JP5561190B2 - 半導体装置、半導体装置の製造方法及び電子装置 - Google Patents
半導体装置、半導体装置の製造方法及び電子装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5561190B2 JP5561190B2 JP2011017405A JP2011017405A JP5561190B2 JP 5561190 B2 JP5561190 B2 JP 5561190B2 JP 2011017405 A JP2011017405 A JP 2011017405A JP 2011017405 A JP2011017405 A JP 2011017405A JP 5561190 B2 JP5561190 B2 JP 5561190B2
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Description
図1に示す半導体装置1は、半導体素子2、電子素子3、及び基板4を含む。
このように半導体装置1では、対向する突起電極2a,3a同士が基板4の貫通孔4a内で接続されるため、突起電極2a,3aの、互いの側方への位置ずれが抑制されている。更に、対向する突起電極2a,3aが貫通孔4a内で接続されるため、これら突起電極2a,3aに隣接して別の電極が設けられていた場合でも、当該別の電極と、これら突起電極2a,3aとの短絡が抑制されるようになる。
以下、半導体装置について、より詳細に説明する。
ここでは、2つの半導体素子に設けた突起電極同士を接続する、いわゆるチップオンチップ構造の半導体装置を例に、図面を参照して詳細に説明する。
半導体素子20は、図2(A)に示すように、その一方の面の所定位置に設けられた、少なくとも1つの突起電極21(ここでは一例として3つの突起電極21を図示)を有している。図2(A)に示すように、もう一方の半導体素子30の突起電極31と接続される前の突起電極21は、半導体素子20の表面から延びる、銅(Cu)等を用いたポスト部21aと、そのポスト部21aの先端に設けられたはんだ部21bとを有している。はんだ部21bは、製法上、熱処理が施され、半球状になっている。
ここで、突起電極及びその付近の構成例を図3に示す。尚、図3には、一例として、図2(A)に示した半導体素子20のX部の構成例を模式的に示している。
図7は第1の実施の形態に係る半導体装置の一例を示す図である。尚、図7には、第1の実施の形態に係る半導体装置の一例の要部断面を模式的に図示している。
図8は第1の実施の形態に係る半導体装置の一例を示す図である。尚、図8には、第1の実施の形態に係る半導体装置の一例の要部断面を模式的に図示している。
図9及び図10は第1の実施の形態に係る半導体装置を回路基板に搭載した装置(電子装置)の構成例を示す図である。尚、図9及び図10にはそれぞれ、第1の実施の形態に係る電子装置の一例の要部断面を模式的に図示している。
以上の説明では、半導体素子20,30を接続する構造において、それらの間に半導体素子40を設ける場合を例にした。このような半導体素子40は、半導体素子と、回路基板等の電子素子とを接続する構造においても、同様に適用することができる。
以上の説明では、貫通孔41を有する半導体素子40(ダミー素子、アクティブ素子)のような基板を用いる場合を例にしたが、同様の貫通孔を有する別の基板を用いることもできる。
図14は第3の実施の形態に係る半導体装置の一構成例を示す図である。尚、図14には、第3の実施の形態に係る半導体装置の一例の要部断面を模式的に図示している。
図14に示すような半導体装置170Aは、例えば、次の図15及び図16に示すような方法を用いて形成することができる。
まず、半導体素子20A,30A、及び樹脂基板180Aが用意される。そして、図15(A)に示すように、樹脂基板180Aの貫通孔181Aと、半導体素子30Aの突起電極31Aの位置合わせを行う。位置合わせ後、図15(B)に示すように、半導体素子30Aを、その突起電極31Aが貫通孔181Aに挿入されるように、樹脂基板180Aの上に搭載する。このとき、樹脂基板180Aのバンプ182Aと、半導体素子30Aの配線37Aとを接続する。
次に、第4の実施の形態について説明する。
1層目の半導体素子210は、図17(A)に示すように、その上面に設けられた突起電極211及び凹部212を有している。突起電極211は、ポスト部211a、及びその先端に設けられた半球状のはんだ部211bを有している。凹部212には、その底面に電極212aが設けられている。
尚、半導体素子220,230の貫通孔223,233の側壁は、絶縁膜で被覆されていてもよい。各半導体素子210,220,230,240の間のスペースには、アンダーフィル等の樹脂が設けられてもよい。
図18に示す半導体装置300は、4つの半導体素子310,320,330,340が積層され、接続された構造を有している。
1層目と3層目の半導体素子310,330の間で対向する突起電極311,331は、2層目の半導体素子320の貫通孔323に挿入され、その貫通孔323内で接続されている。即ち、貫通孔323内で、接続部351により、ポスト部311a,331aが接続されている。
このような構成を有する半導体装置300における、信号伝播経路の一例を、図18に点線の矢印で示す。半導体装置300では、上記のように接続された4つの半導体素子310,320,330,340が協働し、所定の処理機能を実現する。
まず、貫通孔を有する半導体素子の一例の形成方法を、図19〜図21を参照して順に説明する。尚、図19〜図21には、各形成工程の要部断面を模式的に図示している。
ここでは、図19(A)に示すように、ポスト部401aと、その先端に設けたはんだ部401bとを含む突起電極401の形成まで行った半導体素子400の、裏面側(突起電極401側と反対側)に、接着剤500を用いてサポート基板501を貼り付ける。ここで、半導体素子400は、アクティブ素子であり、その回路領域(トランジスタ等の素子や配線層が形成されている領域)の面側に突起電極401が形成されている。次いで、図19(B)に示すように、半導体素子400の表面側(突起電極401側)にレジスト502を形成する。そして、図19(C)に示すように、そのレジスト502に、フォトリソグラフィ技術を用いて、貫通孔を形成する領域に開口部502aを形成する。
レジスト502に開口部502aを形成した後は、図20(A)に示すように、そのレジスト502をマスクにして、ドライエッチングにより、半導体素子400に孔403aを形成する。その後、図20(B)に示すように、レジスト502を剥離し、図20(C)に示すように、今度は半導体素子400の表面側(突起電極401側)に、接着剤503を用いてサポート基板504を貼り付ける。
サポート基板504を貼り付けた後は、図21(A)に示すように、バックグラインドを行い、半導体素子400を所定の厚みとなるように薄型化する。このとき、先に表面側から形成していた孔403aが表出するようになり、半導体素子400に貫通孔403が形成される。バックグラインド後は、図21(B)に示すように、SiO2等の絶縁膜404を形成する。絶縁膜404は、例えば、熱酸化法、CVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition)法を用いて形成することができる。絶縁膜404の形成後、接着剤503及びサポート基板504を剥離することで、図21(C)に示すような半導体素子400aを得ることができる。半導体素子400aの貫通孔403には、他の電子素子が備える突起電極が挿入される。
また、ここでは、ポスト部401aを含む突起電極401を有する半導体素子400aの形成方法を例示したが、このようなポスト電極を有さない半導体素子に貫通孔を形成する場合も、これと同様に行うことができる。例えば、上記第1,第2の実施の形態で述べたような、接続する2つの半導体素子間に設ける基板である半導体素子40(ダミー素子、アクティブ素子)も、この図19〜図21に示したような方法の例に従って形成することが可能である。
図22は貫通孔を有する半導体素子の別例の第1形成工程を説明する図である。
レジスト702の形成後は、図23(A)に示すように、そのレジスト702に、フォトリソグラフィ技術を用いて、貫通孔を形成する領域に開口部702aを形成する。開口部702aを形成した後は、図23(B)に示すように、レジスト702をマスクにしたドライエッチングにより、半導体素子600に貫通孔603を形成する。貫通孔603の形成後、図23(C)に示すように、レジスト702を剥離する。
レジスト702の剥離後は、熱酸化法、CVD法等を用いて、図24(A)に示すように、SiO2等の絶縁膜604を形成する。絶縁膜604の形成後は、図24(B)に示すように、シード層605を形成し、図24(C)に示すように、レジスト703を形成する。
レジスト703の形成後は、図25(A)に示すように、再配線を形成する領域に開口部703aを形成する。そして、図25(B)に示すように、開口部703aのシード層605上に、めっき法を用いて、再配線606を形成する。再配線606の形成後、図25(C)に示すように、レジスト703を剥離する。
レジスト703の剥離後は、図26(A)に示すように、改めてレジスト704を形成し、図26(B)に示すように、突起電極を形成する領域に開口部704aを形成する。そして、図26(C)に示すように、開口部704aの再配線606上に、めっき法を用いて、ポスト部607aを形成し、更に、そのポスト部607a上にはんだ部607bを形成して、突起電極607を形成する。突起電極607の高さは、レジスト704の厚み、めっき時の条件(めっき時間、電流密度等)等を制御することにより、調整することができる。
突起電極607の形成後は、図27(A)に示すように、レジスト704を剥離する。そして、図27(B)に示すように、レジスト704の剥離後に表出するシード層605を、エッチングにより除去する。エッチング後、リフローを行ってはんだ部607bを成形し、接着剤700及びサポート基板701を剥離することで、図27(C)に示すような半導体素子600aを得ることができる。半導体素子600aの貫通孔603には、他の電子素子が備える突起電極が挿入される。
また、ここでは、表裏面に突起電極601,607を有する半導体素子600aの形成方法を例示したが、裏面の突起電極607のみを有する半導体素子も、この図22〜図27に示したような方法の例に従って形成することが可能である。即ち、突起電極601を有さない半導体素子600を用いて、図22〜図27に示したような方法を実施すればよい。
尚、貫通孔を形成する工程までは、上記図22及び図23について述べたのと同様に行うことができる。ここでは、それ以降の工程の一例について、図28〜図32を参照して順に説明する。尚、図28〜図32には、各形成工程の要部断面を模式的に図示している。
上記図22及び図23のようにして、貫通孔603を形成し、レジスト702の剥離まで行った後は、図28(A)に示すように、改めてレジスト705を形成し、図28(B)に示すように、凹部を形成する領域に開口部705aを形成する。開口部705aを形成した後は、図28(C)に示すように、レジスト705をマスクにしたドライエッチングにより、半導体素子600に凹部608を形成する。
凹部608の形成後は、図29(A)に示すように、レジスト705を剥離し、熱酸化法、CVD法等を用いて、図29(B)に示すように、絶縁膜604を形成する。絶縁膜604の形成後は、図29(C)に示すように、シード層605を形成する。
シード層605の形成後は、図30(A)に示すように、レジスト703を形成し、図30(B)に示すように、再配線を形成する領域と凹部608に開口部703aを形成する。そして、図30(C)に示すように、開口部703aのシード層605上に、めっき法を用いて、再配線606、及び凹部608内の電極609を形成する。その後、レジスト703は剥離する。
再配線606及び電極609の形成後は、図31(A)に示すように、改めてレジスト704を形成し、図31(B)に示すように、突起電極を形成する領域に開口部704aを形成する。そして、図31(C)に示すように、開口部704aの再配線606上に、めっき法を用いて、ポスト部607aを形成し、更に、そのポスト部607a上にはんだ部607bを形成して、突起電極607を形成する。
突起電極607の形成後は、図32(A)に示すように、レジスト704を剥離する。そして、図32(B)に示すように、レジスト704の剥離後に表出するシード層605を、エッチングにより除去する。エッチング後、リフローを行ってはんだ部607bを成形し、接着剤700及びサポート基板701を剥離することで、図32(C)に示すような半導体素子600bを得ることができる。半導体素子600bの貫通孔603及び凹部608には、他の電子素子が備える突起電極が挿入される。
また、ここでは、表裏面に突起電極601,607を有する半導体素子600bの形成方法を例示したが、裏面の突起電極607のみを有する半導体素子も、この図28〜図32に示したような方法の例に従って形成することが可能である。
図33は第1変形例の説明図である。尚、図33には、半導体素子、電子素子及び基板の要部断面を模式的に図示している。
図34に示すように、半導体素子810と電子素子820の間に設ける基板830には、その両面にバンプ832を設けてもよい。例えば、突起電極811,821同士を貫通孔831内で接続させたときに、上面のバンプ832が半導体素子810に接触し、下面のバンプ832が電子素子820に接触するような構成とすることができる。基板830をアクティブ素子とするような場合には、そのような上下両面のバンプ832を半導体素子810及び電子素子820との接続端子として用いることができる。
基板830の貫通孔831とバンプ832の配置(換言すれば、半導体素子810及び電子素子820の突起電極811,821と、基板830のバンプ832の配置)は、例えば、図35に示すような配置とすることが可能である。例えば、図35(A)のように、貫通孔831とバンプ832を交互に配列させることができる。また、図35(B)のように、中央部のバンプ832を囲むように、外周部に貫通孔831を配列させることもできる。いずれの場合であっても、半導体素子810と電子素子820の接続時の位置ずれや短絡を効果的に抑制することが可能である。
基板830に設けられる貫通孔831は、円筒状に限らない。例えば、図36(A)のように、半導体素子810側の開口径が大きいテーパ状の貫通孔831Aとしたり、図36(B)のように電子素子820側の開口径が大きいテーパ状の貫通孔831Bとしたりすることもできる。また、図36(C)のように、半導体素子810側の開口と、電子素子820側の開口の間に、それらの開口よりも小さい径の部分を含む、くびれ状の貫通孔831Cとすることもできる。
半導体素子810及び電子素子820の突起電極811,821は、ポスト電極に限らない。例えば、図37(A),(B)のように、半導体素子810の突起電極としてAu等のスタッドバンプ811Aを用い、そのスタッドバンプ811Aと、電子素子820のポスト電極である突起電極821とを、はんだ部821bを介して貫通孔831内で接続するようにしてもよい。
<実施例1>
直径30μm、ピッチ50μm、高さ35μmのCuポスト部の先端に、約10μmのスズ銀(SnAg)はんだが形成された突起電極を有する、平面サイズ3.5mm×7mmの半導体素子(ここでは「第1の半導体素子」という)を準備する。
このようにして、Si搭載基板と第1の半導体素子を、第2の半導体素子を用いて接続したサンプルと、第2の半導体素子を用いずに接続したサンプルを、それぞれ10個ずつ作製し、電気的導通を測定した。その結果、第2の半導体素子を用いたサンプルは、導通不良がなく、10個のサンプルのいずれも、Si搭載基板と第1の半導体素子とを接続することが可能であった。一方、第2の半導体素子を用いなかったサンプルは、10個のサンプルのうち、2つで導通不良が発生した。この結果より、Si搭載基板と第1の半導体素子を接続する際に第2の半導体素子を用いることの優位性が確認された。
上記第1の半導体素子の突起電極と同じサイズ及び構造で同じ配置パターンの突起電極を有する、平面サイズ35mm×35mmの、樹脂を用いた搭載基板(ここでは「樹脂製搭載基板」という)を準備する。このような樹脂製搭載基板に、上記第2の半導体素子を用いて、上記第1の半導体素子を実装する。
このようにして、樹脂製搭載基板と第1の半導体素子を、第2の半導体素子を用いて接続したサンプルと、第2の半導体素子を用いずに接続したサンプルを、それぞれ10個ずつ作製し、電気的導通を測定した。その結果、第2の半導体素子を用いたサンプルは、導通不良がなく、10個のサンプルのいずれも、Si搭載基板と第1の半導体素子とを接続することが可能であった。一方、第2の半導体素子を用いなかったサンプルは、10個のサンプルのうち、2つで導通不良が発生した。この結果より、樹脂製搭載基板と第1の半導体素子を接続する際に第2の半導体素子を用いることの優位性が確認された。
(付記1) 第1突起電極を有する第1半導体素子と、
第2突起電極を有する電子素子と、
前記第1半導体素子と前記電子素子の間に設けられた基板と、
を含み、
前記基板は、第1貫通孔を有し、
前記第1突起電極と前記第2突起電極とは、前記第1貫通孔内で接続されている、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。
(付記3) 前記第1半導体素子は、第2貫通孔を有し、
前記基板は、前記第2貫通孔に挿入された第3突起電極を有している、
ことを特徴とする付記1又は2に記載の半導体装置。
前記基板は、前記凹部に挿入された第4突起電極を有している、
ことを特徴とする付記1乃至3のいずれかに記載の半導体装置。
前記第2突起電極は、第2ポスト部を有し、
前記第1貫通孔内に、前記第1ポスト部と前記第2ポスト部の先端同士を接続する接続部を有することを特徴とする付記1乃至4のいずれかに記載の半導体装置。
(付記7) 前記電子素子は、回路基板であることを特徴とする付記1乃至5のいずれかに記載の半導体装置。
(付記9) 前記基板は、回路基板、樹脂基板又はセラミック基板であることを特徴とする付記1乃至7のいずれかに記載の半導体装置。
(付記12) 前記第1突起電極及び前記第2突起電極の少なくとも一方は、スタッドバンプであることを特徴とする付記1乃至11のいずれかに記載の半導体装置。
前記基板の上方に、第2突起電極を有する半導体素子を、前記第2突起電極が前記第1貫通孔に挿入されるように配置する工程と、
前記第1貫通孔内で、前記第1突起電極と前記第2突起電極とを接続する工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする半導体装置の製造方法。
前記基板は、第3突起電極を有し、
前記基板の上方に前記半導体素子を配置する工程は、前記第2突起電極を前記第1貫通孔に挿入すると共に、前記第3突起電極を前記第2貫通孔に挿入する工程を含むことを特徴とする付記14に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
前記基板は、第4突起電極を有し、
前記電子素子の上方に前記基板を配置する工程は、前記第1突起電極を前記第1貫通孔に挿入すると共に、前記第4突起電極を前記凹部に挿入する工程を含むことを特徴とする付記14又は15に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
前記第2突起電極は、第2ポスト部を有し、
前記第1突起電極と前記第2突起電極とを接続する工程は、前記第1貫通孔内で、前記第1ポスト部と前記第2ポスト部の先端同士を接続部で接続する工程を含むことを特徴とする付記14乃至16のいずれかに記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
前記半導体装置が搭載された回路基板と、
を備え、
前記半導体装置は、
第1突起電極を有する半導体素子と、
第2突起電極を有する電子素子と、
前記半導体素子と前記電子素子の間に設けられた基板と、
を含み、
前記基板は、貫通孔を有し、
前記第1突起電極と前記第2突起電極とは、前記貫通孔内で接続されている、
ことを特徴とする電子装置。
2,20,20A,30,30A,40,210,220,230,240,310,320,330,340,400,400a,600,600a,600b,810 半導体素子
2a,3a,21,21A,23,31,31A,33,151,211,221,231,241,311,321,331,341,401,601,607,811,821 突起電極
3,820 電子素子
4,180,830 基板
4a,41,181,181A,223,233,323,333,403,603,831,831A,831B,831C 貫通孔
5,50,50A,160,251,252,351,352 接続部
21a,21Aa,31a,31Aa,151a,211a,221a,231a,241a,311a,321a,331a,341a,401a,601a,607a,811a,821a ポスト部
21b,21Ab,31b,31Ab,151b,211b,221b,231b,241b,321b,331b,341b,401b,601b,607b,811b,821b はんだ部
34,36,37A,183A 配線
35 貫通電極
42,182,182A,832 バンプ
43,404,604 絶縁膜
61 半導体基板
62 素子領域
63 配線層
63a,63d 導電部
63b,63c 絶縁部
64 第1配線層
65 第2配線層
66 第3配線層
67 第4配線層
68,152,212a,222a,232a,312a,322a,332a,609 電極
69 保護膜
70,70A 樹脂
100,110 電子装置
101,111,150 回路基板
102 ワイヤ
112,184A はんだボール
180A 樹脂基板
212,222,232,312,322,332,608 凹部
310a,320a,330a,340a 回路領域
314,324,334,344,606 再配線
403a 孔
500,503,700 接着剤
501,504,701 サポート基板
502,702,703,704,705 レジスト
502a,702a,703a,704a,705a 開口部
605 シード層
811A スタッドバンプ
Claims (10)
- 第1突起電極を有する半導体素子と、
第2突起電極を有する電子素子と、
前記半導体素子と前記電子素子の間に設けられた基板と、
を含み、
前記基板は、第1貫通孔を有し、
前記第1突起電極と前記第2突起電極とは、前記第1貫通孔内で、はんだ部を介して接続されている、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 前記第1貫通孔の側壁が絶縁性であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記半導体素子は、第2貫通孔を有し、
前記基板は、前記第2貫通孔に挿入された第3突起電極を有している、
ことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の半導体装置。 - 前記電子素子は、凹部を有し、
前記基板は、前記凹部に挿入された第4突起電極を有している、
ことを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の半導体装置。 - 前記第1突起電極は、第1ポスト部を有し、
前記第2突起電極は、第2ポスト部を有し、
前記はんだ部は、前記第1貫通孔内で、前記第1ポスト部と前記第2ポスト部の先端同士を接続することを特徴とする請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の半導体装置。 - 第1突起電極を有する電子素子の上方に、第1貫通孔を有する基板を、前記第1突起電極が前記第1貫通孔に挿入されるように配置する工程と、
前記基板の上方に、第2突起電極を有する半導体素子を、前記第2突起電極が前記第1貫通孔に挿入されるように配置する工程と、
前記第1貫通孔内で、前記第1突起電極と前記第2突起電極とを、はんだ部を介して接続する工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記半導体素子は、第2貫通孔を有し、
前記基板は、第3突起電極を有し、
前記基板の上方に前記半導体素子を配置する工程は、前記第2突起電極を前記第1貫通孔に挿入すると共に、前記第3突起電極を前記第2貫通孔に挿入する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項6に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記電子素子は、凹部を有し、
前記基板は、第4突起電極を有し、
前記電子素子の上方に前記基板を配置する工程は、前記第1突起電極を前記第1貫通孔に挿入すると共に、前記第4突起電極を前記凹部に挿入する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項6又は7に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 前記第1突起電極は、第1ポスト部を有し、
前記第2突起電極は、第2ポスト部を有し、
前記第1突起電極と前記第2突起電極とを接続する工程は、前記第1貫通孔内で、前記第1ポスト部と前記第2ポスト部の先端同士を前記はんだ部で接続する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項6乃至8のいずれかに記載の半導体装置の製造方法。 - 半導体装置と、
前記半導体装置が搭載された回路基板と、
を備え、
前記半導体装置は、
第1突起電極を有する半導体素子と、
第2突起電極を有する電子素子と、
前記半導体素子と前記電子素子の間に設けられた基板と、
を含み、
前記基板は、貫通孔を有し、
前記第1突起電極と前記第2突起電極とは、前記貫通孔内で、はんだ部を介して接続されている、
ことを特徴とする電子装置。
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JP2011017405A JP5561190B2 (ja) | 2011-01-31 | 2011-01-31 | 半導体装置、半導体装置の製造方法及び電子装置 |
US13/327,120 US8692386B2 (en) | 2011-01-31 | 2011-12-15 | Semiconductor device, method of manufacturing semiconductor device, and electronic device |
TW100146811A TWI492364B (zh) | 2011-01-31 | 2011-12-16 | 半導體裝置、製造半導體裝置的方法及電子裝置 |
CN201110460504.8A CN102623440B (zh) | 2011-01-31 | 2011-12-31 | 半导体装置、制造半导体装置的方法和电子装置 |
EP12150102.7A EP2482311A3 (en) | 2011-01-31 | 2012-01-03 | Semiconductor device, method of manufacturing semiconductor device, and electronic device |
KR20120001620A KR101454960B1 (ko) | 2011-01-31 | 2012-01-05 | 반도체 장치, 반도체 장치의 제조 방법 및 전자 장치 |
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JPWO2018042846A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-30 | 2019-06-24 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 電子デバイス及び多層セラミック基板 |
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US11450626B2 (en) * | 2020-08-25 | 2022-09-20 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. | Semiconductor package |
JP2023045852A (ja) * | 2021-09-22 | 2023-04-03 | キオクシア株式会社 | 半導体装置及び半導体装置の製造方法 |
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EP2482311A3 (en) | 2016-06-08 |
KR20120088559A (ko) | 2012-08-08 |
CN102623440A (zh) | 2012-08-01 |
TWI492364B (zh) | 2015-07-11 |
KR101454960B1 (ko) | 2014-10-27 |
TW201238030A (en) | 2012-09-16 |
EP2482311A2 (en) | 2012-08-01 |
JP2012160499A (ja) | 2012-08-23 |
US20120193782A1 (en) | 2012-08-02 |
US8692386B2 (en) | 2014-04-08 |
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