JP5930542B2 - グルタミンフリー細胞培養培地におけるタンパク質の生産 - Google Patents
グルタミンフリー細胞培養培地におけるタンパク質の生産 Download PDFInfo
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Description
一実施態様では、哺乳類宿主細胞は、チャイニーズハムスター卵巣(CHO)細胞である。
別の実施態様では、哺乳類宿主細胞はdhfr−CHO細胞である。
更に別の実施態様では、生産培地は無血清である。
更なる実施態様では、生産培養培地は、
1)エネルギー源;
2)必須アミノ酸;
3)ビタミン;
4)遊離脂肪酸;及び
5)微量元素
から成る群から選択される一又は複数の成分を含有する。
なお更なる実施態様では、生産培養培地は、
1)ホルモン及び他の増殖因子;
2)塩及びバッファー;及び
3)ヌクレオシド
から成る群から選択される一又は複数の成分を更に含有する。
全ての実施態様において、該過程は前記ポリペプチドを単離する工程を更に含んでもよい。
更なる実施態様では、単離に続いて細胞生存度、培養寿命、比生産性及び単離後の最終組換えタンパク質力価の一又は複数が決定されてもよい。
また更なる実施態様では、細胞生存度、培養寿命、比生産性及び最終組換えタンパク質力価の少なくとも一つが、同じ組成のグルタミン含有生産培地において生産される同じポリペプチドと比較して増加される。
更なる態様では、本発明は、生産期におけるポリペプチドの生産のための使用準備済のグルタミンフリー細胞培養培地に関する。
更に別の実施態様では、ポリペプチドは哺乳動物糖タンパク質である。
他の実施態様では、ポリペプチドは、抗体、抗体断片及びイムノアドヘシンからなる群から選択される。
他の実施態様では、治療用抗体は、抗BR3抗体又はBR3-Fcイムノアドヘシンである。
これら及び他の態様は、実施例及び添付の請求項を含む下記の説明から明瞭となるであろう。
定義
用語「細胞培養培地」、「培養培地」及び「栄養分混合物」とは、哺乳動物細胞を増殖させるのに用いられる栄養液を意味し、典型的には一又は複数の以下のカテゴリからの少なくとも一成分を提供する:
1)エネルギー源、通常はグルコース等の炭水化物の形態:
2)幾つかの又は全ての必須アミノ酸、通常は20のアミノ酸の基本的なセットに加えてシステイン:
3)ビタミン及び/又は典型的には低濃度で必要とされる他の有機化合物:
4)遊離脂肪酸:及び
5)微量元素、微量元素は典型的には非常に低濃度、通常はマイクロモルの範囲で必要とされる無機化合物又は天然に生じる元素。
1)ホルモン及び他の増殖因子、例えばインスリン、トランスフェリン及び上皮成長因子;
2)塩類及びバッファー、例えばカルシウム、マグネシウム及びリン酸塩;及び
3)ヌクレオシド及び塩基、例えばアデノシン及びチミジン。
培地が、いかなる哺乳類由来の血清(例えば、胎児性牛血清(FBS))をも必須的に含まない細胞培養液は通常「無血清」である。「必須的に無」とは、細胞培養液が約0から5%の血清、好ましくは0から1%の血清及び最も好ましくは0から0.1%の血清を含むことを意味する。有利には、無血清と「確定」された培地を使用することができ、培養液中の各々の組成の同一性及び濃度は既知である(即ち、牛下垂体抽出(BPE)のような不確定な組成が培養液中に存在しないこと)。
細胞培養の「増殖期」は、細胞が通常迅速に分裂する指数関数的な細胞増殖(対数期)の期間を意味する。この期の間、細胞は通常1から4日の所定期間、細胞増殖が最大になるような条件下で培養される。宿主細胞の増殖周期は、過度の実験を行うことなく、想定される特定の宿主細胞に対して決定され得る。増殖期の間、細胞は必要な添加物を含む栄養性培地中、通常は約30から40℃、好ましくは約37℃にて加湿され制御された空気環境中、特定の細胞系において至適増殖が達成されるように培養される。細胞は、およそ1から4日、通常はおよそ2から3日の一時期間増殖期に維持される。
細胞培養の「生産期」とは、細胞増殖が平衡に達する一時期を意味する。生産期の間、対数細胞増殖は終了しタンパク質の生産が主となる。この時期の間、タンパク質生産を維持を補助し所望のタンパク質産物を得るために培地は通常補充される。
「グルコース」なる語は、別個の又は結合したα-D-グルコースもしくはβ-D-グルコースを意味する。α-及びβ-グルコース形態は溶液中で相互転換可能である。
用語「細胞生存度」はここで使用される場合、培養条件又は実験バリエーションの一定条件下で、培養中の細胞が生存する能力を示す。ここで使用される場合、該用語はまた、その時間における培養物中の全細胞数(生及び死)と関連した特定の時間に生存している細胞の部分を意味する。
用語「完全長抗体」、「無傷の抗体」及び「完全抗体」は、ここで互換性をもって使用され、実質的に無傷の形態の抗体を意味し、下に定義されるような抗体断片ではない。用語はFc領域を持つ重鎖を有する抗体を特に意味する。
ヒトIgG Fc領域の「CH2ドメイン」(「Cγ2」ドメインとも呼ばれる)は、別のドメインと親密な対にならないという点で独特である。代わりに、2つのN結合分岐炭水化物鎖が、無傷の天然IgG分子の2つのCH2ドメインの間に挿入される。炭水化物はドメイン-ドメイン対の代替物を提供し、CH2ドメインの安定化を助けることができると推測される。Burton, Molec. Immunol.22:161-206 (1985)。、ここでCH2ドメインは天然配列のCH2ドメインまたは変異体CH2ドメインとすることができる。
「診断用抗体」なる用語は、疾患のための診断用試薬として使用される抗体を意味する。診断用抗体は、特定の疾患に特に関連し、又はそこでの発現増加を示す標的抗原に結合しうる。診断用抗体は、例えば、患者からの生体試料、又は患者における腫瘍のような疾患部位の診断画像における標的を検出するために使用することができる。診断用抗体の「生物学的に機能的な断片」は、インタクトな抗体に起因する生物学的機能の幾らか又は全てとはいかないまでも少なくとも一つを示し、該機能は標的抗原への特異的結合を少なくとも含む。
「精製された」は、分子が、それが含まれている試料の少なくとも80−90重量%の濃度で試料中に存在することを意味する。精製されたタンパク質は、抗体を含み、好ましくは本質的に純粋であり望ましくは本質的に均一である(つまり混在タンパク質を含まない)。
「本質的に均質な」タンパク質は、組成物の全重量に基づいて少なくとも約99重量%のタンパク質を含むタンパク質組成物を意味する。
「溶離バッファー」は、対象とするポリペプチドを固相から溶離するのに使用される。溶離バッファーの伝導率及び/又はpHは、対象とするポリペプチドがイオン交換樹脂から溶離されるようなものである。
分率X/Yの100倍
ここで、Xは配列アラインメントプログラムALIGN-2のA及びBのプログラムアラインメントによって同一であると一致したスコアのアミノ酸残基の数であり、YはBの全アミノ酸残基数である。
「障害」とはタンパク質による治療から利益を被る何れかの状態である。これには慢性及び急性の障害又は疾患、例えば問題となる障害に哺乳類を罹患し易くする病理学的状態を包含する。本明細書において治療すべき障害の非限定的な例は、癌腫及びアレルギーを含む。
本発明の実施には、特に示さない限り、当業者の技量内にある分子生物学の一般的技法等を用いる。このような技術は文献に十分に説明されている。例えば、Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, (J. Sambrook等, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (F. Ausubel等,版, 1987 updated); Essential Molecular Biology (T. Brown版, IRL Press 1991); Gene Expression Technology (Goeddel版, Academic Press 1991); Methods for Cloning and Analysis of Eukaryotic Genes (A. Bothwell等,版, Bartlett Publ. 1990); Gene Transfer and Expression (M. Kriegler, Stockton Press 1990); Recombinant DNA Methodology II (R. Wu等,版, Academic Press 1995); PCR:A Practical Approach (M. McPherson等, IRL Press at Oxford University Press 1991); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. Gait版, 1984); Cell Culture for Biochemists (R. Adams版, Elsevier Science Publishers 1990); Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J. Miller & M. Calos版, 1987); Mammalian Cell Biotechnology (M. Butler版, 1991); Animal Cell Culture (J. Pollard等,版, Humana Press 1990); Culture of Animal Cells, 2nd版 (R. Freshney等,版, Alan R. Liss 1987); Flow Cytometry and Sorting (M. Melamed等,版, Wiley-Liss 1990); the series Methods in Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc.);Wirth M. and Hauser H. (1993); Immunochemistry in Practice, 3rd edition, A. Johnstone & R. Thorpe, Blackwell Science, Cambridge, MA, 1996; Techniques in Immunocytochemistry, (G. Bullock & P. Petrusz版, Academic Press 1982, 1983, 1985, 1989); Handbook of Experimental Immunology, (D. Weir & C. Blackwell,版); Current Protocols in Immunology (J. Coligan等,版 1991); Immunoassay (E. P. Diamandis & T.K. Christopoulos,版, Academic Press, Inc., 1996); Goding (1986) Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice (2d ed) Academic Press, New York; Ed Harlow and David Lane, Antibodies A laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1988; Antibody Engineering, 2nd edition (C. Borrebaeck,版, Oxford University Press, 1995);及びthe series Annual Review of Immunology; the series Advances in Immunologyを参照。
本発明は哺乳動物宿主細胞における大量タンパク質組換え生産に関し、アスパラギンで補充されたグルタミンフリー細胞培養培地を使用する。哺乳動物細胞は、主に、適切に折畳まれ組み合わせられた異種タンパク質を生産するそれらの能力、及び翻訳後修飾のそれらの能力のために、臨床利用のための哺乳動物タンパク質の産生の主要なシステムとなった。チャイニーズハムスター卵巣(CHO)細胞、及び様々な他の哺乳動物源から得られた細胞株、例えばマウスミエローマ(NS0)、ベビーハムスター腎臓(BHK)、ヒト胎児由来腎臓(HEK-293)及びヒト網膜細胞が、治療用抗体を含む生物製剤の生産に対して規制当局によって承認されている。これらのうち、チャイニーズハムスター卵巣細胞(CHO)が最も一般的に使用されている工業的宿主であり、異種タンパク質の生産に一般的に使用されている。よって、ジヒドロ葉酸レダクターゼネガティブ(DHFR-)CHO細胞を含むCHOにおける大規模な抗体の生産方法が当該分野でよく知られている(例えば、Trill等, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6(5):553-60 (1995)を参照)。
上に列挙した成分の一又は複数を含んでなる適切なベクターの構築は、標準的なライゲーション技術を用いる。単離されたプラスミド又はDNA断片は、切断され、調整され、所望の形態に再ライゲーションされ、必要なプラスミドを生成する。
構築したプラスミド中の正しい配列を確認するための分析には、通例、ライゲーション混合物を用いて大腸菌K12 294株(ATCC31,446)を形質転換し、成功した形質転換体を適宜アンピシリンまたはテトラサイクリン耐性によって選択することができる。それらの形質転換体からプラスミドを調製し、制限エンドヌクレアーゼ消化、及び/又は当該分野で公知の標準的な技術を使用して配列化させることにより分析する(例えば、Messing等, Nucleic Acids Res. 1981, 9:309; Maxam等, Methods in Enzymology 1980, 65:499)。
大量生産のために、本発明によると、哺乳動物宿主細胞はトランスフェクトされ、好ましくは上記の発現ベクターで形質転換され、プロモーターの誘導、形質転換体の選択、又は所望の配列をコードする遺伝子の増殖のために適切に修飾された栄養培地で培養される。
トランスフェクトは、任意のコード化配列が、実際に発現するか否かにかかわらず、宿主細胞による発現ベクターの取り込みを称する。多くのトランスフェクトの方法、例えば、CaPO4及びエレクトロポレーションは、通常、当業者に知られている。成功裏のトランスフェクトは、このベクターの操作の任意の表示が宿主細胞内で生じる場合に、一般的に認識される。
一般に、哺乳動物細胞培養の生産性を最大にするための原理、プロトコル及び実用的な技術は、ここに記載の細胞培養培地を用いた組換えタンパク質の生産に見い出され、また適合されることができる。
所定の段階において、細胞は細胞培養の生産期又は生産段階のものを接種するために使用され得る。場合によっては、上述したように生産期又は生産段階は接種もしくは増殖期又は増殖段階と連続てきであってもよい。
ポリペプチドがヒト起源のもの以外の組み換え細胞内で生成される場合、ヒトのタンパク質ないしポリペプチドは含まない。しかしながら、通常は所望のポリペプチドに関して実質的に均一な調製物を得るために組み換え細胞タンパク質ないしポリペプチドからポリペプチドを回収ないし精製することが必要である。第一工程として、培養培養液ないし溶解物を遠心分離して粒子状の細胞破壊物を取り除く。その後異種ポリペプチドは、適切な精製手順の例である次の手順により、夾雑物溶質性タンパク質及びポリペプチドから精製される:SP-SepharoseO又はCM-SepharoseO等のイオン交換カラムでの分画;ヒドロキシアパタイト;疎水性相互作用クロマトグラフィー;エタノール沈殿;クロマトフォーカシング;硫酸アンモニウム沈殿;例えばセファデックス(登録商標)G-75を用いるゲル濾過;及び/又はダイアフィルトレーション。
組換えポリペプチドは、例えばアフィニティークロマトグラフィーにより単離できる。
好ましい実施態様では、本発明の方法は、治療用抗体及び診断用抗体を含む抗体の組換え生産のために使用される。本発明の範囲である抗体は、限定するものではないが:抗HER2抗体、トラスツズマブ(HERCEPTIN(登録商標))を含む (Carter等, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:4285-4289 (1992),米国特許第5,725,856号);抗CD20抗体、米国特許第5,736,137号 に記載のキメラ抗CD20「C2B8」(RITUXAN(登録商標))、米国特許第5,721,108B1号に記載の2H7抗体のキメラ又はヒト化変異体又はトシツモマブ(BEXXAR(登録商標));抗IL-8 (St John等, Chest, 103:932 (1993),及びInternational Publication No. WO 95/23865);抗VEGF抗体、ヒト化及び/又は親和性成熟抗VEGF抗体、例えばヒト化抗VEGF抗体huA4.6.1 AVASTIN(登録商標)を含む(Kim等, Growth Factors, 7:53-64 (1992), International Publication No. WO 96/30046及びWO 98/45331, published October 15, 1998);抗PSCA抗体(WO01/40309);抗CD40抗体、S2C6及びそれらのヒト化変異体を含む(WO00/75348);抗CD11a(米国特許第5,622,700号, WO 98/23761, Steppe等, Transplant Intl. 4:3-7 (1991),及びHourmant等, Transplantation 58:377-380 (1994));抗IgE(Presta等, J. Immunol. 151:2623-2632 (1993),及びInternational Publication No. WO 95/19181);抗CD18(米国特許第5,622,700号, issued April 22, 1997、又はWO 97/26912, published July 31, 1997);抗IgE (E25、E26及びE27を含む;米国特許第5,714,338号, issued February 3, 1998又は米国特許第5,091,313号, issued February 25, 1992, WO 93/04173 published March 4, 1993,又はInternational Application No. PCT/US98/13410 filed June 30, 1998,米国特許第5,714,338号);抗Apo-2受容体抗体(WO 98/51793 published November 19, 1998);抗TNF-α抗体、cA2(REMICADE(登録商標))、CDP571及びMAK-195を含む(米国特許第5,672,347号 issued September 30, 1997, Lorenz等, J. Immunol. 156(4):1646-1653 (1996),及びDhainaut等, Crit. Care Med. 23(9):1461-1469 (1995)を参照);抗組織因子(TF)(European Patent No. 0 420 937 B1 granted November 9, 1994);抗ヒトα4β7インテグリン(WO 98/06248 published February 19, 1998);抗EGFR(WO 96/40210 published December 19, 1996に記載のキメラ又はヒト化225抗体);抗CD3抗体、例えばOKT3(米国特許第4,515,893 号issued May 7, 1985);抗CD25又は抗tac抗体例えばCHI-621(SIMULECT(登録商標)) 及び(ZENAPAX(登録商標)) (米国特許第5,693,762号 issued December 2, 1997を参照);抗CD4抗体例えばcM-7412抗体 (Choy等, Arthritis Rheum 39(1):52-56 (1996));抗CD52抗体、例えばCAMPATH-1H (Riechmann等, Nature 332:323-337 (1988));抗Fc受容体抗体、例えばFcγRIに向けられたM22抗体、Graziano等, J. Immunol. 155(10):4996-5002 (1995)に記載される;抗癌胎児抗原(CEA)抗体、例えばhMN-14(Sharkey等, Cancer Res. 55(23Suppl): 5935s-5945s (1995);胸部上皮細胞に対する抗体、huBrE-3、hu-Mc 3及びCHL6を含む (Ceriani等, Cancer Res. 55(23): 5852s-5856s (1995);及びRichman等, Cancer Res. 55(23 Supp): 5916s-5920s (1995));結腸癌細胞に結合する抗体、例えばC242(Litton等, Eur J. Immunol. 26(1):1-9 (1996));抗CD38抗体、例えばAT 13/5 (Ellis等, J. Immunol. 155(2):925-937 (1995));抗CD33抗体、例えばHu M195(Jurcic等, Cancer Res 55(23 Suppl):5908s-5910s (1995)及びCMA-676又はCDP771;抗CD22抗体、例えばLL2又はLymphoCide (Juweid等, Cancer Res 55(23 Suppl):5899s-5907s (1995));抗EpCAM抗体、例えば17-1A (PANOREX(登録商標));抗GpIIb/IIIa抗体、例えばアブシキシマブ又はc7E3 Fab (REOPRO(登録商標));抗RSV抗体、例えばMEDI-493 (SYNAGIS(登録商標));抗CMV抗体、例えばPROTOVIR(登録商標);抗HIV抗体、例えばPRO542;抗肝炎抗体、例えば抗Hep B抗体 OSTAVIR(登録商標);抗CA 125抗体OvaRex;抗イディオタイプGD3エピトープ抗体BEC2;抗αvβ3抗体VITAXIN(登録商標);抗ヒト腎細胞癌抗体、例えばch-G250;ING-1;抗ヒト17-1A抗体(3622W94);抗ヒト直腸結腸腫瘍抗体(A33);GD3ガングリオシドに対する抗ヒト黒色腫抗体R24;抗ヒト扁平上皮癌(SF-25);及び抗ヒト白血球抗原(HLA)抗体、例えばSmart ID10及び抗HLA DR抗体Oncolym(Lym-1)を含む。ここに記載の抗体のための好まし標的抗原は:HER2受容体、VEGF、IgE、CD20、CD11a、及びCD40である。これらの抗体の多くは、癌を含む様々な疾患を治療するために診療において広く使用される。
ある特定の実施態様では、本発明の方法は、以下の抗体及び組換えタンパク質の生産のために使用される。
リツキシマブ(リツキサン(RITUXAN)(登録商標))抗体は、CD20抗原に対する遺伝子的操作が施されたキメラマウス/ヒトモノクローナル抗体である。リツキシマブは1998年4月7日に発行された米国特許第5736137号(Anderson等)において「C2B8」と呼ばれている抗体である。リツキシマブは、再発性又は難治性低悪性度又は濾胞性(follicular)の、CD20陽性、B細胞非ホジキンリンパ腫の患者の治療のためのものである。インビトロ作用機序の研究では、リツキシマブは、ヒト補体に結合し、補体依存性細胞傷害性(CDC)を介してリンパ系B細胞系統を溶解することが実証されている(Reff等, Blood 83(2):435-445 (1994))。また、それは抗体依存性細胞性細胞傷害性(ADCC)に対するアッセイで有意な活性を有している。より最近では、リツキシマブはトリチウム標識チミジン取り込みアッセイにおいて抗増殖効果を有しており、アポトーシスを直接誘導することが示されたが、他の抗CD19及びCD20抗体は誘導しない(Maloney等, Blood 88:637a (1996))。リツキシマブ及び化学療法剤及び毒素間の相乗効果もまた実験的に観察されている。特に、リツキシマブは、ドキソルビシン、CDDP、VP-16、ジフテリア毒素及びリシンの細胞傷害性効果に対する薬物耐性ヒトB細胞リンパ腫細胞系の感受性を高める(Demidem等 Cancer Chemotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals 12(3):177-186 (1997))。インビボ前臨床研究では、リツキシマブが、おそらくは補体及び細胞媒介プロセスを介してカニクイザルの末梢血、リンパ節及び骨髄のB細胞を減少させることが示されている(Reff等 Blood 83(2):435-445 (1994))。
マウスHER2抗体4D5の組換えヒト化型(huMAb4D5-8、rhuMAb HER2、トラスツズマブ又はハーセプチン(登録商標);米国特許第5821337号)は、広範な抗癌治療を先に受けたHER2過剰発現転移性乳癌を持つ患者において臨床的に活性である(Baselga等, J. Clin. Oncol. 14:737-744(1996))。トラスツズマブは、腫瘍がHER2タンパク質を過剰発現する転移性乳癌を有する患者の治療のために、1998年9月25日、食品医薬品局から販売認可を受けた。2006年11月に、FDAは、HER2陽性、節陽性乳癌の患者のアジュバント治療に対し、ドキソルビシン、シクロホスファミド及びパクリタキセルを有する治療計画の一部としてハーセプチンを承認した。
ヒト抗VEGF抗体huA4.6.1 AVASTIN(登録商標)等、ヒト化及び/又は親和性成熟抗VEGF抗体を含む抗VEGF抗体(Kim等, Growth Factors, 7:53-64 (1992), International Publication No. WO 96/30046及びWO 98/45331, published October 15, 1998)が、癌の治療に対しFDAに承認された。様々な実施態様において、本発明はヒト化抗VEGF抗体を含んでなる医薬品組成物を提供する。
ヒト化抗CD11a抗体エファリズマブ又はRaptiva(登録商標)(米国特許第6,037,454号)は、乾癬の治療のための処置として、2003年10月27日に食品医薬品局から販売認可を受けた。一実施態様は、抗ヒトCD11a抗体を含んでなる医薬品組成物を提供する。
DR5受容体(抗DR5)抗体に対する抗体がまた、本発明に従い生成されることができる。このような抗DR5抗体は、具体的にはPCT公開番号WO 2006/083971に開示される全ての抗体変異体を含み、例えばApomab1.1、2.1、3.1、4.1、5.1、5.2、5.3、6.1、6.2、6.3、7.1、7.2、7.3、8.1、8.3、9.1、1.2、2.2、3.2、4.2、5.2、6.2、7.2、8.2、9.2、1.3、2.2、3.3、4.3、5.3、6.3、7.3、8.3、9.3、及び25.3と称される抗DR5抗体、特にApomab8.3及びApomab7.3、好ましくはApomab7.3等である。WO2006/083971の内容は出典明記によりその全体を本明細書中に援用する。Apomabは、完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体であり、典型的にはアポトーシスを誘導するよう設計されたDR5標的のアポトーシス促進受容体アゴニスト(PARA)である。アポトーシスは天然過程であり、癌性のものを含め損傷した又は不必要な細胞が死に、体から除去される。アポトーシス促進受容体DR5は広範囲の悪性において発現される。
BR3(抗BR3)抗体に対する抗体及びBR3-Fcイムノアドヘシンが、本発明により生産されることができる。このような抗BR3抗体及びイムノアドヘシンは具体的には米国特許出願公開第20050070689号に開示される全ての変異体を含む。米国特許出願公開第20050070689号の全内容は出典明記によりその全体を本明細書中に援用する。
ここに記載される抗体及び他の組換えタンパク質は、組換えDNA技術の周知の技術により生産されることができる。従って、上記に特に特定した抗体に加え、熟練した技術者は、興味の抗原に対する抗体を例えば下記技術を用いて生成することができる。
ここに記載の抗体は、興味の抗原に向けられる。好ましくは抗原は生物学的に重要なポリペプチドであり、疾患又は障害を患っている哺乳動物への抗体の投与はその哺乳動物において治療的利点となることができる。しかしながら、非ポリペプチド抗原(例えば腫瘍関連糖脂質抗原;米国特許5,091,178を参照)に向けられる抗体も考慮される。抗原がポリペプチドである場合、それは膜貫通分子(例えば受容体)又はリガンド例えば増殖因子等でありうる。例示的な抗原は、下記セクション(3)に記載されるそれらのタンパク質を含む。本発明により包含される抗体に対する例示的な分子標的は、CDタンパク質、例えばCD3、CD4、CD8、CD19、CD20、CD22、CD34、CD40;ErbB受容体ファミリーのメンバー、例えばEGF受容体、HER2、HER3又はHER4受容体;細胞接着分子、LFA-1、Mac1、p150,95、VLA-4、ICAM-1、VCAM及びαv/β3インテグリン(それらのα又はβサブユニットを含む(例えば抗CD11a、抗CD18又は抗CD11b抗体));増殖因子、VEGF等;IgE;血液型抗原;flk2/flt3受容体;肥満(OB)受容体;mpl受容体;CTLA-4;プロテインC、又はここに記載する他の抗原の何れかを含む。上に挙げた抗体に対する抗原は特にここに記載の範囲内に含まれる。
他の抗原及び抗体を調製するのに有用なそれらの形態は、当技術分野のものにとって明瞭であろう。
ポリクローナル抗体は、好ましくは関連抗原及びアジュバントの複数回の皮下(sc)又は腹腔内(ip)注射により動物において産生させる。関連抗原を、二官能性又は誘導体化剤、例えばマレイミドベンゾイルスルホスクシンイミドエステル(システイン残基を通したコンジュゲーション)、N-ヒドロキシスクシンイミド(リジン残基を通した)、グルタルアルデヒド、無水コハク酸、SOCI2、又はR1N=C=NR(ここで、R及びR1は異なったアルキル基である)を使用して、免疫化される種において免疫原性であるタンパク質、例えばキーホールリンペットヘモシアニン、血清アルブミン、ウシサイログロブリン又は大豆トリプシン阻害剤に結合させるのが有用でありうる。
モノクローナル抗体は、Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495 (1975)により最初に記載されたハイブリドーマ法、又は組換えDNA法(米国特許第4816567号)によって作成することができる。
DNAはまた例えば相同のマウス配列の代わりにヒト重鎖及び軽鎖定常ドメインをコード配列に置換することにより(米国特許第4816567号; Morrisonら, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851 (1984))、あるいは非免疫グロブリンポリペプチドのコード配列の全て又は一部を免疫グロブリンコード配列に共有結合で連結することによって、改変することができる。
ヒト化抗体には非ヒトである供給源由来の一又は複数のアミノ酸残基がそこに導入されている。これら非ヒトアミノ酸残基は、しばしば、典型的には「移入」可変ドメインから得られる「移入」残基と呼ばれる。ヒト化は、本質的には齧歯動物のCDR又はCDR配列でヒト抗体の該当する配列を置換することによりウィンターと共同研究者の方法(Jones等, Nature, 321:522-525 (1986);Riechmann等, Nature, 332:323-327 (1988);Verhoeyen等, Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988))に従って実施することができる。従って、このような「ヒト化」抗体は、無傷のヒト可変ドメインより実質的に少ない分が非ヒト種由来の該当する配列で置換されたキメラ抗体(米国特許第4816567号)である。実際には、ヒト化抗体は、典型的には幾らかのCDR残基と場合によっては幾らかのFR残基が齧歯類抗体の類似部位からの残基によって置換されているヒト抗体である。
抗体断片を生産するために様々な技術が開発されている。伝統的には、これらの断片は、無傷の抗体のタンパク分解性消化を介して誘導されていた(例えば、Morimoto等, Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24:107-117 (1992) and Brennan等, Science, 229:81 (1985)を参照)。しかし、これらの断片は今は組換え宿主細胞により直接生産することができる。例えば、抗体断片は上において検討した抗体ファージライブラリーから分離することができる。別法として、Fab'-SH断片を大腸菌から直接回収し、化学的に結合させてF(ab’)2断片を形成することができる(Carter等, Bio/Technology 10:163-167 (1992))。他のアプローチ法では、F(ab’)2断片を組換え宿主細胞培養から直接単離することができる。抗体断片の生産のための他の方法は当業者には明らかであろう。他の実施態様では、選択抗体は単鎖Fv断片(scFV)である。国際公開第93/16185号を参照。
多重特異性抗体は、少なくとも2つの異なる抗原に対して結合特異性を有する。このような分子は通常は二つの抗原を結合させるのみであるが(すなわち、二重特異性抗体、BsAbs)、三重特異性抗体のような更なる特異性を持つ抗体もここで使用される場合この表現に包含される。
二価より多い抗体も考えられる。例えば、三重特異性抗体を調製することができる。Tutt等 J.Immunol. 147:60(1991)。
最も簡単で最も直接的なイムノアドヘシンの設計は、アドヘシンの結合ドメイン(例えば、受容体の細胞外ドメイン(ECD))を免疫グロブリン重鎖のFc領域と組み合わせるものである。通常は、本発明のイムノアドヘシンを調製する場合、アドヘシンの結合ドメインをコードする核酸を、免疫グロブリン定常ドメイン配列のN末端をコードする核酸にC末端的に融合されるが、N末端融合もまた可能である。
典型的には、そのような融合において、コード化されるキメラポリペプチドは免疫グロブリン重鎖の定常ドメインの機能的に活性なヒンジ、CH2及びCH3ドメインを保持する。融合はまた定常ドメインのFc領域のC末端、又は重鎖のCH1又は軽鎖の対応する領域にN末端に直ぐになされる。融合がなされる正確な部位は重要なものではない;特定の部位がよく知られており、イムノアドヘシンの生物学的活性、分泌、又は結合特性を最適化するために選択されうる。
ACL-ACL;
ACH-(ACH、ACL-ACH、ACL-VHCH、又はVLCL-ACH);
ACL-ACH-(ACL-ACH、ACL-VHCH、VLCL-ACH、又はVLCL-VHCH)
ACL-VHCH-(ACH、又はACL-VHCH、又はVLCL-ACH);
VLCL-ACH-(ACL-VHCH、又はVLCL-ACH);及び
(A-Y)n-(VLCL-VHCH)2、
ここで、各Aは同一又は異なったアドヘシンアミノ酸配列を示し;
VLは免疫グロブリン軽鎖可変ドメインであり;
VHは免疫グロブリン重鎖可変ドメインであり;
CLは免疫グロブリン軽鎖定常ドメインであり;
CHは免疫グロブリン重鎖定常ドメインであり;
nは1より大きい整数であり;
Yは共有結合架橋剤の残基を示す。
あるいは、アドヘシン配列は、キメラ重鎖を含んでなる免疫グロブリンが得られるように、免疫グロブリン重鎖と軽鎖配列の間に挿入することができる。この実施態様では、アドヘシン配列は免疫グロブリンの各アームの免疫グロブリンの重鎖の3’末端に、ヒンジとCH2ドメインの間、又はCH2とCH3ドメインの間の何れかで融合される。同様な作成物がHoogenboom等,Mol.Immunol.28:1027-1037(1991)によって報告されている。
全ての特許、特許出願、刊行物、産物説明及びプロトコルが本出願の全体にわたって引用され、その開示は出典明記によりその全体を本明細書中に援用する。
以下の実施例は、図示する目的のみに対して提供され、いかなる形であれ本発明の範囲を制限することを目的としない。実施例において示される市販の試薬は、特に明記しない限り製造業者の指示に従って用いられた。以下の実施例及び明細書中を通してATCCR受入番号により明記されるそれらの細胞の供給源は、American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginiaである。
グルタミンフリー生産培地におけるポリペプチドの生産
材料及び方法:
細胞株。これらの研究において、Apomab抗体、抗VEGF抗体及び融合タンパクBR3-Fcをそれぞれ発現するCHO宿主細胞を使用した。宿主細胞を懸濁液及び無血清培養に適用した。マスター又はワーキング・セル・バンクとして冷凍ストックを下記の培地において調製した。
37oC及び5%CO2に維持されたThermo Scientific Forma(登録商標)reach-in CO2加湿インキュベーターにおいて、250mL又は1LのCorning(登録商標)ベント付振とうフラスコを使用して細胞株を維持した。フラスコを、カスタムメイドのアルミニウム基質プラットフォームを用いたNew Brunswick Scientific Innova(登録商標)-2100 platform shaker上で150rpmの速度で攪拌した。細胞培養物を新鮮な培地を用いて3又は4日ごとに継代し、0.11%又は0.20%の血中血球容積(PCV)で播種した。PCVは10-mLのガラス KIMAX(登録商標)USA PCV管を用いて得られた。
研究開始前に細胞培養物をSorvall(登録商標)RT 6000B遠心分離機で5分間1000rpmで遠心分離し、グルタミン含有の播種培地とそれぞれの試験培地との100%の培地交換を完了した。グルタミン、グルタメート、アスパラギン及びアスパレートの異なる濃度を異なる試験培地で評価した。以下の濃度を試験した:グルタミン0−10mM、グルタメート1−10mM、アスパラギン0−15mM、アスパレート1−10mM。培地状態を要因DOE分析で評価した。
振とうフラスコは、37°C及び5%CO2で維持されたThermo Scientific Forma(登録商標)reach-in CO2加湿インキュベーターにおいて維持された。フラスコを、カスタムメイドのアルミニウム基質プラットフォームを用いたNew Brunswick Scientific Innova(登録商標)-2100 platform shaker上で150rpmの速度で攪拌した。
播種培養のための培地(産生期とは対照に)を、通常5mMのグルタミン、8g/Lのグルコース及び75-2000nMメトトレキサート(Methotroxate)で補充した。
研究のためにpH調整を必要に応じて行い、pH値を1Mの炭酸ナトリウムを使用して7.00±0.10に維持した。pH値の調整は、pH単位を0.10上げるために1mL/Lの1M炭酸ナトリウムを添加することによって行った。
組換えタンパク質。生成された組換えタンパク質は、Apomab(TRAIL)、抗VEGF及びイムノアドヘシンBR3-Fcであった。
図1−5に示すように、グルタミンフリー生産培地の使用は、Apomab抗体、BR3-Fcイムノアドヘシン及び抗VEGF抗体の最終組換えタンパク質力価を増加した。何れの場合においても、グルタミン、グルタメート、アスパラギン及びアスパレートの異なる濃度の効果を評価する要因実験DOEによる力価結果のキューブプロット分析は、10mMアスパラギン、10mMアスパラギン酸及び1mMグルタミン酸で補充されたグルタミンフリー培地において最も高い力価が得られることを予測する(図1−3)。
Apomab抗体価へのグルタミンフリー、低グルタメート及び高アスパレート条件下でのアスパラギンの影響を図4に示す。グルタミンフリー培地において、Apomab抗体価は、アスパラギン無しでのグルタミンフリー培地と比較して2.5−15mMアスパラギンの存在下で著しく増加した。これらの条件下でグルタメートの有無は力価に影響が無かった。
図6A−Cでは、10mMアスパラギン、10mMアスパラギン酸及び1mMグルタミン酸で補充されたグルタミンフリー培地の力価への効果を示し、Apomab抗体、抗VEGF抗体及びBR3-Fcイムノアドヘシンの最終力価(それぞれA−C)はグルタミン含有培地と比較してグルタミンフリー培地において著しく高かった。
Claims (20)
- 抗体、抗体断片及びイムノアドヘシンからなる群から選択されるポリペプチドを、該ポリペプチドを発現している哺乳動物宿主細胞において産生する方法において、アスパラギン含有のグルタミンフリー生産培養培地における培養の生産期で哺乳動物宿主細胞を培養することを含んでなり、アスパラギンが7.5mMから15mMの範囲の濃度で添加される方法。
- アスパラギンが7.5mMから10mMの範囲の濃度で添加される請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳動物宿主細胞がチャイニーズハムスター卵巣(CHO)細胞である請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳動物宿主細胞がdhfr−CHO細胞である請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記生産培養培地が無血清である請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記生産培養培地が
1)エネルギー源;
2)必須アミノ酸;
3)ビタミン;
4)遊離脂肪酸;及び
5)微量元素
から成る群から選択される一又は複数の成分を含有する請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記生産培養培地が
1)ホルモン及び他の増殖因子;
2)塩及びバッファー;及び
3)ヌクレオシド
から成る群から選択される一又は複数の成分を更に含有する請求項6に記載の方法。 - 生産期が回分又は流加培養期である請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ポリペプチドを単離する工程を更に含んでなる請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 細胞生存度、培養寿命、比生産性及び単離後の最終組換えタンパク質力価の一又は複数を決定することを更に含んでなる請求項9に記載の方法。
- 細胞生存度、培養寿命、比生産性及び最終組換えタンパク質力価の少なくとも一つが、同じ組成のグルタミン含有生産培地で産生される同じポリペプチドと比較して増加される請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体断片が、Fab、Fab′、F(ab′)2、scFv、(scFv)2、dAb、相補性決定領域(CDR)断片、線状抗体、単鎖抗体分子、ミニボディ、ダイアボディ、抗体断片から形成された多重特異性抗体から成る群から選択される請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体又は抗体断片が、キメラ抗体、ヒト化抗体又はヒト抗体である請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体又は抗体断片が、治療用抗体又はそれらの生物学的に機能的な断片である請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記治療用抗体が、抗HER2抗体;抗CD20抗体;抗IL−8抗体;抗VEGF抗体;抗CD40抗体;抗CD11a抗体;抗CD18抗体;抗免疫IgE抗体;抗Apo−2受容体抗体;抗組織因子(TF)抗体;抗ヒトα4β7インテグリン抗体;抗EGFR抗体;抗CD3抗体;抗CD25抗体;抗CD4抗体;抗CD52抗体;抗Fc受容体抗体;抗癌胎児性抗原(CEA)抗体;胸部上皮細胞に対する抗体;結腸癌細胞に結合する抗体;抗CD38抗体;抗CD33抗体;抗CD22抗体;抗EpCAM抗体;抗GpIIb/IIIa抗体;抗RSV抗体;抗CMV抗体;抗HIV抗体;抗肝炎抗体;抗CA125抗体;抗αvβ3抗体;抗ヒト腎細胞癌抗体;抗ヒト17−1A抗体;抗ヒト直腸結腸腫瘍抗体;GD3ガングリオシドに対する抗ヒト黒色腫抗体R24;抗ヒト扁平上皮癌抗体;抗ヒト白血球抗原(HLA)抗体;及び抗HLA DR抗体からなる群から選択される請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記治療用抗体が、HER受容体、VEGF、IgE、CD20、CD11a、CD40、BR3又はDR5に結合する抗体である請求項14に記載の方法。
- DR5に結合する前記治療用抗体が、Apomab1.1、Apomab2.1、Apomab3.1、Apomab4.1、Apomab5.1、Apomab5.2、Apomab5.3、Apomab6.1、Apomab6.2、Apomab6.3、Apomab7.1、Apomab7.2、Apomab7.3,Apomab8.1、Apomab8.3、Apomab9.1、Apomab1.2、Apomab2.2、Apomab3.2、Apomab4.2、Apomab5.2、Apomab6.2、Apomab7.2、Apomab8.2、Apomab9.2、Apomab1.3、Apomab2.2、Apomab3.3、Apomab4.3、Apomab5.3、Apomab6.3、Apomab7.3、Apomab8.3、Apomab9.3、及びApomab25.3から成る群から選択される請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記治療用抗体が抗BR3抗体である請求項16に記載の方法。
- 培養の生産期における、ポリペプチドの、該ポリペプチドを発現している哺乳動物細胞による産生のための、使用準備済のグルタミンフリー哺乳動物細胞培養培地であって、前記培地がアスパラギンを含み、アスパラギンが7.5mM〜15mMの範囲の濃度であり、前記ポリペプチドが抗体、抗体断片及びイムノアドヘシンからなる群から選択される培養培地。
- 前記イムノアドヘシンがBR3-Fcイムノアドヘシンである請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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