JP2017534164A - 半固体電極中の電極材料のプレリチオ化 - Google Patents
半固体電極中の電極材料のプレリチオ化 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2014年11月3日に出願された「Pre-Lithiation of Electrode Materials in a Semi-Solid Electrode」という名称の米国仮特許出願第62/074,372号の優先権および利益を主張するものであり、この仮特許出願の開示の全体が参照により本願に援用される。
より高い電子性能、例えば、より高い電荷容量、エネルギー密度、導電性、およびレート容量を有するバッテリに対する需要の高まりに伴い、これらの基準を満たす新しい電極設計が必要とされている。リチウムイオン電極および特に負極には、バッテリ形成段階(すなわち、電気化学セルの充電と放電とを含む初回サイクル工程)において不可逆的容量損失が生じる。不可逆的容量損失は、リチウムイオンが正極活物質から負極に移動することによって発生する可能性があり、これらは固体電極界面(SEI)層の形成に使用される。
本明細書に記載されている実施形態は、概して、プレリチオ化された半固体電極(例えば、負極)を有する電気化学セルに関し、特に半固体電極スラリの混合中にプレリチオ化され、それにより、電気化学電極形成および/または初回サイクリングの前に半固体電極内に固体電解質界面(SEI)層が形成される、半固体電極に関する。いくつかの実施形態において、半固体電極は、約20体積%〜約90体積%の活物質と、約0体積%〜約25体積%の導電材料と、約10体積%〜約70体積%の液体電解質と、活物質を実質的にプレリチオ化するのに十分な量のリチウム(リチウム金属、リチウム含有材料、および/またはリチウム金属等価物として)とを含む。リチウム金属は、半固体電極を含む電気化学セルの初回充電サイクルの前に活物質の表面上に固体電解質界面(SEI)層を形成し、場合により、電極材料をリチオ化および充電するように構成される。
本明細書に記載されている実施形態は、概して、プレリチオ化された半固体電極を有する電気化学セルに関し、特に半固体電極スラリの混合中にプレリチオ化され、それにより、電気化学セルの形成前に固体電解質界面(SEI)層が半固体電極内に形成される、半固体電極に関する。民生用電子バッテリは、リチウムイオンバッテリ技術の進歩と共に、そのエネルギー密度が徐々に増大している。製造されたバッテリの保存エネルギー、すなわち電荷容量は、(1)活物質の固有の電荷容量(mAh/g)、(2)電極の体積(cm3)(すなわち、電極の厚さ、電極の面積、および層(スタック)の数の積)、および(3)電極媒質中への活物質の充填(例えば、電極媒質1cm3あたりの活物質のグラム数)の関数である。したがって、商業的な魅力を高めるために(例えば、エネルギー密度の増大および低コスト化)、一般に、面積電荷容量(mAh/cm2)を大きくすること、およびまた特にリチウムイオンバッテリにおいて発生しうる不可逆的容量損失を減少させることが望ましい。
リチウム金属は式量が1モルあたり6.94グラム、密度は1cm3あたり0.5グラムである。リチウム金属の理論容量は約3,839mAh/g、その理論体積容量は1cm3あたり1,915グラムである。例えばグラッシカーボン等、負極内で一般手に使用される他の活物質についても同様の計算を行うことができる。いくつかの実施形態において、活物質として黒鉛を含む半固体負極150に含まれるリチウム金属の量は、約1体積%〜約20体積%の範囲とすることができる。半固体負極150および/または半固体正極140に添加されるリチウム金属はまた、半固体負極150および/または半固体正極を部分的にリチオ化することもできる。このような実施形態において、電気化学セル100の使用中、半固体負極150および/または半固体正極140の充電または放電状態におけるリチウムの濃度が限定されていることは、電気化学セルの電圧、容量、寿命、またはその他の電子的特性に有利な影響を与えうる。
この例において、半固体負極をリチウム被覆銅箔によりプレリチオ化させた。半固体負極は、活物質として約50体積%のメソフェーズ系黒鉛粉末(China Steel Chemical Corporationから販売されるMGP−A)を導電材料として約2体積%のカーボンブラック(Timcalから入手されるC45)および約48体積%の電解質と混合することによって調製した。電極は、30:70の比のエチレンカーボネート(EC)とガンマブチルラクトン(GBL)、約1.1モルのLiBF4、約2重量%のビニレンカーボネート(VC)、約1.5重量%のLiBOB、および約0.5重量%のリン酸トリス(2−エチルヘキシル)(TOP)を含んでいた。半固体負極の成分は、RESODYN(登録商標)ミキサ内で約12分間混合した。半固体負極を、負極集電体としても機能するリチウム被覆銅箔の両面に堆積させた。半固体負極を半固体正極と対にした。半固体正極は、活物質として約50体積%のLFP、導電材料として約0.8体積%のケッチェンブラック、および約49.2体積%の電解質であって、半固体負極懸濁液の調製に使用されたものと同じ電解質を含んでいた。半固体正極の成分は、約1,250rpmのスピードミキサ内で約90秒間混合した。半固体正極を集電体の片面に配置し、半固体負極と対にし、スペーサをそれらの間に配置して、プレリチオ化された電気化学セルを調製した。負極をリチウム被覆銅箔の両面に配置したため、2つの正極を調製して、リチウム被覆銅箔の各々の面に配置された半固体負極と対にした。プレリチオ化された電気化学セルを真空密閉パウチに入れ、乾燥条件下で3日間保管し、リチウム被覆銅箔上に配置されたリチウム金属で負極をプレリチオ化させた。
この例では、半固体負極懸濁液の調製中にリチウム粉末を半固体負極内に導入して、負極をプレリチオ化した。半固体負極懸濁液は、実施例1に記載された半固体負極と同様に調製した。半固体負極をリチウム粉末と混合し、1日保管した。半固体負極懸濁液と混合したリチウム粉末の量は、リチウム粉末の容量が半固体負極中に含まれる全体的電荷容量(黒鉛のものも含む)の約15%となるようにした。図6Aは、リチウム粉末を添加したが、半固体負極懸濁液には混合しなかった半固体負極の光学画像を示す。半固体負極懸濁液は濡れているように見えるが、それはリチウム金属が半固体負極の活物質、すなわち黒鉛と反応していないこと示す。図6Bは、混合して1日保管した後の半固体負極懸濁液示す。半固体負極懸濁液は1日後には乾燥しているように見えるが、これはリチウムが黒鉛と反応して、おそらく黒鉛にSEI層が形成されることを示す。
Claims (25)
- 約20体積%〜約90体積%の活物質と、
0体積%〜25体積%の導電材料と、
約10体積%〜約70体積%の液体電解質と、
前記活物質を実質的にプレリチオ化するのに十分な量のリチウムと
を含む半固体電極であって、
前記リチウムは、リチウム金属、リチウム含有材料、および/またはリチウム金属等価物のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、半固体電極。 - 前記リチウムの量は、前記半固体電極を含む電気化学セルの初回充電サイクルの前に前記活物質の表面上に固体電解質界面(SEI)を形成するのに十分である、請求項1に記載の半固体電極。
- 前記リチウムは、集電体上に堆積された、リチウム金属粉末、リチウム塩、リチウム箔、およびリチウム金属のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の半固体電極。
- 前記半固体電極は負極である、請求項1に記載の半固体電極。
- 約250ミクロンより大きい厚さを有する、請求項1に記載の半固体電極。
- 前記活物質が黒鉛である、請求項4に記載の半固体電極。
- 前記リチウムが前記半固体電極の約1体積%〜約12体積%を構成する、請求項6に記載の半固体電極。
- 前記半固体負極は、約1体積%〜約50体積%の高容量材料をさらに含む、請求項4に記載の半固体電極。
- 前記高容量材料は、錫、シリコン、アンチモン、アルミニウム、酸化チタン、および/または、錫、シリコン、アンチモンまたはアルミニウムの酸化物もしくは合金のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、請求項8に記載の半固体電極。
- 前記リチウムは前記高容量材料に挿入され、前記挿入は、電気化学セルの初回充電サイクルの前に前記半固体負極を膨張させる、請求項8に記載の半固体電極。
- プレリチオ化された半固体負極を調製する方法であって、
活物質とリチウム金属またはリチウム含有材料とを化合させて、プレリチオ化された負極材料を形成する工程と、
電解質を前記プレリチオ化された負極材料と化合させて、半固体負極材料を形成する工程と、
前記半固体負極材料から半固体負極を形成する工程と、
を含む、方法。 - 導電材料を前記プレリチオ化された負極材料と化合させる工程をさらに含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 高容量材料を前記プレリチオ化された負極材料と化合させる工程をさらに含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 負極を製造する方法であって、
活物質と、導電材料と、電解質と、リチウム金属および/またはリチウム含有材料とを含む負極混合物を調製する工程と、
前記負極混合物を乾燥環境において、前記負極混合物をそれが電気化学セル中に組み込まれる前に実質的にプレリチオ化するのに十分な期間にわたり保管する工程と、
を含む、方法。 - 前記保管期間は、前記活物質の表面積の実質的にすべての上に固体電解質界面(SEI)を形成するのに十分である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記活物質は前記負極混合物の20%〜90%を構成する、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記液体電解質は前記負極混合物の10%〜70%を構成する、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記負極混合物は高容量材料をさらに含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 電気化学セルを製造する方法であって、
セルスタックを組み立てる工程であって、
活物質と、導電材料と、電解質とを含む負極混合物を調製することと、
前記負極混合物をリチウム担持基板上に塗布することと、
前記負極混合物の上にセパレータ膜を設置することと、
前記セパレータ膜の上に正極を設置することと、
を含む工程と、
前記セルスタックを乾燥環境において、サイクリング前に前記負極混合物を実質的にプレリチオ化するのに十分な期間にわたり保管する工程と、
を含む、方法。 - 前記保管期間は、前記活物質の表面積の実質的にすべての上に固体電解質界面(SEI)を形成するのに十分である、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記活物質は前記負極混合物の20%〜90%を構成する、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記負極混合物は高容量材料をさらに含む、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記組み立てる工程は、
さらなる活物質と、
さらなる導電材料と、
さらなる電解質と、
前記正極の安定性を向上させるのに十分な量のリチウムと、
を含む正極混合物を調製することと、
前記正極混合物から前記正極を形成することと、
をさらに含む、請求項19に記載の方法。 - 請求項5に記載の半固体電極を含む、バッテリセル。
- 前記半固体電極が負極であり、前記バッテリセルが、約250ミクロンより大きい厚さを有する半固体正極をさらに含む、請求項23に記載のバッテリセル。
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| US20200106094A1 (en) | 2020-04-02 |
| JP7111468B2 (ja) | 2022-08-02 |
| WO2016073438A1 (en) | 2016-05-12 |
| JP2021158119A (ja) | 2021-10-07 |
| US20160126543A1 (en) | 2016-05-05 |
| JP7511804B2 (ja) | 2024-07-08 |
| US11804595B2 (en) | 2023-10-31 |
| US10497935B2 (en) | 2019-12-03 |
| JP2023059975A (ja) | 2023-04-27 |
| JP7811920B2 (ja) | 2026-02-06 |
| US12272818B2 (en) | 2025-04-08 |
| EP4037007A1 (en) | 2022-08-03 |
| US20240234705A1 (en) | 2024-07-11 |
| EP3216071A1 (en) | 2017-09-13 |
| EP3216071B1 (en) | 2022-01-05 |
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