體例(具體例B)中,本發明之DPP-4抑制劑意指選自下列之群的DPP-4抑制劑:西他列汀(sitagliptin)、維格列汀(vildagliptin)、沙格利汀、阿格列汀(alogliptin)、(2S)-1-{[2-(5-甲基-2-苯基-噁唑基-4-基)-乙胺基]-乙醯基}-吡咯啶-2-甲腈,(2S)-1-{[1,1,-二甲基-3-(4-吡啶-3-基甲基-咪唑-1-基)-丙胺基]-乙醯基}-吡咯啶-2-甲腈,(S)-1-((2S,3S,11bS)-2-胺基-9,10-二甲氧基-1,3,4,6,7,11b-六氫-2H-吡啶并[2,1-a]異喹啉-3-基)-4-氟甲基-吡咯啶-2酮,(3,3-二氟吡咯啶-1-基)-((2S,4S)-4-(4-(嘧啶-2-基)哌嗪-1-基)吡咯啶-2-基)甲酮,(1-((3S,4S)-4-胺基-1-(4-(3,3-二氟吡咯啶-1-基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基)吡咯啶-3-基)-5,5-二氟哌啶-2-酮,(2S,4S)-1-{2-[(3S,1R)-3-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基甲基)環戊基胺基]-乙醯基}-4-氟吡咯啶-2-甲腈,(R)-2-[6-(3-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氫-2H-嘧啶-1-甲基]-4-氟-苯甲腈,5-{(S)-2-[2-((S)-2-氰基-吡咯啶-1-基)-2-氧代-乙胺基]-丙基}-5-(1H-四唑-5-基)-10,11-二氫-5H-二苯并[a,d]環庚烯-2,8-二羧酸雙-二甲基醯胺,3-{(2S,4S)-4-[4-(3-甲基-1-苯基-1H-吡唑-5-基)哌嗪-1-基]吡咯啶-2-羰基}噻唑啶,[(2R)-1-{[(3R)-吡咯啶-3-基胺基]乙醯基}吡咯啶-2-基]酸,(2S,4S)-1-[2-[(4-乙氧基羰基雙環[2.2.2]新-1-基)胺碁]乙醯基]-4-氟吡咯啶-1-甲腈,2-({6-[(3R)-3-胺基-3-甲基哌啶-1-基]-1,3-二甲基-2,4-二氧代-1,2,3,4-四氫-5H-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-5-基}甲基)-4-氟苯甲腈,及6-[(3R)-3-胺基-哌啶-1-基]-5-(2-氯-5-氟-苄基)-1,3-二甲基-1,5-二氫-吡咯并[3,2-d]嘧啶-2,4-二酮,或其醫藥可接受鹽。
關於第一具體例(具體例A),較佳之DPP-4抑制劑係指以下任何一種或全部之化合物及其醫藥可接受鹽:
‧ 1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤(比較WO 2004/018468,實例2(142)):
‧ 1-[([1,5]萘啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤(比較WO 2004/018468,實例2(252)):
‧ 1-[(喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤(比較WO 2004/018468,實例2(80)):
‧ 2-((R)-3-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-3-(丁-2-炔基)-5-(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基甲基)-3,5-二氫咪唑并[4,5-d]噠嗪-4-酮(比較WO 2004/050658,實例136):
‧ 1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-[(2-胺基-2-甲基-丙基)-甲胺基]-黃嘌呤(比較WO 2006/029769,實例2(1)):
‧ 1-[(3-氰基-喹啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤(比較WO 2005/085246,實例1(30)):
‧ 1-(2-氰基-苄基)-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤(比較WO 2005/085246,實例1(39)):
‧ 1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-[(S)-(2-胺基-丙基)-甲胺基]-黃嘌呤(比較WO 2006/029769,實例2(4)):
‧ 1-[(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤(比較WO 2005/085246,實例1(52)):
‧ 1-[(4-甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤(比較WO 2005/085246,實例1(81)):
‧ 1-[(4,6-二甲基-嘧啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤(比較WO 2005/085246,實例1(82)):
‧ 1-[(喹喔啉-6-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤(比較WO 2005/085246,實例1(83)):
該等DPP-4抑制劑與結構上相當的DPP-4抑制劑之區別在於,當與其他醫藥活性物質聯合使用時,其將組合非預期之效力及長期持續有利的醫藥性質、受體選擇性以及有利的副作用輪廓,或帶來意想不到之治療優勢或改善作用。該等抑制劑之製備方法揭示於文中所提及之公開案中。
於上文所述之本發明具體例A中的DPP-4抑制劑中,較佳之DPP-4抑制劑係1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤,尤其係其游離態(已稱為BI 1356)。
除另外指明,應理解根據本發明,於此上下文所提及之活性化合物(包括DPP-4抑制劑)亦包含其醫藥可接受鹽以及其水合物,溶劑化物與多晶態形式。該鹽類、其水合物、溶劑化物與多晶態形式之相關內容可參考此處所提及者。
就具體例A而言,合成本發明具體例A之DPP-4抑制劑之方法為本技術者所知。有利地,根據本發明具體例A之DPP-4抑制劑可使用文中所述之合成方法製備。因此,舉例說,結構式(I)之嘌呤衍生物可根據WO 2002/068420、WO 2004/018468、WO 2005/085246、WO 2006/029769或WO 2006/048427所述之方法獲得,該等文件之揭示內容已併入此處。結構式(II)之嘌呤衍生物可根據,舉例如,WO 2004/050658或WO 2005/110999中所述之方法獲得,該等文件之揭示內容已併入此處。結構式(III)與(IV)之嘌呤衍生物可根據,舉例如,WO 2006/068163、WO 2007/071738或WO 2008/017670中所述之方法獲得,該等文件之揭示內容已併入此處。此處上文特別描述之該等DPP-4抑制劑的製備方法揭示於與其相關接之公開案中。特定DPP-4抑制劑之多形晶體的改質作用及調配物分別揭示於WO 2007/128721與WO 2007/128724中,該等文件之揭示內容以全文形式併入此處。特定DPP-4抑制劑與二甲雙胍或其他配對成分的調配物揭示於PCT/EP 2009053978中,該文件之揭示內容以全文形式併入本文。BI 1356/二甲雙胍之雙組合物的典型劑量強度為2.5/500mg、2.5/850mg與2.5/1000mg。
就具體例B而言,具體例B之DPP-4抑制劑的合成方法揭示於科學文獻及/或出版專利文件,尤其於本文所引用之文獻。
就溫血脊椎動物,尤其於人類之醫藥應用而言,本發明之化合物通常以從0.001至100mg/kg體重之劑量使用,更好以0.1-15mg/kg體重之劑量範圍投藥,於各例中每天投與1至4次。就此目的而言,該等化合物,視情況結合其他活性物質,可與一種或多種惰性習知載體及/或稀釋劑,例如與玉米澱粉、乳糖、葡萄糖、微晶纖維素、硬脂酸鎂、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、檸檬酸、酒石酸、水、水/乙醇、水/甘油、水/山梨糖醇、水/聚乙二醇、丙二醇、十六烷基硬脂醇、羧甲基纖維素或脂肪物質,例如硬脂肪或其合適混合物,一起併入成習知藥用製劑,例如素錠或包衣錠、膠囊、粉末、混懸劑或栓劑。
根據本發明之包含文中所定義之DPP-4抑制劑的醫藥組合物因此可由使用文中所述之醫藥可接受調配賦型劑由本技術者製備。該等賦型劑實例包括,但不僅限於,稀釋劑、黏合劑、載體、填料、潤滑劑、流動性促進劑、結晶阻滯劑、崩解劑、增溶劑、著色劑、pH調節劑、表面活性劑與乳化劑。
於某些具體例中,本發明之DPP-4抑制劑較好供口服,因此其呈錠劑較佳。該錠劑通常包含該活性成分及一或多種稀釋劑、填料及/或載體,以及視情況之一或多種黏合劑、一或多種潤滑劑、一或多種崩解劑及/或一或多種助流劑,以及若需要之薄膜包衣劑。
適於具體例A之該化合物的稀釋劑實例包括纖維素粉末、磷酸氫鈣、赤蘚糖醇、低取代羥丙基纖維素、甘露醇、預明膠化澱粉或木糖醇。於該等稀釋劑中,甘露醇、低取代羥丙基纖維素與預明膠化澱粉尤為受強調。
用於具體例A之化合物的適宜潤滑劑之實例包括滑石粉、聚乙二醇、山嵛酸鈣、硬脂酸鈣、氫化蓖麻油或硬脂酸鎂。於該等潤滑劑中硬脂酸鎂尤為受強調。
用於具體例A之化合物之適宜黏合劑之實例包括共聚維酮(乙烯吡咯烷酮與乙烯衍生物之共聚合物)、羥丙基甲基纖維素(HPMC)、羥丙基纖維素(HPC)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(聚維酮)、預明膠化澱粉、或低取代羥丙基纖維素(L-HPC)。於該等黏合劑中共聚維酮與預明膠化澱粉尤為受強調。
用於具體例A之化合物之適宜崩解劑實例包括玉米澱粉或交聯聚吡咯烷酮,於該等崩解劑中玉米澱粉尤為受強調。
製備本發明具體例A之DPP-4抑制劑之醫藥調配物之方法為:
‧將混有合適製錠賦型劑之活性物質粉末混合物直接製錠;
‧以適宜賦型劑粒化,再與適宜賦型劑混合,然後進行製錠及薄膜包衣;或者
‧將粉末混合或顆粒填入膠囊。
合適之粒化方法為:
‧於強力混合器中進行濕法製粒接著經由流化床乾燥;
‧單鍋粒化;
‧流化床粒化;或
‧以適宜賦型劑乾燥製粒(例如經由碾壓),然後進行製錠或填充於膠囊中。
本發明具體例A之DPP-4抑制劑之供口服使用(尤其是錠劑)之較佳列舉組合物包括第一稀釋劑甘露醇、具有額外黏合劑性質之預明膠化澱粉作為第二稀釋劑、黏合劑共聚維酮、崩解劑玉米澱粉及作為潤滑劑之硬脂酸鎂,其中共聚維酮及/或玉米澱粉可選擇性地添加。
於另一具體例中,本發明之DPP-4抑制劑可用於外敷而因此,例如,其可以軟膏之形式存在。該外敷之製劑通常包含混有適於外敷製劑之載體材料的活性成份,例如,甘油酯、半合成及合成甘油酯、氫化油、液體蠟、液體石蠟、液體脂肪醇、甾醇、聚乙二醇及/或纖維素衍生物。
關於本發明DPP-4抑制劑之劑型、調配物與投藥之詳細情況,可參考科學文獻及/或出版專利文件,尤其於本文所引用之文件。
就第一具體例(具體例A)而言,當以靜脈注射方式投藥時,於具體例A所提及之該等DPP-4抑制劑之所需劑量通常為0.1mg至10mg,0.25mg至5mg尤佳,而當以口服方式投藥時,通常為0.5mg至100mg,而2.5mg至50mg、或0.5mg至10mg尤佳,2.5mg至10mg、或1mg至5mg最佳,各例中每天投與1至4次。因此,例如,當以口服投藥時,1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤之投藥量係每個患者每天0.5mg至10mg,較好為每個患者每天2.5mg至10mg或1mg至5mg更佳。
包括以具體例A中所提及之DPP-4抑制劑之醫藥組合物所製備之劑型,含有0.1-100mg劑量範圍之活性成份。因此,例如,1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤之特定投藥強度係0.5mg、1mg、2.5mg、5mg與10mg。
就第二具體例(具體例B)而言,對哺乳動物,例如人類,例如其體重大概為70kg者,投與於具體例B中所提及之DPP-4抑制劑的劑量可約為每人每日0.5mg至350mg之活性部分,例如約為10mg至250mg,而20-200mg更佳,最佳為20-100mg,或者每人每日劑量約為0.5mg至20mg,而2.5-10mg尤佳,將此劑量分成1至4份最佳,例如,每份之量相等。單次劑量強度包括,例如10、25、40、50、75、100、150與200mg之DPP-4抑制劑活性部分。
DPP-4抑制劑西他列汀(sitagliptin)之劑量強度通常為25至200mg之間的活性部分。西他列汀之推薦劑量係每日一次性投與100mg(以活性部分(無水游離鹼)計算)。西他列汀無水游離鹼(活性部分)之單位劑量強度為25、50、75、100、150與200mg。西他列汀之特定單位劑量強渡(例如每錠)為25、50與100mg。於醫藥組合物中使用與無水游離鹼西他列汀相等量之磷酸單水合物西他列汀,即分別為32.13、64.25、96.38、128.5、192.75、與257mg。對於腎功能衰竭之患者使用25與50mg西他列汀之調整劑量。西他列汀/二甲雙胍之雙組合物的典型劑量強度為50/500mg及50/1000mg。
DPP-4抑制劑維格列汀(vildagliptin)之劑量範圍通常為每日10至150mg之間,特別地為每日25至150mg,25至100mg之間,或25至50mg、或50至100mg之間。每日口服劑量之特殊實例為25、30、35、45、50、55、60、80、100或150mg。於更特定方面,維格列汀之每日投與量可為25至150mg或50至100mg之間。於另一更特定方面,維格列汀之每日投與量可為50或100mg。活性成份之應用每日可發生多達3次,每日1至2次尤佳。維格列汀之特定劑量強度為50mg或100mg。維格列汀/二甲雙胍之雙組合物的典型劑量強度為50/850mg與50/1000mg。
投與患者之阿格列汀(Alogliptin)的日劑量可為5mg/日至250mg/日之間,視情況亦可為10mg至200mg之間,視情況亦可為10mg至150mg之間,及視情況亦可為10mg至100mg之間的阿格列汀(每例皆基於阿格列汀游離鹼形式之分子量)。因此,每日可使用之阿格列汀具體劑量包括,但不僅限於,10mg、12.5mg、20mg、25mg、50mg、75mg與100mg。阿格列汀可以其遊離鹼形式或醫藥可接受鹽形式投與。
投與患者之沙格利汀日劑量可為2.5mg/日至100mg/日之間,視情況亦可為2.5mg至50mg之間。沙格利汀每日之可使用的具體劑量包括,但不僅限於,2.5mg、5mg、10mg、15mg、20mg、30mg、40mg、50mg與100mg。沙格利汀/二甲雙胍之雙組合物的習知劑量強度為2.5/500mg與2.5/1000mg。
本發明之DPP-4抑制劑的特定具體例代表該等以口服投與之DPP-4抑制劑,其以低劑量達到治療有效,例如每個患者每日之口服劑量<100mg或<70mg,<50mg尤佳,而<30mg或<20mg更佳,甚至為1mg至10mg更佳,尤其為1mg至5mg(更特別地為5mg),每患者每日(如需要,可將劑量分為1至4單份,特別地為1或2單份,每單份之量相等,較好,每日口服投與1次或2次(每日1次更佳),較好可於每日之任何進食或非進食時間投與。因此,例如,日口服劑量5mg之BI 1356可以每日一次之投藥療程(舉例說,每日1次投與5mg BI 1356)或每日2次之投藥療程(舉例說,每日2次各投與2.5mg BI 1356)投與,且可於任何進食或非進食時間投與。
於本發明之含義欲特別強調之最佳DPP-4抑制劑係指1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤(亦稱為BI 1356)。BI 1356展現出其高效能,24h持續作用,及寬廣之治療期。於接受過多種每日1次口服1、2.5、5或10mg劑量之BI 1356歷時12天療程的患者身上,BI 1356表現出如下之藥效學與藥動學特徵(例如,示於以下表1):迅速到達穩態(例如於所有劑量組療法之第2至第5天之間達到穩態血漿量(於第13天時>90%之投藥前血漿濃度)),積累量小(例如,於1mg以上之劑量中其平均積累量比率)及維持DPP-4抑制作用之持久效果(例如,對於5mg與10mg劑量,DPP-4之抑制作用幾乎完全(>90%),例如於穩態仍維持92.3%與97.3%之抑制作用及藥物攝取後24小時間隔為>80%之抑制作用(P)),以及對於劑量(幾乎於第1天)餐後2小時內之血糖波動顯著下降,及於第1天排出尿液中,未改變之母化合物的累積量小於1%且於第12天時其累積量上升不超過約3-6%(對各口服投與量之腎臟清除率CLR,ss
約為14至70mL/min之間,例如,對5mg劑量之腎臟清除率約為70mL/min)。對於患有2型糖尿病之患者,BI 1356表現出如安慰劑般之安全性與耐受性。當以約之低劑量時,BI 1356表現為一種具有24小時完全持續DPP-4抑制作用之確實每日1次口服藥物。BI 1356主要經由肝臟排出且僅以微量(約<7%之口服投與量)經由腎臟排出。BI 1356主要經由膽液不變地排出。經由腎臟排出的BI 1356之比例隨時間變化與劑量增加非常小,以致將不需要對基於患者腎功能制定之BI 1356劑量進行修改。結合其低積累可能性與廣泛安全性邊界,該非腎排出之BI 1356將極其有益於患有高發病率腎功能衰竭與糖尿病性腎病之病患人口。
因為不同之新陳代謝功能障礙經常同時發生,所以這經常表示需要將大量的不同活性成份相互結合使用。因此,視被診斷出之功能障礙而定,如果DPP-4抑制劑與慣用於各自障礙症之活性成份組合,例如一或多種選自其他抗糖尿病藥物之活性成份,尤其係降低血液中血糖或血脂量,提升血液中HDL量,降血壓或者於動脈硬化或肥胖治療中被證實的活性成份,也許可得到改善治療之成果。
再者,於本發明之含義中,視情況加入其他組合配對藥,DPP-4抑制劑可與一或多種一般用於治療(慢性)傷口之藥物組合。
上述之DPP-4抑制劑,除其於單一療法之用途以外,亦可聯合其他活性成份一起使用,以此可獲得改善治療之成果。該聯合療法可以成份自由組合或固定組合之方式給出,例如以錠劑或膠囊形式。該等此處所需之組合配對藥之醫藥調配物可自商業上以醫藥組合物獲得或可由本技術者使用習知方法調配。該等可以商業上由醫藥組合物獲得之活性成份揭示於先前文獻之多處,例如每年出版之藥物表,醫藥工業聯邦協會的「Rote Liste」,或每年更新的製造商調配物藥物信息,亦稱為「醫師案頭參考」。
抗糖尿病組合配對藥之實例有二甲雙胍;磺脲類藥物例如格列本脲(glibenclamide)、甲磺丁脲、格列美脲(glimepiride)、格列吡嗪(glipizide)、格列喹酮(gliquidon)、格列波脲(glibornuride)與格列齊特(gliclazide);那格列奈(nateglinide);瑞格列奈(repaglinide);噻唑啶二酮類藥物例如羅格列酮(rosiglitazone)與吡格列酮(pioglitazone);PPAR-γ調節劑例如第二代胰島素増敏劑(metaglidases);PPAR-γ激動劑例如GI 262570;PPAR-γ拮抗劑;PPAR-γ/α調節劑如提格列扎(tesaglitazar)、莫格列扎(muraglitazar)、阿格列扎(aleglitazar)、因代葛塔(indeglitazar)、AVE0897與KRP297;PPAR-γ/α/δ調節劑;AMPK-激活劑如AICAR;乙醯輔酶A羧化酶(ACC1與ACC2)抑制劑;二醯基甘油-乙醯轉移酶(DGAT)抑制劑;胰島β細胞激動劑例如SMT3-受體-激動劑與GPR119;11 β-HSD-抑制劑;FGF19激動劑或類似物;α-葡萄糖苷酶阻斷劑例如阿卡波糖(acarbose)、格列波糖(voglibose)與米格列醇(miglitol);α2-拮抗劑;胰島素與胰島素類似物例如人胰島素、賴脯(lispro)胰島素、格魯辛(glusilin)胰島素、r-DNA-胰島素類似物、NPH胰島素、地特(detemir)胰島素、胰島素鋅懸浮液與甘精(glargin)胰島素;胃性抑制胜肽(GIP);普蘭林胜肽(pramlintide),達瓦林胜肽(davalintide);胰淀素(amylin)與胰淀素類似物或GLP-1與GLP-1類似物例如森啶(Exendin)-4,如艾塞那胜肽(exenatide)、艾塞那胜肽(exenatide)-LAR、利拉魯胜肽(liraglutide)、他司魯胜肽(taspoglutide)、AVE-0010、LY-2428757、LY-2189265、希瑪魯肽(semaglutide)或艾碧魯肽(albiglutide);SGLT2-抑制劑例如KGT-1251;蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制劑;葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶抑制劑;1,6-二磷酸酶調節劑;糖原磷酸化酶調節劑;胰高血糖素受體拮抗劑;磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)抑制劑;丙酮酸脫氫酶激酶(PDK)抑制劑;酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(50mg至600mg)例如PDGF-受體-激酶(引述於EP-A-564409,WO 98/35958,US 5093330,WO 2004/005281,與WO 2006/041976);含葡萄糖激酶激活劑之葡萄糖激酶/調節蛋白調節劑;糖原合酶激酶抑制劑;含SH2結構域肌醇5-磷酸酶2型抑制劑(SHIP2);IKK抑制劑例如利妥貝洛(ritobegron),YM178,梭拉貝洛(solabegron),塔莉貝洛(talibegron),N-5984,GRC-1087,拉法貝洛(rafabegron),FMP825;醛糖還原酶抑制劑例如AS 3201、折那司他(zenarestat)、非達司他(fidarestat)、依帕司他(epalrestat)、藍利司他(ranirestat)、NZ-314、CP-744809、與CT-112;SGLT-1或SGLT-2抑制劑,例如達帕利氟嗪(dapagliflozin)、絲葛利氟嗪(sergliflozin)、阿替利氟嗪(atigliflozin)、拉納利氟嗪(larnagliflozin)或肯納利氟嗪(canagliflozin)(或結構式(I-S)或(I-K)之化合物,引自WO 2009/035969);KV 1.3通道抑制劑;GPR40調節劑;SCD-1抑制劑;CCR-2拮抗劑;多巴胺受體激動劑(甲磺酸溴隱亭/塞克洛瑟(bromocriptine mesylate/Cycloset));與其他DPP IV抑制劑。
二甲雙胍通常以每日約250mg至3000mg之劑量範圍,特別地約500mg至2000mg乃至2500mg之劑量範圍投藥,使用多種劑量療程,例如約100mg至500mg或200mg至850mg(每日分為1-3次),或約300mg至1000mg每日分為1或2次,或投與緩釋二甲雙胍,其劑量約為100mg至1000mg或500mg至1000mg尤佳,每日分為1或2次,或約500mg至2000mg,每日1次。鹽酸二甲雙胍之特殊劑量強度可為250、500、625、750、850與1000mg。
吡格列酮(pioglitazone)之劑量通常為每日1-10mg、15mg、30mg、或45mg。
羅格列酮(Rosiglitazone)之劑量投法通常為每日一次4至8mg(或分為2次)(典型劑量強度為2、4與8mg)。
格列本脲(Glibenclamide)(優降糖)之劑量投法通常為2.5至20mg,每日一次(典型劑量強度為1.25、2.5與5mg),或微粉化格列本脲(Glibenclamide)之劑量為0.75至12mg,每日1次(或分為2次)(典型劑量強度為1.5、3、4.5與6mg)。
格列吡嗪(Glipizide)之劑量投法通常為2.5至40mg,每日1次(或分為2次)(典型劑量強度為5與10mg),或緩釋格列吡嗪(Glipizide)之劑量為5至20mg,每日1次(典型劑量強度為2.5、5與10mg)。
格列美脲(Glimepiride)之劑量投法為1至8mg,每日1次(典型劑量強度為1、2與4mg)。
格列本脲(glibenclamide)/二甲雙胍之雙組合的劑量投法通常為1.25/250,每日1次,至10/1000mg,每日分為2次(典型劑量強度為1.25/250,2.5/500與5/500mg)。
格列吡嗪(glipizide)/二甲雙胍之雙組合的劑量投法通常為2.5/250至10/1000mg,每日分為2次(典型劑量強度為2.5/250、2.5/500與5/500mg)。
格列美脲(glimepiride)/二甲雙胍之雙組合的劑量投法通常為1/250至4/1000mg,每日分為2次。
羅格列酮(Rosiglitazone)/格列美脲(glimepiride)之雙組合的劑量投法通常為4/1mg,每日一次,或4/2mg,每日分為2次(典型劑量強度為4/1、4/2、4/4、8/2與8/4mg)。
吡格列酮(pioglitazone)/格列美脲(glimepiride)之雙組合的劑量投法通常為30/2至30/4mg,每日1次(典型劑量強度為30/4與45/4mg)。
羅格列酮(Rosiglitazone)/二甲雙胍之雙組合物的劑量投法通常為1/500至4/1000mg,每日分為2次(典型劑量強度為1/500、2/500、2/1000及4/1000mg)。
吡格列酮(pioglitazone)/二甲雙胍之雙組合的劑量投法通常為15/500mg,每日1次或兩次,至15/850mg,每日分為3次(典型劑量強度為15/500與15/850mg)。
非磺脲類胰島素分泌刺激劑那格列奈(nateglinide)之劑量投法為60至120mg,進餐時投與(可達360mg/日,典型劑量強度為60與120mg);瑞格列萘(repaglinide)之劑量投法為0.5至4mg,進餐時投與(可達16mg/日,典型劑量強度為0.5、1與2mg)。瑞格列萘(repaglinide)/二甲雙胍之雙組合的劑量強度可為1/500與2/850mg。
阿卡波糖(Acarbose)之劑量投法為25至100mg,進餐時投與(可達300mg/日,典型劑量強度為25、50與100mg)。米格列醇(Miglitol)之劑量投法為25至100mg,進餐時投與(可達300mg/日,典型劑量強度為25、50與100mg)。
習知抗糖尿病與抗高血糖藥物,通常用於單一或雙組合或三組合(逐個添加或初始組合)療法,其包括,但不僅限於,二甲雙胍,磺醯脲類,噻唑啶二酮類,格列奈類,α-葡萄糖苷酶阻斷劑,GLP-1與GLP-1類似物,以及胰島素與胰島素類似物,例如本文以實例所提及之藥劑,包括其組合物。
可降低血液中血脂量之組合配對劑的實例有HMG-CoA-還原酶抑制劑如辛伐拉汀(simvastatin)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)、洛伐他汀(lovastatin)、氟伐他汀(fluvastatin)、普伐他汀(pravastatin)、匹伐他汀(pitavastatin)與羅蘇伐他汀(rosuvastatin);貝特類藥物(fibrates)如苯扎貝特(bezafibrate)、非諾貝特(fenofibrate)、氯貝特(clofibrate)、吉非貝齊(gemfibrozil)、依托貝特(etofibrate)與益多安妥明(etofyllinclofibrate);菸酸及其衍生物如阿西莫司(acipimox);PPAR-α激動劑;PPAR-δ激動劑;醯基輔酶A:膽固醇脂醯轉移酶(ACAT;EC 2.3.1.26)如阿伐麥布(avasimibe);膽固醇吸收抑制劑如依替米貝;結合於膽汁酸之物質,例如消膽胺、考來替泊(colestipol)與考來維崙(colesevelam);膽汁酸轉移抑制劑;HDL調節活性物質如D4F、反向D4F、LXR調節活性物質與FXR調節活性物質;CETP抑制劑如托徹普(torcetrapib)、JTT-705/達色崔比(dalcetrapib)、安納崔比(anacetrapib)或引自WO 2007/005572之化合物12/安納崔比(anacetrapib);LDL受體調節劑;與ApoB100反義RNA。
阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)之劑量投法通常為1mg至40mg或10mg至80mg,每日1次。
可降低血壓之組合配對劑的實例有β-阻斷劑如阿替洛爾(atenolol)、比索洛爾(bisoprolol)、塞利洛爾(celiprolol)、美托洛爾(metoprolol)與卡維地洛(carvedilol);利尿劑如氫氯噻嗪、氯噻酮、希帕胺(xipamide)、呋塞米(furosemide)、吡咯他尼(piretanide)、托拉塞米(torasemide)、安體舒通(spironolactone)、依普利酮(eplerenone)、阿米洛利(amiloride)與氨苯蝶啶(triamterene);鈣通道阻斷劑如氨氯地平(amlodipine)、硝苯地平(nifedipine)、尼群地平(nitrendipine)、尼索地平(nisoldipine)、尼卡地平(nicardipine)、非洛地平(felodipine)、拉西地平(lacidipine)、樂卡地平(lercanipidine)、馬尼地平(manidipine)、伊拉地平(isradipine)、尼伐地平(nilvadipine)、維拉帕米(verapamil)、戈洛帕米(gallopamil)與地爾硫卓(diltiazem);ACE抑制劑如雷米普利(ramipril)、賴諾普利(lisinopril)、西拉普利(cilazapril)、喹那普利(quinapril)、卡托普利(captopril)、依那普利(enalapril)、貝那普利(benazepril)、培哚普利(perindopril)、福辛普利(fosinopril)與群多普利(trandolapril);以及血管緊張素Ⅱ受體拮抗劑(ARBs)如替米沙坦(telmisartan)、坎地沙坦(candesartan)、纈沙坦(valsartan)、洛沙坦(losartan)、伊貝沙坦(irbesartan)、奧美沙坦(olmesartan)與伊普羅沙坦(eprosartan)。
替米沙坦之劑量投法通常為每日20mg至320mg、或40mg至160mg。
可提高血液中HDL量之組合配對劑的實例有膽固醇酯轉運蛋白(CETP)抑制劑;內皮酯酶抑制劑;ABC1調節劑;LXR-α-拮抗劑;LXR-β-拮抗劑;PPAR-δ-激動劑;LXR-α/β-調節劑,以及該等可促進載脂蛋白A-I之表現與提高載脂蛋白A-I之血漿濃度的物質。
用於治療肥胖之組合配對劑的實例有西布曲明(sibutramine);四氫利潑斯汀(tetrahydrolipstatin)(奧利司他(orlistat))、西替利司他(cetilistat);alizyme;右旋芬氟拉明(dexfenfluramine);阿索開(axokine);大麻素受體1拮抗劑如CB1拮抗劑利莫納班;MCH-1受體拮抗劑;MC4受體拮抗劑;NPY5以及NPY2拮抗劑;β-3-AR激動劑如SB-418790與AD-9677;5HT2c受體激動劑如APD 356/氯卡色林(lorcaserin);肌抑素抑制劑;Acrp30與脂聯素;硬脂醯CoA去飽和酶(SCD1)抑制劑;脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)抑制劑;CCK受體激動劑;生長素受體調節劑;Pyy 3-36;食慾素受體拮抗劑;與泰梭吩辛(tesofensine);以及雙組合物如安非他酮(bupropion)/納曲酮(naltrexone)、安非他酮(bupropion)/唑尼沙胺(zonisamide)、托吡酯(topiramate)/芬特明(phentermine)與普蘭林肽(pramlintide)/美崔列汀(metreleptin)。
用於治療動脈硬化之組合配對劑的實例有磷脂酶A2抑制劑;酪氨酸激酶(50mg至600mg)抑制劑如PDGF受體激酶(引自歐洲專利-A-564409,WO 98/35958,US 5093330,WO 2004/005281,與WO 2006/041976);oxLDL抗體與oxLDL疫苗;apoA-1米蘭諾(Milano);ASA;與VCAM-1抑制劑。
習知用於治療(慢性)傷口之藥物的實例包括,但不僅限於,口服與外用藥劑,例如己酮可可鹼、伊洛前列素(iloprost)、抗菌劑(例如含碘製劑、銀釋放劑、標靶細菌於數個量之抗菌劑、全身性抗生素等等)、三硝酸甘油酯(一氧化氮供體)、鈣離子拮抗劑(如地爾硫卓(diltiazem)與硝苯地平(nifedipine))、系統性皮質類固醇、鋅(外用或口服)、苯妥英鈉(phenytoin)(外用)、維甲酸(retinoids)、與/或止痛藥。
本發明所及之範圍不僅限於文中所論述之該等具體實例。各種除本文所論述之實例外的修飾可為熟悉該項目之技術者經由本發明之揭示內容所認知。該等修飾將列入附加之申請專利範圍。
文中所引用之所有專利案將以其全文之形式併入本文。
本發明之其他實施例,特點及優勢將於下列實施變得顯而易見。以下實例係以舉例方式詮釋於不侷限本發明之理論。
使用ob/ob小鼠並採用作為研究糖尿病損傷傷口癒合之試驗模型。該等動物皆患有與人類狀況(例如肥胖,胰島素阻抗)表現症狀相似的嚴重糖尿病及肥胖症候群。試圖經由使用胰島素與飲食以降低肥胖小鼠體內之血糖,但其表現仍如其於肥胖與糖尿病狀態時一樣,且無法改善近期所得到之於該等動物身上的治療效果。
接受過12天BI 1356治療之ob/ob小鼠於治療過程中表現出傷口上皮再形成作用之顯著改善效果,因為傷口邊緣上皮之距離呈現顯著之減小(BI 1356組:0.74±0.90mm;對照組:2.02±1.07mm,A、B)。依據改善之傷口上皮化程度,於對照組受損傷口上觀察到PMN之全面積累量,但於BI 1356組ob/ob小鼠中卻觀察不到此現象。經由糖耐量試驗後,該等接受過BI 1356之動物(C)的葡萄糖波動降低了25%(絕對AUC)。
總之,BI 1356證實了於ob/ob小鼠上驚人之傷口癒合加速作用,以及與其相關的降低葡萄糖波動之作用。此效果也許,或至少,能部份地歸因於其血糖降低能力。因此,DPP-4抑制劑BI 1356可用於與傷口癒合相關之糖尿病併發症如糖尿病足。
年齡為8-9週之雌性C57Bl/6J-ob/ob小鼠被用於試驗中。於氯胺酮麻醉下在每個動物個體之背部設置6處切除傷口(包括肉膜)。該等動物每日接受3mg/kg之BI 1356或甲基纖維素(1-2%)。第10天時,於尾巴尖進行(取樣點為0,30,60,90,120與180min)口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(2g/kg)。該等動物於異氟烷麻醉下經由頸椎脫位方法殺死且對其傷口進行組織學分析。其血清則用於DPP-4活性檢測。組織學試驗:於6-8μm石蠟包覆以及經由伊紅-蘇木素染色的以多聚甲醛固定之切屑上進行。另外,多形核嗜中性白血球(PMN)藉由免疫組織化學染色之Ly6G作為傷口發炎之強大指示劑。(引自S. Frank,Methods in Molecular Medicine 2003,,Diabetes 2006)。
A)經由BI 1356與不經由BI 1356治療之組織學試驗
如圖1所示,於該等經由BI 1356治療之動物的傷口組織上,其組織學分析結果揭示了傷口形態與傷口上皮再生作用之顯著改善效果。
此外,如圖1所示,藉由免疫組織化學分析之Ly6G(由圖1該等反映炎症狀態之三角形符號表示),多形核嗜中性白血球(PMN)被認作為傷口發炎之強大指示劑。嗜中性白血球係傷口之第一道防禦細胞;但於慢性傷口中,被拖延之嗜中性白血球浸潤作用加重了癒合傷口之炎症與損傷。根據經改善之傷口上皮化作用,觀察到接受BI 1356治療之ob/ob小鼠中的PMN積累量之全面減少現象,但於對照組動物中卻沒有觀察到。
B)接受與非接受BI 1356治療之ob/ob小鼠的傷口尺寸之總結
如圖2所示,根據對ob/ob小鼠的BI 1356投與量以及傷口邊緣上皮之距離的量化值,揭示出該等接受BI 1356治療之動物的傷口尺寸明顯減小。
C)接受BI 1356或載劑治療之ob/ob小鼠中葡萄糖的恒穩性
根據降低葡萄糖波動作用,經由以劑量為3mg/kg/d之BI 1356治療12天後,ob/ob小鼠中之DPP-4活性高度有意義地(p<0.0001)降低至80%。
對於正常C57BI/6小鼠(每組n=10),經由14天30mg/kg/d之最高劑量的療程可獲得95%之全DPP-4抑制作用(p<0.0001)。對於該等動物,BI 1356療程亦證明改善傷口癒合之趨勢。傷口閉合之估計半週期,例如50%傷口面積閉合之時間,於對照組(n=10)經計算為7.7天而於接受BI 1356治療之動物為6.8天,儘管其相差於統計上並不明顯。
圖1顯示以對照組(a)與經BI 1356(b)治療之ob/ob小鼠之傷口組織。箭頭與線代表上皮邊緣,三角形代表經染色之嗜中性白血球。gt:肉芽組織,he:過度增生上皮;ne:新生上皮。比例尺=300μm;
圖2顯示經BI 1356治療或對照組(10天,n=9)之ob/ob小鼠的傷口尺寸;及
圖3顯示經由口服糖耐量試驗與10天BI 1356療程或對照組之ob/ob小鼠(n=9,於第10天進行OGTT)的葡萄糖AUC。
(無元件符號說明)
Claims (28)
- 一種DPP-4抑制劑之用途,其係用於製造用於傷口癒合之醫藥組合物,其中該DPP-4抑制劑係1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤,或其醫藥上可接受的鹽。
- 如請求項1之用途,其中該醫藥組合物係用於傷口癒合,其中該DPP-4抑制劑係1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中該醫藥組合物係用於傷口癒合,且係用於口服。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中該醫藥組合物係用於傷口癒合,且係用於外敷施用。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中該醫藥組合物係用於改善傷口上皮化作用。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中該醫藥組合物係用於促進傷口新生上皮形成作用。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中該醫藥組合物係用於促進組織再生作用。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中該醫藥組合物係用於減少傷口尺寸。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中該醫藥組合物係用於減少破壞性傷口發炎。
- 如請求項9之用途,其中該醫藥組合物係用於減少多形 核嗜中性白血球(PMN)之數量。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中該醫藥組合物係用於糖尿病患者。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中該醫藥組合物係用於治療及/或預防傷口癒合過程中之傷口癒合缺失或受損。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中在該醫藥組合物中之1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤係與結合一或多種其他治療活性劑分別、依序、同時、並行或於時間上錯開使用,以供傷口癒合。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中在該醫藥組合物中之1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤係與一或多種其他治療活性劑分別、依序、同時、並行或於時間上錯開使用,以供傷口癒合,該等活性劑係選自二甲雙胍,吡格列酮與替米沙坦(telmisartan)。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中該DPP-4抑制劑對於2型糖尿病個體之傷口修復過程中展現直接有利作用。
- 如請求項15之用途,其中該DPP-4抑制劑對於2型糖尿病個體之傷口修復過程中展現額外血糖(extraglycemic)作用。
- 如請求項1或2之用途,其中該DPP-4抑制劑除了改善血糖控制之外,還適於對患有皮膚疾病、傷口與/或傷口癒合障礙或損傷或存有該風險的患者提供額外之治療性好 處。
- 如請求項5之用途,其中經處理的是糖尿病相關之傷口。
- 如請求項6之用途,其中經處理的是糖尿病相關之傷口。
- 如請求項7之用途,其中經處理的是糖尿病相關之傷口。
- 如請求項8之用途,其中經處理的是糖尿病相關之傷口。
- 如請求項9之用途,其中經處理的是糖尿病相關之傷口。
- 如請求項10之用途,其中經處理的是糖尿病相關之傷口。
- 一種1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤之用途,其係用於製備供外敷使用之藥劑。
- 一種1-[(4-甲基-喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-胺基-哌啶-1-基)-黃嘌呤之用途,係用於製造用於糖尿病患者之傷口癒合的醫藥組合物。
- 如請求項25之用途,其中該醫藥組合物可口服。
- 如請求項25之用途,其中該醫藥組合物可外敷施用。
- 如請求項24或27之用途,其中該藥劑或醫藥組合物係軟膏。
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CL2008002425A1 (es) * | 2007-08-16 | 2009-09-11 | Boehringer Ingelheim Int | Composición farmacéutica que comprende un inhibidor de sglt2 y 1-(4-metil-quinazolin-2-il)metil-3metil-7-(-2-butin-1-il)-8-(3-(r)-amino-piperidin-1il)-xantina, un inhibidor de dpp iv y su uso para el tratamiento de la obesidad y de la diabetes tipo 1 y 2 y complicaciones de esta. |
UA105480C2 (uk) | 2007-09-10 | 2014-05-26 | Янссен Фармацевтика Н.В. | Спосіб одержання сполук, які застосовують як інгібітори натрійзалежного переносника глюкози |
TW200938200A (en) | 2007-12-28 | 2009-09-16 | Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co | Methyl-substituted piperidine derivative |
BRPI0917675A2 (pt) * | 2008-08-15 | 2015-12-01 | Boehringer Ingelheim Int | compostos orgânicos para cura de ferida |
CN106177958A (zh) * | 2009-02-13 | 2016-12-07 | 勃林格殷格翰国际有限公司 | 包含dpp‑4抑制剂(利拉列汀)任选地组合其它抗糖尿病药的抗糖尿病药物 |
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2009
- 2009-08-13 BR BRPI0917675A patent/BRPI0917675A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-08-13 MX MX2011001525A patent/MX2011001525A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2009-08-13 EP EP19202031.1A patent/EP3626238A1/en active Pending
- 2009-08-13 MX MX2015007218A patent/MX370599B/es unknown
- 2009-08-13 CA CA2735562A patent/CA2735562C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-08-13 UA UAA201102748A patent/UA119131C2/uk unknown
- 2009-08-13 NZ NZ604091A patent/NZ604091A/en unknown
- 2009-08-13 CN CN200980131654.5A patent/CN102123704B/zh active Active
- 2009-08-13 KR KR1020117003399A patent/KR101657960B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-08-13 EA EA201100335A patent/EA031225B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-08-13 JP JP2011522516A patent/JP5906086B2/ja active Active
- 2009-08-13 MY MYPI2011000571A patent/MY164581A/en unknown
- 2009-08-13 EP EP09781825.6A patent/EP2326326B1/en active Active
- 2009-08-13 WO PCT/EP2009/060521 patent/WO2010018217A2/en active Application Filing
- 2009-08-13 KR KR1020167024887A patent/KR101791403B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-08-13 UY UY0001032048A patent/UY32048A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-08-13 CN CN201310728644.8A patent/CN103816158A/zh active Pending
- 2009-08-13 US US13/058,966 patent/US20110190322A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-08-13 AU AU2009281122A patent/AU2009281122C1/en active Active
- 2009-08-13 ES ES09781825T patent/ES2764251T3/es active Active
- 2009-08-13 PE PE2011000154A patent/PE20110297A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-08-14 TW TW098127462A patent/TWI450901B/zh active
- 2009-08-14 AR ARP090103148A patent/AR073061A1/es unknown
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2011
- 2011-01-23 IL IL210802A patent/IL210802A0/en unknown
- 2011-02-15 EC EC2011010831A patent/ECSP11010831A/es unknown
- 2011-02-15 MA MA33615A patent/MA32562B1/fr unknown
- 2011-02-23 CO CO11022216A patent/CO6351742A2/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-08-04 HK HK11108096.3A patent/HK1153926A1/zh unknown
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2015
- 2015-12-08 JP JP2015239132A patent/JP2016094438A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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2016
- 2016-03-31 US US15/086,788 patent/US20160206620A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2018
- 2018-04-06 PH PH12018500768A patent/PH12018500768A1/en unknown
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US20030130281A1 (en) * | 2001-10-26 | 2003-07-10 | Markus Boehringer | DPP IV inhibitors |
TW200404542A (en) * | 2002-08-21 | 2004-04-01 | Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma | 8-[3-Amino-piperidin-1-yl]-xanthines, the preparation thereof and their use as pharmaceutical compositions |
US20050038020A1 (en) * | 2003-08-01 | 2005-02-17 | Hamann Lawrence G. | Adamantylglycine-based inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and methods |
US20050234108A1 (en) * | 2004-02-18 | 2005-10-20 | Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh | 8-[3-amino-piperidin-1-yl]-xanthines, their preparation and their use as pharmaceutical compositions |
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