TWI351858B - Sphere decoding apparatus and method - Google Patents

Sphere decoding apparatus and method Download PDF

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TWI351858B
TWI351858B TW095119478A TW95119478A TWI351858B TW I351858 B TWI351858 B TW I351858B TW 095119478 A TW095119478 A TW 095119478A TW 95119478 A TW95119478 A TW 95119478A TW I351858 B TWI351858 B TW I351858B
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candidate
matrix
cost
symbol
cluster
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TW095119478A
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TW200707998A (en
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Hemanth Sampath
Tamer Kadous
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Qualcomm Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L25/03178—Arrangements involving sequence estimation techniques
    • H04L25/03203—Trellis search techniques
    • H04L25/03242—Methods involving sphere decoding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
    • H03M13/37—Decoding methods or techniques, not specific to the particular type of coding provided for in groups H03M13/03 - H03M13/35
    • H03M13/45—Soft decoding, i.e. using symbol reliability information
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
    • H04L1/0047—Decoding adapted to other signal detection operation
    • H04L1/0048—Decoding adapted to other signal detection operation in conjunction with detection of multiuser or interfering signals, e.g. iteration between CDMA or MIMO detector and FEC decoder
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
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    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
    • H04L1/0064—Concatenated codes
    • H04L1/0066—Parallel concatenated codes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
    • H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
    • H04L1/0618—Space-time coding
    • H04L1/0631—Receiver arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
    • H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
    • H04L1/0618—Space-time coding
    • H04L1/0637—Properties of the code
    • H04L1/0656—Cyclotomic systems, e.g. Bell Labs Layered Space-Time [BLAST]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L25/03178—Arrangements involving sequence estimation techniques
    • H04L25/03184—Details concerning the metric
    • H04L25/03197—Details concerning the metric methods of calculation involving metrics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/32—Carrier systems characterised by combinations of two or more of the types covered by groups H04L27/02, H04L27/10, H04L27/18 or H04L27/26
    • H04L27/34—Amplitude- and phase-modulated carrier systems, e.g. quadrature-amplitude modulated carrier systems
    • H04L27/38—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H04L1/0002—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the transmission rate
    • H04L1/0003—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the transmission rate by switching between different modulation schemes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H04L1/0009—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the channel coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
    • H04L1/0023—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the signalling
    • H04L1/0026—Transmission of channel quality indication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
    • H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L2025/0335—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference characterised by the type of transmission
    • H04L2025/03375—Passband transmission
    • H04L2025/03414—Multicarrier
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems

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  • Power Engineering (AREA)
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  • Probability & Statistics with Applications (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radio Transmission System (AREA)
  • Error Detection And Correction (AREA)
  • Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
  • Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Description

1351858 九、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本揭示案大體而言係關於通訊，且更特定言之，係關於 用於解碼經由一通訊通道接收碼字组之技術。 【先前技術】 在一無線通訊系統中，一來自一傳輸器之RF調變訊號可 經由若干傳播路徑到達一接收器。該等傳播路徑之特徵通 常由於諸如衰落及多路徑之若干因素而隨時間變化。為提 供與不良路徑效應相抵之差異性且改良效能，可使用多個 傳輸及接收天線。若在傳輸與接收天線之間之傳播路徑為 線性獨立的（意即，一路徑上之傳輸並非為其他路徑上之傳 輸的線性組合）’則正確接收一資料傳輸之可能性隨天線數 目之增加而增加。大體而言，隨著更多傳輸及接收天線， 差異性增加且效能改良。 一夕輸入多輸出（ΜΙΜΟ)通訊系統可使用多個（Ντ)傳輸天 線及夕個（Nr)接收天線用於資料傳輸。一由Ντ個傳輸及Nr 個接收天線形成之MIM0通道可分解為Ns個獨立通道，其中 NsSmin{NT，NR}。該等Ns獨立通道中之每一者對應於—維 度，且亦可稱為該ΜΙΜΟ通道之一空間子通道（或一傳輸通 道）。若利用多個傳輸及接收天線所產生之額外維度，則 ΜΙΜΟ系統可提供改良之效能（例如，增加之傳輸能力 對於一全級數ΜΙΜ0通道，其中Ns = Nt^Nr，一獨立資料 流可自NT個傳輸天線中之每—者傳輸。所傳輸之資料流可 經受不同通道條件(例如’不同衰落及多路徑效應)且可對於 111770.doc
JO 給疋傳輸功率量達 接收器處㈣㈣==雜干擾比（隨）。此外，若在 流，則可視其中恢復資料:/以恢復所傳輸之資料 不同咖。因此，每—資;^特定次序而定為資料流達成 為通道停件诵〜全 "可支持一唯一資料速率。因 資料速= 而變化，所以由每-資料流支持之 、料逮李亦可隨時間變化。 :=可具有多種操作模式。在-操作模式中，傳輪 瑪。接^ 率對在每—空間層上獨立傳輪之資料編 及接著了使用一如下工作之SIC演算法：解碼第一層， 及倍增之後自斤：碼，第二層使用-"估計通道"進行再編碼 、、曰立 收讯號減去其貢獻，接著解碼第二層等。 此方法意謂每一連續解碼層經歷增長的訊雜比（SNR)且因
此了支持更高迷率。在無誤差傳播之情況下，與SIC組合之 此操作模式達成容量。此設計之缺陷出現於"管理"每一空 S之速率的負擔，特定言之為：⑷增加的CQI(通道品質 和示器）反饋矾號傳輸耗用（每一層一個匸以）；0)增加的 ACK/NACK机息傳輸（每一層一個訊息）；⑷由於每一層可 終止於不同傳輸造成的混合ARQ(HARQ)方案之複雜性；⑷ 在、’.里歷增加之都菌勒效應及/或低SNR之通道中之通道估計 誤差的效犯敏感性，及（e)由於每一連續層不可解碼直至先 前層解碼為止而造成之更緊湊的解碼等待時間需求。在其 他模式中，提供來自一單個天線之單資料流的共同編碼。 或者，一傳輪器可使用每一層之相同資料速率對每一空間 層上之資料編碼，且可使用級數預測以視通道條件及SNR I11770.doc 1351858 而定在逐個封包基礎上調適空間層之數目β 為解碼所接收之碼字組，一接收器可為每一音調使用諸 如一 MMSE(最小均方差）均衡器之低複雜性線性接收器。或 者’可使用諸如一 ML(最大可能性）ΜΙΜΟ解碼器之非線性 接收器來以一更複雜實施例為代價達成更佳效能。特定言 之，一 ML ΜΙΜΟ解碼器之複雜性為級數μ及符號集群階 之指數函數。作為先前技術MIMIO解碼器之概觀，見 _ Hochwald 及 Brink, "Achieving Near-Capacity on a Multiple-Antenna Channel," IEEE Transactions on
Communications，第 51 卷，No.3, 2003年 3月，其内容以全 * 部引用的方式併入本文中。 【發明内容】 本揭示案提供用於經由一通訊通道解碼碼字組之方法及 裝置。本揭示案之一態樣提供一種方法，其包含：接收經 由一多輸入多輸出（ΜΙΜΟ)通道發送之至少一碼字組，其中 • 該至少一碼字組包含複數個層，每一層包含複數個候選集 群點中之一集群點。該方法進一步包含為每一層使用該碼 字組計算該至少一層之每一集群點的一狀態成本矩陣，且 選擇狀態成本矩陣滿足第一較佳標準之該至少一層的較佳 狀態；及為該層之複數個集群點中之每一者，使用該碼字 組計算自該層之一較佳集群點至一隨後層之每一集群點的 每一過渡的一狀態成本矩陣，且選擇至該隨後層之狀態成 本矩陣滿足第二較佳標準的較佳過渡。 本揭示案之另一態樣提供一種解碼方法，其包含：接收 】Η 770.doc 1351858 Γ複數個符號之碼字組，每一符號對應於複數個候選集 至Γ者。該方法包含，為-第-符號，計算該 第付號之母一候選集群點之一成太拓陆η + 成本矩陣且在一記憶體中 僅儲存计异所得之成本矩陣一 ^ 肉疋弟較佳標準之彼等候選 集群點。该方法進一步包含為每一 咩4 β 隨後付唬，且為緊在該 奴後付唬之前之符號的先前 相讦趴。哀纪憶體中之每一候選 集群點，計算自該先前儲存 候選集群點至該隨後符號之 一候選集群點的每一候選 ^ ± ^ Μ Α ^ ^ 的—成本矩陣，及僅在該記 憶體中儲存計算所得之成本 候選過渡。 纟本矩陣滿足第二較佳標準之彼等 配案之另一態樣提供一種解碼器裝置，其包含-經 =接收至少一碼字組之接收器，其中該至少-碼字組 W複數個層’每—層包含選自複數個候選集群點之一集 群點。該解碼器進一步 ^ ^ 3虻配置以為至少一層計算該 >-曰之一集群點矩陣，且選擇狀態成本矩陣滿足第一 準之該至少一層之較佳集群點的處理器’·該處理器 ，—八配置以計算自該層之一較佳集群點至一隨後層之 $展”隹夢‘έ的母一過渡的集群點成本矩陣，且選擇至該隨 <曰之集群點成本矩陣滿^第二較佳標準的較佳過渡。 本^案進-步提供如下進—步詳細描述之實施本揭示 ”之夕種態樣、實施例及特徵之其他方法及裝置。 【貧施方式】 圖1展示一且古之加― /、有夕個存取點（ΑΡ)10及多個終端機20之無 線通訊系絲]。_ « ~基地0係與該等終端機通訊之站。亦可將 H1770.doc 1351858 一基地台稱作一存取點、一節點6及/或某些其他網路實 體，且其可含有一存取點、一節點3及/或某些其他網路實 體之功能中之一些或所有功能。每一存取點1〇為一特定地 理區域2提供通訊覆蓋。術語"單元"視使用該術語之上下文 而定可指一存取點及/或其覆蓋區域。為改良系統容量，可 將一存取終端機覆蓋區域分割為多個更小區域，例如，三 個更小區域4a、4b及4c。每一更小區域藉由一個別基地收 發器子系統（BTS)服務。術語，，扇區"視使用該術語之上下文 而定可指一 AP及/或其覆蓋區域。對於一分區單元，用於彼 単兀之所有扇區之AP通常共同定位在該單元之基地台中。 本文描述之訊號傳輸技術可用於一具有分區單元之系統及 一具有未分區單元之系統。為了簡單，在以下描述中，術 語"基地台”一般用於服務一扇區之站以及服務一單元之 站。 終端機2〇通常分散於該系統上，且每一終端機可為固定 的或移動的。亦可將一終端機稱作一移動站、一使用者設 備及/或某些其他設備，且其可包含一移動站、一使用者$ 備及/或某些其他設備之功能中之一些或所有功能…終端 機可為-無線設備行動電話、一個人數位助理(PM)， 一無線數據機卡等。-終端機可在㈣給定時刻在前向及 反向鏈結上與零個、一個、或多個基地台通訊。 ★對於-集中式架構’-系統控制器3喻合且為此 等基地台提供協調及控制。系統控制器3〇可為單個網路實 體或網路實體之集合1於—分散式架構，Ap可根據需要 H1770.doc 1351858 彼此通訊。 圖2展示具有級數預測之SCW傳輸器。位元202視藉由速 率預測演算法212指定之封包格式（PF)208、210而經渦輪編 碼204及QAM映射206。在一實施例中，隨後編碼符號解多 工214為Μ個流216或層，其中Μ 228可為每5 m-sec接收器 226反饋指定之除5位元CQI 224之外的2位元整數。該Μ流 2 16隨後空間映射218至Μτ個OFDM調變器220及Μτ個天線 222 ° 圖3展示一使用線性MMSE均衡器或某些類型解碼器234 之SCW接收器201。在此實施例中，MR個天線232接收一經 由空氣傳輸之訊號。每一天線232之輸出經OFDM解調變233 且輸入至一線性MMSE均衡器或解碼器234中。該線性 MMSE均衡器或解碼器234可各建構在逐個音調之基礎上， 意即，對於每一音調，MR接收之訊號處理為產生Μ個符號 23 6。該線性MMSE均衡器或解碼器234亦可產生資訊來允許 CQI及級數計算231。對符號236進行解多工235，且可為Μ 個符號236中之每一者計算一對數概似比（LLR)237。隨後可 將LLR 237供應至輸出經解碼之位元239的渦輪解碼器238。 現將在本文中描述SCW接收器之多種解碼器實施例，特 定言之，一ML ΜΙΜΟ解碼器、一球體解碼器、一列表球體 解碼器及一列表球體籬笆解碼器。 為理解該ML ΜΙΜΟ解碼器之運作，定義如下： :接收天線之數目 Λ/·· ΜΙΜΟ傳輸之級數 111770.doc -10- 1351858 丹：每音調ΜΙΜΟ通道 每音調接收訊號向量（ΜβΧΐ) ί:每音調傳輸符號向量（Mxl)=[iS, ί2 ”.母音調雜訊向量（x 1 ) 一給定音調之系統式給定如下： (Eq. 1) X = Hs + η ML ΜΙΜΟ解給定如下： sML =argmin||x：-Hs||2
ίεΛ (Eq. 2) 其中Λ為藉由具有取自點之集群之^維向量^之各項界 =之袼子。可見：ML MIM〇解碼器選擇最大化接收訊號向 里為λ之可能性的傳輸符號向量、。在某些態樣中， ΜΙΜΟ解碼器之複雜性為MIM〇層之數目从及符號集群階 从c之指數函數。
為了降低ML ΜΙΜΟ解碼之指數複雜性，可使用已知為球 體解碼之技術。為理解球體解碼，首先定義通道矩陣"之 QR分解：// =淡，其中0為單位矩陣（本文中定義為 任何矩陣0使得P 0 =/)，且及為上三角从χΜ矩陣。亦定義 左為逼零解5 = (7/.7/)-1及、。自Eq. 2，
Sml =argmin ||^-/*||2
seA =arg mm[(s-syH，H(s-s) + x(I- //*)X1 ~arg,rin ^s~SyH，H(s-s) = f2 (Eq.3) 根據Eq. 3，球體解碼器可將其對一球體解蝎器解&之搜 尋限制於彼等位於一半徑為”r"以逼零解f為中心之球體内 的假定。該球體解碼器因此避免在所有可能假定S上之窮 U1770.doc 1351858 舉ML搜尋。 使用QR分解’ Eq. 3中之表式可進一步進行如下操作： argmin (s-s)'H，H(s-s) = argmin (s-s)'R'R(s-s) M argmin
Rs.
Si~si + Y,-Z~(sj ~Sj) (Eq.4)
Eq. 4之形式利用R為三角形的事實以方便地劃分將在獨 立層/中最小化之術語之計弄。其注意，對於矩陣好之任何 φ 更低三角形分解，同樣亦為真。此形式提出一如下描述之 用於解碼一接收碼字組之球體解碼程序。 - 球體解碼程序之一可能實施例展示於圖.4之流程圖中。請 注意、’在本揭示案中所給定之流程關意謂著為可能實施 例之例示性的，且不應解釋為限制本揭示案之範疇。首先， 確定球體半徑r之-初始值，方塊3〇1。接著，為第姆之叶 •舁設f方塊地》自計算的觀點，Eq 4之咖 側）可變為《丨丨〜〜心丨丨2，立中 以予 w w 層之集群。 鲁接者，執仃在所有候選集群點上 點，方塊304。在^以選擇-候選集群 得nu- 1 /、 群點，&，係,經選擇使 W。將候選集群點〜保存 方塊3 0 5。 』如6己憶體中， 隨後使所操作之層減#，心/ = 示 。自計算之 如方塊306中所 規點，Eq· 4之T Wc + II ~ ^Ai IP > φ - 用於第（Μ-1)層之隼群 果群。對於SCW設計，用认μ 為相同的’意即，_ ;所有層之集群 历=八，Vm = l，2，...M。對於— 給定點乙，選 疋lhs現變為 111770.doc •12- 1351858 擇一集群點，4-,，使得 2 「_ Α Λ 匙I, Uw., +4 h ||2&2， 右對於〜之選擇無點U用，則處理序返回以選擇另一 集群點Jw，如方塊309及3 1 〇中所示。 對於一給疋對乙-1、乙，設定z.=艏-2，且操作3〇4_306可 重複。此確定候選點之處理序於所有隨後層中持續直至且 包括z - 1，在該點獲得對應於單個候選解向量之—系列 候選點[〜，&_,，^2，···.，?ι]。此可藉由減量方塊3〇6及循環回至 方塊303而完成。在其中ζ·=〇之狀況中，保存向量，如方 塊3 07中所示。 可IW後计异對半徑之新更新咖且該半徑改變為 ，如方塊308中所示。此可藉由，例如再計算設想以 上所獲向量點之Eq. 4之LHS而完成，以獲得新半徑脚。 可使用此新半徑重複該處理序，且該程序持續直至不 存在屬於半徑ruMHe中之候選解向量。請注意：球體半徑隨每 一迭代而收縮，且因此大體而言解碼器不需評估所有可能 候選點以獲得球體解碼器解心。 自以上之描述，應注意：該球體解碼器之複雜性隨增加 之球體半徑”!·，，而增加，且最終接近河匕複雜性。另一方面， 若半徑選擇的太小’則河1解可能潛在的落在球體之外， 導致不正確的解。大體而言，較佳球體半徑v，隨（相⑽ 通道之大的特徵值展延及（b)低SNR而增加。而且，由於無 軟資訊藉由球體解碼器產生用於替代碼字組，因此其無法 H1770.doc 13 j 丄 〇：)〇 提供一且有私… 〃1狄貧訊之渦輪解碼器用於接合解碼。 〜 歷解碼器為-MIMQ_MAP解碼器，其能夠產生軟 ^供渴輪解碼器使用，且係基於球體解碼
表球體解碼哭* J 弓裔之一可能演算法實施例展示 描述中將作對其之參考。 在以下 一泉量#之方塊4〇 1中所示，首先選擇一球體半徑，，r"，以及 . W""，其函數將隨後描述。隨後跟隨方塊402-406， 類似於圖4 # 1 _ 之方塊302-306 ，以得出包含候選點 丨，〜-2’_...，？1]之候選解向量 。一 Η緙{日设、西加 則可如407中戶斤二旦獲仔候選解向量， 。。7中所不叶算關聯成本>,|2，且可由外部渦輪 =盜利用以改良效能。候選解向量之成本可稱作一" 為！諸如根…之LHS計算之每層成本： 明'主思’雜訊方差'2大體而言可由於不同音調 於一，：。候選解向量-成本聯合可如彻中所示記錄且儲存 '選列表”中。在球體半徑，？，内為其他候選解重複哼 荨步驟直至U矣選解駐於候 人 作”候選複數..。其後，一額㈣H玄參置u可稱 卜候選解向置添加至該候選列 、（僅#其關聯成本小於已在該候選列表中之最高 2若為純況，制除具㈣最高成本之候 本項’藉此在任何時候在候選列表f維持不大气項= 。或者，可將藉由解碼器為所接收之碼字組計算之第一 本界定為具有作為候選列表上之m成本之一的 貝格’且因此可如方塊彻中所示執行――般檢查。 與球體解碼$對比，列表球體解碼器㈣為若干候選碼 111770.doc 1351858 字組提供軟資訊’以及為每一候選碼 一 號）提供軟資訊。因此，其可與諸如渴母厂位元（或符 軟資訊之其他解碼5!姓人使 5益之利用先驗 听巧窃^合使用。為瞭解此 數且使MMmo傳輸之級數，得到每_ <為調變階 开夕她奴— 曰調傳輪之Ml/位 70之總數。在-較佳實施例中，每—位元6 ^ 軟外賦資訊（LLR)可近似為： *，〜]，2.取之 ^ X ^ ^S<b,=\> II2 W^A.ik) max -ϊΛ*-ι LE{bk \χ) « *. * 1 7 max stbk^\ (Eq.5) 其中 >**!> ^1=1>=h ί2 ......〜]… 包括所有候選解向量，其中~=1;σ2為雜訊方差； m …，之+|…]為藉由排除〜而獲得之位元之子向量. ’卩·…心㈣£叩+1] ·· j為存在於向量〜中之所有對應位 元上的先驗LLR資訊之向量；及 max.〇,6) = ]n(e°+e*)。 自對上文給出之列表球體解碼器之描述，球體半徑"Γ"不 隨每迭代而減少。結果，若初始球體半徑選擇的太大， 則複雜性極大提高。此外，計算所得之LLR2品質與複雜 性兩者隨增加之值而提高。若=2碼，則Eq, 5為等 式。大體而言，以上演算法之效能及複雜性視"r"及# c〇nd *'*4 定。 圖7展示列表球體籬笆解碼之籬笆圖。該圓具有對應於 ΜΙΜΟ傳輸之級數的M個階段及對應於集群點之數目之2的 111770.doc •15- 1351858 個狀態。例如，對於一 16_QAM集群及級數*傳輸，吾人具 有 M=4及 Mc=4。 類似於列表球體解碼，可指定參量％，其對應於維持於 每：:皆段之候選列表中的項之最大數目。在圖7所示之實例 性難琶中，U。圖6中展示—般列表球 -可能演算實施例。 法之 在圖6中，提供U初始化且設定，目6之方塊 L為所有料料算成本錢d;』，方塊 5〇3。在某些態樣中.，僅保留具有最小成本之«固點。若 則僅保留具有最小成本之，個點。在一解碼器之 籬色實施例t，例如參看圖7之㈣圖，此等狀態藉由陰貪 圈表示。此等狀態亦可稱作，，較佳”狀態。 / 上對於該等所選較佳狀態i中之每一者，計算與自第从層之 較佳狀態至S (Μ·1)層之’個候選集群點中之—者的每一 傳輸相關聯之成本矩陣，方塊5G5e可計算—個別成本 如下： R'：
R 'II SM - sM ||2 (Eq. 6) 此產生選對[iWi]之總數，各具有一關聯成本 矩陣。該等對係、由圖7中之,，點線"表示為離琶實施。 自數學觀點’可觀測到：Eq. 6中之術語心|ΚΑ|2實質 上已在圖6之方塊503中更早地計算出，且因此當執行稍後 叶算’例如在方塊505中時’無需再計算。此外，相同觀察 適用於隨後階段，處之成本矩陣計算，意，，可儲存為第 1 H770.doc 1351858 (ή)階段計算之狀態成本矩陣且可在為籬琶之心階段，或 狀態成本矩陣的計算期間再使用。類似地， 僅需初始計算^次，且亦可儲存且為u地 計算之剩餘計算再使用。關於隨後階段/之矩陣之計算相同 觀察適用。 # 隨後H2"c對或圖7中所示之"點徑，，，僅將自層Μ至 層⑹具有最小成本之^較佳過渡保存至記憶體中，曰方塊 亦將與彼等較佳過渡相關聯之集群點及成本保存至記 憶體中。該等具有最小成本之對在圖8中甴實線表示。連同 來自先前層之儲存路徑及成本儲存此等路徑及成本以產生 所橫穿的籬包路徑之記錄。此等路徑亦可稱作"較佳"過渡。 如藉由循環回至圖5中之減量方塊5〇4所說明，方又塊 505-507係類比地為每一隨後層直至们而執行。如先前所 描述，僅需為每一声將W 并 巧母廣將過渡及關聯集群點/成本保 存於記憶體中。 -旦層1計算結束，則獲得圖9之最终籬笆圖，1展示# 路徑及候選解向量。可隨後使用式5以獲得每1位元Γ LLR 〇 可伹兀之 如對列表球體解碼演算法之進一步改進，最優參量#可 視集群大小及跨越階段、視每一音調或音調群組之通^ 件，或其他因素而變化。在一實施例中，W '、 'S -¾ /ir ㈣了在存在更壞 通道條件下動態調節為更高，在 節為更低。 卩在更好通道條件下調 請注意，在某些態樣中，在Eq. 5中計算之術語若不 ϊ i 5770.doc 1351858 可省略’例如，若渴輪解碼器迭代仍將執行，或若 =解碼完全自列表球體解碼解m些態樣中，一列 、球體解碼器可與一渦輪解 &7ί 55甲聯，且藉由該列表玻贈 碼态計异之軟資訊可與該 亦然，直至獲得-收終―，且反之 =注意：大體而言’本文所描述之解碼程序亦可使用 替代輮準來實施以識別每一屉 @之較佳狀態。例如，替代僅 、，、有最低計算所得成本矩陣 卞 < 八〇»«/狀態或過渡，一實施 例可保留成本矩陣滿足某此i 卞—/、他標準（諸如低於一較佳成 之彼等狀態或過渡。該替代標準亦屬於本揭示案之範 _ ο a u X上程序可輕易地適用於多碼字組(MCW)系
統，其中集群大小在每_階段上變化。在—實施例中，I 可在所有階段上設定一恆詈2% 彡人，咖 r里256以給出對於一 SCW 4x4 ΜΙΜΟ系統可接受之效能。
此外’雖然一般在利用-_之上下文中討論圖6-9, 然而以上方法可無需使用一籬琶方法而利用。例如，可為 每一層計算成本矩陣且為該層計算集群點，而不使用籬色 圖示。在該狀況中，可為ΜΙΜ〇層而非籬包階段，且為集群 點而非籬笆階段的狀態作以上之計算。 圖10展示在多重存取多載體通訊系統1〇〇中一 Αρ ι〇χ及 兩個ΑΤ2〇Χ及20y之一實施例的方塊圖。在Αρι〇χ處一傳 輸（ΤΧ)資料處理器514接收來自一資料源512之訊務資料 (意即，資訊位元）及來自控制器520及排程器53〇之訊號傳輸 H1770.doc -18- 丄 J：)丄 δ：)ό 及其他資訊。例如，控制器5 2 〇可梧也m 』钕供用於調節主動AT之傳 輸功率的功率控制（PC)命令，而排程器530可為AT提供載體 之分配。此等多種類型資料可在不同傳送通道上發送。τχ 資料處理器514使用多載體調變（例如，〇fdm)對所接收之 貧料進行編碼及調變以提供調變資料(例如，_符號)。 傳輸器單元（TMTR)516隨後處理該調變資料以產生隨後自 天線5〗8傳輸之下行鏈路調變訊號。 • *AT 2〇X及2〇y之每—者上，傳輸及調變訊號由天線552 接收且提供至接收器單元（RCVR)554。接收器單元處理 且數位化所接收之訊號以提供樣本。接收（rx)資料處理器 • 556隨後解調變且解瑪樣本以提供經解碼之資料，与包括 恢復之訊務㈣、訊息、訊號傳輸等。可將訊務資料提供 至一資料槽558,且將為終端機發送之載體分配及pc命令提 供至控制器560。 &控制器56G使用已分配至該終端機且在所接收之分配中 • ^不《資源導引在上行鏈路上之資料傳輸。控制器560進― 步在不存在實際資料需傳輸，但期望保持分配之資源時， 拒絕抹除簽名封包。 控制器520使用已分配至終端機之資源導引在下行鍵路 上之資料傳輸。控制器52〇進一步在不存在實際資 輸M旦期望保持分配之資源時，拒絕抹除簽名封包。 對於每-主動終端機12〇, τχ資料處理器”4接收來自資 料源572之訊務資料及來自控制器56〇之訊號傳輸及其他資 汛例如，控制器56〇可提供指示通道品質資訊、所需傳輪 III770.doc 1351858 功率、最大傳輸功率’或終端機之最大與所需傳輸功率之 間之差異的資訊。不同類型之資料係由τχ資料處理器574 使用分配載體編碼及調變且藉由傳輸器單元576進一步處 理以產生隨後自天線552傳輸之上行鏈路調變訊號。 在ΑΡΙΟχ處，由天線518接收來自該等八丁之傳輸及調變訊 號藉由接收器單元532處理，且藉由rx資料處理器534解 凋欠及解碼。接收器單元532可為每一終端機估計所接收之
訊號品質（例如’所接收之訊雜比（SNR))且將此資訊提供至 控制器520。控制器520可隨後得出每一終端機之％命令使 得终端機之接收訊號品質維持於一可接受之範圍内。rx資 料處理器534將每一終端機之恢復之反饋資訊(例如，所需 傳輸功率）提供至控制器520及排程器53〇。 排程器530可提供指示至控制器52〇以維持該等資源。若 排程傳輸更多資料’則提供此指示。對於ατ 2〇χ，控制器 可判定是否需要維持資源。在某些態樣中，控制器別 可執行提供排程器530之功能之指令。 ▲進H制器56〇可執㈣於存取終端機參看圖卜9討 論之功能中的所有或某些功能。 个又梅迷之技術可以多種方法 々凌貫細*。舉例而言，此等技 術可實施於硬體、軟體或其組合 且。Τ。對於一硬體實施，用 於此等技術之處理單元（例如， 制益520及560, ΤΧ及RX 處理态514及534等）可實施於一或多 ，ASTr, ^ 次夕個特殊應用積體電路 (ASIC)、數位訊號處理器 (DSPD、… 益(DSP)、數位訊號處理設備 (DSPD)、可程式化邏輯設備（p 、 ) 琢可私式化閘極陣列 111770.doc 1351858 (FpGA)、處理器、控制器、微控制器、微 為執行本文播述之功能的其他電子單元或其;;内經設計 一對於-軟It實施例，本文所描述之技料藉由包 -或多個處理时“執行本域料之功能之指 ，.且(例如，程序，功能等)實施。該等指令可錯 動： 體之記憶體單元(例如，圓1〇中之記憶體522)中：：：： 器(例如，控制器52°)讀取且執行之類似物二 m可在處理益内部或處理器外部 ::處下::經由此項技術中一種方法通訊方式::至 本文中包括標頭以供參考且幫助定位某些部分 頭並非意欲限制在其下所描述之概念的範嘴，且此等： 可在整個s兒明書之其他部分中具有適用性。 提供所揭讀施例之先前描述以使得任—熟習
作或使用本發明。熟習此項技術者將顯而易見： 之各種修正，且本文中所定義之一般原理可應 用於其他實施例而不脫離本發明之精神或範•。因此，: 發明不欲限於本文所示之實施例而符合與本文所揭示之 理及新奇特徵一致的最廣泛的範疇。 ’、 【圖式簡單說明】 圖1展示一無線多重存取通訊系統之圖； 圖2展示包含一具有級數預測之SCW傳輸器之通訊系統。 圖3展示一使用線性MMSE均衡器或某種類型解 SCW接收器。 111770.doc 圖 圖4展示 圖5展示 球體解碼器之-可能演算實施例之流程圖。 列表球體解碼器之一可能演算實施例之流程 表球體解碼器之一另一可能演算實施例 固&展示一 流程圖。 圖7展示列表球體籬解碼之籬琶圖。 圖8展示在該籬 圖9展厂、 巴圖中具有最小成本之候選集群對。 不具有\_個路徑及候選解向量之最終籬笆圖。 圚展示且右 . 圖。 八—存取點及兩個终端機之實施例之方塊 1 2 4a 4b 4c 1 Οχ 20 20χ 【主要元件符號說明】 無線通訊系統 特定地理區域 存取終端機覆蓋區域之更小區域 存取終端機覆蓋區域之更小區域 存取終端機覆蓋區域之更小區域 ΑΡ
終端機 AT 2〇y 30 2〇ι 202
AT 系統控制器 SCW接收器 位元 滿輪編碼 ni770.doc •22· 204 1351858 206 QAM映射 208 封包格式 210 封包格式 212 速率預測演算法 214 解多工 216 Μ個流 218 空間映射 220 OFDM調變器 222 天線 224 5位元CQI 226 接收器 228 Μ 231 CQI及級數計算 232 天線 233 OFDM解調變 234 線性MMSE均衡器 235 解多工 236 Μ個符號 237 對數概似比（LLR) 238 渦輪解碼器 239 經解碼之位元 5 12 資料源 5 14 傳輸（ΤΧ)資料處S 516 傳輸器單元（ΤΜΤ] -23- HI770.doc 1351858 518 520 522 530 532 534 552 554 556 558 560 572 574 576 天線 控制器 記憶體 排程器 接收器單元 RX資料處理器 天線 接收器單元（RCVR) 接收（RX)資料處理器 資料槽 控制器 資料源 TX資料處理器 傳輸器單元 111770.doc -24-

Claims (1)

1351858 第095119478號專利申請案 ---------…一, • 中文申請專利範圍替換本(1001年单月为2>丨·/止1 十、申請專利範圍：1_ “補克i « 1 I t 1. 一種用於列表球體解碼之方法，其包含： 接收經由一多輸入多輪出（ΜΙΜΟ)通道發送之至少一 ^ 一"碼 子組，其中該至少一碼字組包含複數個層，每一層包含 複數個候選集群點中之一集群點； 3 為每一層，使，該碼字組計算該至少一層之每—集群 點的一狀態成本矩陣，且選擇狀態成本矩陣滿足第一較 佳標準之該至少一層的較佳狀態；及
2. μ為該層之複數個集群點中之每一者，使用該碼字組計 :自該層之-較佳集群點至—隨後層之每—集群點的每 一過渡的-狀態成本矩陣’且選擇至該隨後層之狀離成 本矩陣滿足第二較佳標準的較佳過渡。 如印求項1之方法，其進_步包含：對於每—層，將與該 等戶？選較佳集群點及過渡相關聯之該等狀態成本矩 存於—記憶體中。 3·如=求項！之方法，其中滿足該第一較佳標準包含成為且 有一集群點之最低狀態成本的候選複數個集群點之_ :、 如"月求項3之方法，其中滿足該第二較佳標準包含成為具 有對於—層之最低集群點成本的候選複數個過渡之一。〆、 5·=未項4之方法，其中該候選複數個可為在整個層上可 艾’且可為每-層之候選集群點之數目的一函數。 ;· Πΐ項5之方法’其中該碼字組為-多碼字(叫 8•如;；^4之m中該碼字單碼字（SCW)。 月1之方法’其進一步包含：在計算之後將一階段 111770-1000623.doc 1351858 本矩陣儲存在—記憶體中，且當在-隨後 9如請/ 集群點成本矩陣時再使用該儲存之矩陣。 .之方法’其進一步包含：自該等較佳集群點及 該荨較佳過渡判定候選碼字組。 10.如請求項9之方法，其進一步 總成本料候選碼字組之 如請求項1〇之方法，苴 = 本矩陣之候選碼字組^步包含選擇—具有最低總成 12·=項1之方法，其中當一計算所得之集群點成本矩陣 =有：給定層之最低成本的候選複數個集群點成本矩 車之時，滿足該第一及該第二齡#姆准 選複數個可為在整個層上可變的―。#準’且其中該候 2求項12之方法’其中該候選複數個對於所有層為值 方法’其中當—計算所得之狀態成本矩陣低 、拓疋臨限值時滿足該第一較佳標準。 15_=求項1之方法’其進—步包含計算每-位元之—軟外 賦資訊矩陣。 軟外 月求項15之方法，其中將每一位元之該軟 陣提供至-渴輪解碼器。 #育訊矩 17. 如凊求項16之方法，其中該渦輪解碼器進—步產生每一 位元之一額外軟外賦資訊矩陣。 18. 如請求項17之方 万法丨中母I包含-籬爸之一階段且 集群點包含該籬笆之一階段的一狀態。 111770-1000623.doc 19·—種解碼方法，其包含： 接收包含複數個符號之碼字組，每一符號對應於複數 個候選集群點中之至少一者； 為一第一符號： 。十算該第一符號之每一候選集群點之一成本矩陣； 在一記憶體中僅儲存計算所得之成本矩陣滿足第一較 佳標準之彼等候選集群點； 為母隨後符號，且為緊在該隨後符號之前之符號的 先則儲存於該記憶體中之每一候選集群點： 。十算自該先前儲存之候選集群點至該隨後符號之一候 選集群點的每一候選過渡的一成本矩陣；及 僅在該記憶體中儲存計算所得之成本矩陣滿足第二較 佳標準之彼等候選過渡。 2〇·如所求項19之方法，其進一步包含自儲存於該記憶體中 之该等候選集群點及候選過渡判定候選碼字組。 21. 如請求項19之方法，其申該碼字組係經由一MIM〇通道傳 輸，且該碼字組之該等符號係經由該ΜΙΜΟ通道在不同天 線上同時傳輸。 22. 如請求項21之方法，其中該ΜΙΜ〇通道係以一通道矩陣η 為特徵；其進一步包含藉由一單一轉換提供一與該矩陣Η 相關之上三角矩陣R，且其中每一符號之該計算所得之成 本矩陣為對應於該符號及在該符號之前之所有符號之矩 陣R的列中之係數的一函數。 23. 如請求項19之方法，其中滿足該第一標準包含成為一具 1Π 770-丨 000623.doc 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 有所有候選集群點 „ 之第一候選複數個最低成本矩陣之 的一關聯成本矩陣的候選集群點。 月长項23之方法，其中該第一候選複數個小於一符號 之候選集群點之總數目。 一喟求項24之方法’其中滿足該第二較佳標準包含成為 八有彼符號之所有候選過渡之第二候選複數個最低成 本矩陣之一的一關聯成本矩陣的候選過渡，其中該第二 、，複數個小於自該先前符號之—候選集群點至該隨後 符號之候選集群點的候選過渡的總數目，且其中該第 一候選複數個等於該第二候選複數個。 如請求項19之方法，其中滿足該第二標準包含成為一具 有所有候選過渡之第二候選複數個最低成本矩陣之一的 一關聯成本矩陣的候選過渡。 如請求項26之方法，其中該第二候選複數個小於自該先 則符號之一候選集群點至該隨後符號之一候選集群點的 候選過渡之總數目。 如s青求項19之方法’其中該等隨後符號中之每一者包含 一在時間上隨後之符號。 如請求項19之方法，其中該等隨後符號中之每一者包含 一在級數上隨後之符號。 一種解碼器裝置，其包含： 一經配置以接收經由一多輸入多輸出（ΜΙΜΟ)通道發送 之至少一碼字組之接收器，其中該至少一碼字組包含複 數個層，每一層包含選自複數個候選集群點之一集群 111770-1000623.doc -4- 配置以為至少-料算該至少-層之—集群點矩 : 選擇該至少一層之狀態成本矩陣滿足第一較佳標 準之較佳集群點的處理器；該處理器進—步配置以計算 自該層之_較佳集群點至—隨後層之每—集群點的每一 過渡的一集群點成本矩陣，且選擇至該隨後層之集群點 成本矩陣滿足第二較佳標準的較佳過渡。 31. 32. 33. 34. 。月求項30之裝置，’其進一步包含一用於為每一階段儲 存與邃等較佳狀態及該等較佳過渡相關聯之該等狀態成 本矩陣的記憶體。 «求項30之裝置’其中滿足該第一較佳標準包含成為 有》亥Ρό ^又之最低狀態成本的候選複數個狀態之一。 如。月求項32之裝置，其中滿足該第二較佳標準包含成為 八有及奴之最低狀態成本的該候選複數個過渡之一。 如清求項33之裝置，其中該ΜΙΜ〇通道係以一通道矩陣η 為特徵，其中該矩陣Η之級數為Μ，進一步包含提供一與 該通道矩陣Η相關之上三角矩陣R，其中階段數目之每— 狀L的β亥狀態矩陣表達為&丨丨、丨丨2，且其中該第Μ階段 之狀態成本矩陣表達為私^丨丨心一心丨丨2，其中： R為一藉由一單一轉換之與該矩陣Η相關之上三角矩 陣； RMM表示該矩陣R對應於該第Μ列及該第肘行之項； sM表示第Μ層之一候選集群點；及 〜表示逼零解f = 丑)-1开·χ之第Μ個項。 111770-1000623.doc U51858 過渡之狀態成本 5·如5月求項34之裝置，其中第i階段之每一 矩陣表達如下： s> + ~sj) L 片+i八// 」；其中 1表示籬笆之一階段的指數； Rij表示該r矩陣對應於該第丨列及該第丨行之項； ^表示該第i層之一候選集群點；及 毛表示該逼零解之第i項。
盘月长項30之裝置，其進一步包含一用於計算相關聯於 與一候選碼字組之每一層相關聯之每一集群點的每一位 π之軟外部資訊的軟資訊處理器，其中可自該等較佳狀 二及較佳過渡判定一候選碼字組。 3 7 種處理ϋ可讀媒體，其上包含可由―處理器利用之指 々’該等指令包含：
匕3複數個符號之一碼字組之一第一符號的指令，每 一符號對應於複數個候選集群點中之至少一者，計算該 第符號之每一候選集群點的一成本矩陣； ;在 5己憶體中僅健存計算所得之成本矩陣滿足第 一較佳標準之彼等候選集群點的指令；及 為每一隨後符號及為緊在該隨後符號之前之符號的先 則儲存於該記憶體中之每一候選集群點，計算自該先前 儲存之候選集群點至該隨後符號之一候選集群點的每一 候選過渡的-成本矩陣的指令。 月求項37之處理器可讀媒體，其進一步包含用於在該 111770-1000623.doc • 6 · 1351858 記憶體中僅儲存計算所得之成本矩陣滿足第二較佳標準 之彼等候選過渡的指令。
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