JP4623967B2 - 幹細胞の移動および増殖を促進するための修飾されたピリミジン化合物の使用 - Google Patents
幹細胞の移動および増殖を促進するための修飾されたピリミジン化合物の使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4623967B2 JP4623967B2 JP2003560169A JP2003560169A JP4623967B2 JP 4623967 B2 JP4623967 B2 JP 4623967B2 JP 2003560169 A JP2003560169 A JP 2003560169A JP 2003560169 A JP2003560169 A JP 2003560169A JP 4623967 B2 JP4623967 B2 JP 4623967B2
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Description
1.発明の分野
本発明は、イン・ビボおよびイン・ビトロにて哺乳動物幹細胞の増殖および移動を刺激する方法、ならびにそれらの方法によって生産された細胞に関する。特に、本発明は、それを必要とする動物において幹細胞を効果的に増殖させ、それを必要とする動物に再度導入して神経学的障害および体の障害を軽減することができる試薬および方法を提供する。
幹細胞は、しばしば、多様なタイプの分化した細胞を生じさせる能力を持つ、自己−更新性および多能性で定義される。それ自体、それらは、(神経学的および体の「欠損」とも言われる)神経学的障害および体の障害、あるいは年齢、病気、外傷または他の因子による組織機能のいずれかの喪失または減少の治療において有望であることを示す。しかしながら、そのような治療は、未だ実質的に克服されていない大きなハードルに直面している。
幹細胞置換療法の重要な焦点は神経学的障害であったので、神経幹細胞、および特に胎児神経幹細胞が主な研究の標的であった。中枢神経系(CNS)の発生の間に、多能性前駆体細胞(MPC)としても知られている多能性神経幹細胞(MNSC)、または組織−特異的神経幹細胞(NSC)は増殖し、一時的に分割される先祖細胞を生起し、これは、最後には、ニューロン、神経膠星状細胞を含めた成人の脳を構成する細胞型に分化する。NSCは、マウス、ラット、ブタおよびヒト含めたいくつかの哺乳動物種から単離されている。例えば、国際特許出願番号WO 93/01275、WO 94/09119、WO 94/10292、WO 94/16718およびCattaneoら, 1996, Mol. Brain Res. 42:161-66参照。胚および成体齧歯類中枢神経系(CNS)からのNSCが単離されており、さらに、種々の増殖系においてイン・ビトロで増殖されている。例えば、Frolichsthal-Schoellerら, 1999, Neuroreport 10: 345-351;Doetschら, 1999, Cell 97:703-716参照。ヒト胎児脳からのNSCは、表皮細胞成長因子(EGF)および/または塩基性線維芽細胞成長因子(bFGF)を補足した無血清培地を用いて培養されている。例えば、Svendsenら, 1998, J.Neurosci.Meth.85: 141-152; Carpenterら, 1999, Exp.Neurol.158:265-278参照。これらの無血清のマイトジェン−補足方法を利用して培養されたNSCは、一般に、実質的に未分化のクラスターを形成した凝集体を形成する。マイトジェンの除去および基質の提供に際して、これらの神経幹細胞はニューロン、神経膠星状細胞および稀突起神経膠芽細胞に分化する。
本発明は、イン・ビボおよびイン・ビトロにて哺乳動物幹細胞の増殖、移動または増殖および移動双方を刺激するための方法、およびそれらの方法によって生産された細胞を提供する。特に、本発明は、それを必要とする動物において幹細胞を効果的に増殖させるために、およびそれを必要とする動物に再度導入して神経学的障害を軽減することができる幹細胞を生産するための試薬および方法を提供する。
のピリミジン誘導体、またはその医薬上許容される塩を哺乳動物に導入する工程を含む。
本発明は、イン・ビボにて内因性および外因性哺乳動物幹細胞の増殖、移動または増殖および移動を刺激する方法を提供する。
より一般的には、本発明は、それを必要とする動物において哺乳動物幹細胞を効果的に増殖させ、およびそれを必要とする動物に再度導入して、神経学的および体の障害を軽減することができる幹細胞を生産するための試薬および方法を提供する。
のピリミジン誘導体、またはその医薬上許容される塩を、イン・ビボにて内因性多能性幹細胞の増殖、移動または増殖および移動双方を刺激するのに効果的な量にて、哺乳動物に導入することを提供する。内因性多能性幹細胞は種々の起源のもの、とりわけ、造血細胞、神経、間葉、上皮、表皮、脂肪組織および網膜起源の幹細胞であり、ピリミジン誘導体の投与は特定の組織に局所化することができる。
そのような組成物は組成物の物理的状態、安定性、有効性に影響し得る。式(I)または(II)の化合物の医薬上許容される塩の例は、医薬上アニオン−含有非毒性酸付加塩、その水和物および第4級アンモニウム(またはアミン)塩またはその水和物を形成することができる酸から形成された塩酸塩、臭化水素酸塩、硫酸塩、重亜硫酸塩、リン酸塩、酸性リン酸塩、酢酸塩、マレイン酸塩、フマル酸塩、コハク酸塩、乳酸塩、酒石酸塩、安息香酸塩、クエン酸塩、グルコン酸塩、グルカン酸塩、メタンスルホン酸塩、t−トルエンスルホン酸塩およびナフタレン−スルホン酸塩を含む。好ましい具体例においては式(I)のピリミジン誘導体は、MS−818としても知られた2−ピペラジノ−6−メチル−5−オキソ−5,6−ジヒドロ(7H)ピロロ[2,3−d]ピリミジンマレイン酸塩(C4H4O4マレイン酸塩)である。(例えば、Sanyoら, 1998, J.Neurosci Res. 54: 604-612)参照。
App.1および2および本発明のNSCは多くの点で神経幹細胞を模倣できるので、神経幹細胞に関する関連情報を提示することができ、続いて、間葉および網膜幹細胞に関する情報を提示する。当業者であれば、本発明の方法は、これらの3つのタイプの幹細胞には限定されず、その代わり、未だ最後まで分化していない全ての細胞型をカバーするように拡張することができるのは容易に認識し得るであろう。
哺乳動物NSCの一般的に低い増殖速度のため、特別の神経変性病または物理的または生物学的脳外傷の不存在下においてさえ、進行する年齢および損なわれた脳機能の間には関連がある。App.1および2および本発明は、脳に導入された場合に哺乳動物脳で増殖、移動および分化することができる(App.1および2および本発明の)MSCの添加を介して、進行する年齢による損なわれた脳機能に逆作用する方法を提供する。
成人の幹細胞はいくらか多能性を継続して保有するが、成人幹細胞から生じた細胞型はその組織特異的性質によって制限される。例えば、ヒトNSCは、自然に、基礎培地条件下で脳細胞に分化するが、MeSCはある因子の付加なしには神経細胞に分化できない。この結果は、各幹細胞が、それを特別なタイプの細胞とすることができる特殊な情報を含み、すなわち、それらは組織特異的に特別のタイプの細胞となるよう拘束されていることを示す。幹細胞直系のこのバリアーを克服するために、細胞に対する改変およびその環境が必要である。しかしながら、組織特異的幹細胞の運命を決定付ける調節メカニズムは依然として明らかでない。MeSCはむしろ骨髄から単離するのが容易であって、培養で増殖するが、それが自然にはNSCまたは他の非−間葉−直系細胞に分化できないので、この知識の欠如は重要な問題を生じる。中枢神経系におけるMeSCの潜在的治療用途が議論されてきたが、MeSCにおける神経直系を誘導する技術はApp.1および2に先立っては十分には確立されていない。本発明は、例えば、App.1または2の細胞のごとき、内因性幹細胞集団または外因的に導入された細胞の集団の増殖、移動または増殖および移動双方を刺激する方法を提供する。
黄斑変性を含めた網膜変性病は盲目の主な原因である。遺伝子治療、増殖/生存因子注入およびビタミン療法に対する調査にかかわらず、効果的な視力回復処置は現在利用できない。光受容体または神経細胞の変性によって引き起こされた視力損傷は、ニューロンが成人時期の間に再生しない、という長い間維持された「自明の理」のため治療不可能であると考えられてきた。しかしながら、この宣言は挑戦され、これらの細胞が、事実、成熟した後再生する能力を有するという新しい証拠があり、かくして、幹細胞移植を用いる網膜再生によって視力損傷を治療するための新規な療法の開発に対して門戸を開いた。
App.1および2および本発明を用いて扱うことができる種々の神経学的欠損および体の欠損がある。
本発明は部分的には多能性前駆体細胞が脳および他の組織を通じて増殖し、移動するように刺激でき、そのようなNSCを用いて、広く種々の病気および負傷によって引き起こされた神経学的欠損を治療できるという発見に関する。これらは、限定されるものではないが、以下のものを含む。
本発明の方法により治療し得る変性症は、アルツハイマー病(AD)、パーキンソン病(PD)、ハンチントン病(HD)、ピック病、進行性上核麻痺(PSP)、線条体黒質変性症、大脳皮質基底核変性症、小児期崩壊性障害、オリーブ橋小脳萎縮症(OPCA;遺伝性形態を含む。)、リー脳症、乳児期壊死性脳脊髄症、ハンター病、ムコ多糖症、(種々のロイコジストロフィー(クラッベ病、ペリツェウス・メルツバッハ病など)、黒内障性(家族性)白痴、クフ病、スピルマイヤー・フォークト病、タイ・ザックス病、バッテン病、ジャンスキー・ビールショフスキー病、レイ病、脳性運動失調症、慢性アルコール中毒、脚気、ハレルフォルデン・スパッツ症候群および小脳変性症を含む。
本発明の方法により治療し得る外傷性および神経毒性傷害は、銃創、鈍器損傷、貫通性傷害による傷害(例えば、刺創)、(例えば、CNS外傷から腫瘍もしくは膿瘍を摘出するため、またはてんかん治療のための)外科手順の間に生じた傷害、(例えば、MPTPまたは一酸化炭素による)中毒、揺さぶられっ子症候群、医薬に対する副作用(特異的反応を含む。)、(例えば、アンフェタミン類からの)薬物過剰用量および外傷後脳障害を含む。
中枢神経系への血流または酸素送達のいかなる崩壊も、その中でニューロンおよびグリア細胞を含む細胞を傷つけるかまたは殺してしまう。これらの傷害は本発明の方法より治療し得、((心停止、不整脈、または心筋梗塞に起因するような)全般発作または(血栓、塞栓その他の動脈閉塞に起因するような)焦点発作を含む)発作、無酸素症、低酸素症、部分的溺水、ミオクローヌス、重度煙吸入、ジストニー(遺伝性ジストニーを含む。)、および後天的水頭症による生じた傷害を含む。
視覚に影響する障害、特に、網膜細胞の喪失または機能停止により生じた障害は、本発明の方法および本発明の細胞を用いて治療し得る。これらの障害は、例えば、糖尿病性網膜症、緑内障に関連する網膜損傷、網膜への外傷性傷害、網膜血管閉塞症、(滲出型または萎縮型)黄斑変性症、手術後治癒、腫瘍、遺伝性網膜ジストロフィー、視神経萎縮症、およびその他の網膜変性症を含む。本発明の細胞および方法を用いて修復する標的となる細胞は、例えば、脈絡膜、ブルーフ膜、網膜組織上皮細胞(RPE)、桿体、錐体、水平細胞、双極ニューロン、アマクリン細胞、神経節細胞および視神経を含む。
脊髄への傷害またはそれに影響する疾患も本発明の方法により治療し得る。そのような傷害または疾患は、ポリオ後症候群、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、非特異的脊髄変性症、破砕し、部分的に分断し、完全に分断するか、さもなければ脊髄内の細胞機能に悪影響を与える(自動車またはスポーツ事故により引き起こされたもののごとき)外傷性傷害、(例えば、腫瘍摘出のための)脊髄への外科手術によって生じた傷害、前角細胞疾患、および麻痺性疾患を含む。
脱髄または自己免疫反応によって生じた神経学的欠損は、本発明の方法によって治療し得る。そのような欠損は多発性硬化症または狼瘡によって生じる。
感染症または炎症によって生じた神経学的欠損は本発明の方法によって治療し得る。治療可能な欠損を生じ得る感染症または炎症は、クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病その他のスローウイルス感染症、AIDS脳症、脳炎後パーキンソン症候群、ウイルス性脳炎、細菌性髄膜炎およびその他の生物により引き起こされる髄膜炎、頭蓋内静脈洞の静脈炎および血栓静脈炎、梅毒性パーキンソン症候群、およびCNSの結核を含む。
本発明は、分割し、損傷した組織に移動し、組織特異的な様式で分化することを刺激する多分化能前駆対細胞を用いた身体的欠損の改善にも関する。本発明による細胞を用いて、その結果が外傷、不全、例えば、心筋梗塞による心筋のごとき筋肉の変性または喪失である広範囲にわたる疾患、障害および傷害によって生じた身体的欠損を治療し得る。その他の例は、上記の神経学的欠損のセクションで議論されたものとは違う、例えば、内臓のごとき他の細胞および組織の不全、変性または喪失を含む。例えば、肝機能は、とりわけ、疾患(例えば、肝硬変または肝炎)、外傷または加齢によって悪影響を及ぼされる。本発明の具体例を用いる治療に向いている他の代表的な内臓は、心臓、膵臓、腎臓、胃および肺を含む。身体的欠損は例えば椎骨のごとき骨格アセット(skeletal assets)の不全、変性または喪失を含む。
本発明のNSCの移植による老齢ラットにおける認識機能の改良
ヒトNSCは、分化のためにいずれの外因性因子も必要とせず、その生存を支持するためにいずれの因子も添加することなく、基礎培地中で3週間を超えて生存した。(QuらQuら, 2001,Neuroreport12 : 1127-32)。かくして、ヒトNSCがそれ自体を分化し、支持する因子を生産するようであり、これは、それらの細胞がApp.1、2および本発明の方法による処理後に老齢動物に移植することができることを示唆した。
該Morris水迷路は水(27℃)が満たされ、かつ粉末化ミルク(0.9kg)の添加によって不透明とされた大きな円状タンク(直径183cm;壁の高さ58cm)よりなる。該迷路の4つの1/4体のうちの1つの中央近くの水面(1cm)の直下には、透明な逃避プラットフォーム(高さ34.5cm)が位置する。ラットは、60秒のトライアル間間隔を用い、7連続日の間1日につき3回の訓練トライアルを受ける。訓練トライアルは、動物を90秒間、または泳ぐラットが成功してプラットフォームを突き止めるまで動物を水に入れることよりなる。もしラットが90秒以内にプラットフォームを見つけるのに失敗すれば、該動物を穏やかにプラットフォームまで導く。空間的な学習評価には、プラットフォームの位置を迷路の1つの1/4体中に一定にとどめるが、各トライアルについての出発位置は変化させる。各6番目のトライアルはプローブトライアルであり、その間にプラットフォームは30秒間プールの底まで縮め、次いで、上昇させ、逃避に利用できるようにする。訓練トライアルは、空間的仕事の獲得および一日毎の滞留を評価し、他方、プローブテストを用いて探索戦略を評価する。空間的学習の完了の評価に際し、手掛り訓練の6つのトライアルでの1つのセッションを行い、ラットを訓練して、水面から2センチ上昇させる目に見える黒色プラットフォームまで逃避させる。プラットフォームの位置はトライアル間で変化させて、空間的学習能力とは独立して感覚運動および動機付け機能を評価する。各ラットにはプラットフォームに到達するのに30秒間与え、30秒のトライアル間の間隔前にそこにとどまらせる。性能の正確性は、プローブトライアルから計算した学習指標スコアを用いて評価する。学習指標は、第2、第3および第4の挿入されたプローブトライアルについての平均近似値から得られた尺度である(累積探索エラーをプローブトライアルの長さで割ったもの)。これらのトライアルからのスコアを重み付けし、合計して、空間的学習能力の全尺度を供する。指標についてより低いスコアは、標的位置近くのより正確な探索を示し;より高いスコアはよりランダムな探索および貧弱な学習を示す。
脳におけるApp.1または2の細胞の分化および/または移動を調べるために、それらの適用のMSCを齧歯類脳に移植した。該動物を50mg/kgペントバルビタールで麻酔し(腹腔内投与)、定位装置に設置した(David Kopf)。5μlのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水中のほぼ1×104ないし1×105細胞を、定位装置に付着させたマイクロシリンジを用いて脳室に注入した。電気カミソリを用いて外科的部位から毛髪を除去した後、ヨウ素綿棒を当該領域に適用し、0.5cmの外科的切開端部になして、頭蓋の表面の皮膚において回復させた。以下の例示的座標:ブレグマからAP=−0.58mm、ML=+1mm、および硬膜下2.4mm(マウスについて):ブレグマからAP=−1.4mm、ML=+3.3mm、および硬膜下4.5mm(ラットについて)を用いて脳室を定位的に位置決定した。注意深いドリル加工によって、0.4mmの穴を頭蓋に開けた。App.1または2の細胞をマイクロシリンジを用いて脳室に注入した。該注入は5分間にわたって送達され、針を注入からさらに2分間所定の場所に残した。注入の後、外科的に切開した皮膚をMichel縫合クリップ(2.5×1.75mm)によって閉じた。外科的処置から10日後には、切開部位の適切な治癒が観察され、Michel縫合を除去した。
NSCは購入し(BioWhittaker, Walkersville, MD)、あるいは、ヒト組織から単離し、HAMS−F12(Gibco, BRL, Burlington, ON);抗生物質−抗真菌剤混合物(1:100,Gibco);B27(1:50,Gibco);ヒト組換えFGF−2およびEGF(各々20ng/ml,R and D Systems, Minneapolis, MN)およびヘパリン(5μg/ml,Sigma, St. Louis, MO)を含む補足していない無血清基礎培地中で培養した。細胞を5%CO2湿潤化インキュベーションチャンバー(Fisher, Pittsburgh, PA)中で約37℃にてインキュベートした。最適な増殖条件を促進するために、NSCクラスターを2週間毎に4つに分け、4ないし5日毎に培地の50%を交換することによって供給した。分化を阻害するために、未被覆フラスコ、または細胞を排斥するように処理されているフラスコで細胞を増殖させることができる。分化を誘導するには、Earleの塩およびL−グルタミンを含む無血清イーグル基礎培地(BME)にて培養皿(約1×105/皿)中でこれらの細胞を再度平板培養し、FGF−2およびEGFの不存在下で、かつ他の外因的分化因子の添加なくして約5日間培養することができる。この無血清培地中で培養したNSCは、自然に、ニューロン細胞型への分化を受けることができる。
ピリミジン誘導体による内因性幹細胞増殖の増加
MS−818、ピリミジン誘導体のイン・ビボでの幹細胞集団に対する効果を調べるために、MS−818(3mg/kg/日,腹腔内)を老齢の(27月齢)雄Fisher344ラットに5日間注入した。同一容量の生理食塩水を対照動物に注入した。次いで、ブロモデオキシウリジン(BrdU)(100mg/kg/日,腹腔内)を3日間注入した。最後の注入から24時間後に、脳を摘出し、BrdUにつき免疫染色することによって、増殖する細胞の免疫組織化学的検出用に固定した。BrdU陽性細胞の数は、対照のそれと比較してMS−818処理動物の大脳皮質において7倍を超えて増加し(図3a,b,e)、これは、脳における増大した神経幹細胞集団を示す。脳室下ゾーンの領域において、幹細胞の増殖のみならず移動における有意な増加が見出された(図3c,d)。この化合物をガラス体腔に直接注入すると(10μgの1回の注入)BrdU−陽性細胞の数の劇的な増加が、3日後に、網膜毛様体縁領域で見出された(図4)。
Claims (2)
- 有効量の式(1)または(2):
のピリミジン誘導体またはその医薬上許容される塩を含む、哺乳動物において内因性哺乳動物網膜幹細胞の増殖、移動または増殖および移動双方を刺激することによって視力を改良するための医薬組成物。 - 該ピリミジン誘導体が2−ピペラジノ−6−メチル−5−オキソ−5,6−ジヒドロ(7H)ピロロ[2,3−d]ピリミジンマレエートである請求項1記載の医薬組成物。
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