JP2020537315A - 二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法及びそれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法及びそれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2020537315A JP2020537315A JP2020520741A JP2020520741A JP2020537315A JP 2020537315 A JP2020537315 A JP 2020537315A JP 2020520741 A JP2020520741 A JP 2020520741A JP 2020520741 A JP2020520741 A JP 2020520741A JP 2020537315 A JP2020537315 A JP 2020537315A
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- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- nickel
- shell portion
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- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium hydride Chemical compound [LiH] SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)nickel Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Ni]=O VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1 PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- YGSFNCRAZOCNDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-one Chemical compound CC(C)=O.CC(C)=O YGSFNCRAZOCNDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIBMHJPPKCXONB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-2,2-diol Chemical compound CC(C)(O)O CIBMHJPPKCXONB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001568 sexual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2017年11月21日付韓国特許出願第10−2017−0155468号に基づく優先権の利益を主張し、当該韓国特許出願の文献に開示されている全ての内容は本明細書の一部として含まれる。
[化学式1]
LipNi1−(x1+y1+z1)Cox1Ma y1Mb z1Mc q1O2
60℃に設定された回分式バッチ(batch)型の5L反応器で、NiSO4、CoSO4、MnSO4をニッケル:コバルト:マンガンのモル比が95:4:1になるようにする量で水中で混合して2M濃度の第1前駆体形成溶液(S1)を準備し、NiSO4、CoSO4、MnSO4をニッケル:コバルト:マンガンのモル比が40:30:30になるようにする量で水中で混合して2M濃度の第2前駆体形成溶液(S2)を準備した。
第1前駆体形成溶液(S1)として、NiSO4、CoSO4、MnSO4をニッケル:コバルト:マンガンのモル比が90:5:5になるようにする量で水中で混合して2M濃度の第1前駆体形成溶液(S1)を用い、第1前駆体形成溶液(S1)を15時間共沈反応させてコア部を形成したことを除き、実施例1と同様に実施して正極活物質を製造した。
NiSO4、CoSO4、MnSO4をニッケル:コバルト:マンガンのモル比が86:10:4になるようにする量で水中で混合して2M濃度に製造した第1前駆体形成溶液(S1)のみを用い、25時間共沈反応させて正極活物質前駆体を製造し、これを利用して正極活物質を製造したことを除き、実施例1と同様に実施して正極活物質を製造した。
第2前駆体形成溶液(S2)として、NiSO4、CoSO4、MnSO4をニッケル:コバルト:マンガンのモル比が70:10:20になるものを用いたことを除き、実施例1と同様に実施して正極活物質を製造した。
第1前駆体形成溶液(S1)を10時間共沈反応させてコア部を製造し、第2前駆体形成溶液(S2)を150ml/hrの速度で投入し、15時間共沈反応させてシェル部を形成したことを除き、実施例1と同様に実施して正極活物質を製造した。
第1前駆体形成溶液(S1)を10時間共沈反応させてコア部を製造し、第2前駆体形成溶液(S2)として、NiSO4、CoSO4、MnSO4をニッケル:コバルト:マンガンのモル比が70:10:20になるものを用いて180ml/hrの速度で投入し、15時間共沈反応させてシェル部を形成したことを除き、実施例1と同様に実施して正極活物質を製造した。
第1前駆体形成溶液(S1)として、NiSO4、CoSO4をニッケル:コバルトのモル比が90:10になるものを用い、23時間共沈反応させてコア部を製造し、第2前駆体形成溶液(S2)を2時間共沈反応させてシェル部を製造したことを除き、実施例1と同様に実施して正極活物質を製造した。
実施例1から2、及び比較例1から5で製造された正極活物質のコア部、シェル部の割合、及びシェル部でのニッケル(Ni)の濃度差を確認するため、実施例及び比較例によって製造されたそれぞれの正極活物質に対し、イオンミリングによって粒子を断面に作り、電子線マイクロアナライザー(EPMA)分析によって表面から中心の方向への組成を確認した。その結果を表1に示した。
正極活物質として、実施例1から2、及び比較例1から5によって製造されたそれぞれの正極活物質、カーボンブラック導電材及びPVDFバインダを、N‐メチルピロリドン溶媒中で重量比として96.5:1.5:2の割合で混合して正極合剤(粘度:5000mPa・s)を製造し、これをアルミニウム集電体の片面に塗布した後、130℃で乾燥し、圧延して正極を製造した。負極は、リチウムメタルを用いた。
実験例2と同様に、実施例1から2、及び比較例1から5により製造された正極活物質を利用してそれぞれのリチウム二次電池セル(half cell)を製造した後、45℃でCCCVモードで0.33C、4.25Vになるまで充電し、0.005C条件でカットオフ(cut off)し、0.33Cの定電流で2.5Vになるまで放電して30回の充電/放電を実施しながら容量維持率(Capacity Retention[%])を測定した。その結果を表3に示した。
Claims (19)
- コア部、及び前記コア部を取り囲んで形成されたシェル部からなり、
前記コア部及び前記シェル部は、ニッケル(Ni)とコバルト(Co)を含み、且つマンガン(Mn)及びアルミニウム(Al)からなる群より選択される一つ以上を含むリチウム複合遷移金属酸化物を含み、
正極活物質の粒子の全径に対する前記コア部の直径の比が0.5から0.85であり、
前記シェル部は、コア部側のシェル部の始点におけるニッケル(Ni)の濃度が粒子の表面側のシェル部の終点におけるニッケル(Ni)の濃度より30モル%以上高い濃度勾配を示す、二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記コア部のニッケル(Ni)の含量は、リチウム複合遷移金属酸化物に含有されている金属元素全体の中で80モル%以上である、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記コア部のニッケル(Ni)の含量は、リチウム複合遷移金属酸化物に含有されている金属元素全体の中で88モル%以上である、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記コア部内のニッケル(Ni)の濃度は一定である、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記シェル部は、ニッケル(Ni)の濃度が前記シェル部の始点から終点まで漸進的に減少する濃度勾配を示す、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記シェル部のニッケル(Ni)の含量は、リチウム複合遷移金属酸化物に含有されている金属元素全体の中で50モル%から90モル%である、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記シェル部は、正極活物質の粒子の中心から表面の方向に放射状に成長した結晶配向性のリチウム複合遷移金属酸化物の粒子を含む、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質の粒子の半径に対する前記シェル部の厚さの比は0.15から0.5である、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記コア部及び前記シェル部は、下記化学式1で表されるリチウム複合遷移金属酸化物を含み、
[化学式1]
LipNi1−(x1+y1+z1)Cox1Ma y1Mb z1Mc q1O2
前記化学式1中、Maは、Mn及びAlからなる群より選択される一つ以上の元素であり、Mbは、Zr、W、Mg、Al、Ce、Hf、Ta、La、Ti、Sr、Ba、Nb、Mo及びCrからなる群より選択される一つ以上の元素であり、Mcは、Al、Zr、Ti、Mg、Ta、Nb、Mo及びCrからなる群より選択される一つ以上の元素であり、0.9≦p≦1.5、0<x1≦0.4、0<y1≦0.4、0≦z1≦0.1、0≦q1≦0.1であり、0<x1+y1+z1≦0.4である、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記シェル部の外側に形成されている表面層をさらに含み、
前記表面層は、ニッケル(Ni)、コバルト(Co)、マンガン(Mn)及びアルミニウム(Al)からなる群より選択される一つ以上を含むリチウム複合遷移金属酸化物を含み、前記表面層内の遷移金属の濃度は一定である、請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記二次電池用正極活物質は、リチウム複合遷移金属酸化物の1次粒子が凝集された2次粒子からなり、
前記1次粒子内のリチウムイオン拡散経路は、前記2次粒子の中心の方向に形成されている、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。 - ニッケル(Ni)含有出発物質とコバルト(Co)含有出発物質を含み、且つマンガン(Mn)含有出発物質及びアルミニウム(Al)含有出発物質からなる群より選択される一つ以上を含む第1前駆体形成溶液を共沈反応させてコア部を形成するステップと、
ニッケル(Ni)含有出発物質とコバルト(Co)含有出発物質を含み、且つマンガン(Mn)含有出発物質及びアルミニウム(Al)含有出発物質からなる群より選択される一つ以上を含み、前記第1前駆体形成溶液より低い濃度のニッケル(Ni)含有出発物質を含む第2前駆体形成溶液をさらに投入しながら共沈反応させてシェル部を形成するステップと、
前記コア部、及び前記コア部を取り囲むシェル部からなる正極活物質前駆体を形成した後、前記正極活物質前駆体及びリチウムソースを混合して焼成することで、リチウム複合遷移金属酸化物を含む正極活物質を形成するステップと
を含んでなり、
正極活物質前駆体粒子の全径に対する前記コア部の直径の比が0.5から0.85であり、
前記シェル部は、コア部側のシェル部の始点におけるニッケル(Ni)の濃度が粒子の表面側のシェル部の終点におけるニッケル(Ni)の濃度より30モル%以上高い濃度勾配を示す、二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記コア部を形成する共沈反応時間は、正極活物質前駆体を形成する共沈時間全体に対して0.5から0.85倍である、請求項12に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記コア部を形成する共沈反応時間は13から32時間である、請求項12又は13に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記コア部は、金属元素全体の中でニッケル(Ni)の含量が80モル%以上であるように形成される、請求項12から14のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記シェル部は、ニッケル(Ni)の濃度が前記シェル部の始点から終点まで漸進的に減少する濃度勾配を示すように形成される、請求項12から15のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記二次電池用正極活物質の粒子の半径に対する前記シェル部の厚さの比が0.15から0.5になるように形成する、請求項12から16のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1から11のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質を含む二次電池用正極。
- 請求項18に記載の二次電池用正極を含むリチウム二次電池。
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