CN106797352B - 高信噪特性向量信令码 - Google Patents

高信噪特性向量信令码 Download PDF

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CN106797352B
CN106797352B CN201580036886.8A CN201580036886A CN106797352B CN 106797352 B CN106797352 B CN 106797352B CN 201580036886 A CN201580036886 A CN 201580036886A CN 106797352 B CN106797352 B CN 106797352B
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阿明·肖克罗拉
罗杰·乌尔里奇
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/0264—Arrangements for coupling to transmission lines
    • H04L25/0272—Arrangements for coupling to multiple lines, e.g. for differential transmission
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
    • H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
    • H04L25/03343—Arrangements at the transmitter end
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/14—Channel dividing arrangements, i.e. in which a single bit stream is divided between several baseband channels and reassembled at the receiver
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/38—Synchronous or start-stop systems, e.g. for Baudot code
    • H04L25/40—Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits
    • H04L25/49—Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits using code conversion at the transmitter; using predistortion; using insertion of idle bits for obtaining a desired frequency spectrum; using three or more amplitude levels ; Baseband coding techniques specific to data transmission systems
    • H04L25/4917—Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits using code conversion at the transmitter; using predistortion; using insertion of idle bits for obtaining a desired frequency spectrum; using three or more amplitude levels ; Baseband coding techniques specific to data transmission systems using multilevel codes
    • H04L25/4919—Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits using code conversion at the transmitter; using predistortion; using insertion of idle bits for obtaining a desired frequency spectrum; using three or more amplitude levels ; Baseband coding techniques specific to data transmission systems using multilevel codes using balanced multilevel codes

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Abstract

向量信令码可与多电平信令协同组合，在给定数量的符号下，多电平信令可以产生更大的符集可实现更大的码字空间，但是以减少多电平信令的检测余量为代价。在本发明的向量信令码构建方法中，代码的构建和多电平信令的选择与其相应的接收比较器网络的设计相配合，其中由发射机编码和发送的改进后的多电平信令值可使得接收比较器的检测余量增大。

Description

高信噪特性向量信令码
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求申请日为2014年7月10日，申请号为62/023,163，发明人为AminShokrollahi，名称为“Vector Signaling Codes with Increased Signal to NoiceCharacteristics”(高信噪特性向量信令码)的美国临时专利申请的优先权，并通过引用将其内容整体并入本文，以供所有目的之用。
参考文献
以下参考文献通过引用整体并入本文，以供所有目的之用：
公开号为2011/0268225，申请号为12/784,414，申请日为2010年5月20日，发明人为Harm Cronie和Amin Shokrollahi，名称为“Orthogonal Differential VectorSignaling”(正交差分向量信令)的美国专利申请(下称“《Cronie I》”)；
公开号为2011/0302478，申请号为13/154,009，申请日为2011年6月6日，发明人为Harm Cronie和Amin Shokrollahi，名称为“Error Control Coding for OrthogonalDifferential Vector Signaling”(正交差分向量信令的控错编码)的美国专利申请(下称“《CronieII》”)
申请号为13/030,027，申请日为2011年2月17日，发明人为Harm Cronie、AminShokrollahi和Armin Tajalli，名称为“Methods and Systems for Noise Resilient,Pin-Efficient and Low Power Communications with Sparse Signaling Codes”(利用稀疏信令码进行抗噪声干扰、高引脚利用率、低功耗通讯的方法和系统)的美国专利申请，下称“《Cronie III》”；
公开号为2011/0299555，申请号为13/154,009，申请日为2011年6月6日，发明人为Harm Cronie和Amin Shokrollahi，名称为“Error Control Coding for OrthogonalDifferential Vector Signaling”(正交差分向量信令的控错编码)的美国专利申请(下称“《CronieIV》”)；
申请号为61/763,403，申请日为2013年2月11日，发明人为John Fox，BrianHolden，Ali Hormati，Peter Hunt，John D Keay，Amin Shokrollahi，Anant Singh，AndrewKevin John Stewart，Giuseppe Surace和Roger Ulrich，名称为“Methods and Systemsfor High Bandwidth Chip-to-Chip Communications Interface”(高带宽芯片间通信接口方法和系统)的美国临时专利申请(下称“《Fox I》”)；
申请号为61/773,709，申请日为2013年3月6日，发明人为John Fox，BrianHolden，Peter Hunt，John D Keay，Amin Shokrollahi，Andrew Kevin John Stewart，Giuseppe Surace和Roger Ulrich，名称为“Methods and Systems for High BandwidthChip-to-Chip Communications Interface”(高带宽芯片间通信接口方法和系统)的美国临时专利申请(下称“《Fox II》”)；
申请号为61/812,667，申请日为2013年4月16日，发明人为John Fox，BrianHolden，Ali Hormati，Peter Hunt，John D Keay，Amin Shokrollahi，Anant Singh，AndrewKevin John Stewart和Giuseppe Surace，名称为“Methods and Systems for HighBandwidth Communications Interface”(高带宽通信接口方法和系统)的美国临时专利申请(下称“《Fox III》”)；
申请号为13/842,740，申请日为2013年3月15日，发明人为Brian Holden、AminShokrollahi和Anant Singh，名称为“Methods and Systems for SkewTolerance andAdvanced Detectors for Vector Signaling Codes for Chip-to-Chip Communication”(用于芯片间通信的向量信令码的偏斜耐受方法以及用于芯片间通信的向量信令码的高级检测器)的美国专利申请(下称“《Holden I》”；
申请号为13/895,206，申请日为2013年5月15日，发明人为Roger Ulrich和PeterHunt，名称为“Circuits for Efficient Detection of Vector Signaling Codes forChip-to-Chip Communications using Sums of Differences”(利用差分和有效检测用于芯片间通信的向量信令码的电路)的美国专利申请(下称“《Ulrich I》”；
申请号为14/315,306，申请日为2014年6月25日，发明人为Roger Ulrich，名称为“Multilevel Driver for High Speed Chip-to-Chip Communications”(用于高速芯片间通信的多电平驱动器)的美国专利申请(下称“《Ulrich II》”；
申请号为61/934,804，申请日为2014年2月2日，发明人为Ali Hormati和AminShokrollahi，名称为“Method for Code Evaluation using ISI Ratio”(利用ISI比进行代码评价的方法)的美国临时专利申请(下称“《Hormati I》”)；
申请号为61/992,711，申请日为2014年5月13日，发明人为Amin Shokrollahi，名称为“Vector Signaling Code with Improved Noise Margin”(高噪声容限向量信令码)的美国临时专利申请(下称“《Shokrollahi I》”)。
技术领域
本文所描述的实施方式总体涉及通信领域，尤其涉及对信息传递信号的发送以及在芯片间通信中对此类信号的检测。
背景技术
通信系统中的一个目的在于将信息从一个物理位置传输至另一物理位置。一般而言，此类信息传输的目标在于，可靠、快速且消耗最少的资源。一种常见的信息传输媒介为串行通信链路，此种链路可以以将地面或其他常用基准作为参考对象的单个有线电路或将地面或其他常用基准作为参考对象的多个此类有线电路为基础。常见的一例为使用单端信令(Singled-ended Signaling，SES)。单端信令的工作原理为，在一条线路中发送信号，然后在接收器端以固定基准值为参考对象测定所述信号。串行通信链路也可以以相互间作为参考对象的多个电路为基础。此方面的常见的一例为使用差分信令(DifferentialSignaling，DS)。差分信令的工作原理在于，在一条线路中发送信号，并在配对线路中发送所述信号的相反信号。所述信号的信息由上述两线路之间的差值，而非其相对于地面或其他固定基准值的绝对值表示。
与差分信令相比，有多种信令方法可在增加引脚利用率的同时，保持相同的有益特性。向量信令为一种信令方法。通过向量信令，多条线路中的多个信号在保持每个信号的独立性的同时可视为一个整体。该信号整体中的每个信号均称为向量分量，而所述多条线路的数目称为向量“维数”。在一些实施方式中，与差分信令对的情况相同，一条线路中的信号完全取决于另一线路中的信号。因此，在某些情况下，向量维数可指多条线路内的信号的自由度数，而非该多条线路的数目。
在二元向量信令中，每个向量分量(或称“符号”)的取值为两个可能取值当中的一值。在非二元向量信令中，每个符号的取值为从由两个以上可能取值所组成的集合中选出的一值。由能表示所有符号的所有取值组成的集合称为代码的“符集”。在本文中，向量信令码为由长度均为N的称作码字的向量组成的一集合C。向量信令码的任何合适子集均为该码的“子码”。此类子码可本身为一种向量信令码。
操作中，码字的坐标为有界坐标，我们选用-1和1之间的实数对它们进行表示。集合C大小的二进制对数与长度N之间的比值称为该向量信令码的引脚利用率。
当向量信令码的所有码字的坐标之和恒为零时，该向量信令码称为“平衡”码。平衡向量信令码具有多个重要属性。举例而言，正如本领域技术人员所熟知，与非平衡码字相比，平衡码字所导致的电磁干扰(Electromagnetic Interference，EMI)噪声较小。此外，当需要抗共模通信时，建议使用平衡码字。这是因为，不使用平衡码字时，需要消耗功率以生成在接收器内被消除的共模分量。
向量信令方法的其他示例见《Cronie I》，《Cronie II》，《Cronie III》，《CronieIV》，《Fox I》，《Fox II》，《Fox III》，《Holden I》，《Shokrollahi I》及《Hormati I》。
发明内容
向量信令码可与多电平信令协同组合，在给定数量的符号下，多电平信令更大的符集可实现更大的码字空间，从而进一步允许在向量信令码的构建中引入更多约束，以利用可接受的吞吐量实现稳健的传输效果。然而，在固定的发送振幅包络内引入更多信号电平已知将减小每个接收信号电平的可用信号检测余量，从而可能导致接收质量下降。
在本发明公开的向量信令码构建方法中，代码的构建与相应接收比较器网络的设计相配合，从而实现这一组合的系统性能优化。此类方法可进一步扩展，以纳入改进后的多电平信令值，这些信令值可使得整套接收比较器获得一致的信号检测余量。
附图说明
图1所示为根据多个输入值的加权和生成结果的多输入比较器的一种实施方式。
图2所示为二进制和三进制信号的接收眼开度。
图3为根据一种实施方式的框图。
图4所示为电路的两种实施方式，该电路接收分别以[1/3 1/3 1/3 -1/3 -1/3 -1/3]比例组合的六个输入w0～w5，并生成差分结果outp和outm。
图5所示为图4电路的替代实施方式。
图6所示为电路的两种实施方式，该电路接收分别以[1/2 1/2 -1 0 0 0]比例组合的六个输入中的三个输入w0,...,w2且不使用另外三个输入w3,...,w5,而且产生差分结果outp和outm。
图7所示为图6电路的替代实施方式。
图8所示为两种实施方式，其接收分别以[1 -1 0 0 0 0]比例组合的六个输入中的两个输入w0，w1且不使用另外四个输入w2,...,w5,而且产生差分结果outp和outm。
图9所示为生成第一例示代码±(1,-1/5,-4/5)，±(-1/5,1,-4/5)的优化信号电平的一种驱动器实施方式。
图10所示为生成表1中代码的信号电平的一种驱动器实施方式。
图11所示为生成5b6w_7_5_1码的信号电平的一种驱动器实施方式。
图12所示为生成5b6w_10_5码的信号电平的一种驱动器实施方式。
图13所示为生成8b9w_8_8码的信号电平的一种驱动器实施方式。
图14所示为根据至少一种实施方式的流程。
图15所示为根据至少一种实施方式的流程。
具体实施方式
《Cronie1》中对正交向量信令的概念进行了描述。如其中所述，一正交差分向量信令(Orthogonal Differential Vector Signaling，ODVS)码可通过如下乘法表达式获得：
(0，x2，...，xn)*M/a (式1)
其中，M为一个正交的n×n矩阵，其中，各列除第一位之外的和为零，x2,...,xn属于描述这些码符的原始调制的符集S，a为保证所得向量的所有坐标处于-1和1之间的归一化常数。例如，对于二进制调制而言，符集S可选为{-1,+1}；对于三进制调制而言，符集S可选为{-1,0,1}；对于四进制调制而言，符集S可选为{-3,-1,1,3}；对于五进制调制而言，符集S可选为{-2,-1,0,1,2}。然而，通常无需使用相同符集S对所有的xi进行调制。以下常以x表示向量(x2,...,xn)，并将其称为消息。
在至少一种实施方式中，式1乘法表达式表示子信道代码向量的加权和，每个子信道代码向量均根据一组对跖权重当中的对应对跖权重进行加权，其中，各子信道代码向量相互正交，而且各子信道代码向量表示缩放正交矩阵M的各个行。
操作中，矩阵M无需正交。其满足，其所有行(本文也称为子信道代码向量)均成对正交(即使各行的欧几里德范数不为1)。在下文中，我们将这种矩阵称为s-正交(缩放正交)矩阵。
通过下述方法，可利用矩阵M实现发送信号的检测。矩阵M每一行缩放至保证该行正元素之和为1。如此，新矩阵D每一行(除第一行)的各元素用作《Holden I》所述多输入比较器的各个系数。例如，如果n＝6，则6条线路上的值(可能为均衡后的值)表示为a，b，c，d，e，f，而且所述行为[1,1/2,-1,1/2,-1,0]。多输入比较器将对下值进行计算：
Figure BDA0001203847160000071
并将结果分割，以重构符集S中的原始值。上述文献称，当比较器输出的集合可明确确定M按上述方式编码的任何消息x时，由矩阵D定义的所述一组多输入比较器即可对矩阵M定义的ODVS码进行检测。
多输入比较器
根据《Holden I》中的定义，系数为a0,a1,...,am-1的多输入比较器为以向量(x0,x1,...,xm-1)为输入且输出
sign(a 0*x0+...+am-1*xm-1)， (式3)
的电路，其中，该符号函数定义为：当x>0时，sign(x)＝+1；当x<0时，sign(x)＝-1；当x＝0时，sign(x)未定义。如此，一种简单的比较器可视为系数为1和-1的双输入多输入比较器，并可认为是多输入比较器的一种特殊情况。
多输入比较器的加权系数a0,a1,...,am-1为有理数，图1所示为一种例示实施方式，其中，输入加权数2，4，-1，-2，-3分别与输入值x0～x4相对应，此例中的每个输入加权数均向相应差分输入管脚提供晶体管(在本例中每侧均有6个)总数的一个分数式比例(从而也向输出结果提供类似比例)。在本例中，12个输入晶体管101中的每一个均相同，代表共享电流源102的一个扩展差分输入级，其后为差分比较器级105。由于所有晶体管101均相同，因此输入x0和x1对正数求和节点103的贡献以及输入x2，x3和x4对负数求和节点104的贡献的加权值分别为由每个此类输入所控制的输入晶体管的数量相对于与节点103和节点104对应的晶体管101的总数的比例。电阻器106图示为求和节点103和104处的无源上拉元件。在一些实施方式中，其功能并入差分比较器105中。假定差分比较器105的增益高至足以获得数字结果，则其输出表示即对正数求和节点103和负数求和节点104之间的差值实施sign()运算。
因此，图1电路执行式3，其中，带正系数的输入赋予与正数求和节点103相应的晶体管101，带负系数的输入赋予与负数求和节点104相应的晶体管101，所述系数值表示为用于每个输入的相同输入晶体管101的个数与输入节点103或104的相应相同输入晶体管101的总个数的比值。
由于本实施例主要处理高阶调制，因此本文描述的基本前提在于假设多电平比较器的每一实施例均包括多个正确加权的输入以及多个和差计算值，所述比较器的输出值(本文也称为组合输入值)作为线性信号输入对所需多值信号结果进行检测的二进制或更高阶分割器或数字比较器(本文简称比较器)。
虽然为了解释的目的，可对多输入比较器的缩放、求和、求差及比较元件进行分别描述，但是如《Holden I》和《Ulrich I》中所述，实际实施方式所采用的电路可兼有多个此类元件的不同功能。
眼开度
通常，接收器分割操作的接收器检测窗口描述为如图2所示的“眼开”图，该图所示为比较器或分割器输入端处所有可能接收信号模式(从而也即每种可能符号间干扰(Inter-Symbol Interference)，ISI条件)的时间叠加表示形式。对于二进制调制，水平眼开度210表示允许采样获得稳定结果的可用时间区间，而垂直眼开度220表示分割器可在噪声之上检测到的信号。在三进制调制信号的情形中，共有两个眼开度231和232，其对应于用于对三个可能信号电平进行检测的信号余量。这两个三进制调制眼开度231和232小于二进制调制眼开度220，且其信号对通信信道噪声及接收器内部噪声更为敏感。一般而言，式1中n的大小越大，则归一化常数a的值就必然越大，从而使得各输出电平之间的增量差值更小，并进一步使得接收器的比较器或分割器的测量窗口更小(即垂直眼开度更小)。
另一方面，n值较大通常将使得信令方案的引脚利用率较高，其中，引脚利用率定义为一个时钟周期内n线接口所发送的比特数与该线路数目n之间的比。对于采用二进制调制输入值的正交差分向量信令而言，引脚利用率为(n-1)/n，而采用四进制调制输入值的正交差分向量信令的引脚利用率为(2n-2)/n。除了较高的引脚利用率，正交差分向量信令还具有如下特点：所获信令方案的《Hormati I》中所定义ISI比与符集S的未编码信号的ISI比相同。因此，当采用二进制调制输入值时，所得ISI比为最小可能值1，其表示最佳可能检测能力。所以，n优选采用大于2的值，这是因为如此可在通信线上实现更高的吞吐量。如此，实际所需的即为一种可优化所得眼图的垂直眼开度，从而能根据所得低信号电平实现最佳可能热噪声及失配噪声容限。
对于本领域技术人员而言容易理解的是，每个所述组合输入值分割器或数字比较器的输出结果均取决于两个信号电平：用于比较的参考或基线电平，以及可变信号值(即所述组合信号电平)。为了描述的目的，本文中将这两个电平之差的绝对值称为所述比较器的“检测余量”。此检测余量即可按照对接收眼图等信号质量指标的垂直分量进行测量的方式进行测量，也可作为模拟的一部分经计算或运算得出。较大的余量所对应的结果更为可靠，而且当所述可变输入信号伴有噪声时尤其如此。本领域中的类似术语还包括“比较器过驱动”及“比较器输入余量”。
增大ODVS眼开度
使用s-正交矩阵M用于增大正交差分向量信令码的各种比较器对应的眼图的垂直眼开度的优化方法中，首先假设输入向量的元素j包括具有值-aj和aj的对跖权重，其中，aj为正值。我们将“初始代码集”定义为由向量表示的对跖权重的集合:
(0，±a2，±a3，...，±an) (式4)
应该注意的是，虽然为了描述的方便，式4中的值示为二进制调制值，但是此处描述的方法还可同样应用于输入向量为PAM-X调制等的高阶调制的垂直眼开度优化。
从输入集合所得的代码为：
(0，±a2，±a3，...，±an)*M/μ (式5)
其中，
Figure BDA0001203847160000091
换言之，μ为用于确保码字坐标处于-1和+1之间的码字符号归一化常数。
与所述向量信令码对应的检测矩阵为包含矩阵M的第2,3,…,n行的矩阵，其中，每个子信道代码向量均chi(希腊字母：χ)归一化至行中的正元素之和为1。每个此类子信道代码向量对应于《Holden I》中所述的一个多输入子信道比较器，而且正元素之和等于1表明该子信道比较器(本文也称“比较器”或“多输入比较器”)内未引入额外增益。对于实数a，我们将chi(a)定义为：当a为正时，其等于a，否则等于0。则矩阵M的i行的chi归一化常数等于：
Figure BDA0001203847160000101
我们将与矩阵M对应的检测矩阵表示为D。如果L表示包含M的第2,3,…,n行的矩阵，则
Figure BDA0001203847160000102
其中，diag(...)表示对角元素由所述向量给出的对角矩阵。本领域技术人员可容易地验证得出，所述多输入子信道比较器所得值如下:
Figure BDA0001203847160000103
其中，Si为M的第i行的欧几里德范数的平方。我们的目标在于将以上各式绝对值的最小值最大化。
为了检验此最大值是否大于或等于给定垂直眼开度δ，需要求解以下基本线性程序(Basic Linear Program，BLP)：
根据：
对于所有的
Figure BDA0001203847160000104
以及
对于所有的2≤i≤n：ai≥00 (式12)
最大化
a2+...+an (式10)
如果此BLP可行，则最大垂直眼开度阈值至少为δ；否则其必然严格小于δ。如此，则可通过对δ实施二分搜索，找出垂直眼开度的最佳值。在二分搜索的每一步中，均需对所述BLP进行求解，以获得该步的相关具体δ值。
实施例
作为第一示例实施方式，我们首先从n＝3的情况开始。在此情况中，缩放正交矩阵M的唯一可能选择(从行/列及行缩放的排列组合方式中选择)为：
Figure BDA0001203847160000111
且相应检测矩阵为：
Figure BDA0001203847160000112
利用初始代码集进行标准二进制调制时，所获码字等于±(1,0,-1)，±(0,1,-1)。当将式14的检测矩阵应用于接收器时，第一接收子信道比较器产生的比较器输出值为±1，而第二接收子信道比较器产生的比较器输出值为±3/2。由于两值中的较小值限制了总的信噪比限，因此与差分信令相比，垂直眼开度减小20*log10(2/1)＝～6dB。应用上述方法后，最佳初始代码集(即最佳对跖权重集)为集合(0,±3/5,±2/5)，通过该集合获得的码字为(1,-1/5,-4/5)，±(-1/5,1,-4/5)。图9所示为生成这些信号电平的驱动器的一种实施方式。
应用式14的检测矩阵后可发现，两个子信道比较器产生的比较器输出值均为±6/5，从而与上述情况相比，将垂直眼开度提高20*log10(1.2/1)＝～1.58dB。作为另一项有益效果，采用这些改进信号电平的端接功率(发送所需的总功率)小于上述三进制代码的端接功率。
在第二示例实施方式中，n＝5，且矩阵M为：
Figure BDA0001203847160000113
相应检测矩阵为：
Figure BDA0001203847160000114
利用其初始代码集进行标准二进制调制时，所得代码的符集大小为6，且包括元素1，3/4，1/4，-1/4，-3/4，-1。应用式16检测矩阵后可发现，前三个比较器所产生的比较器输出值为±1/2，而第四比较器产生的比较器输出值为±5/4。与差分信令相比，垂直眼开度的损失量为20*log10(2/0.5)＝～12dB。
应用上述方法后，最佳初始代码集计算为(0，±5/12，±5/12，±5/12，±1/6)，相应代码示于表1。图10所示为生成这些信号电平的驱动器的一种实施方式。
±[1，1/6，1/6，-2/3，-2/3] ±[1/6，-2/3，1，1/6，-2/3]
±[1/6，1，1/6，-2/3，-2/3] ±[-2/3，1/6，1，1/6，-2/3]
±[1，1/6，-2/3，1/6，-2/3] ±[1/6，-2/3，1/6，1，-2/3]
±[1/6，1，-2/3，1/6，-2/3] ±[-2/3，1/6，1/6，1，-2/3]
表1
可以看出，当使用此代码及式16检测矩阵时，所有四个比较器所产生的比较器输出值均为±5/6。与前述代码相比，垂直眼开度的增加量为20*log10(5/3)＝～4.43dB。由于此代码的端接功率为系数10/9，劣于前述代码，因此有人可能希望将该结果归一化至与原始代码具有相同的端接功率，此形况下所生成的新代码的垂直眼开度为1.581dB，依旧优于原始代码的垂直眼开度。
在第三示例实施方式中，n＝6，且矩阵M为：
Figure BDA0001203847160000121
相应检测矩阵为：
Figure BDA0001203847160000122
利用初始代码集进行标准二进制调制时，所得代码在本文中称为5b6w_4_5_1码。其符集大小为4，且包含元素1，1/3，-1/3，-1。该码的码字示于表2。
±[1，1/3，1/3，-1/3，-1/3，-1] ±[1/3，-1/3，1，1/3，-1/3，-1]
±[1/3，1，1/3，-1/3，-1/3，-1] ±[-1/3，1/3，1，1/3，-1/3，-1]
±[1，1/3，-1/3，1/3，-1/3，-1] ±[1/3，-1/3，1/3，1，-1/3，-1]
±[1/3，1，-1/3，1/3，-1/3，-1] ±[-1/3，1/3，1/3，1，-1/3，-1]
±[1，1/3，1/3，-1/3，-1，-1/3] ±[1/3，-1/3，1，1/3，-1，-1/3]
±[1/3，1，1/3，-1/3，-1，-1/3] ±[-1/3，1/3，1，1/3，-1，-1/3]
±[1，1/3，-1/3，1/3，-1，-1/3] ±[1/3，-1/3，1/3，1，-1，-1/3]
±[1/3，1，-1/3，1/3，-1，-1/3] ±[-1/3，1/3，1/3，1，-1，-1/3]
表2
当根据式18检测矩阵对此码进行检测时，前四个比较器产生的比较器输出值为±2/3，而第五比较器产生的比较器输出值为±1。与差分信令相比，垂直眼开度的损失量为20*log10(3)＝～9.5dB。应用上述方法后，最佳初始代码集计算为(0，±3/8，±3/8，±1/2，±3/8，±1/4)，相应代码的符集由1，1/2，1/4，0，-1/4，-1/2，-1给定，大小为7。此新代码在本文中称为5b6w_7_5_1码，其码字示于表3。图11所示为生成这些信号电平的驱动器的一种实施方式。
Figure BDA0001203847160000131
表3
使用此新代码及式18检测矩阵后，除第三比较器之外的所有比较器产生的比较器输出值均为±3/4，而第三比较器产生的比较器输出值为±1。与前述代码相比，垂直眼开度的增加量为20*log10((3/4)/(2/3))＝～1dB。5b6w_7_5_1码的端接功率约为5b6w_4_5_1码端接功率的97％。因此，虽然端接功率较小，但5b6w_7_5_1码所产生的垂直眼开度较大。
在第四示例实施方式中，n＝6，且矩阵M为：
Figure BDA0001203847160000141
相应检测矩阵为：
Figure BDA0001203847160000142
利用其初始代码集进行标准二进制调制时，所得代码符集大小为4，包含元素1，1/3，-1/3，-1，在本文中称为5b6w_4_5_2码，码字示于表4。
Figure BDA0001203847160000143
表4
使用此代码及式20检测矩阵后可发现，比较器1，3和5产生的比较器输出值为±2/3，而比较器2和4产生的比较器输出值为±1。与差分信令相比，垂直眼开度的损失因此为20*log10(3)＝～9.5dB。应用上述方法后，最佳初始代码集计算为(0,±3/8,±1/4,±3/8,±1/4,±3/8)，相应代码的元素为(1,7/8,1/2,1/4,1/8,-1/8,-1/4,-1/2,-7/8,-1)，符集大小为10。所得码字示于表5，新代码在本文中称为5b6w_10_5码。图12所示为生成这些信号电平的驱动器的一种实施方式。
Figure BDA0001203847160000151
表5
对于此代码，所有比较器产生的比较器输出值均为±3/4。与5b6w_4_5_2码相比，垂直眼开度增加20*log10((3/4)/(2/3))＝～1dB。5b6w_10_5码的端接功率为5b6w_4_5_2端接功率的约88％。因此，虽然端接功率较小，但5b6w_10_5码所产生的垂直眼开度较大。
在第五示例实施方式中，n＝9，且矩阵M为：
Figure BDA0001203847160000152
相应检测矩阵为：
Figure BDA0001203847160000161
利用其初始代码集进行标准二进制调制时，所得代码由元素(1,1/2,1/4,0,-1/4,-1/2,-1)组成，且符集大小为7。对于此代码，除最后一个比较器之外的所有比较器产生的比较器输出值为±1/4，而最后一个比较器产生的比较器输出值为±9/8。
应用上述方法后，最佳初始代码集计算为(0,±3/10,±3/10,±3/10,±3/10,±3/10,±3/10,±3/10,±1/10)，相应代码由(1,4/5,2/5,1/5,-1/5,-2/5,-4/5,-1)给出，且符集大小为8。此代码在本文中称为8b9w_8_8码，其码字示于表7。图13所示为生成这些信号电平的驱动器的一种实施方式。
使用此代码及式22检测矩阵后，除最后一个比较器之外的所有比较器产生的比较器输出值为±3/5，而最后一个比较器产生的比较器输出值为±9/10。与未优化代码相比，垂直眼开度增加20*log10((3/5)/(1/4))＝～7.6dB。8b9w_8_8码的端接功率约为未优化代码的1.9倍。在相同端接功率下，8b9w_8_8码的垂直眼开度比未优化代码的眼开度改进约2dB。
Figure BDA0001203847160000171
表7
接收器电路
如前所述，《Holden I》及《Ulrich I》中所描述的多输入比较器检测电路(CML)与上述代码共用时较为有利。作为示例，图4～8所示为此两种方法的实施方式。
图4所示为《Holden I》电路的两种实施方式，该电路接收分别以[1/3 1/3 1/3 -1/3 -1/3 -1/3]比例组合的六个输入w0～w5，并生成差分结果outp和outm。第一实施方式采用经可调或可选电阻器/电容器元件实现的高频均衡(EQ)。第二实施方式未采用均衡。
图5的替代实施方式为《Ulrich I》电路的两种实施方式，该电路接收相同的分别以[1/3 1/3 1/3 -1/3 -1/3 -1/3]比例组合的六个输入w0,...,w5，并产生等效的差分结果outp和outm。在图5中，第一实施方式采用经可调或可选电阻器/电容器元件实现的高频均衡。第二实施方式未采用均衡。
图6所示为《Holden I》电路的两种实施方式，该电路接收分别以[1/2 1/2 -1 0 00]比例组合的六个输入中的三个输入w0,...,w2且不使用另外三个输入w3,...,w5,而且产生差分结果outp和outm。第一实施方式采用经可调或可选电阻器/电容器元件实现的高频均衡。第二实施方式未采用均衡。
图7的替代实施方式为《Ulrich I》电路的两种实施方式，该电路接收与图6相同的输入，并产生相同的差分结果outp和outm。在图7中，第一实施方式采用经可调或可选电阻器/电容器元件实现的高频均衡。第二实施方式未采用均衡。
图8所示的两种实施方式接收分别以[1 -1 0 0 0 0]比例组合的六个输入中的两个输入w0，w1且不使用另外四个输入w2,...,w5,而且产生差分结果outp和outm。第一实施方式采用经可调或可选电阻器/电容器元件实现的高频均衡。第二实施方式未采用均衡。正如本领域技术人员将注意到的，在此双输入的情形中，《Holden I》及《Ulrich I》的两种电路拓扑精简至单个差分级。
驱动器实施方式
利用《Ulrich II》的驱动器电路，可生成根据至少一种实施方式描述的所需输出信号电平。作为此方法的具体示例，以下对可生成与上述每种示例相对应的具体输出信号电平的驱动器实施方式进行描述。
图9所示为根据至少一种实施方式的驱动器实施方式，该驱动器实施方式生成上述第一例示实施方式中确定的优化信号电平。编码器901利用式13的矩阵M对待发送的数据进行编码，并将编码后的控制信号结果传递至一组输出线路驱动器910。由于该代码为三线代码，因此所示为910的三个实例，本文中称其为线路驱动分割器，每个分割器实例均从901获取合适的编码元素，并为其输出线路生成正确的信号电平。
作为高速通信系统中的一种常见做法，可使用多个处理阶段来提高编码等处理密集型操作的吞吐量。因此，图示还有数字多路复用器911，其获取各个处理阶段的输出，并在其之间切换，以生成单个全线速编码的数据流。对于本领域技术人员容易理解的是，此设计中可采用无多路复用器的单个处理阶段至由更广或更深多路复用器结构支持的多个数据处理阶段。以下驱动器实施例采用相同的说明性编码器及多路复用器设计，其中的变化仅在于由所使用各输出线路驱动器数决定的输出宽度。
所述全线速编码值提供至数字输出驱动器912，这些驱动器由串联源电阻器913，914，915连接至共同的输出线路，该线路生成数字控制模拟输出。由于每个所述串联源电阻器均具有特定的预设值，因此该数模转换器所产生的各级可不相同。表6所示为与图9所示特定值对应的输出值。
值 输出 备注
000 -1
001 -4/5
010 -2/5 未由此码使用
011 -1/5
100 1/5
101 2/5 未由此码使用
110 4/5
111 1
表6
根据良好的集成电路设计规范，优选地，电阻器913的值应通过并联六个500欧姆电阻器获得，电阻器914的值应通过并联三个500欧姆电阻器获得，电阻器915的值应通过一个500欧姆电阻器获得，其中，所有电阻器均具有完全相同的设计、尺寸和组成。
如《Ulrich II》所述，在一些替代实施方式中，有利地，910等多个线路驱动分割器实例可并联驱动器件值已得到适当调整的单个线路。在一类似的替代实施方式中，图9的每个线路驱动分割器910均由32个(该数字仅为示例，并不造成任何限制)接受相同编码控制信号结果的相同线路驱动分割器替代。由于所述各线路驱动分割器为并联，因此每个分割器将驱动一更小的电流至共同的线路输出中。如此，数字驱动器912的晶体管可使用较小的晶体管，而且在此例中，串联源电阻器913，914，915的值可为单个线路驱动分割器所需值的32倍，从而大大简化了集成电路器件的实现方式。
类似地，替代实施例可采用任何已知的编码方法对从编码器901经多路复用器(如使用)传输且利用串联源电阻器对数字输出驱动器进行控制的控制信息进行编码，这些编码方法包括但不限于一元或温度计编码方法，以及二元或其他比特加权编码方法。
图10实施方式所示为与前述实施例相同的三线驱动器设计，其分别使用300/4欧姆，300欧姆和300欧姆的串联源电阻器，且产生输出信号电平[-1,2/3,1/6,-1/6,-2/3,1]。
图11实施方式在每个线路驱动分割器中使用第四数字输出驱动器和串联源电阻器，并且共使用六个线路驱动分割器及信号[1,l/2,l/4,0,-1/4,-1/2,1]对六条线路输出进行驱动。所使用的串联源电阻器为400/3欧姆，400/2欧姆，400/2欧姆和400欧姆。
图12实施方式也在每个线路驱动分割器中使用四个数字输出驱动器，并且使用六个线路驱动分割器及信号[1,7/8,1/2,1/4,1/8,-1/8,-1/4,-1/2,-1]对六条线路进行驱动。所使用的串联源电阻器为800/6欧姆，800/5欧姆，800/4欧姆和800欧姆。
图13实施方式在每个分割器中仅使用三个数字输出驱动器，但却使用八个分割器及信号[1,4/5,2/5,1/5,-1/5,-2/5,-4/5,-1]对八条线路输出进行驱动。所使用的串联源电阻器为500/6欧姆，500/3欧姆和500欧姆。
实施方式
在至少一种实施方式中，一种装置包括：一多线总线，该多线总线设置为接收码字的一组符号，该组符号表示子信道代码向量的加权和，每个子信道代码向量根据一组对跖权重中的一个对应的对跖权重进行加权，所述一组对跖权重包含至少两个唯一量值，其中，所述子信道代码向量相互正交，且所述子信道代码向量形成一缩放正交矩阵；以及连接于所述多线总线的一解码器，该解码器包括多个子信道比较器，该多个子信道比较器设置为根据接收到的所述码字的所述一组符号分别生成对应的多个比较器输出值，每个子信道比较器包括一组chi归一化的输入权重，其中，每组chi归一化的输入权重选择是根据相应的子信道代码向量选择的，所述一组对跖权重选择为使得每个子信道比较器所生成的对跖值大于一最小值。在一些实施方式中，所述一组对跖权重选择为使得每个子信道比较器所生成的对跖值具有大致相同的量值。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述一组对跖权重包括至少两个具有不同量值的对跖权重。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述一组对跖权重中的每个对跖权重具有小于1的量值。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述一组对跖权重基于码字符号归一化常数μ。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述码字符号归一化常数μ将所述码字的符号归一化至具有小于或等于1的量值的值。
在至少一种实施方式中，根据与对应最小垂直眼开度阈值对应的对跖值，将所述一组对跖权重中的对跖权重的和最大化。在至少一种实施方式中，还根据所述码字符号归一化常数μ，将所述一组对跖权重中的对跖权重的和最大化。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述对跖值大于预设垂直眼开度阈值δ。
如图14所示，根据至少一种实施方式的方法1400包括：在步骤1402中接收多线总线上的码字的一组符号，该组符号表示子信道代码向量的加权和，每个子信道代码向量根据一组对跖权重中的一个对应对跖权重进行加权，其中，所述子信道代码向量相互正交，所述子信道代码向量形成缩放正交矩阵；以及在步骤1404中，利用多个子信道比较器，根据接收到的所述码字的所述一组符号生成多个比较器输出值，其中，每个子信道比较器包括一组chi归一化的输入权重，根据相应子信道代码向量对每组chi归一化输入权重进行选择，每个比较器输出值均表示为对跖值。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述一组对跖权重包括至少两个具有不同量值的对跖权重。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述一组对跖权重中的每个对跖权重具有小于1的量值。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述一组对跖权重基于码字符号归一化常数μ。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述码字符号归一化常数μ将所述码字的符号归一化至具有小于或等于1的量值的值。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述对跖值大于预设垂直眼开度阈值δ。
如图15所示，根据至少一种实施方式的方法1500包括：在步骤1502中，接收一组对跖权重的对应向量；在步骤1504中，生成码字的一组符号，该码字表示多个子信道向量的加权和，其中，对每个子信道向量的加权由所述一组对跖权重中的对应的对跖权重决定，且所述多个子信道向量形成缩放正交矩阵；以及在步骤1506中，在多线总线上发送所述码字的所述一组符号。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述缩放正交矩阵表示为
Figure BDA0001203847160000221
且对应于所述一组对跖权重的向量表示为(0,±3/5,±2/5)。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述缩放正交矩阵表示为
Figure BDA0001203847160000231
且对应于所述一组对跖权重的向量表示为(0,±5/12,±5/12,±5/12,±1/6)。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述缩放正交矩阵表示为
Figure BDA0001203847160000232
且对应于所述一组对跖权重的向量表示为(0,±3/8,±3/8,±1/2,±3/8,±1/4)。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述缩放正交矩阵表示为
Figure BDA0001203847160000233
且对应于所述一组对跖权重的向量表示为(0,±3/8,±1/4,±3/8,±1/4,±3/8)。
在至少一种实施方式中，所述缩放正交矩阵表示为
Figure BDA0001203847160000234
且对应于所述一组对跖权重的向量表示为(0,±3/10,±3/10,±3/10,±3/10,±3/10,±3/10,±3/10,±1/10)。

Claims (10)

1.一种通过多线总线接收信息的装置，包括：
一多线总线，该多线总线设置为接收码字的一组符号，每个所述码字的符号具有小于或等于1的量值的值，该组符号表示子信道代码向量的加权和，每个子信道代码向量根据一组对跖权重中的一个对应的对跖权重进行加权，所述一组对跖权重包含至少两个唯一量值，其中，所述子信道代码向量相互正交，且所述子信道代码向量形成一缩放正交矩阵；以及
连接于所述多线总线的一解码器，该解码器包括多个子信道比较器，该多个子信道比较器设置为根据接收到的所述码字的所述一组符号分别生成对应的多个比较器输出值，每个子信道比较器包括多组χ归一化的输入权重中相应的一组χ归一化的输入权重，其中，每组χ归一化的输入权重是根据相应的子信道代码向量选择的，所述相应的子信道代码向量被χ归一化至正元素之和为1，
其中，结合i)所述缩放正交矩阵的所述子信道代码向量及ii)所述多个子信道比较器的多组χ归一化的输入权重，将所述一组对跖权重选择为使得每个子信道比较器所生成的比较器输出值大于眼开度的预设垂直眼开度阈值δ。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，每个子信道比较器生成具有大致相同的量值的比较器输出值。
3.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述一组对跖权重中的每个对跖权重具有小于1的一量值。
4.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述一组对跖权重基于码字符号归一化常数μ。
5.如权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，根据与最小垂直眼开度阈值对应的对跖值，将所述一组对跖权重中的对跖权重的和最大化。
6.一种通过多线总线接收信息的方法，包括：
接收码字的一组符号，每个所述码字的符号具有小于或等于1的量值的值，该组符号表示子信道代码向量的加权和，每个子信道代码向量根据一组对跖权重中的一个对应的对跖权重进行加权，所述一组对跖权重包含至少两个唯一量值，其中，所述子信道代码向量相互正交，且所述子信道代码向量形成一缩放正交矩阵；
根据接收到的所述码字的所述一组符号，利用多个子信道比较器生成多个比较器输出值，每个子信道比较器基于所述码字的一组符号中的相应符号子组以及相应的一组χ归一化的输入权重生成相应的比较器输出值，其中，每组χ归一化的输入权重是根据相应的子信道代码向量选择的，所述相应的子信道代码向量中的正元素之和等于1，且所述一组对跖权重与i)所述缩放正交矩阵的所述子信道代码向量及ii)所述多个子信道比较器的多组χ归一化的输入权重结合生成大于眼开度的预设垂直眼开度阈值δ的比较器输出值。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，每个子信道比较器生成具有大致相同的量值的比较器输出值。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述一组对跖权重中的每个对跖权重具有小于1的一量值。
9.如权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述一组对跖权重基于码字符号归一化常数μ。
10.如权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，根据与最小垂直眼开度阈值对应的对跖值，将所述一组对跖权重中的对跖权重的和最大化。
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