JP3746499B2 - リチウム二次電池用負極活物質及びその製造方法並びにリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用負極活物質及びその製造方法並びにリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP3746499B2 JP3746499B2 JP2003299282A JP2003299282A JP3746499B2 JP 3746499 B2 JP3746499 B2 JP 3746499B2 JP 2003299282 A JP2003299282 A JP 2003299282A JP 2003299282 A JP2003299282 A JP 2003299282A JP 3746499 B2 JP3746499 B2 JP 3746499B2
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- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 72
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 55
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 55
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 78
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 76
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000005551 mechanical alloying Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 28
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910004213 SiNiAg Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- -1 organic disulfide compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013131 LiN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910004219 SiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000905 alloy phase Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)Cl SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LBKMJZAKWQTTHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyldioxolane Chemical compound CC1COOC1 LBKMJZAKWQTTHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010238 LiAlCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010090 LiAlO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013372 LiC 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010586 LiFeO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012506 LiSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MKYBYDHXWVHEJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[1-oxo-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propan-2-yl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(C(C)NC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 MKYBYDHXWVHEJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000808 amorphous metal alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DISYGAAFCMVRKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl ethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OCC DISYGAAFCMVRKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012461 cellulose resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OCCCC QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- JMPVESVJOFYWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropan-2-yl carbonate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)OC(C)C JMPVESVJOFYWTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009689 gas atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005300 metallic glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RCIJMMSZBQEWKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propan-2-yl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(C)C RCIJMMSZBQEWKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/58—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on borides, nitrides, i.e. nitrides, oxynitrides, carbonitrides or oxycarbonitrides or silicides
- C04B35/58085—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on borides, nitrides, i.e. nitrides, oxynitrides, carbonitrides or oxycarbonitrides or silicides based on silicides
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/6261—Milling
- C04B35/62615—High energy or reactive ball milling
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- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
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- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/6261—Milling
- C04B35/6262—Milling of calcined, sintered clinker or ceramics
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
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- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/62685—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures characterised by the order of addition of constituents or additives
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- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- C04B2235/40—Metallic constituents or additives not added as binding phase
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- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/40—Metallic constituents or additives not added as binding phase
- C04B2235/408—Noble metals
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- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
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- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
- C04B2235/5436—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof micrometer sized, i.e. from 1 to 100 micron
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
Description
Y. Idota, et al: Science, 276, 1395(1997) 「第43回電池討論会予稿集」、社団法人電気化学会電池技術委員会、平成14年10月12日、p.308−309
また、メカニカルアロイング法のように、粉砕・圧縮を繰り返し、結晶性を徐々に低下させながら造粒することによって非晶質化あるいは微晶質化する方法で作成した材料の場合、X線回折では区別できない微小な合金組織間の界面が脆く、リチウムの吸蔵放出によって組織の割れが発生しやすく、微粉化によるサイクル劣化がおこりやすい。
本発明のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質は、Si相及びSiM相を必ず含み、かつX相またはSiX相のいずれか一方または両方を含み、前記の各相の結晶粒径が100nm以上500nm以下の範囲の結晶質組織からなることを特徴とする。ただし、前記MはNi、Co、B、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ti、Yのうちの少なくとも1種以上の元素であり、元素XはAg、Cu、Auのうちの少なくとも1種以上の元素であり、Cuは元素Mと元素Xに同時に選択されないものとする。
また、組織中にSi相の他にSiM相が含まれるため、Si相単独の場合と比べて粒子自体の膨張収縮量を少なくすることができ、粒子自体の微粉化を防いでサイクル特性を向上することができる。
また、X相またはSiX相のいずれか一方または両方が含まれるので、負極活物質の比抵抗を低減することができる。
なお、CuはSiと合金化すると同時に、Siよりも比抵抗が小さく負極活物質の比抵抗を低減する効果があり、Cuは元素Mと元素Xの両方の性質を有している。従って本発明ではCuを元素Mと元素Xにそれぞれ加入する一方で、元素Mと元素X同時に選択されないものとした。
また、第2熱処理工程における熱処理温度を第1熱処理工程における熱処理温度より低温で行うので、先に形成されたSiM相が第2熱処理工程によって溶融するおそれがなく、Si相、SiM相、X相、SiX相の微細な結晶を析出させることができる。
なお、CuはSiと合金化すると同時に、Siよりも比抵抗が小さく負極活物質の比抵抗を低減する効果があり、Cuは元素Mと元素Xの両方の性質を有している。従って本発明ではCuを元素Mと元素Xにそれぞれ加入する一方で、元素Mと元素X同時に選択されないものとした。
尚、本実施形態の負極活物質粉末の粒子形状は、大半が不定形状になるものと推定される。
また、組織中にSi相の他にSiM相が含まれるため、Si相単独の場合と比べて粒子自体の膨張収縮量を少なくすることができ、粒子自体の微粉化を防いでサイクル特性を向上することができる。
また、X相またはSiX相のいずれか一方または両方が含まれるので、負極活物質の比抵抗を低減することができる。
リチウム二次電池の負極は、例えば、負極活物質を構成する合金粉末が結着材によってシート状に固化成形されたものを例示できる。また、負極はシート状に固化成形されたものに限らず、円柱状、円盤状、板状若しくは柱状に固化成形されたペレットであっても良い。
非プロトン性溶媒としては、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、ベンゾニトリル、アセトニトリル、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン、γ−ブチロラクトン、ジオキソラン、4−メチルジオキソラン、N、N−ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジオキサン、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、スルホラン、ジクロロエタン、クロロベンゼン、ニトロベンゼン、ジメチルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、メチルイソプロピルカーボネート、エチルブチルカーボネート、ジプロピルカーボネート、ジイソプロピルカーボネート、ジブチルカーボネート、ジエチレングリコール、ジメチルエーテル等の非プロトン性溶媒、あるいはこれらの溶媒のうちの二種以上を混合した混合溶媒を例示でき、特にプロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、ブチレンカーボネート(BC)のいずれか1つを必ず含むとともにジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、メチルエチルカーボネート(MEC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)のいずれか1つを必ず含むものが好ましい。
更に、本発明のリチウム二次電池は、正極、負極、電解質のみに限られず、必要に応じて他の部材等を備えていても良く、例えば正極と負極を隔離するセパレータを具備しても良い。
また、第2熱処理工程における熱処理温度を第1熱処理工程における熱処理温度より低温で行うので、先に形成されたSiM相が第2熱処理工程によって溶融するおそれがなく、Si相、SiM相、X相、SiX相の微細な結晶を析出させることができる。
23gのSi粉末と、7gのNi粉末(元素M)を混合し、この混合物を300g分の直径10mmのステンレスボールとともにステンレス容器に投入した。次に、ステンレス容器をメカニカルアロイング装置(セイワ技研(株)製、ロッキングミル)に設置して、振動数700rpm、処理時間20時間の条件でメカニカルアロイング処理を行った。次に、処理後の粉末を直径20mmの金型に入れて4tの圧力でペレット化した後、970℃で5時間熱処理した。このようにしてSiNi合金を調製した。
64重量部のSi粉末と、19重量部のNi粉末(元素M)と、17重量部のAg粉末(元素X)を混合し、この混合物を300g分の直径10mmのステンレスボールとともにステンレス容器に投入した。次に、ステンレス容器を上記のメカニカルアロイング装置に設置して、振動数700rpm、処理時間20時間の条件でメカニカルアロイング処理を行った。次に、処理後の粉末を直径20mmの金型に入れて4tの圧力でペレット化した後、940℃で5時間熱処理した。熱処理後のペレットをハンマーミルで粉砕した後、ふるい分けを行って、粒径範囲が1〜45μm、平均粒径15μmのSiNiAg合金粉末を得た。このようにして実験例2の負極活物質を製造した。
64重量部のSi粉末と、19重量部のNi粉末(元素M)と、17重量部のAg粉末(元素X)を混合し、この混合物を300g分の直径10mmのステンレスボールとともにステンレス容器に投入した。次に、ステンレス容器を上記のメカニカルアロイング装置に設置して、振動数700rpm、処理時間20時間の条件でメカニカルアロイング処理を行った。処理後の混合物を粉砕した後、ふるい分けを行って、粒径範囲が1〜45μm、平均粒径15μmのSiNiAg合金粉末を得た。このようにして実験例3の負極活物質を製造した。
64重量部のSi粉末と、19重量部sのNi粉末(元素M)と、17重量部のAg粉末(元素X)を混合し、これらを混合してからAr雰囲気中において高周波加熱法により溶解して合金溶湯とした。この合金溶湯をガスアトマイズ法によって急冷することにより、SiNiAg急冷合金粉末を得た。次に、得られた急冷合金粉末を940℃で5時間熱処理した。熱処理後の合金粉末を粉砕した後、ふるい分けを行って、粒径範囲が1〜45μm、平均粒径15μmのSiNiAg合金粉末を得た。このようにして実験例4の負極活物質を製造した。
以上のように、実験例1の合金粉末は、結晶粒の粒径が細かく、結晶粒同士が緻密に凝集した組織を有していることが分かる。
図5に示すように、メカニカルアロイのみでは回折ピークは非常に小さく、またブロードであり、ほぼ非晶質体が形成されていると考えられる。熱処理をすることでこれらは結晶化されるが、SEM写真でみられるように、合金内の各組織は300nm以下と非常に小さく、結晶質でありながら、その結晶粒径が微細で、且つ結晶粒界がなめらかな構造が形成されていることがわかる。
Claims (6)
- Si相及びSiM相を必ず含み、かつX相またはSiX相のいずれか一方または両方を含み、前記の各相の結晶粒径が100nm以上500nm以下の範囲の結晶質組織からなることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用負極活物質。
ただし、前記MはNi、Co、B、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ti、Yのうちの少なくとも1種以上の元素であり、元素XはAg、Cu、Auのうちの少なくとも1種以上の元素であり、Cuは元素Mと元素Xに同時に選択されないものとする。 - 前記元素Mは、前記元素Xよりも高融点の元素であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質。
- Si粉末及び元素Mの粉末がメカニカルアロイング法により合金化されてSiM合金とされ、前記SiM合金が熱処理され、熱処理後のSiM合金に元素Xの粉末が加えられ、これらがメカニカルアロイング法により合金化されてSiMX合金とされ、前記の熱処理における熱処理温度よりも低い温度で前記SiMX合金が熱処理されることにより得られたものであることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用負極活物質。
ただし、前記MはNi、Co、B、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ti、Yのうちの少なくとも1種以上の元素であり、元素XはAg、Cu、Auのうちの少なくとも1種以上の元素であり、Cuは元素Mと元素Xに同時に選択されないものとする。 - 請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれかに記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質を備えたことを特徴とするリチウム二次電池。
- Si相及びSiM相を必ず含み、かつX相またはSiX相のいずれか一方または両方を含み、前記の各相の結晶粒径が100nm以上500nm以下の範囲の結晶質組織からなるリチウム二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法であり、
Si粉末及び元素Mの粉末をメカニカルアロイング法により合金化してSiM合金を得る第1合金化工程と、前記SiM合金を熱処理する第1熱処理工程と、熱処理後のSiM合金及び元素Xの粉末をメカニカルアロイング法により合金化してSiMX合金を得る第2合金化工程と、前記第1熱処理工程における熱処理温度よりも低い温度で前記SiMX合金を熱処理する第2熱処理工程と、を具備してなることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
ただし、前記MはNi、Co、B、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ti、Yのうちの少なくとも1種以上の元素であり、元素XはAg、Cu、Auのうちの少なくとも1種以上の元素であり、Cuは元素Mと元素Xに同時に選択されないものとする。 - 前記第1熱処理工程における熱処理温度が、(Tm―100)℃以上(Tm―20)℃以下(ただし、TmはSiM相の融点)の範囲であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
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US7658871B2 (en) | 2010-02-09 |
KR100529103B1 (ko) | 2005-11-15 |
US20080302999A1 (en) | 2008-12-11 |
KR20050020568A (ko) | 2005-03-04 |
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