JPH03208355A - 半導体装置及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
半導体装置及びその製造方法Info
- Publication number
- JPH03208355A JPH03208355A JP2001467A JP146790A JPH03208355A JP H03208355 A JPH03208355 A JP H03208355A JP 2001467 A JP2001467 A JP 2001467A JP 146790 A JP146790 A JP 146790A JP H03208355 A JPH03208355 A JP H03208355A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- ball
- pad
- electrode pad
- semiconductor element
- die
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 15
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 6
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012916 structural analysis Methods 0.000 description 5
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002788 crimping Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000713 I alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000238558 Eucarida Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003127 knee Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- SYHGEUNFJIGTRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenedioxypyrovalerone Chemical compound C=1C=C2OCOC2=CC=1C(=O)C(CCC)N1CCCC1 SYHGEUNFJIGTRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/50—Assembly of semiconductor devices using processes or apparatus not provided for in a single one of the subgroups H01L21/06 - H01L21/326, e.g. sealing of a cap to a base of a container
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Abstract
(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるた
め要約のデータは記録されません。
め要約のデータは記録されません。
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
[産業上の利用分野]
この発明は、ワイヤ材に銅極細線(Cuワイヤ)を使用
し、半導体素子をダイスパッドに固定するダイボンド材
の物性を改善した半導体装置、及び、銅(Cu)ボール
がアルミニウム(AI)電極パッドに接触するまでを所
定の時間で行い、さらに圧着後のCuボールを所定の高
さとする半導体装置の製造方法に関するものである。
し、半導体素子をダイスパッドに固定するダイボンド材
の物性を改善した半導体装置、及び、銅(Cu)ボール
がアルミニウム(AI)電極パッドに接触するまでを所
定の時間で行い、さらに圧着後のCuボールを所定の高
さとする半導体装置の製造方法に関するものである。
[従来の技術]
第10図は、従来の半導体装置を示す断面図であり、図
において、半導体素子(1)は、表面に銀メツキ(2)
が施されたリードフレームのダイスパッド(3)上に、
ダイボンド材としてエポキシ樹脂(4)により固定され
ている。半導体素子(1)の表面には、A1電極パッド
(5)が設けられており、このAI電極バッド(5)以
外の部分は、後の工程で封止される樹脂からの不純物に
よってAI配線が腐食するのを防止するため、S i
O2のガラスコート(6)で覆われている。AI電極パ
ッド(5)とインナーリード て配線(ソイへ゛ボンド)さt1電気的に接続さh−こ
いる5、なお、このインナーリード(7)の表面にも銀
メツキ(9)が施されており、ダイスバッド(3)及び
インl゛−リ・−ド(l)は、共に銅合金ヌは鉄ごツク
゛ル合金を材料と1ζ製造されている。
において、半導体素子(1)は、表面に銀メツキ(2)
が施されたリードフレームのダイスパッド(3)上に、
ダイボンド材としてエポキシ樹脂(4)により固定され
ている。半導体素子(1)の表面には、A1電極パッド
(5)が設けられており、このAI電極バッド(5)以
外の部分は、後の工程で封止される樹脂からの不純物に
よってAI配線が腐食するのを防止するため、S i
O2のガラスコート(6)で覆われている。AI電極パ
ッド(5)とインナーリード て配線(ソイへ゛ボンド)さt1電気的に接続さh−こ
いる5、なお、このインナーリード(7)の表面にも銀
メツキ(9)が施されており、ダイスバッド(3)及び
インl゛−リ・−ド(l)は、共に銅合金ヌは鉄ごツク
゛ル合金を材料と1ζ製造されている。
第11図は従来の他の才導体装置を示ず断lfi図であ
り、ダイボントロと11.”ζAu−8i(金 シリ’
7 ン) ’4’1lH10)用イrc L4 夕)、
にi、第10 図4.−..... 示1..。
り、ダイボントロと11.”ζAu−8i(金 シリ’
7 ン) ’4’1lH10)用イrc L4 夕)、
にi、第10 図4.−..... 示1..。
た゛V導体装置ど同様Cある。
従来の半導体装置はL述1、l、:よ)に構成され、・
般1.:、ダイボンドHの選択は、ダイボンド時の加熱
温度G、“よる才導体素子の劣化と、ワイヤボン)で時
の接合不良の原因どなることを主に考慮1−なけノ・1
ばならない。
般1.:、ダイボンドHの選択は、ダイボンド時の加熱
温度G、“よる才導体素子の劣化と、ワイヤボン)で時
の接合不良の原因どなることを主に考慮1−なけノ・1
ばならない。
まず5ダイボンド材とL7て〕エポキシ樹脂(4)を使
用17だ場合、エポキシ樹脂(4)を硬化するj′:め
に1.50 ’C・−25Or;の温度を加ノるが、こ
の温度は低温であるため半導体素子(1)は殆ど劣化I
2ない。し、かI24ワイヤボンド時に問題が生じる。
用17だ場合、エポキシ樹脂(4)を硬化するj′:め
に1.50 ’C・−25Or;の温度を加ノるが、こ
の温度は低温であるため半導体素子(1)は殆ど劣化I
2ない。し、かI24ワイヤボンド時に問題が生じる。
第12A図及び第1コシIi3 i図)、支、。7゛ボ
〜3.y樹脂(/1)でダイボンドした半導体S −’
1’−(1)のA1電極パッド(5)に(−゛lボール
をボンディング後、硝酸(HN (’) 、 )を使っ
てコ:ツヂング11.た後におけるA電極パッド(r)
)のく1+ぞえし平面図及び側面断1h1図である。、
:れらの図にJ2ると、A1す1tffがAI排斥部(
11)で過度に生起11、Al電極バッド(a))のA
1膜(12)の下地層である5iO7膜く13)が露出
1.てl、まい、例えば札i開平1−143332号公
報に記載されているようい、高温保存の信頼性が低下紺
る。また、A1排斥の原因となる超音波コ:ネルギーを
低「′すせるとC11−A I合金層が十分生成t′S
れす、同じく高温保存の信頼性が低F′する。
〜3.y樹脂(/1)でダイボンドした半導体S −’
1’−(1)のA1電極パッド(5)に(−゛lボール
をボンディング後、硝酸(HN (’) 、 )を使っ
てコ:ツヂング11.た後におけるA電極パッド(r)
)のく1+ぞえし平面図及び側面断1h1図である。、
:れらの図にJ2ると、A1す1tffがAI排斥部(
11)で過度に生起11、Al電極バッド(a))のA
1膜(12)の下地層である5iO7膜く13)が露出
1.てl、まい、例えば札i開平1−143332号公
報に記載されているようい、高温保存の信頼性が低下紺
る。また、A1排斥の原因となる超音波コ:ネルギーを
低「′すせるとC11−A I合金層が十分生成t′S
れす、同じく高温保存の信頼性が低F′する。
この原因は、ワイヤボンド温度が250”C・−300
℃、エボこ!シ樹脂のガラス転移温度′■゛8が] 1
0 ”C・弓50℃程度であるため、半導体素子(1)
の固定が1−分て′ない−1−に、従来のAuボールよ
りも加圧硬化性が大きなCuボ・−ルを使用qるのにも
拘わらず2.:ハCΔ1.1ボール以−17の振動エネ
ルギ・−を印加1.ながらAl電極バッド(5)J−”
こ゛塑性変形4させるためと推定される。
℃、エボこ!シ樹脂のガラス転移温度′■゛8が] 1
0 ”C・弓50℃程度であるため、半導体素子(1)
の固定が1−分て′ない−1−に、従来のAuボールよ
りも加圧硬化性が大きなCuボ・−ルを使用qるのにも
拘わらず2.:ハCΔ1.1ボール以−17の振動エネ
ルギ・−を印加1.ながらAl電極バッド(5)J−”
こ゛塑性変形4させるためと推定される。
次(、:、ダイボントロとしてAu−8i半田(1(1
) )を使用1、た場合、ダイボンド温度はA u −
””−S i¥、田の液相線温度である370℃以上と
なり、ガラスコート〈6)にクラックが発生j〜、半導
体素子(1)が劣化する原因どなる。以下、これを説明
する。
) )を使用1、た場合、ダイボンド温度はA u −
””−S i¥、田の液相線温度である370℃以上と
なり、ガラスコート〈6)にクラックが発生j〜、半導
体素子(1)が劣化する原因どなる。以下、これを説明
する。
第1.3A図は、ダイボンド後の半導体素子(1)及び
ダイスバッド(3)等を示す斜視図であり、第1313
図は第1.3A図のA−A線に沿った断面図である。1
これらの図において、A1配線(14)は、すべてガラ
スコー)−(6)で覆われている。ワイヤボンド後の構
造解析により、Au−8i生田(10)でダイボンドさ
れたものを80%〜90%のリン酸()13 P O、
)溶液中に20分間浸tと、第14図(、こ示すように
A1配線(1,4)がエツチングされてガラス:7−1
・(6)にクラ・ツク(15)を生に、樹脂封止後の耐
湿性を劣化させることがわかる。このクラック(J5)
の発生原因は、ガラスコ−1・(6)及び半導体装1’
(1,)の熱膨張係数の差(ガラスコートのS i O
2: 0165xlO−’/”C1半導体素子のS i
: 3.5x 10−/て゛)により、A1配線(1
4)−Lのガ、ノス゛1−1・(6)の部分に応力が集
中12、クンツク(15) 1.、−、’至−)たもの
と推定される。なお、ダイボントロと1−でA u〜S
i’PITI(1,0)を使用する理由は、Cuワイヤ
とAI電極の相1?”拡散を促進4′るように、ワイヤ
ボン1ぐ温度をAuワイヤを用いノご場合以」−に上昇
させるためである。
ダイスバッド(3)等を示す斜視図であり、第1313
図は第1.3A図のA−A線に沿った断面図である。1
これらの図において、A1配線(14)は、すべてガラ
スコー)−(6)で覆われている。ワイヤボンド後の構
造解析により、Au−8i生田(10)でダイボンドさ
れたものを80%〜90%のリン酸()13 P O、
)溶液中に20分間浸tと、第14図(、こ示すように
A1配線(1,4)がエツチングされてガラス:7−1
・(6)にクラ・ツク(15)を生に、樹脂封止後の耐
湿性を劣化させることがわかる。このクラック(J5)
の発生原因は、ガラスコ−1・(6)及び半導体装1’
(1,)の熱膨張係数の差(ガラスコートのS i O
2: 0165xlO−’/”C1半導体素子のS i
: 3.5x 10−/て゛)により、A1配線(1
4)−Lのガ、ノス゛1−1・(6)の部分に応力が集
中12、クンツク(15) 1.、−、’至−)たもの
と推定される。なお、ダイボントロと1−でA u〜S
i’PITI(1,0)を使用する理由は、Cuワイヤ
とAI電極の相1?”拡散を促進4′るように、ワイヤ
ボン1ぐ温度をAuワイヤを用いノご場合以」−に上昇
させるためである。
[発明が解決しようどする課題1
ト述1−たような半導体装置では4ダイボンドHにエポ
キシ樹脂を使用しまた場合には、ワイヤボンドの加熱温
度がエポキシ樹脂のガラス転移温度以してあるため半導
体素子の固定が十分でないトに、Auボールよりも加圧
硬化性が大きなCuボールにAuボール以上の超音波振
動エネルギーを印加1=。
キシ樹脂を使用しまた場合には、ワイヤボンドの加熱温
度がエポキシ樹脂のガラス転移温度以してあるため半導
体素子の固定が十分でないトに、Auボールよりも加圧
硬化性が大きなCuボールにAuボール以上の超音波振
動エネルギーを印加1=。
なからA1電極パッド上で塑性変形させるため、Al電
極バッドのAIを排斥L2、下地SiO,膜を露出させ
るので、半導体装置の高温保存寿命を低t゛させること
になる。
極バッドのAIを排斥L2、下地SiO,膜を露出させ
るので、半導体装置の高温保存寿命を低t゛させること
になる。
また、ワイヤボンドの加熱温度をAuワイヤを使用した
場合より高く設定する目的でAu−8if田を用いた場
合、ダイボンド時の加熱温度で半導体素子のガラスコー
トにクラックが発生し、耐湿性寿命を低下させ、さらに
コストメリットがなくなってしまうという問題点があっ
た。
場合より高く設定する目的でAu−8if田を用いた場
合、ダイボンド時の加熱温度で半導体素子のガラスコー
トにクラックが発生し、耐湿性寿命を低下させ、さらに
コストメリットがなくなってしまうという問題点があっ
た。
この発明は、このような問題点を解決するためになされ
たもので、半導体素子をダイスパッド上に強固に固定で
きると共に、ガラスコート−クラックが発生しない温度
でダイボンドすることができるダイボンド材を使用して
Cuワイヤをボンディングした半導体装置を得ることを
目的とする。
たもので、半導体素子をダイスパッド上に強固に固定で
きると共に、ガラスコート−クラックが発生しない温度
でダイボンドすることができるダイボンド材を使用して
Cuワイヤをボンディングした半導体装置を得ることを
目的とする。
さらに、Cuワイヤ先端を溶融して形成されるCuボー
ルが、温度を保持することによる表面酸化膜の成長やC
uボールの硬度が高くなることを抑制し、圧着時に印加
される超音波振動によりCuとA1の原子を効率良く振
動させて、AI排斥に至らない半導体装置の製造方法を
得ることを目的とする。
ルが、温度を保持することによる表面酸化膜の成長やC
uボールの硬度が高くなることを抑制し、圧着時に印加
される超音波振動によりCuとA1の原子を効率良く振
動させて、AI排斥に至らない半導体装置の製造方法を
得ることを目的とする。
[課題を解決するための手段]
この発明に係る半導体装置は、ガラスコートとAt@極
パッドとの熱膨張差によるクラックを発生させない液相
線温度を有する半田によって、半導体素子をダイスパッ
ド上に固着したものである。
パッドとの熱膨張差によるクラックを発生させない液相
線温度を有する半田によって、半導体素子をダイスパッ
ド上に固着したものである。
また、この発明の別の発明に係る半導体装置の製造方法
は、銅ワイヤの先端を溶融して形成した銅ボールを、1
50ms(ミリ秒)以内の時間で半導体素子上のAI電
極パッドまで降下、接触して塑性変形を開始し、銅ボー
ルの高さが25μm以下となるように銅ボールを上記ア
ルミニウム電極パッドに圧接するものである。
は、銅ワイヤの先端を溶融して形成した銅ボールを、1
50ms(ミリ秒)以内の時間で半導体素子上のAI電
極パッドまで降下、接触して塑性変形を開始し、銅ボー
ルの高さが25μm以下となるように銅ボールを上記ア
ルミニウム電極パッドに圧接するものである。
[作 用コ
この発明においては、ガラスコートにクラックを発生さ
せず、ダイスパッドの銀メツキと半導体素子の裏面に形
成されたAuメタライズ層により、半導体素子全体を強
固にダイスパッド上に固定させることができる。
せず、ダイスパッドの銀メツキと半導体素子の裏面に形
成されたAuメタライズ層により、半導体素子全体を強
固にダイスパッド上に固定させることができる。
また、この発明の別の発明においては、Cuボールの形
成からA1電極パッドに接触するまでの時間と圧着時の
Cuボールの高さを所定の値とすることによって、Cu
ボールの加工硬化性を低下させ、CuボールをA1電極
パッドに接合する時にAIが排斥されることを防止する
。
成からA1電極パッドに接触するまでの時間と圧着時の
Cuボールの高さを所定の値とすることによって、Cu
ボールの加工硬化性を低下させ、CuボールをA1電極
パッドに接合する時にAIが排斥されることを防止する
。
[実施例コ
この発明が従来技術と大きく異なる点は、まず第一に、
従来技術ではワイヤ材がAuからCuへ変わったことに
よって克服すべき点を明確に分析していないため、製品
の信頼性を高めたり、量産可能な製造技術に確立されて
いないことである。これに対してこの発明では、Auボ
ール以上に加工硬度性の大きいCuボールの塑性変形を
改善することを第一に考慮して、超音波振動を確実にC
uボールとA、 I電極パッドに作用させるために、半
田系のダイボンド材を選択しな、第二に、半導体素子の
加熱温度がガラスコート−クラックを発生させない必要
性から、従来実績のあるPb−5%Sn半田等液相線温
度が370℃以下のものを選択した。最後に、Cuボー
ルの塑性変形性を悪くするCuボール表面の酸化膜の成
長を抑え、Cuボール自体の保持する熱を活用するため
に、Cuボールの形成からAI電極パッドに接触するま
での時間を150ms以下とし、超音波エネルギーを効
率良く作用させるため、Cuボールの圧着高さをできる
だけ小さく、すなわち25μm以下とするものである。
従来技術ではワイヤ材がAuからCuへ変わったことに
よって克服すべき点を明確に分析していないため、製品
の信頼性を高めたり、量産可能な製造技術に確立されて
いないことである。これに対してこの発明では、Auボ
ール以上に加工硬度性の大きいCuボールの塑性変形を
改善することを第一に考慮して、超音波振動を確実にC
uボールとA、 I電極パッドに作用させるために、半
田系のダイボンド材を選択しな、第二に、半導体素子の
加熱温度がガラスコート−クラックを発生させない必要
性から、従来実績のあるPb−5%Sn半田等液相線温
度が370℃以下のものを選択した。最後に、Cuボー
ルの塑性変形性を悪くするCuボール表面の酸化膜の成
長を抑え、Cuボール自体の保持する熱を活用するため
に、Cuボールの形成からAI電極パッドに接触するま
での時間を150ms以下とし、超音波エネルギーを効
率良く作用させるため、Cuボールの圧着高さをできる
だけ小さく、すなわち25μm以下とするものである。
以下、図面に基づき、この発明をさらに詳細に説明する
。第1図はこの発明の一実施例を示す断面図であり、(
1)〜(3)、(5)〜(9)は上述した従来の半導体
装置におけるものと全く同一である。
。第1図はこの発明の一実施例を示す断面図であり、(
1)〜(3)、(5)〜(9)は上述した従来の半導体
装置におけるものと全く同一である。
半導体素子(1)の裏面にはAuメタライズ層く16)
として例えばTi−Ni−Auが施されており、このメ
タライズ層(16)とダイスパッド(3)上の銀メツキ
(2)との間には、半田(17)として例えばPb−5
%Sn半田を介在させることによって、半導体素子(1
)をダイスパッド(3)上に固定している。
として例えばTi−Ni−Auが施されており、このメ
タライズ層(16)とダイスパッド(3)上の銀メツキ
(2)との間には、半田(17)として例えばPb−5
%Sn半田を介在させることによって、半導体素子(1
)をダイスパッド(3)上に固定している。
第2図はCuボール形成後のワイヤボンド工程を示す構
成図であり、Cuボール(8a)をAIt極バッド(5
)上に圧接するキャピラリー・チップ(18)が、半導
体素子(1)の上方に配置されている。また、ダイスパ
ッド(3)の下には、ダイスパッド(3)を加熱するた
めのし−トブロック(19)が置かれでいる。
成図であり、Cuボール(8a)をAIt極バッド(5
)上に圧接するキャピラリー・チップ(18)が、半導
体素子(1)の上方に配置されている。また、ダイスパ
ッド(3)の下には、ダイスパッド(3)を加熱するた
めのし−トブロック(19)が置かれでいる。
」−述1. 、q:ように構成された゛]′、導体装置
W f1ニア、、、おいてC1uボ・−ル(8a)は、
第3図に小ずよつに、キャピラリー チップ(18)
と共にA1電極バッド(5)1−に同士11、。入ヤじ
う・リー ・デツプ(18)からの尚重く約1sOy)
ど超音波振動エネルギ・−1及びl−、−、、、、、−
ドブl−7ツク〈19)からの熱エネルギー(約280
”C)4こ、、Jニー)て、All電極バラで(5)と
接ず1シる、1 □こて、(:Uボ・−ル(8a)の塑性・変形を定星的
(1,″把握するため1.、二、−・定の超音波振動〕
、ネルギーをA−ヤビラリ・−づツブ(18)4.″加
ノーてC−’: lIボ〜ル(8a)をA1電極バッ1
で(5)に接台1、た抄1、二のCuボール(8a)の
高さ(h )を、Cuボール(8a)の形成からAI電
極パッド(5)に接触1″るま゛(:′の時間(1)を
変化させて測定+、 f、。その結果を第・1図に承り
。、−の図から、上記時間tか]、 Ei (−、)m
!、以内では(ユ1」ボール(8a)の高さのバランA
が少なく良好であるが、150msを越えるとCuボー
ル(8a)の高さが一定どならずバランA・か大きくな
るので好ま1.<ない4.従)で 時間tが短い程(:
uボール(8a)の塑性変形が良好゛(、′、製声装置
の機械的制約から判断j、ても、15 Om s以内が
最良な染件て゛ある。−とが判イ、。さらに、好適には
12r)ms以干て゛あり、150 m s−1,OO
m 84.−おいて伊・また結果が得らノする。
W f1ニア、、、おいてC1uボ・−ル(8a)は、
第3図に小ずよつに、キャピラリー チップ(18)
と共にA1電極バッド(5)1−に同士11、。入ヤじ
う・リー ・デツプ(18)からの尚重く約1sOy)
ど超音波振動エネルギ・−1及びl−、−、、、、、−
ドブl−7ツク〈19)からの熱エネルギー(約280
”C)4こ、、Jニー)て、All電極バラで(5)と
接ず1シる、1 □こて、(:Uボ・−ル(8a)の塑性・変形を定星的
(1,″把握するため1.、二、−・定の超音波振動〕
、ネルギーをA−ヤビラリ・−づツブ(18)4.″加
ノーてC−’: lIボ〜ル(8a)をA1電極バッ1
で(5)に接台1、た抄1、二のCuボール(8a)の
高さ(h )を、Cuボール(8a)の形成からAI電
極パッド(5)に接触1″るま゛(:′の時間(1)を
変化させて測定+、 f、。その結果を第・1図に承り
。、−の図から、上記時間tか]、 Ei (−、)m
!、以内では(ユ1」ボール(8a)の高さのバランA
が少なく良好であるが、150msを越えるとCuボー
ル(8a)の高さが一定どならずバランA・か大きくな
るので好ま1.<ない4.従)で 時間tが短い程(:
uボール(8a)の塑性変形が良好゛(、′、製声装置
の機械的制約から判断j、ても、15 Om s以内が
最良な染件て゛ある。−とが判イ、。さらに、好適には
12r)ms以干て゛あり、150 m s−1,OO
m 84.−おいて伊・また結果が得らノする。
まf′、:、圧接j、た俊のC11ボール(8a)の高
さが2511 m以I′Jては、半導体素子(1)への
損傷はなく、Cu −A I合金も良好C,″゛4成す
るが、Cuボール(8a)の高さが25 )t rnを
越えるど、゛r導体素F (1)への損傷が生1′、同
時に合金の生成が不1分となり信頼性を低ト′させる原
因となる。なお、(”11ボール(8a)の高さ【lは
、第5図に示ツA−ヤじラリ−チップ(18a)の場合
は、Cuボール(8&)の凹部(8b)とA1電極バッ
ド(5)の最知距離を示すものとする。また、第4区に
おいて、Aは生成しプ、這、゛リボール(8a)の径が
小さい場白・、[)は4成I、2人7. Cuボール(
8a)の径が大きい場合である。通常、Cuワイヤ(8
)の外径は25 /4 m程度 圧接されブ、′:Cu
ボール(8a)の外径は]、 Q Q μm以下こ”あ
る。
さが2511 m以I′Jては、半導体素子(1)への
損傷はなく、Cu −A I合金も良好C,″゛4成す
るが、Cuボール(8a)の高さが25 )t rnを
越えるど、゛r導体素F (1)への損傷が生1′、同
時に合金の生成が不1分となり信頼性を低ト′させる原
因となる。なお、(”11ボール(8a)の高さ【lは
、第5図に示ツA−ヤじラリ−チップ(18a)の場合
は、Cuボール(8&)の凹部(8b)とA1電極バッ
ド(5)の最知距離を示すものとする。また、第4区に
おいて、Aは生成しプ、這、゛リボール(8a)の径が
小さい場白・、[)は4成I、2人7. Cuボール(
8a)の径が大きい場合である。通常、Cuワイヤ(8
)の外径は25 /4 m程度 圧接されブ、′:Cu
ボール(8a)の外径は]、 Q Q μm以下こ”あ
る。
次に、樹脂材」」−後の!4″−導体装置の200て、
゛におi−+る高温保存寿命を評価する試験を行ったと
ころ、第0図に示づ結果が得られた。この図から明らか
なよう1.’、この発明(、こよる半導体装置の高温保
存背合(図中、Cてイくt)は、従来の゛V導体装置の
高温保存寿命(図中、■)で示す)に比較1−2で改善
効果か見らノq−,f; 、同じ< 121. ’C1
100%l(H(こお(つる耐湿性試験を行い、これを
評価すると、第7図のワイブル・プロット図に示すよう
に、この発明による半導体装置の特性(図中、Eで表す
)は従来の゛14導体装置(図中、Fで表す)に比較し
て改善効果がみられた。これらは半導体素子の構造解析
によ−)でも裏(=jけられる。すなわち、ボンディン
グされたCuボール(8a)を硝酸(HN O3)を使
−)”Cエツチングした後のA1電極バッド(5)の甲
面図及び側面断面図をそれぞれ第8A図及び第8B図に
示す。こわらの図から明らかなように、少量のA1排斥
が起こってA1排斥部(11)が生じるものの、■地の
810.膜(13)は露出してぃない。J、た、第9図
に示すように、ダイボンド後の半導体素子(1)を80
℃・590て”のリン酸(+(、i:、+ c:> 4
)溶液中に20分間浸し”Cも、AI配線(14)が腐
食されることがなく、ガラスコートクラックも発生しな
かった。
゛におi−+る高温保存寿命を評価する試験を行ったと
ころ、第0図に示づ結果が得られた。この図から明らか
なよう1.’、この発明(、こよる半導体装置の高温保
存背合(図中、Cてイくt)は、従来の゛V導体装置の
高温保存寿命(図中、■)で示す)に比較1−2で改善
効果か見らノq−,f; 、同じ< 121. ’C1
100%l(H(こお(つる耐湿性試験を行い、これを
評価すると、第7図のワイブル・プロット図に示すよう
に、この発明による半導体装置の特性(図中、Eで表す
)は従来の゛14導体装置(図中、Fで表す)に比較し
て改善効果がみられた。これらは半導体素子の構造解析
によ−)でも裏(=jけられる。すなわち、ボンディン
グされたCuボール(8a)を硝酸(HN O3)を使
−)”Cエツチングした後のA1電極バッド(5)の甲
面図及び側面断面図をそれぞれ第8A図及び第8B図に
示す。こわらの図から明らかなように、少量のA1排斥
が起こってA1排斥部(11)が生じるものの、■地の
810.膜(13)は露出してぃない。J、た、第9図
に示すように、ダイボンド後の半導体素子(1)を80
℃・590て”のリン酸(+(、i:、+ c:> 4
)溶液中に20分間浸し”Cも、AI配線(14)が腐
食されることがなく、ガラスコートクラックも発生しな
かった。
なお、上述した実施例では8半田材とし7てpb5%S
n’l田を使用したが、液相線温度が370°C以下の
ものであtlば、他のどのような半田て′あっても同様
に使用することができる。例えば Pb−8n(5%以
上S n) 、P b−AH,P bI n、Sn−A
g、、 Pb−Ag−8n、 Pb−AH−I n等の
半田が使用できる。さらに、金メタライズ層く]6)と
して、T i −N i−A uを使用しt′:が、表
面がAu又はAgでメタライズされていればよく、メタ
ライズ層としてはAεメタライズ層であってもよく、例
えばCr−AH等が使用できる。
n’l田を使用したが、液相線温度が370°C以下の
ものであtlば、他のどのような半田て′あっても同様
に使用することができる。例えば Pb−8n(5%以
上S n) 、P b−AH,P bI n、Sn−A
g、、 Pb−Ag−8n、 Pb−AH−I n等の
半田が使用できる。さらに、金メタライズ層く]6)と
して、T i −N i−A uを使用しt′:が、表
面がAu又はAgでメタライズされていればよく、メタ
ライズ層としてはAεメタライズ層であってもよく、例
えばCr−AH等が使用できる。
また、半導体素子(1)は、プレーナー型のICでない
ガラスコートがないもの、又はSiO2膜等の絶縁膜の
ないトランジスタでもよく、基板自体もSi以外のG
a A s等の化合物半導体であってもよい、さらに、
A1電極パッド(5)のA1合金の下地構造は、SiO
2膜に限定するものではなく、他の材料による部材であ
ってもよい。
ガラスコートがないもの、又はSiO2膜等の絶縁膜の
ないトランジスタでもよく、基板自体もSi以外のG
a A s等の化合物半導体であってもよい、さらに、
A1電極パッド(5)のA1合金の下地構造は、SiO
2膜に限定するものではなく、他の材料による部材であ
ってもよい。
[発明の効果〕
この発明は、以上説明したとおり、リードフレームのダ
イスパッドと、このダイスパッド上に設けられ、AI電
極パッド及びガラスコートを有する半導体素子と、この
半導体素子と上記ダイスパッドとを固着する半田であっ
て、上記ガラスコートと上記AI電極パッドとの熱膨張
差によるクラックを発生させない液相線温度を有する半
田と、上記AI電極パッドにワイヤボンディングされた
銅ワイヤとを備えたので、ダイスパッド上に半導体素子
を強固に固定すると共に、ガラスコート−クラックの発
生を抑えることができるという効果を奏する。
イスパッドと、このダイスパッド上に設けられ、AI電
極パッド及びガラスコートを有する半導体素子と、この
半導体素子と上記ダイスパッドとを固着する半田であっ
て、上記ガラスコートと上記AI電極パッドとの熱膨張
差によるクラックを発生させない液相線温度を有する半
田と、上記AI電極パッドにワイヤボンディングされた
銅ワイヤとを備えたので、ダイスパッド上に半導体素子
を強固に固定すると共に、ガラスコート−クラックの発
生を抑えることができるという効果を奏する。
また、銅ワイヤの先端を溶融して銅ボールを形成し、こ
の銅ボールの形成から150ms以内の時間で上記銅ボ
ールを半導体素子上のA1電極パッドまで降下、接触さ
せ、次いで、上記銅ボールの高さが25μm以下となる
ように銅ボールを上記AIt極バッドに圧接するので、
塑性変形性が良好な状態でAI電極パッドとCuボール
を接合させることができる。
の銅ボールの形成から150ms以内の時間で上記銅ボ
ールを半導体素子上のA1電極パッドまで降下、接触さ
せ、次いで、上記銅ボールの高さが25μm以下となる
ように銅ボールを上記AIt極バッドに圧接するので、
塑性変形性が良好な状態でAI電極パッドとCuボール
を接合させることができる。
さらに、超音波振動を確実にCuボールとA1電極パッ
ドに作用させて、A!排斥の発生を抑えることができる
。また、最大のメリットは、Auワイヤのボンディング
・プロセスを殆ど変えることな(Cuワイヤのボンディ
ングを行うことができるので、製品としての実用可能な
信頼性を確保できたことである。
ドに作用させて、A!排斥の発生を抑えることができる
。また、最大のメリットは、Auワイヤのボンディング
・プロセスを殆ど変えることな(Cuワイヤのボンディ
ングを行うことができるので、製品としての実用可能な
信頼性を確保できたことである。
【図面の簡単な説明】
第1図はこの発明の一実施例による半導体装置を示す断
面図、第2図はCuボール形成後のワイヤボンド工程を
示す構成図、第3図及び第5図はA1電極パッドにCu
ボールを接合した状態を示す断面図、第4図はCuボー
ルの形成からA1電極パッドへCuボールが接触するま
での時間とCuボールの高さとの関係を示す線図、第6
図はこの発明及び従来の半導体装置の高温保持寿命の試
験結果を示すワイブル・プロット図、第7図はこの発明
及び従来の半導体装置の耐湿性試験の結果を示すワイブ
ル・プロット図、第8A図及び第8B図はボンディング
されたCuボールを硝酸によりエツチングをした後のA
1電極パッドのそれぞれ平面図及び側面断面図、第9図
はダイボンド後の半導体素子をリン酸溶液中に浸した場
合のガラスコート−クラックを構造解析した平面図、第
10図及び第11図は従来の半導体装置を示す断面図、
第12A図及び第12B図は従来の半導体装置のAI電
極パッドを構造解析した平面図と側面断面図、第13A
図及び第13B図は従来のダイボンド後の半導体装置を
示すそれぞれ斜視図及び側面断面図、第14図はダイボ
ンド後の半導体素子をリン酸溶液中に浸した場合のガラ
スコート−クラックを構造解析した平面図である。 図において、(1)は半導体素子、(2)、くっ)は銀
メツキ、(3)はダイスパッド、(4)はエポキシ樹脂
、(5)はA1電極パッド、(6)はガラスコート、(
7)はインナーリード、(8)はCuワイヤ、(8a)
はCuボール、(8b)は凹部、 (11)はAI排斥
部、(12)はAI膜、(13)はS i O2膜、く
14)はアルミニウム配線、(15)はクラック、(1
6)はAuメタライズ層、(17)は半田、(18)。 (18a)はキャピラリー・チップ、(19)はヒート
ブロックである。 なお、各図中、同一符号は同一または相当部分を示す。
面図、第2図はCuボール形成後のワイヤボンド工程を
示す構成図、第3図及び第5図はA1電極パッドにCu
ボールを接合した状態を示す断面図、第4図はCuボー
ルの形成からA1電極パッドへCuボールが接触するま
での時間とCuボールの高さとの関係を示す線図、第6
図はこの発明及び従来の半導体装置の高温保持寿命の試
験結果を示すワイブル・プロット図、第7図はこの発明
及び従来の半導体装置の耐湿性試験の結果を示すワイブ
ル・プロット図、第8A図及び第8B図はボンディング
されたCuボールを硝酸によりエツチングをした後のA
1電極パッドのそれぞれ平面図及び側面断面図、第9図
はダイボンド後の半導体素子をリン酸溶液中に浸した場
合のガラスコート−クラックを構造解析した平面図、第
10図及び第11図は従来の半導体装置を示す断面図、
第12A図及び第12B図は従来の半導体装置のAI電
極パッドを構造解析した平面図と側面断面図、第13A
図及び第13B図は従来のダイボンド後の半導体装置を
示すそれぞれ斜視図及び側面断面図、第14図はダイボ
ンド後の半導体素子をリン酸溶液中に浸した場合のガラ
スコート−クラックを構造解析した平面図である。 図において、(1)は半導体素子、(2)、くっ)は銀
メツキ、(3)はダイスパッド、(4)はエポキシ樹脂
、(5)はA1電極パッド、(6)はガラスコート、(
7)はインナーリード、(8)はCuワイヤ、(8a)
はCuボール、(8b)は凹部、 (11)はAI排斥
部、(12)はAI膜、(13)はS i O2膜、く
14)はアルミニウム配線、(15)はクラック、(1
6)はAuメタライズ層、(17)は半田、(18)。 (18a)はキャピラリー・チップ、(19)はヒート
ブロックである。 なお、各図中、同一符号は同一または相当部分を示す。
Claims (2)
- (1)リードフレームのダイスパッドと、このダイスパ
ッド上に設けられ、アルミニウム電極パツド及びガラス
コートを有する半導体素子と、この半導体素子と上記ダ
イスパッドとを固着する半田であって、上記ガラスコー
トと上記アルミニウム電極パッドとの熱膨張差によるク
ラックを発生させない液相線温度を有する半田と、上記
アルミニウム電極パッドにワイヤボンディングされた銅
極細線とを備えたことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - (2)銅極細線の先端を溶融して銅ボールを形成し、こ
の銅ボールの形成から150ms以内の時間で上記銅ボ
ールを半導体素子上のアルミニウム電極パッドまで降下
、接触させ、次いで、上記銅ボールの高さが25μm以
下となるように銅ボールを上記アルミニウム電極パッド
に圧接することを特徴とする半導体装置の製造方法。
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001467A JPH03208355A (ja) | 1990-01-10 | 1990-01-10 | 半導体装置及びその製造方法 |
US07/505,482 US5023697A (en) | 1990-01-10 | 1990-04-06 | Semiconductor device with copper wire ball bonding |
GB9010385A GB2239829B (en) | 1990-01-10 | 1990-05-09 | Semiconductor device and method of producing the same |
DE4021031A DE4021031C2 (de) | 1990-01-10 | 1990-07-02 | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Halbleiterbauelementes |
KR1019900018073A KR940003563B1 (ko) | 1990-01-10 | 1990-11-09 | 반도체 장치 및 그 제조방법 |
GB9323785A GB2271073B (en) | 1990-01-10 | 1993-11-18 | Method of producing a semiconductor device |
SG155894A SG155894G (en) | 1990-01-10 | 1994-10-21 | Semiconductor device and method of producing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001467A JPH03208355A (ja) | 1990-01-10 | 1990-01-10 | 半導体装置及びその製造方法 |
SG155894A SG155894G (en) | 1990-01-10 | 1994-10-21 | Semiconductor device and method of producing the same |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH03208355A true JPH03208355A (ja) | 1991-09-11 |
Family
ID=26334679
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001467A Pending JPH03208355A (ja) | 1990-01-10 | 1990-01-10 | 半導体装置及びその製造方法 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH03208355A (ja) |
KR (1) | KR940003563B1 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE4021031C2 (ja) |
GB (1) | GB2239829B (ja) |
SG (1) | SG155894G (ja) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5455195A (en) * | 1994-05-06 | 1995-10-03 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Method for obtaining metallurgical stability in integrated circuit conductive bonds |
US6376910B1 (en) * | 1999-06-23 | 2002-04-23 | International Rectifier Corporation | Solder-on back metal for semiconductor die |
JP2017135392A (ja) * | 2009-06-18 | 2017-08-03 | ローム株式会社 | 半導体装置 |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS532177A (en) * | 1976-06-24 | 1978-01-10 | Focke Pfuhl Verpack Automat | Package |
JPS5321771A (en) * | 1976-08-11 | 1978-02-28 | Sharp Kk | Electronic parts mounting structure |
JPS6447039A (en) * | 1987-08-18 | 1989-02-21 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Wire-bonding |
Family Cites Families (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1457806A (en) * | 1974-03-04 | 1976-12-08 | Mullard Ltd | Semiconductor device manufacture |
DE2428373C2 (de) * | 1974-06-12 | 1982-05-27 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren zum Herstellen von weichlötbaren Anschlußkontakten auf einer Halbleiteranordnung |
JPS586143A (ja) * | 1981-07-02 | 1983-01-13 | Matsushita Electronics Corp | 半導体装置 |
JPS5873127A (ja) * | 1981-10-28 | 1983-05-02 | Hitachi Ltd | Icチツプのはんだ溶融接続方法 |
CH662007A5 (en) * | 1983-12-21 | 1987-08-31 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Method of soldering semiconductor components |
DE3523808C3 (de) * | 1984-07-03 | 1995-05-04 | Hitachi Ltd | Verfahren zum Löten von Teilen einer elektronischen Anordnung aus unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen und dessen Verwendung |
DE3446780A1 (de) * | 1984-12-21 | 1986-07-03 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | Verfahren und verbindungswerkstoff zum metallischen verbinden von bauteilen |
GB2178683A (en) * | 1985-07-11 | 1987-02-18 | Nat Semiconductor Corp | Improved semiconductor die-attach method and product |
DE3641524A1 (de) * | 1985-12-10 | 1987-06-11 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Verfahren zur herstellung eines halbleiterbauelements |
DE3641689A1 (de) * | 1985-12-24 | 1987-06-25 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Verfahren zur herstellung eines halbleiterbauelements und eines darin verwendeten halbleiterchips |
JPS63148646A (ja) * | 1986-12-12 | 1988-06-21 | Toshiba Corp | 半導体装置 |
JPH01201934A (ja) * | 1988-02-08 | 1989-08-14 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | ワイヤボンディング方法及びキャピラリチップ |
JPH0817189B2 (ja) * | 1989-01-13 | 1996-02-21 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 半導体装置の製造方法 |
-
1990
- 1990-01-10 JP JP2001467A patent/JPH03208355A/ja active Pending
- 1990-05-09 GB GB9010385A patent/GB2239829B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-07-02 DE DE4021031A patent/DE4021031C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-11-09 KR KR1019900018073A patent/KR940003563B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1994
- 1994-10-21 SG SG155894A patent/SG155894G/en unknown
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS532177A (en) * | 1976-06-24 | 1978-01-10 | Focke Pfuhl Verpack Automat | Package |
JPS5321771A (en) * | 1976-08-11 | 1978-02-28 | Sharp Kk | Electronic parts mounting structure |
JPS6447039A (en) * | 1987-08-18 | 1989-02-21 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Wire-bonding |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5455195A (en) * | 1994-05-06 | 1995-10-03 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Method for obtaining metallurgical stability in integrated circuit conductive bonds |
US6376910B1 (en) * | 1999-06-23 | 2002-04-23 | International Rectifier Corporation | Solder-on back metal for semiconductor die |
JP2017135392A (ja) * | 2009-06-18 | 2017-08-03 | ローム株式会社 | 半導体装置 |
US10163850B2 (en) | 2009-06-18 | 2018-12-25 | Rohm Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR940003563B1 (ko) | 1994-04-23 |
GB2239829A (en) | 1991-07-17 |
DE4021031C2 (de) | 1995-04-20 |
KR910015024A (ko) | 1991-08-31 |
GB2239829B (en) | 1994-07-06 |
GB9010385D0 (en) | 1990-06-27 |
SG155894G (en) | 1995-03-17 |
DE4021031A1 (de) | 1991-07-11 |
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