JP5110556B2 - 非水二次電池およびその使用方法 - Google Patents
非水二次電池およびその使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5110556B2 JP5110556B2 JP2006084384A JP2006084384A JP5110556B2 JP 5110556 B2 JP5110556 B2 JP 5110556B2 JP 2006084384 A JP2006084384 A JP 2006084384A JP 2006084384 A JP2006084384 A JP 2006084384A JP 5110556 B2 JP5110556 B2 JP 5110556B2
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- positive electrode
- active material
- lithium
- electrode active
- transition metal
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002734 metacrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxybenzene Substances CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- XTBFPVLHGVYOQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl phenyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XTBFPVLHGVYOQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004452 microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011325 microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010295 mobile communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1 PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VXNSQGRKHCZUSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N octylbenzene Chemical compound [CH2]CCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1 VXNSQGRKHCZUSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001979 organolithium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000009783 overcharge test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003021 phthalic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002755 poly(epichlorohydrin) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002717 polyvinylpyridine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- BKIWAQYWKUFSRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-1-ene;sulfuric acid Chemical compound CC=C.OS(O)(=O)=O BKIWAQYWKUFSRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002296 pyrolytic carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ABDKAPXRBAPSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N veratrole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1OC ABDKAPXRBAPSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
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- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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Description
LixM1 yM2 zM3 vO2 (1)
ここで、上記一般式(1)中、M1は、Co、またはCoとNiおよびMnのうちの少なくとも1種とであり、M2は、Mgと、Ti、Zr、Ge、Nb、AlおよびSnよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素とであり、M3は、Li、M1およびM2以外の元素であり、0.97≦x<1.02、0.8≦y<1.02、0.002≦z≦0.05、0≦v≦0.05である。
Li a M 1 b M 2 c M 3 d O 2 (2)
ここで、上記一般式(2)中、M 1 は、Co、またはCoとNiおよびMnのうちの少なくとも1種とであり、M 2 は、Mgと、Ti、Zr、Ge、Nb、AlおよびSnよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素とであり、M 3 は、Li、M 1 およびM 2 以外の元素であり、0.97≦a<1.02、0.8≦b<1.02、0≦c≦0.02、0≦d≦0.02である。
LixM1 yM2 zM3 vO2 (1)
LiaM1 bM2 cM3 dO2 (2)
<正極の作製>
LiCo0.9978Mg0.0008Ti0.0004Al0.001O2[平均粒子径18μm、正極活物質(A)]、LiCo0.9949Mg0.0024Ti0.0012Al0.0015O2[平均粒子径5μm、正極活物質(B)]、およびLiCo0.9940Mg0.0027Ti0.0013Al0.0020O2[平均粒子径1μm、正極活物質(C)]を質量比77:19:4で混合したもの:97.3質量部、および導電助剤としての炭素材料:1.5質量部を、粉体供給装置である定量フィーダ内に投入し、また、12質量%濃度のポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)のN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)溶液の投入量を調整し、混練時の固形分濃度が常に94質量%になるように調整した材料を、単位時間あたり所定の投入量になるように制御しつつ二軸混練押出機に投入して混練を行い、正極合剤含有ペーストを調製した。得られた正極合剤含有ペーストをプラネタリーミキサー内に投入し、12質量%濃度のPVDFのNMP溶液とNMPとを加えて希釈し、塗布可能な粘度に調整した。この希釈後の正極合剤含有ペーストを70メッシュの網を通過させて大きな含有物を取り除いた後、厚みが15μmのアルミニウム箔からなる正極集電体の両面に均一に塗布し、乾燥して膜状の正極合剤層を形成した。乾燥後の正極合剤層の固形分比率は、正極活物質:導電助剤:PVDF質量比で97:1.5:1.5である。その後、加圧処理し、所定のサイズに切断後、アルミニウム製のリード体を溶接して、シート状の正極を作製した。加圧処理後の正極合剤層の密度(正極の密度)は3.95g/cm3であり、正極合剤層の厚み(両面の厚み、すなわち、正極の総厚みから正極集電体のアルミニウム箔の厚みを引いた厚み)は130μmであった。
負極活物質としての黒鉛系炭素材料[純度99.9%以上、平均粒子径18μm、002面の面間距離(d002)=0.337nm、c軸方向の結晶子の大きさ(Lc)=95.0nm]:180質量部と、12質量%濃度のPVDFのNMP溶液:65質量部とを、プラネタリーミキサーに投入し、1時間混練して負極合剤含有ぺーストを調製した。得られた負極合剤含有ぺーストの固形分濃度は60.0質量%であった。その後、12質量%濃度のPVDFのMNP溶液とNMPを負極合剤含有ペーストに添加して、塗布可能な粘度に調整した。この負極合剤含有ペーストを、70メッシュの網を通過させて大きな含有物を取り除いた後、厚みが10μmの帯状の銅箔からなる負極集電体の両面に均一に塗布し、乾燥して負極合剤層を形成し、ローラーで負極合剤層の密度が1.55g/cm3になるまで加圧処理し、所定のサイズに切断後、ニッケル製のリード体を溶接して、シート状の負極を作製した。
メチルエチルカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートとエチレンカーボネートとを体積比1.5:0.5:1で混合した混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1.2mol/lの濃度になるように溶解し、これにフルオロベンゼン(FB)3質量%、ビフェニル(BP)0.2質量%、プロパンスルトン(PS)0.5質量%、C4F9OCH3(HFE)10質量%、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)3質量%を加えて非水電解液を調製した。
上記正極と負極を乾燥した後、微孔性ポリエチレンフィルムからなるセパレータ[空孔率53%、MD方向引張強度:2.1×108N/m2、TD方向引張強度:0.28×108N/m2、厚さ16μm、透気度80秒/100ml、105℃×8時間後のTD方向の熱収縮率3%、突き刺し強度:3.5N(360g)]を介して渦巻状に巻回し、巻回構造の電極体にした後、角形の電池ケース内に挿入するために加圧して扁平状巻回構造の電極体にした。それをアルミニウム合金製で角形の電池ケース内に挿入し、正・負極リード体の溶接と蓋板の電池ケースへの開口端部へのレーザー溶接を行い、封口用蓋板に設けた注入口から上記の非水電解液を電池ケース内に注入し、非水電解液をセパレータなどに十分に浸透させた後、部分充電を行い、部分充電で発生したガスを排出後、注入口を封止して密閉状態にした。その後、充電、エイジングを行い、図1に示すような構造で図2に示すような外観を有し、幅が34.0mmで、厚みが4.0mmで、高さが50.0mmの角形の非水二次電池を得た。
正極活物質(A)を、LiCo0.9988Mg0.0008Ti0.0004O2(平均粒子径18μm)に、正極活物質(B)をLiCo0.9964Mg0.0024Ti0.0012O2[平均粒子径5μm]、およびLiCo0.9960Mg0.0027Ti0.0013O2[平均粒子径1μm、正極活物質(C)]変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水二次電池を作製した。実施例1と同じ圧力でのプレス後の正極合剤層の密度(正極の密度)は3.95g/cm3であり、正極合剤層の厚み(両面の厚み、すなわち、正極の総厚みから正極集電体のアルミニウム箔の厚みを引いた厚み)は130μmであった。
正極活物質(A)を、LiCo0.998Mg0.0008Ti0.0004Al0.0008O2(平均粒子径18μm)に、正極活物質(B)を、正極活物質(A)と同じ組成で平均粒子径が5μmのものに、および正極活物質(C)を正極活物質(A)と同じ組成で平均粒子径が1μmのもの、に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水二次電池を作製した。実施例1と同じ圧力でのプレス後の正極合剤層の密度(正極の密度)は3.95g/cm3であり、正極合剤層の厚み(両面の厚み、すなわち、正極の総厚みから正極集電体のアルミニウム箔の厚みを引いた厚み)は130μmであった。
正極活物質(A)を、LiCo0.9988Mg0.0008Ti0.0004O2(平均粒子径18μm)に、正極活物質(B)を、正極活物質(A)と同じ組成で平均粒子径が5μmのものに、および正極活物質(C)を正極活物質(A)と同じ組成で平均粒子径が1μmのもの、に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水二次電池を作製した。実施例1よりも低い圧力でのプレス後の正極合剤層の密度(正極の密度)は3.80g/cm3であり、正極合剤層の厚み(両面の厚み、すなわち、正極の総厚みから正極集電体のアルミニウム箔の厚みを引いた厚み)は135μmであった。
正極活物質を、LiCo0.9988Mg0.0008Ti0.0004O2[平均粒子径18μm、正極活物質(A)]と、正極活物質(A)と同じ組成で平均粒子径5μmのもの[正極活物質(B)]とを、77:23(質量比)で混合したものに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして非水二次電池を作製した。実施例4と同じ条件でのプレス後の正極合剤層の密度(正極の密度)は3.70g/cm3であり、正極合剤層の厚み(両面の厚み、すなわち、正極の総厚みから正極集電体のアルミニウム箔の厚みを引いた厚み)は138μmであった。
実施例1〜4および比較例1の各電池について、4.4Vまで0.2Cの定電流で充電後、総充電時間が8時間となるまで定電圧充電し、続いて0.2Cで電池電圧が3.3Vまで定電流放電を行って、そのときの放電容量を求めた。結果を表1に示す。なお、表1では、各電池について得られた放電容量を、比較例1の電池の放電容量を100としたときの相対値で示す。
実施例1〜4および比較例1の各電池について、上記放電容量評価の際の充放電条件と同じ条件での充放電を50回繰り返し、50サイクル目の放電容量を、充放電サイクル後の放電容量として評価した。結果を表2に示す。なお、表2では、各電池について得られた充放電サイクル後の放電容量を、比較例1の電池の充放電サイクル時の放電容量を100としたときの相対値で示す。
実施例1〜4および比較例1の各電池について、1Cで12Vでの過充電試験を行い、各電池の最高到達温度(表面温度)を測定した。結果を表3に示す。電池の表面温度が低いほど、過充電時の安全性に優れていることを意味している。
2 負極
3 セパレータ
Claims (4)
- 正極合剤層を有する正極、負極および非水電解質を備えた非水二次電池であって、
上記正極は、活物質として、平均粒子径の異なる3種以上のリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を含有しており、
上記3種以上のリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、それらの混合物の粒度分布曲線において、変曲点を5箇所以上有しており、
上記3種以上のリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、遷移金属元素M1としてCoを含有しており、
かつ最小の平均粒子径を有するリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、下記一般式(1)で表されるものであり、最小の平均粒子径を有するリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物以外のものは、下記一般式(2)で表されるものであり、
上記3種以上のリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物のうち、最小の平均粒子径を有するリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、最小の平均粒子径を有するリチウム含有複合酸化物以外のリチウム含有複合酸化物よりも、下記一般式(1)および下記一般式(2)における金属元素M 2 の含有量が多いことを特徴とする非水二次電池。
LixM1 yM2 zM3 vO2 (1)
ここで、上記一般式(1)中、M1は、Co、またはCoとNiおよびMnのうちの少なくとも1種とであり、M2は、Mgと、Ti、Zr、Ge、Nb、AlおよびSnよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素とであり、M3は、Li、M1およびM2以外の元素であり、0.97≦x<1.02、0.8≦y<1.02、0.002≦z≦0.05、0≦v≦0.05である。
Li a M 1 b M 2 c M 3 d O 2 (2)
ここで、上記一般式(2)中、M 1 は、Co、またはCoとNiおよびMnのうちの少なくとも1種とであり、M 2 は、Mgと、Ti、Zr、Ge、Nb、AlおよびSnよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の金属元素とであり、M 3 は、Li、M 1 およびM 2 以外の元素であり、0.97≦a<1.02、0.8≦b<1.02、0≦c≦0.02、0≦d≦0.02である。 - 正極合剤層の密度が、3.8g/cm3以上である請求項1に記載の非水二次電池。
- 上記3種以上のリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、平均粒子径が小さいものほど、上記一般式(1)および上記一般式(2)における金属元素M2の含有量が多い請求項1に記載の非水二次電池。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の非水二次電池を使用するに当たり、
満充電時の正極電位が、Li基準電位で4.35〜4.6Vとなるように充電することを特徴とする非水二次電池の使用方法。
ここで、上記満充電とは、0.2Cの電流値で所定の電圧まで定電流充電を行い、続いて、該所定の電圧で定電圧充電を行って、該定電流充電と該定電圧充電との合計時間を8時間とする条件での充電をいう。
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