JP6882374B2 - 制約isi比を用いる低電力チップ間通信の方法および装置 - Google Patents
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Description
2010年5月20日に出願されたHarm CronieおよびAmin Shokrollahi氏らによる“Orthogonal Differential Vector Signaling”と題する特許出願第12/784/414号の米国特許公開2011/0268225号明細書、(以後[Cronie I])。
2011年2月17日に出願されたHarm Cronie、Amin ShokrollahiおよびArmin Tajalli氏らによる“Methods and Systems for Noise Resilient,Pin-Efficient and Low Power Communications with Sparse Signaling Codes”と題する米国特許出願第13/030,027号明細書、以後[Cronie II]と識別される。
率で起こるので、それらの影響およびそれらの破壊的振る舞いを定量化して最小にする方法が通信システムの設計における大きな関心事である。そのような問題のあるパターンのアドホック識別とは別に、通信システム性能に対するISIのインパクトを評価するための信頼できる測定基準もなければ、そのような影響を緩和するためのチャネルまたは符号化修正を示唆する測定基準もない。
シグナリングは、通信チャネルを介して情報を送信する方法である。通信チャネルで搬送される物理量へのマッピング情報(典型的にはビットで表される)の任意の形式は、シグナリングと呼ばれる。好適実施形態において、通信チャネルで運搬される情報は、有限サポートの実数値関数を有する成形されたパルスを介して変調される。ワイヤに送信される信号は以下で表される。
[Holden I]で説明したように、係数a0,a1,…,am-1を有するマルチ入力コンパレータまたはMICの実施形態は、回路の入力を複数の信号導体および出力からのベクトル(x0,x1,…,xm-1)として受け取る論理和回路である。
数学的に、コードレシーバを備えるマルチ入力コンパレータの組は、入力ベクトル(x0,x1,…,xm-1)の連続要素、即ち、ベクトルシグナリングコードを搬送する複数の信号導体またはワイヤ入力に対応する行列の列と、特定のマルチ入力コンパレータおよびその出力を定義するベクトルに対応する行列の各行とを有する、行列表記法を使用して簡潔に説明することができる。この表記法において、行列要素の値は、その行のマルチ入力コンパレータによってその列の入力値に適用される重みベクトルまたはスケール因子の組に対応する。
[Cronie I]および[Cronie II]で説明されているように、直交差動ベクトルシグナリングコードは、入力変調ベクトルの形式(0,a1,a2,…,an)と行列Mとを乗じた生成行列によって構築することができる。最も簡単な事例において、このベクトルの各aiは、単一の値の正または負、例として±1であり、1ビットの送信情報を表す。
ODVS通信システムは、データ入力の各組み合わせを符号化された送信として伝達しなければならず、そのような符号化された送信のレートは必然的に、通信媒体の容量によって制約されるので、送信されるデータの変更レートは、コードワードの送信レートがサンプリング間隔を表すナイキスト限界内でなければならない。一例として、バイナリクロックまたはストローブ信号は、1コードワード送信当たりに1クロックエッジしかなければ、ODVSサブチャネルに送信される。
ISI比は、通信システムにおけるシンボル間干渉のシグナリングスキームの感度の測定である。それはある意味で、訂正されずに残存するISIに起因するシグナリングスキームの低下に対する測定である。
d(Ck,MICm)をコードワードCkとMICmを表す超平面との間の距離とする。MICmのISI比は、以下のように定義される:
差動シグナリング:
MICのISI比は1であり、
PAM−4シグナリング:
真ん中の(中心である)MICのISI比は3である。
d(Ck,MICm)をコードワードCkと基準MICmを表す超平面との間の距離とする。コードワードCkと原点を通過するMICmのシフトバージョンとの間の距離をd(Ck,MICm)で示す。そして非中心MICmのISI比は、以下のように定義される:
k個のコードワードCk k=1,…,Kのそれぞれは、以下の式によって与えられるMICmの出力においてそれ自身のパルス応答を生成する。
上記の論考に基づいて、我々は、ISI比の概念に基づくシグナリングスキームを設計することができる。説明を目的として、例は、ワイヤライン送信システムの範囲から出されているが、限定を伴わない。
・次元Nは、チャネルのワイヤ(即ち、独立した通信要素またはサブチャネル)の数に等しい。
表1のコードおよび式3の行列によって定義されるレシーバの数値解析を遂行すると、行列行1、3および5で定義されるコンパレータは、出力値±2/3を出すのに対し、行列行2および4で定義されるコンパレータは、出力値±1を出すことが分かる。差動シグナリングと比較した垂直アイ開口の損失は、従って、20*log10(3)=〜9.5dBである。この出力レベルの変動は、対角行列MTM=Dの非ユニティ値が対応するサブチャネルの非ユニティゲインを表しているとする、受信行列の直交性の定義を我々が緩めた結果である。当業者には明らかであるように、行列の正規化(即ち、対角値が1になるようにその要素をスケールする)は結果として、システムがすべてのサブチャネルにわたって一定のユニティゲインを有することになる。しかしながら、個別に正規化された多数の係数値が、多くの場合に無理数値を含み、実際のシステムで実施することが難しいので、このような周知の正規化方法は、次善の実施形態を導くことになる。
式3の行列で定義されたグラスウイングレシーバの実施形態は、図14に示している。6つの入力ワイヤは、w0からw5までであり、5つのサブチャネル出力は、S0からS5までである。ここで使用される描画方法(drawing convention)において、複数入力コンパレータ210から250までの入力のそれぞれは、各MICを定義する式3の行によって定義されるように、最終結果出力へのその入力の相対的寄与を表す、重みによって識別される。従って、210および230は、それぞれが等しい1つの正入力と1つの負入力および反対の重みを有する、従来のデュアル入力差動コンパレータを示すことができる。コンパレータ220と240はそれぞれ、それぞれが正値の合計の2分の1に寄与する、2つの正入力と全負値に寄与する1つの入力とを有する。コンパレータ250は、それぞれが正値の合計の3分1に寄与する、3つの入力と、それぞれが負値の合計の3分1に寄与する、3つの入力とを有する。
通信チャネルの固有の特性および半導体デバイスを製造するために使用されるプロセスに応じて、さまざまな周知技術の解決策をグラスウイングトランスミッタに適用することができる。超短および/または中データレートのグラスウイングチャネルは、従来の電圧モードドライバを使用して最適に駆動される、ハイインピーダンスの「CMOSのような」ポイントツーポイント相互接続を利用することができる。マッチしたインピーダンス終端を有するより高速および/または長チャネルは、好適には電流モードドライバを使用して駆動され得る。
図15の実施形態は、図14の基本的なグラスウイングレシーバを利用し、さらに1つのサブチャネルによって搬送される埋め込みクロック信号を組み込む。典型的には、クロックをサブチャネルに埋め込む場合、[Shokrollahi III]で教示されるように、クロックを搬送するために最高振幅チャネルが選ばれる。一般の設計手法として、この選択は一般的に、結果として最良のSNRを有するクロックチャネルとなり、従って、最もクリーンな出力結果となる。
一実施形態において、方法は、情報ビットの組を受信することと、サブチャネルコードベクトルの重み付けの和を形成するエンコーダを用いて縮小アルファベットコードワードベクトルを生成することであって、各サブチャネルコードベクトルの重み付けは、受信されたビットの組の対応する情報ビットによって判定される対応する正反対の重みの一部に基づいており、およびサブチャネルコードベクトルが、縮小アルファベットの重み行列を形成し、および互いに直交し、およびコモンモードベクトルに直交であることと、複数のラインドライバを使用して縮小アルファベットコードワードベクトルを送信することであって、縮小アルファベットコードワードベクトルは、複数の縮小アルファベットコードワードベクトル要素を備え、および各縮小アルファベットコードワードベクトル要素は、複数のラインドライバうちのそれぞれの1つによってマルチワイヤ通信バスのワイヤに送信されることとを備える。
Claims (13)
- ベクトルシグナリングコードのコードワードのシンボルのセットを受信するステップであって、各シンボルは、マルチワイヤバスのそれぞれのワイヤを介して受信される、該ステップと、
アナログ出力のセットを生成するステップであって、各アナログ出力は、前記コードワードの前記シンボルのセットの対応するシンボルのサブセットのそれぞれの線形結合として形成され、それぞれのマルチ入力コンパレータ(MIC)によって形成された前記線形結合は、前記対応するシンボルのサブセットを受信し、前記それぞれの線形結合は、前記ベクトルシグナリングコードの複数の互いに直交するサブチャネルコードベクトルのそれぞれのサブチャネルコードベクトルに関連付けられ、前記対応するシンボルのサブセット内のシンボルの数は、前記それぞれのサブチャネルコードベクトル内の非ゼロ要素の数に対応し、前記アナログ出力のセットのうちの少なくとも2つのアナログ出力は、異なるシンボルの数を有するシンボルのサブセットの線形結合から生成される、該ステップと、
前記アナログ出力のセットから情報ビットのセットを生成するステップと、
を備えたことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記情報ビットのセットを生成することは、それぞれの信号スライサ回路を使用して、各アナログ出力をスライスすることを含むことを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つのアナログ出力は、PAM−3スライサを使用してスライスされることを特徴とする請求項2記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つのアナログ出力は、PAM−4スライサを使用してスライスされることを特徴とする請求項2記載の方法。
- 各サブチャネルコードベクトルは、コモンモードベクトルに直交することを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記アナログ出力のセットは、等しい出力レベルを有することを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記ベクトルシグナリングコードは、4値アルファベットを有することを特徴とする請求項1記載の方法。
- ベクトルシグナリングコードのコードワードのシンボルのセットを受信するように構成された複数のマルチ入力コンパレータ(MICs)であって、各シンボルは、マルチワイヤバスのそれぞれのワイヤを介して受信され、前記複数のMICSの各MICは、前記コードワードの前記シンボルのセットのシンボルのそれぞれのサブセットを受信し、アナログ出力のセットのそれぞれのアナログ出力を生成するように構成され、前記それぞれのアナログ出力は、前記シンボルのそれぞれのサブセットのそれぞれの線形結合として形成され、前記それぞれの線形結合は、前記ベクトルシグナリングコードの複数の互いに直交するサブチャネルコードベクトルのそれぞれのサブチャネルコードベクトルに関連付けられ、前記シンボルのそれぞれのサブセット内のシンボルの数は、前記それぞれのサブチャネルコードベクトル内の非ゼロ要素の数に対応し、前記アナログ出力のセットのうちの少なくとも2つのアナログ出力は、異なるシンボルの数を有するシンボルのサブセットの線形結合から生成される、該複数のマルチ入力コンパレータ(MICs)と、
前記アナログ出力のセットから情報ビットのセットを生成するように構成されたコンパレータと
を備えたことを特徴とする装置。 - 前記コンパレータは、それぞれの信号を使用して、各アナログ出力をスライスするように構成されたスライサ回路を含むことを特徴とする請求項8記載の装置。
- 前記スライサ回路は、少なくとも1つのアナログ出力をスライスするように構成されたPAM−3スライサを含むことを特徴とする請求項9記載の装置。
- 前記スライサ回路は、少なくとも1つのアナログ出力をスライスするように構成されたPAM−4スライサを含むことを特徴とする請求項9記載の装置。
- 各サブチャネルコードベクトルは、コモンモードベクトルに直交することを特徴とする請求項8記載の装置。
- 前記アナログ出力のセットは、等しい出力レベルを有することを特徴とする請求項8記載の装置。
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