JP5781164B2 - 経口投与用吸着剤 - Google Patents
経口投与用吸着剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5781164B2 JP5781164B2 JP2013537564A JP2013537564A JP5781164B2 JP 5781164 B2 JP5781164 B2 JP 5781164B2 JP 2013537564 A JP2013537564 A JP 2013537564A JP 2013537564 A JP2013537564 A JP 2013537564A JP 5781164 B2 JP5781164 B2 JP 5781164B2
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- acf
- fiber
- oral administration
- adsorbent
- activated carbon
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Description
(1)活性炭素繊維を有効成分として含有する、経口投与用尿毒素吸着剤。
(2)活性炭素繊維が、ミクロポア容積が0.1〜2.0mL/gである(1)に記載の経口投与用尿毒素吸着剤。
(3)活性炭素繊維が、繊維の長さが15μm以上、ミクロポア容積が0.5〜1.0mL/gである、(1)又は(2)に記載の経口投与用尿毒素吸着剤。
(4)腎疾患の治療又は予防薬、あるいは透析合併症の治療又は予防薬である(1)〜(3)のいずれかに記載の経口投与用尿毒素吸着剤。
(5)1日当たりの投与量が1〜3000mgである(1)〜(4)のいずれかに記載の経口投与用尿毒素吸着剤。
(6)繊維断面の直径が5〜50μmであり、繊維の長さが15μm以上、BET法で求められる比表面積が1400〜2700m2/g、全細孔容積が0.8〜1.8mL/g、ミクロポア容積が0.5〜1.0mL/gである活性炭素繊維。
本発明におけるACFとは、アクリロニトリル系繊維、フェノール繊維、ピッチ(石油、石炭、及びコールタールなどの副生成物)を繊維状にした原料を酸化処理等の不融化処理後、賦活処理を行ったものであり、活性炭素繊維又は繊維状活性炭ともいう。
(a)原料成分の不純物の精製が高レベルに行われている。
(b)紡糸工程で、一方向に高延伸させるため、球状活性炭に比べ高配向の構造を有する。
(c)高比表面積、かつ尿毒素等の低分子吸着に適した微細孔の容積が高い素材作製が期待できる。
(d)球状活性炭に比べ繊維断面の直径(以下、「繊維径」という場合がある。)(サイズ)の均一性が高い。
(e)従来の球状活性炭に比べ微細(直径が10分の1以下)であり、吸着速度の高速化が期待できる。
《ポリアクリロニトリル(PAN)系ACF》
ポリアクリロニトリル系繊維を空気中で酸化させた後、賦活することによって得ることができる。酸化処理は220〜300℃の温度で0.1〜10時間かけて行われる。賦活方法としてガス賦活法又は薬品賦活法を用いることができるが、ガス賦活法がより好ましい。賦活ガスとして、水蒸気及び/又は二酸化炭素、更にこれらと窒素等の不活性ガスの混合ガスを用いることができる。
《フェノール系ACF》
フェノールノボラック繊維を賦活することによって得ることができる。フェノール系ACFの場合、あらかじめ液相系や気相系にて不融化(酸化)してあれば、ポリアクリロニトリル系ACFでは必要な酸化処理が不要であり、賦活処理のみを行ってもよい。
《ピッチ系ACF》
石油系又は石炭系の等方性ピッチ原料の繊維を酸化処理した後、賦活することによって得ることができる。
《レーヨン系ACF》
レーヨンを空気中で酸化処理後、賦活することによって得ることができる。
[再賦活]
本発明におけるACFは、ACFを原料として、改めて賦活(再賦活)してもよい。原料のACFは、種類は限定されないが、例えばPAN系、フェノール系、ピッチ系、レーヨン系等のACFが用いられる。再賦活するACFの比表面積としては、300m2/g以上、好ましくは500〜2500m2/gのACFが用いられる。比表面積が2500m2/gより大きい場合、再賦活速度が速くなり、賦活条件の制御が難しくなり、灰化したりして、賦活収率の低下を招くことがある。賦活条件(賦活ガス種類、温度、時間等)は、原料のACFを製造する場合と同様の条件が用いられる。
[表面脱離]
本発明におけるACFは、ACF中の表面官能基を減少させることを目的としてACFの賦活工程の後半及び賦活終了後に、不活性ガス中で400〜1200℃にて、熱処理し、表面脱離を行ってもよい。熱処理温度は、1200℃より高い場合では、細孔の収縮により、比表面積が減少し好ましくなく、1200℃以下が好ましい。熱処理に用いられるACFの比表面積は特に限定されないが800m2/g以上が好ましい。
本発明の経口投与用吸着剤は、腎疾患の治療又は予防薬、もしくは透析合併症の治療又は予防薬として、前記のACFを有効成分として含有する。その投与形態は、散剤、顆粒、錠剤、糖衣錠、カプセル剤、懸濁剤、スティック剤、分包包装体、ゼリー剤又は乳剤等であることができる。カプセル剤として服用する場合は、通常のゼラチンの他に、必要に応じて腸溶性のカプセルを用いることもできる。錠剤として用いる場合は、体内で元の繊維状体に解錠されることが必要である。更に他の薬剤である炭酸ランタンや塩酸セベラマー、カリメイトやケイキサレート等の電解質調節剤と配合した複合剤の形態で用いることもできる。
[食品および食品添加物としての形態]
本発明の経口投与用吸着剤は、医薬としての尿毒素吸着剤の他に、それを飲食物又は食品添加物に含有させた形態、すなわち尿毒素吸着性の飲食物又は食品添加物としての用途に応用することもできる。本発明の経口投与用吸着剤を配合した飲食物又は食品添加物を得るには、基礎となる飲食物又は食品添加物の種類もしくは形態にあわせて、粉末状又は液状で適量配合すればよい。飲食物としては、例えば通常の固形食品(例えばビスケット、パン、麺)、液状食品(例えば清涼飲料、ドリンク剤)及び半流動食品(例えばカスタードプディング、ゼリー)への配合が挙げられ、食品添加物としては、例えば通常の保存料、酸化防止剤、甘味料、着色料、乳化剤、調味料、香辛料、及び酸味料等が挙げられる。
[適用疾患]
腎疾患としては、例えば、慢性腎臓病、急性腎不全、慢性腎盂腎炎、急性腎盂腎炎、慢性糸球体腎炎、急性進行型腎炎症候群、ネフローゼ症候群、腎硬化症、間質性腎炎、糖尿病性腎症、巣状糸球体硬化症、膜性腎症、多発性のう胞性腎症候群、腎血管性高血圧、及び高血圧症候群、並びに前記の原疾患に伴う続発性腎疾患、等を挙げることができる(非特許文献10)。また、慢性腎臓病に付随する高リン血症、高カリウム血症、高尿酸血症、及び高ナトリウム血症等も広義の腎疾患として挙げられる。
(A)繊維断面の直径
繊維断面の直径(繊維径)は、以下の方法で算出した。画像解析式の粒度・形状分布測定器であるPITA−II((株)セイシン企業製)を用い、レンズの倍率は4倍を使用し、複数回の測定を繰り返して、合計で4000〜8000個の繊維形状を測定した。
(B)繊維の長さ
繊維の長さは、以下の方法で算出した。画像解析式の粒度及び形状分布測定器であるPITA−II((株)セイシン企業製)を用い、レンズの倍率は4倍を使用し、複数回の測定を繰り返して、合計で4000〜8000個の繊維形状を測定した。
(C)比表面積(BET法)
比表面積/細孔分布測定装置(Quantachrome社製AUTOSORB−1)を用いて、ACFのガス吸着量を測定し、BET式により比表面積を求めた。具体的には、試料であるACFに、−196℃で窒素を吸着させ、窒素分圧と吸着量の関係(吸着等温線)を測定した。
Wm: 単分子層で覆った時の窒素吸着量(g)
C: BET定数
BET式(1)に従い、相対圧力(P/P0)が0.05〜0.35の範囲の吸着等温線のデータを用いP/P0と 1/W(Po/P−1)をプロット(BETプロット)し、単分子層吸着量(Wm(g))をBETプロットの傾き(s)と切片(i)より計算した。
BET式(1)より S=(C−1)/(WmC) ・・・(2)
i=1/(WmC) ・・・(3)
(2)と(3)より Wm=1/(s+i) ・・・(4)
全表面積 St(m2)= WmNAcs/M ・・・(5)
N: アボガドロ数(6.023×1023/mol)
M: 窒素の分子量
Acs: 窒素分子断面積(16.2Å)
(D)細孔容積
比表面積測定法と同様に窒素の吸着等温線より密度汎関数法で求めた。
全細孔容積:細孔が液体窒素により充填されていると仮定し、相対圧力が1付近で吸着したガスの全量より求めた。
ミクロポア容積:細孔直径が20Å以下の細孔をミクロポアと定義し、吸着等温線より得られる細孔径と累積細孔容積曲線から、20Å以下の細孔容積を算出した。
メソポア容積:細孔直径が20〜100Åの細孔をメソポアと定義し、吸着等温線より得られる細孔径と累積細孔容積曲線から、細孔容積を算出した。
マクロポア容積:全細孔容積よりミクロポア容積とメソポア容積を差し引き求めた。
[実施例1]
ポリアクリロニトリル系ACF(繊維径9μm:商品名「ファインガード:FW−510」東邦化工建設社製)を使用した。そのACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例2]
フェノール系ACF(繊維径15μm:商品名「クラクテイブ」クラレケミカル社製)を使用した。そのACFの特性を表1に、繊維の長さの測定結果を表2に、繊維の長さの分布を図3に示す。
[実施例3]
フェノールノボラック繊維(繊維径17μm:商品名「カイノール」群栄化学社製)を、水蒸気にて950℃で120分かけて賦活し、本発明のACFを得た。得られたACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例4]
ピッチ系ACF(繊維径15μm:商品名「A−15」アドール社製)を使用した。そのACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例5]
ポリアクリロニトリル系酸化繊維(繊維径14μm:商品名「パイロメックス」東邦テナックス社製)を水蒸気にて950℃で60分かけて賦活し、本発明のACFを得た。得られたACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例6]
フェノール系ACF(繊維径15μm:商品名「クラクテイブ」クラレケミカル社製)を窒素気流下で900℃まで昇温させた後、水蒸気に切り替え、60分かけて賦活を行った。賦活終了後の降温工程では再び窒素気流下で反応を停止させ、本発明のACFを得た。そのACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例7]
フェノール系ACF(繊維径15μm:商品名「クラクテイブ」クラレケミカル社製)を窒素気流下で900℃まで昇温させた後、120分かけて表面脱離を行った。設定温度からの降温工程では、そのまま窒素ガスを導入し続け反応を停止させ、本発明のACFを得た。そのACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例8]
フェノール系ACF(繊維径15μm:商品名「クラクテイブ」クラレケミカル社製)を窒素気流下で800℃まで昇温させた後、30分かけて表面脱離を行った。設定温度からの降温工程では、そのまま窒素ガスを導入し続け反応を停止させ、本発明のACFを得た。そのACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例9]
ポリアクリロニトリル系酸化繊維(繊維径14μm:商品名「パイロメックス」東邦テナックス社製)を水蒸気にて950℃で70分かけて賦活し、本発明のACFを得た。得られたACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例10](参考例)
実施例2のACFについて、粉砕後、旋回気流式ふるい分け測定装置を用い、目開き10μmのふるいを使って分級を行い、ふるいを通過したものを回収することにより繊維の長さの短いACFを得た。そのACFの特性を表1に、繊維の長さの測定結果を表2に、繊維の長さの分布を図4に示す。
[実施例11]
フェノール系ACF(繊維径16μm:商品名「クラクテイブ」クラレケミカル社製)を使用した。そのACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例12]
フェノールノボラック繊維(繊維径12μm:商品名「カイノール」群栄化学社製)を、水蒸気にて、900℃で50分間賦活し、本発明のACFを得た。そのACFの特性を表1に、繊維断面の直径の測定結果を表3に示す。
[実施例13]
フェノールノボラック繊維(繊維径38μm:商品名「カイノール」群栄化学社製)を、水蒸気にて、900℃で50分間賦活し、本発明のACFを得た。そのACFの特性を表1に、繊維断面の直径の測定結果を表3に示す。
[実施例14]
フェノールノボラック繊維(繊維径17μm:商品名「カイノール」群栄化学社製)を、水蒸気にて、500℃で10分間賦活し、本発明のACFを得た。そのACFの比表面積は600m2/g未満であった。
[実施例15]
ピッチ系ACF(繊維径15μm:商品名「A−20」アドール社製)を使用した。そのACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例16]
レーヨン繊維(繊維径31μm)をリン酸アンモニウム水溶液で処理後、270℃で、空気中2時間酸化処理した後、水蒸気にて、900℃で50分間賦活し、本発明のACFを得た。そのACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例17]
フェノール系ACF(繊維径15μm:商品名「クラクテイブ」クラレケミカル社製)を窒素気流下で、900℃まで昇温させた後、水蒸気に切り替え、120分かけ賦活を行った。賦活終了後の降温工程では、再び窒素気流下で反応を停止させ、本発明のACFを得た。そのACFの特性を表1に示す。
[実施例18]
フェノールノボラック繊維(繊維径17μm:商品名「カイノール」群栄化学社製)を、水蒸気にて、900℃で10分間賦活し、本発明のACFを得た。そのACFの特性を表1に示す。
[比較例1]
クレメジン(登録商標、株式会社クレハ「クレメジン細粒」)を使用した。
[食事成分中での尿毒素吸着性能評価]
吸着剤の活性発揮部位として想定される消化管内の食物が存在する状態を反映した条件下で、本発明の経口投与用吸着剤の尿毒素吸着性能を測定し、従来の経口投与用吸着剤と吸着性能を比較するため、経腸栄養剤(半消化態栄養剤)であるエンシュアリキッド中での本発明の経口投与用吸着剤の吸着性能を測定した。比較例1として球状活性炭からなる慢性腎不全治療薬であるクレメジン(登録商標、株式会社クレハ「クレメジン細粒」)を使用し、以下の方法により、インドール酢酸に対する吸着性能を経時的に測定した。
[正常マウスを用いた血清中尿毒素低下作用評価]
得られた実施例2、3、6、7、11〜18のACF、及び比較例1の球状活性炭について、マウスへの経口投与による血清中尿毒素濃度の低下作用を評価した。8〜9週齢の雄性ICRマウス(日本チャールス・リバー、日本SLC)を群間に偏りのないよう、体重により群分けを行い、媒体投与群と、比較例又は実施例投与群に分けた(n=6〜7)。比較例投与群については1日1回5mg、15mg又は30mg、実施例投与群については1日1回5mgを強制経口投与し、投与1週間後、麻酔下で腹部大動脈より採血を実施した。回収した血清の除タンパクを85%アセトニトリルにて行った後、LC−MS/MS(API4000 LC−MS/MS)にて血清中のインドキシル硫酸の測定を行った。比較例と実施例の活性強弱を明確にするため、各群と媒体投与群の血清中インドキシル硫酸値との平均値の差を媒体投与群の血清中インドキシル硫酸値の平均値で割り算し、低下率(%)を計算した。これらの結果を表5及び図2に示す。
Claims (6)
- 活性炭素繊維を有効成分として含有する、経口投与用尿毒素吸着剤。
- 活性炭素繊維が、ミクロポア容積が、0.1〜2.0 mL/gである請求項1に記載の経口投与用尿毒素吸着剤。
- 活性炭素繊維が、繊維の長さが15μm以上、ミクロポア容積が0.5〜1.0 mL/gである、請求項1又は2に記載の経口投与用尿毒素吸着剤。
- 腎疾患の治療又は予防薬、あるいは透析合併症の治療又は予防薬である請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の経口投与用尿毒素吸着剤。
- 1日当たりの投与量が1〜3000mgである請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の経口投与用尿毒素吸着剤。
- 活性炭素繊維の、線維断面の直径が5〜50μmであり、繊維の長さが15μm以上、BET法で求められる比表面積が1400〜2700m2/g、全細孔容積が0.8〜1.8 mL/g、ミクロポア容積が0.5〜1.0 mL/gである請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の経口投与用尿毒素吸着剤。
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US20160296558A1 (en) * | 2015-04-10 | 2016-10-13 | Bio-Medical Carbon Technology Co., Ltd. | Adsorbent for reducing uremic toxins in vivo |
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JP7309436B2 (ja) * | 2019-04-26 | 2023-07-18 | 森永乳業株式会社 | 腎機能障害予防又は改善用組成物、並びに、該腎機能障害予防又は改善用組成物を用いた医薬品組成物及び飲食品組成物 |
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JP7557410B2 (ja) | 2021-03-31 | 2024-09-27 | 日本製紙株式会社 | 活性炭素繊維材料およびその製造方法 |
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