TWI386431B - 浸漬樹脂的基板及其製造方法 - Google Patents

浸漬樹脂的基板及其製造方法 Download PDF

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TWI386431B
TWI386431B TW93140440A TW93140440A TWI386431B TW I386431 B TWI386431 B TW I386431B TW 93140440 A TW93140440 A TW 93140440A TW 93140440 A TW93140440 A TW 93140440A TW I386431 B TWI386431 B TW I386431B
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resin
liquid crystal
crystal polyester
aromatic liquid
aromatic
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TW200523290A (en
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Satoshi Okamoto
Shiro Katagiri
Wakana Aizawa
Masatoshi Kito
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Sumitomo Chemical Co
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Description

浸漬樹脂的基板及其製造方法
本發明是有關於一種浸漬樹脂的基板。
近年來,具有絕佳特性的絕緣樹脂基板可在其上形成導電層,以應用於電子或電器產品中,這一些特性例如是耐熱性、低吸濕性(hygroscopicity)、尺寸穩定性、在高頻下介電特性。
習知的絕緣樹脂基板是一種浸漬樹脂的基板,此種基板將玻璃浸漬於環氧樹脂中所製造者(請參照日本尚未實審之專利申請案公開第5-8224號)。
然而,上述將玻璃浸漬於環氧樹脂所形成的浸漬樹脂的基板耐熱性不佳,卻與需要與高溫焊接(例如,攝氏260度或更高)的無鉛焊料(lead-free solder)一起使用,例如,在一些實例中,浸漬了樹脂的基板需浸泡於攝氏260度或更高溫的焊料浴(solder bath)中,然而,熱會破壞環氧樹脂,而損壞浸漬了樹脂之基板。
本發明的目的之一是提供一種浸漬樹脂的基板,其在焊接的高溫下具有絕佳的耐熱性。
本發明提供一種浸漬樹脂的基板,其製造方法之步驟包括:將含有芳香族液晶聚酯纖維之薄板浸入於芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中,該芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中含有100重量份 的溶劑及0.5至100重量份的芳香族液晶聚酯;以及移除該溶劑,該溶劑中含有以下式(I)表示的酚化合物,其含量為該溶劑重量的30%或更高: 其中,A表示鹵素原子或三鹵甲基,i表示A的數目,其為1至5之整數,且當i等於2或更大值時,數個A彼此獨立。
本發明亦提出一種具有導電層的浸漬樹脂的基板,其包括一浸漬樹脂的基板及至少一層設於該基板之至少一側面上之導電層。
本發明之浸漬樹脂的基板的耐熱性高且易於製造。
為讓本發明之上述和其他目的、特徵和優點能更明顯易懂,下文特舉較佳實施例,作詳細說明如下。
本發明之浸漬樹脂的基板係將具有芳香族液晶聚酯纖維的薄板浸於芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中,再將溶劑移除。
本發明所使用的芳香族液晶聚酯可以是熱固性液晶聚合物,其光學異向熔點為450℃或更低。
上述之芳香族液晶聚酯例如是:(1)芳香羥基羧酸、芳香二羧酸和芳香二醇聚合所形成的芳香族液晶聚酯; (2)不同的芳香羥基羧酸聚合所形成的芳香族液晶聚酯;(3)芳香二羧酸和芳香二醇所形成的芳香族液晶聚酯;(4)液晶聚酯(如聚對苯二甲酸乙酯)與芳香羥基羧酸所形成的芳香族液晶聚酯,等等。
上述的芳香羥基羧酸、芳香二羧酸和芳香二醇可變更為具有可形成酯的官能基的衍生物。
羧酸化合物之衍生物的實例包括可促使聚酯生成反應之高反應性衍生物(例如羧酸氯或羧酸酐);可形成酯和醇、乙二醇等之衍生物,其中羧基可藉由酯交換反應而形成聚酯;等等。
具有酚基羥基基團的衍生物的實例包括可形成酯和羧酸的具有酚基羥基基團的衍生物,其中酚基羥基基團可藉由酯交換反應而形成聚酯。
或者,芳香羥基羧酸、芳香二羧酸和芳香二醇可以是具有鹵素原子如氯原子和氟原子、烷基如甲基和乙基、芳香基如苯基等取代基者,只要是對於酯的生成不會有不利影響即可。
芳香族液晶聚酯可由以下所示之重複單元所構成,但其並非用以限制本發明之範圍。
重複單元係衍生自芳香羥基羧酸的實例如下所示(這一些重複單元可以被鹵素原子或烷基所取代):
重複單元係衍生自芳香二羧酸的實例如下所示(這一些重複單元可以被鹵素原子、烷基或芳香基所取代):
重複單元係衍生自芳香二醇的實例如下所示(這一些重複單元可以被鹵素原子、烷基或芳香基所取代):
上述的烷基較佳的是具有1至10個碳原子的烷基,更佳的是甲基、乙基或丁基。上述的芳香基較佳的是具有6至20個碳原子的芳香基,更佳的是苯基。
綜合耐熱性和機械(物理)特性的觀點而言,較佳的芳香族液晶聚酯為每莫耳的上式A1之重複單元(相對於聚酯)含有至少30%。
重複單元的較佳組合(combination)例包括以下(a)至(f)之組合:(a)一種選自於以下其中之一的組合:重複單元(A1)、(B2)和(C3)之組合、重複單元(A2)、(B2)和(C3)之組合、重複單元(A1)、(B1)、(B2)和(C3)之組合以及重複單元(A2)、(B1)、(B2)和(C3)之組合;(b)一種以重複單元(C1)取代上述(a)組合中全部或一部分的重複單元(C3)所構成之組合;(c)一種以重複單元(C2)取代上述(a)組合中全部或一部分的重複單元(C3)所構成之組合; (d)一種以重複單元(C4)取代上述(a)組合中全部或一部分的重複單元(C3)所構成之組合;(e)一種以重複單元(C4)和(C5)取代上述(a)組合中全部或一部分的重複單元(C3)所構成的組合;以及(f)一種以重複單元(A2)取代上述(a)組合中全部或一部分的重複單元(A1)所構成的組合。
在耐熱性方面,較佳的芳香族液晶聚酯係含有30至80莫耳%由對-羥基苯甲酸及2-羥基-6-萘酸所組成之族群其中之一所衍生之至少一種重複單元;10至35%由氫醌及4,4’-二羥基聯苯所組成之族群其中之一所衍生之至少一種重複單元;10至35%由對苯二酸及間苯二酸所組成之族群其中之一所衍生之至少一種重複單元。
芳香族液晶聚酯的重量平均分子量較佳的是10,000至100,000,但不限於此。
本發明之芳香族液晶聚酯的製造方法並無特別限制,其製造方法的實例可以例如是其步驟包括將選自於芳香族羥基羧酸及芳香族二醇所組成之族群之至少其中之一和過量的脂肪酸酐進行醯化(acylating)以形成醯化之化合物,然後,再將所形成的醯化化合物與選自於芳香族羥基羧酸及芳香族二羧酸所組成之族群之至少其中之一之化合物藉由酯交換反應(聚縮合)而熔化聚合。在此方法中,可事先經由醯化反應來形成脂肪酸酯,以作為醯化的化合物。
在醯化反應中,脂肪酸酐的較佳使用量為酚基羥基基團之當量的1至2倍,更佳的是酚基羥基基團之當量的1.05 至1.1倍。脂肪酸酐的用量太少,則醯化的化合物會昇華(sublimation),使得芳香族羥基羧酸及/或芳香族二羧酸在進行酯交換反應(聚縮合反應)的過程中阻塞反應容器的管路。另一方面,脂肪酸酐使用過量,亦可能造成所形成的芳香族液晶聚酯有明顯著色的現象。
較佳的醯化反應係在攝氏130度至180度的溫度下進行5分鐘至10小時,更佳的是在攝氏140度至160度的溫度下進行10分鐘至3小時。
用來進行醯化反應的脂肪酸酐並無特別的限制,其實例包括醋酸酐、丙酸酐、丁酸酐、異丁酸酐、戊酸酐、特戊酸酐、二乙基己酸酐、單氯醋酸酐、二氯醋酸酐、三氯醋酸酐、單溴醋酸酐、二溴醋酸酐、三溴醋酸酐、單氟醋酸酐、二氟醋酸酐、三氟醋酸酐、戊二酸酐、馬來酸酐、琥珀酸酐、β-溴丙酸酐等等。這一些脂肪酸酐可以混合兩種或混合兩種以上來使用之。就價格和處理的觀點來說,以醋酸酐、丙酸酐、丁酸酐和異丁酸酐較佳,更佳的是醋酸酐。
在進行酯交換反應(聚縮合反應)時,醯化化合物中的醯基含量較佳的是將被醯化之羧酸的0.8至1.2倍當量。
較佳的酯交換反應是在攝氏130度至400度的溫度下以每分鐘升溫0.1至50℃的速率進行之,更佳的是在攝氏150度至350度的溫度下以每分鐘升溫0.3至5℃的速率下進行之。
當醯化反應所形成的脂肪酸酯和羧酸進行酯交換反 應後,藉由蒸發等方法將所形成的脂肪酸副產物和未進行反應的脂肪酸酐餾出反應系統,以改變反應平衡,繼續進行酯交換反應。
醯化反應和酯交換反應可在觸媒存在下進行。所使用的觸媒可以是已知應用於聚酯聚合反應之觸媒。觸媒之實例包括金屬鹽觸媒,例如醋酸鎂、醋酸錫(II)、鈦酸四丁酯、醋酸鉛、醋酸鈉、醋酸鉀及三氧化銻;有機觸媒,例如N,N-二甲基胺基吡啶及N-甲基咪唑。觸媒可以在加入單體進行醯化反應前添加。在進行醯化反應之後,並不需要將觸媒移除,其可繼續用於酯交換反應中。
酯交換之聚縮合反應可藉由熔化聚合反應來實施,或透過結合熔化聚合及固相聚合兩種反應來實施。結合熔化聚合及固相聚合兩種反應的實施方法較佳的是包括進行聚合反應以形成聚合物、在熔化聚合步驟中取出聚合物、將聚合物磨碎成粉或製成薄板以及進行固相聚合反應等步驟。固相聚合反應的實施方法包括在攝氏20度至350度的鈍氣如氮氣下,對固態的聚合物進行熱處理1至30個小時。在進行固相聚合反應時可以攪拌,或是靜置而不攪拌。藉由適當的攪拌機制,熔化聚合和固相聚合反應可在相同的反應容器中進行之。
以上所述之芳香族液晶聚酯的製造程序可以以批次或是以連續的方式來進行。
本發明之含有芳香族液晶聚酯纖維的薄板係浸入於含有溶劑和芳香族液晶聚酯的芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中,其 溶劑中含有下式(I)之酚化合物,其含量為溶劑重量的30%或更高: 其中,A表示鹵素原子或三鹵甲基,i表示A的數目,其為1至5之整數,且當i等於2或更大值時,數個A彼此獨立,其可以相同或不同,但較佳的是彼此相同。較佳的整數i是1至3,更佳的是1或2。當整數i為1時,A的取代位置以位置4較佳;當整數i為2或更大時,較佳的是至少有一個A的取代位置為位置4(設羥基的取代位置為位置1)。
所使用的溶劑可以在室溫(約為20℃)或是加熱下溶解芳香族液晶聚酯。
所使用的溶劑量中所含的酚化合物為溶劑的60重量%或更高為較佳。更佳的是所使用的溶劑量為100重量%的酚化合物,因為在製備溶劑時不需要與其他的成分混合。
式(I)中的A為鹵素原子的實例包括氟原子、氯原子、溴原子及碘原子。較佳的是氟原子或氯原子,更佳的是氯原子。
式(I)的酚化合物中的鹵素原子為氟原子的實例包括五氟酚、四氟酚等。
式(I)的酚化合物中的鹵素原子為氯原子的實例包括 鄰-氯酚、對-氯酚等。以溶解度的觀點而言,較佳的是對-氯酚。
式(I)的酚化合物中的A為三鹵甲基時,其鹵素原子包括氟原子、氯原子、溴原子及碘原子。
式(I)的酚化合物中的三鹵甲基的鹵素原子為氟時,其實例包括3,5-二三氟甲基酚。
本發明之酚化合物中,以價格和取得便利性的觀點而言,以氯取代的酚化合物例如是鄰-氯酚及對-氯酚較佳;以溶解度的觀點而言,則以對-氯酚較佳。
除了上述的酚化合物外,所使用的溶劑可以含有其他的成分,但其在溶液儲存期間或是在後述的塗佈期間不能使芳香族液晶聚酯沉澱。
上述的其他成分可包括氯基化合物如四氯甲烷、二氯甲烷及四氯乙烷,但不限於此。
本發明之含有芳香族液晶聚酯纖維的薄板係浸入於含有溶劑和芳香族液晶聚酯的芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中,其中芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中的芳香族液晶聚酯含量為100重量份的上述溶劑中含有0.5至100重量份。以使用性和經濟效益而言,芳香族液晶聚酯的較佳含量為100重量份的上述溶劑中含有1至50重量份,更佳的是100重量份的上述溶劑中含有3至10重量份。芳香族液晶聚酯的含量太低會影響生產的效能;但含量太高則芳香族液晶聚酯難以溶解於溶液中。
本發明所使用的芳香族液晶聚酯溶液的製備方法可將 芳香族液晶聚酯溶解於上述的溶劑中以製備之。在使用之前,最好能以攪拌器等來移除溶液中微細的異質顆粒。
只要沒有不良的影響,芳香族液晶聚酯溶液可更包括無機的填充物,如氧化矽、氫氧化鋁和碳酸鈣;有機的填充物如已凝固的環氧樹脂、已交聯的苯代三聚氰胺樹脂(benzoguanamine resin)以及已交聯的醯基聚合物;熱塑性樹脂如聚醯胺、聚酯、聚苯硫醚(polyphenylene sulfide)、聚醚酮、聚羧酸酯、聚醚碸(polyether sulfone)、聚苯基醚及其改良之產物(modified product)以及聚醚亞醯胺;熱固性樹脂如酚樹脂、環氧樹脂、聚亞醯胺樹脂及氰酸酯樹脂(cyanate resin);各種添加劑如矽甲烷偶合劑、抗氧化劑、紫外光吸收劑。芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中可含有兩種或多種上述之物質。
本發明之含有芳香族液晶聚酯纖維的薄板係浸入於上述的芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中。
上述薄板之實例包括芳香族液晶聚酯纖維製成的多孔膜、紡織品、編織品、不織布(non-woven cross)。多孔膜可經由單軸拉伸製程、雙軸拉伸製程、T模(T die)製程而製得。不織布則可藉由乾式或濕式製程來製得。
薄板中的芳香族液晶聚酯纖維可由至少一種芳香族聚酯製得,例如是上述用來製備芳香族聚酯溶液的芳香族聚酯。如上所述,芳香族聚酯可藉由芳香族二醇、芳香族二羧酸、芳香族羥基羧酸或其組合進行聚合反應來製得。用來製備芳香族聚酯纖維的芳香族聚酯以及用來製備芳香 族聚酯溶液的芳香族聚酯係彼此獨立,可相同或不同。
本發明之薄板係浸入於上述的芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中,其所使用的溶液量為薄板重量的1至1000倍。
在浸漬後,移除薄板中的溶劑,以形成浸漬樹脂的基板。移除溶劑後的薄板厚度約為30微米至200微米。
移除溶劑的方法並無特別限制,但將溶劑蒸發是一種較佳的方法。蒸發溶劑的方法包括加熱、減壓、吹風(blowing)等。
如有需要,所形成的浸漬樹脂的基板可再進行熱處理。
所形成的浸漬樹脂的基板可包括薄板和芳香族液晶聚酯樹脂,其中樹脂和薄板的重量比為10至90,較佳的是20至80,更佳的是40至60。
最終的浸漬樹脂的基板可以單獨使用或與其他的薄板或薄膜等一起疊合使用。
疊合的方法並無特別限制,其疊合的方法例如是其包括將浸漬樹脂的基板與另一薄板或薄膜等黏著之步驟;或是包括以熱加壓之方式來進行熱融合步驟等等。
上述將進行疊合的另一薄板或薄膜包括例如是一金屬箔和樹脂薄膜等。
本發明之浸漬樹脂的基板,係與至少一種導電層一起使用較佳,其中導電層係置於至少一側的基板上。具有導電層的浸漬樹脂基板的形成方法包括在浸漬樹脂的基板上疊合一層金屬薄膜,或是在浸漬樹脂之基板上塗佈金屬粉 末或是金屬顆粒來形成導電層等等。金屬粉末或金屬顆粒之材質包括銅、鋁和銀。採用塗佈的方式來形成導電層時,就導電性和成本而言,以銅來形成導電層較佳。
上述疊合方法的實例包括:其步驟中包括以黏著劑將金屬薄膜(箔)黏在浸漬樹脂的基板上之方法;其步驟中包括以熱加壓的方式來進行熱融合之方法。上述塗佈方法的實例包括:以電鍍、絲網印刷(screen printing)或是濺鍍等方法來塗佈金屬粉末或金屬顆粒。
具有導電層的浸漬樹脂的基板可做為印刷電路板等。在最終的印刷電路板上可再疊上一層覆蓋膜以保護電路板上的導電層。
本發明之浸漬樹脂的基板的耐熱性高,可用於焊接的情況下。而且本發明之浸漬樹脂的基板在高頻區域的介電損失切角小,因此是一種絕佳的絕緣樹脂基板,其可符合近年來資訊通訊設備領域中頻率與日俱增(100MHz或更高)的需要。再者,具有導電層的浸漬樹脂的基板,其包括本發明所形成的浸漬樹脂的基板以及至少一層設置於基板上的導電層,因此非常適合用於行動電話(cellular phone)、半導體封裝及主機板(mother board)等的多層印刷電路板中,並且可用於印刷電路板如軟性印刷電路板(flexible printed wiring board)及硬式印刷電路板中。在這一些應用中,浸漬樹脂基板都必須具有絕佳的特性,例如是芳香族液晶聚酯的低吸濕性及高尺寸穩定性等特性,而且對於焊料也必須具有高的耐熱性。
本發明之說明如上,其可以各種方式加以變化,熟悉此技藝者在不脫離本發明的精神範圍內當可做各種的變化與潤飾,因此本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。
於2004年1月8日提出申請的日本專利申請案第2004-2704號之說明書、申請專利範圍及發明內容所揭露的內容全部併入本案參考之。
實例
本發明將以實例更詳細說明如下,但並非用以限制本發明之範圍。
例1 (1)製備芳香族液晶聚酯:
在具有攪拌槳、扭矩計(torque meter)、氮氣導管、溫度計及迴流冷凝器的的反應瓶中加入128克(0.68莫耳)的2-羥基-6-萘酸、63.3克(0.34莫耳)的4,4’-二羥基聯苯、56.5克(0.34莫耳)的間苯二甲酸(isophthalic acid)以及152.7克(1.50莫耳)的醋酸酐。以氮氣完全置換反應瓶中的空氣,再於氮氣流下升溫至攝氏150度並持續15分鐘。之後,於相同的溫度下迴流3小時。
在餾出副產物醋酸以及未反應的醋酸酐之後,將溫度升溫至攝氏320度持續170分鐘。當攪拌所形成的混合物的扭矩開始增加時(可視為反應已達終點),將熔融態的混合物從反應瓶取出,然後冷卻至室溫以使之固化。其後, 以壓碎機(crusher)將所得到的固態物質稍微壓碎,再於250℃的氮氣下進行固相聚合反應3小時,以獲得芳香族液晶聚酯粉末。於攝氏350度下以偏光顯微鏡觀察所形成的粉末呈schrieren圖案,具液晶相之特徵。
藉由流體測試機CFT-500(由Shimadzu公司製造)在攝氏250度100公斤的負載下將所形成的芳香族液晶聚酯粉末(0.4克)以擠壓成型法(compression molding method)模製成形,以形成3毫米厚的碟狀(disc-like)測試片。以熱水壓調節ADVANTEC AGX模組(thermo-hydrostat ADVANTEC AGX Model)(Toyo Engineering Works製造)在攝氏85度的85%RH的溼度下測量此測試片之芳香族液晶聚酯的吸水性,其吸水性為0.1%或更低。
此外,以HP阻抗分析儀(HP impedance analyzer)測試上述測試片之介電損失正切(dielectric loss tangent),其測試之結果顯示介電損失正切值為0.0010(1GHz)。
(2)製備芳香族液晶聚酯樹脂溶液:
將0.5克的上述芳香族液晶聚酯粉末加入於9.5克的對-氯酚中。然後,將所形成的混合物加熱至攝氏120度,以使所有的成分溶化,形成芳香族液晶聚酯溶液。
(3)製備含芳香族液晶聚酯纖維的不織布:
(i)以2-羥基苯甲酸及2-羥基-6-萘酸(70重量份;商品名為Vertran,由Kuraray公司所製造,其熔點為攝氏320度、細度(fineness)為1.7分特(dtex),纖維長度為7毫米);以及 (ii)泥狀物質(pulp-like material)(30重量份、其Canadian標準細度為30毫升),其係以精磨機(refiner)將2-羥基苯甲酸及2-羥基-6-萘酸所製備的芳香族液晶聚酯纖維(商品名為Vertran,由Kuraray公司所製造,其熔點為攝氏265度、細度為2.8分特(dtex),纖維長度為10毫米)磨碎,以製備泥漿。更具體地說,以碎漿機(pulper)將上述的芳香族液晶聚酯纖維(1)和上述泥狀物質藉由一種分散劑分散於水中,再加入濃稠劑(thickening agent),來製備均勻的泥漿。將泥漿以斜面造紙機(inclined paper machine)濕式裱糊,以形成40.0 g/m2的不織布。在攝氏170度下對濕的不織布施加100 kg/cm的線壓力,以進行熱輾壓處理,之後,再將所形成的不織布於攝氏280度的溫度下鍛燒12小時。
(4)浸漬樹脂的基板的製備:
將芳香族液晶聚酯纖維所製成的不織布浸於上述步驟(2)所製得的芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中,然後,於攝氏100度的加熱板上加熱1小時,以去除對-氯酚,形成一個已經浸漬了芳香族液晶聚酯的薄板。以HP阻抗分析儀測量此薄板的介電損失正切,其值為0.0016(1GHz)。
於攝氏320度的熱空氣乾燥機中熱處理所形成的薄板1小時,以形成80微米厚的浸漬了芳香族液晶聚酯之基板。再將浸漬了芳香族液晶聚酯的基板浸於具有280℃焊料的焊料浴(solder bath)中,以使焊料覆蓋於基板的表面上。浸漬了樹脂的基板在目視下並沒有變形或泡脹 (swelling)現象。
以HP阻抗分析儀測量上述已浸漬了樹脂的基板的介電損失正切,其值為0.0005(1GHz)。
比較例1
將浸漬了環氧樹脂的玻璃(glass cross)所製成的薄板(FR-4,由Hitach化學公司所製造,厚度為800微米)浸於具有280℃焊料的焊料浴中,以使焊料覆蓋於薄板的表面上。此浸漬了環氧樹脂的薄片有些微熱退化(heat degradation)及變形的現象。以HP阻抗分析儀測量此已浸漬了環氧樹脂的薄板,其值為0.012(1GHz)。
雖然本發明已以較佳實施例揭露如上,然其並非用以限定本發明,任何熟習此技藝者,在不脫離本發明之精神和範圍內,當可作些許之更動與潤飾,因此本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。

Claims (4)

  1. 一種浸漬樹脂的基板的製造方法,包括:將一含有芳香族液晶聚酯纖維之薄板浸入於一芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中,該芳香族液晶聚酯溶液中含有100重量份的溶劑及0.5至100重量份的芳香族液晶聚酯;以及移除該溶劑,該溶劑中含有以下式(I)表示的酚化合物,其含量為該溶劑重量的30%或更高: 其中,A表示鹵素原子或三鹵甲基,i表示A的數目,其為1至5之整數,且當i等於2或更大值時,各個A彼此獨立。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之浸漬樹脂的基板的製造方法,其中該薄板包括不織布。
  3. 一種浸漬樹脂的基板,其包括申請專利範圍第1項所述之浸漬樹脂的基板的製造方法所製造的基板及至少一設於該基板之至少一側面上之導電層。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之浸漬樹脂的基板,其係用以作為一印刷電路板。
TW93140440A 2004-01-08 2004-12-24 浸漬樹脂的基板及其製造方法 TWI386431B (zh)

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