JP2011091039A - 非水電解質電池、電池パック、及び自動車 - Google Patents
非水電解質電池、電池パック、及び自動車 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2011091039A JP2011091039A JP2010215838A JP2010215838A JP2011091039A JP 2011091039 A JP2011091039 A JP 2011091039A JP 2010215838 A JP2010215838 A JP 2010215838A JP 2010215838 A JP2010215838 A JP 2010215838A JP 2011091039 A JP2011091039 A JP 2011091039A
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- JP
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- Prior art keywords
- negative electrode
- positive electrode
- separator
- battery
- nonaqueous electrolyte
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
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Images
Classifications
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Abstract
【解決手段】 正極集電体3aの少なくとも一方の面上に形成された正極層3bを含む正極3と、負極集電体4aの少なくとも一方の面上に形成された負極層4bを含む負極4と、前記正極3と前記負極4の間に配置されるセパレータ5と、非水電解質とを含み、
前記負極層4bに0.4 V(V.S. Li/Li+)以上でリチウムイオンを挿入脱離可能な負極活物質を含み、
下記(I)式及び(II)式を満たすことを特徴とする非水電解質電池20。
1≦Q2/Q1 (I)
0.5≦C/A≦0.999 (II)
【選択図】図1
Description
1≦Q2/Q1 (I)
0.5≦C/A≦0.999 (II)
ここにおいて、前記負極層の前記セパレータを介して前記正極と対向する部分を負極の対向部とし、前記セパレータを介して前記正極と対向しない部分を負極の非対向部とし、前記正極層の前記セパレータを介して前記負極と対向する部分を正極の対向部とし、前記セパレータを介して前記負極と対向しない部分を正極の非対向部としたとき、
Q1は、満充電状態の前記電池の前記負極の対向部に、該負極の対向部の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV1から0.05 V還元側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該負極の対向部における電気容量の増加量であり、
Q2は、満充電状態の前記電池の前記正極の対向部に、該正極の対向部の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV2から0.05 V酸化側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該正極の対向部における電気容量の増加量であり、
Aは、前記負極層の前記負極の対向部及び非対向部を含む面の面積であり、
Cは、前記正極層の前記正極の対向部及び非対向部を含む面の面積である。
1≦Q4/Q3 (III)
0.5≦C/A≦0.999 (IV)
ここにおいて、前記負極層の前記セパレータを介して前記正極と対向する部分を負極の対向部とし、前記セパレータを介して前記正極と対向しない部分を負極の非対向部とし、前記正極層の前記セパレータを介して前記負極と対向する部分を正極の対向部とし、前記セパレータを介して前記負極と対向しない部分を正極の非対向部としたとき、
Q3は、完全放電状態の前記電池の前記負極の対向部に、該負極の対向部の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV3から0.05 V酸化側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該負極の対向部における電気容量の減少量であり、
Q4は、完全放電状態の前記電池の前記正極の対向部に、該正極の対向部の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV4から0.05 V還元側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該正極の対向部における電気容量の減少量であり、
Aは、前記負極層の前記負極の対向部及び非対向部を含む面の面積であり、
Cは、前記正極層の前記正極の対向部及び非対向部を含む面の面積である。
非水電解質中における電解質の電気伝導度は、水溶液中の電気伝導度に比べて低い。そのため、一般に、定電流充放電時には、各電極中の他極に対向している部分のみが充放電に寄与する。これに対し、定電圧充放電時には、各電極中の他極に対向していない部分も電池反応に寄与することが知られている。
特許文献1の実施例2に開示された構成を有する電池では、正極の負極に対向する部分を含む面の面積(C)と、負極の正極に対向する部分を含む面の面積(A)が等しいために上記(1)のような現象は起こらない。
LiC6 → Li++C6+e- (VI)
Li7/3Ti5/3O4 → Li4/3Ti5/3O4+Li++e- (VII)
しかしながら、特許文献1の実施例2に従った構成では、次の要因A及びBにより、HFによる正極溶出がもたらされると考えられる。
要因C:正極の非対向部が電解質によって溶出される
が挙げられる。
図1に、非水電解質電池の一例として、扁平型非水電解質二次電池の断面模式図を示した。図2は、図1のA部の拡大断面図である。正極3と負極4とこれらの間に介在されたセパレータ5から捲回電極群6が構成される。正極3と負極4の間にセパレータ5が介在されることにより、負極4は正極3と空間的に離間している。
0.5≦C/A≦0.999 (II)
式(I)において、Q1は、満充電状態の電池20の負極の対向部9に、該負極の対向部9の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV1から0.05 V還元側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該負極の対向部9における電気容量の増加量である。負極に電位を与える際の電流は、電池容量に対して一時間率の電流値(1C)を電極対向部の面積で割った単位面積当たりの電流値として同等の電流として、さらに電圧カットによる制御とした。また、Q2は、満充電状態の電池20の正極の対向部8に、該正極の対向部8の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV2から0.05 V酸化側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該正極の対向部8における電気容量の増加量である。正極に電位を与える際の電流は、電池容量に対して一時間率の電流値(1C)を電極対向部の面積で割った単位面積当たりの電流値として同等の電流として、さらに電圧カットによる制御とした。
式(II)において、Aは、負極層4bの負極の対向部9を含む面の面積である。図4の例では、対向部9及び非対向部11を合わせた面積である。一方、式(II)において、Cは、正極層3bの正極の対向部8を含む面の面積である。図3の例では、対向部8の面積である。即ち、本実施形態において対向部を含む面とは、対向部と非対向部からなる面を指す。換言すると、対向部を含む面とは、対向部からなる面、或いは、対向部と非対向部からなる面を指す。対向部を含む面の面積には、捲回電極群の場合、負極層及び正極層のうち最外層及び最内層に位置する層の面積は含まれない。
図8Aは、円筒形状の捲回電極群の断面模式図であり、図8Bは展開図であり、図8Cは捲回電極群を広げて正極側から見た平面図である。図8Aに示す電極群は、正極53と負極54とこれらの間に介在されたセパレータ55とが層状に構成され、円筒状に捲回されている。正極53と負極54の間にセパレータ55が介在されることにより、正極53は負極54と空間的に離間している。
正極3は、正極活物質、導電材及び結着材を含む。好ましくは、これらの材料を含むスラリーが集電体の少なくとも一方の面に塗布され、乾燥され、プレスされることにより作製された正極が使用される。集電体は、金属基板を用いることができる。
負極4は、負極活物質、導電材及び結着材を含む。好ましくは、これらの材料を含むスラリーが集電体の少なくとも一方の面に塗布され、乾燥され、プレスされることにより作製された負極が使用される。集電体は、金属基板を用いることができる。集電体には、特にリチウムイオンの挿入脱離電位が0.4V(V.S. Li/Li+)以上である高電位負極を用いる場合、コスト及び重量の観点から、アルミニウムを使用することが好ましい。
セパレータ5は正極3と負極4の電気的接触を避けるために用いられる。また、電極間の距離によって抵抗及び容積が増大することを避けるために用いられる。電極間の距離が十分であり、且つ使用時の抵抗が許容範囲である場合には、セパレータ5を用いなくてもよい。
電解質には、イオンを導電する支持塩、及び、溶媒又は溶融塩を用いることができる。支持塩にはLiPF6、LiBF4、及びイミド系支持塩を用いることができる。LiPF6を用いることにより、イオンの移動速度が速く、入出力の高い電池を作製することができる。またLiPF6とLiBF4とを組み合わせて用いた場合、非常に高出力で長寿命の電池を作製することができる。しかしながら、これらの電池は特に高温でHFの生成速度が大きく、正極の溶出を誘発しやすい。よって、本実施形態によれば、正極の溶出が最小限に抑えられ、非常に高出力で長寿命な電池を提供することができる。LiPF6の電解液に対する濃度範囲は0.5mol/l〜2.0mol/lであることが好ましく、1mol/l〜1.7mol/lであることが特に好ましい。LiBF4とLiPF6を混合して用いる場合、LiPF6とLiBF4のモル分率を0.25〜4の範囲にすることが好ましく、0.5〜2の範囲であることがより好ましい。LiBF4とLiPF6の混合塩を用いる場合、合計の濃度は0.5〜2mol/lであることが好ましく、1mol/l〜2mol/lであることがより好ましい。
外装材7には、アルミラミネートやアルミニウム缶、鉄などの缶を用いることができる。
次に、第2実施形態について説明する。第2実施形態において、非水電解質電池20は、正極集電体3aの少なくとも一方の面上に形成された正極層3bを含む正極3と、負極集電体4aの少なくとも一方の面上に形成された負極層4bを含む負極4と、前記正極3と前記負極4の間に配置されるセパレータ5と、非水電解質とを含み、前記負極層4に0.4 V(V.S. Li/Li+)以上でリチウムイオンを挿入脱離可能な負極活物質を含み、下記(III)式及び(IV)式を満たすことを特徴とする。
0.5≦C/A≦0.999 (IV)
式(III)において、Q3は、完全放電状態の電池20の負極の対向部9に、該負極の対向部9の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV3から0.05 V酸化側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該負極の対向部9における電気容量の減少量である。負極に電位を与える際の電流は、電池容量に対して一時間率の電流値(1C)を電極対向部の面積で割った単位面積当たりの電流値として同等の電流として、さらに電圧カットによる制御とした。また、Q4は、完全放電状態の電池20の正極の対向部8に、該正極の対向部8の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV4から0.05 V還元側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該正極の対向部8における電気容量の減少量である。正極に電位を与える際の電流は、電池容量に対して一時間率の電流値(1C)を電極対向部の面積で割った単位面積当たりの電流値として同等の電流として、さらに電圧カットによる制御とした。
測定対象の電極と、対極極(Li金属)及び参照極(Li金属)を用いて、簡易セルを作製する。電解質は、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とメチルエチルカーボネート(MEC)を1:2の容積比で混合した溶媒と1mol/l のLiPF6を混合して用いることができる。
第3実施形態において電池パックが提供される。電池パックは、第1、第2実施形態に係る非水電解質電池(単電池)を1個又は複数具備する。複数の単電池を含む場合、各単電池は、電気的に直列もしくは並列に接続される。車載用の電池パックでは、高電圧を得るために単電池を直列に接続することが望ましい。
第4実施形態において、第1、第2実施形態に係る非水電解質電池(単電池)、又は、第3実施形態に係る電池パックを含む自動車が提供される。自動車は、非水電解質電池又は電気パックを動力として備える。ここでいう自動車としては、二輪〜四輪のハイブリッド電気自動車、二輪〜四輪の電気自動車、アシスト自転車などが挙げられる。
正極活物質としてLiMn2O4を用いて正極を作製し、負極活物質としてLi4Ti5O12を用いて負極を作製し、非水電解質電池を作製した。この負極活物質Li4Ti5O12は0.4V(V.S. Li/Li+)以上でリチウムイオンの挿入脱離が可能である。また、Li4Ti5O12のリチウムイオンの挿入脱離が可能な電位の平均は1.55V(V.S. Li/Li+)である。
表1に示した正極活物質及び負極活物質、表2に示した電解質及び電解液溶媒を用いて、実施例1と同様に電池を作製した。但し、Q2/Q1、Q4/Q3、C/A、および正極非対向面・非対向部の有無を所望の値・形とするために、正極用スラリー及び負極用スラリーの塗布量及び塗布面積、及び、正極層及び負極層の密度を変動させた。各実施例のQ2/Q1、Q4/Q3、C/Aの値は、表3に示したとおりである。実施例1〜50で用いた負極活物質は、何れも0.4V(V.S. Li/Li+)以上でリチウムイオンの挿入脱離が可能なものである。表1には、それぞれの活物質のリチウムイオンの挿入脱離が可能な電位の平均電位を示した。また、実施例50においてはC/A=0.95としながらも、正負極の捲回コイルに捲回方向に対してズレをつくり、非対向面を作成し、電池を作成した。そのほかの実施例1〜49の電池はこのズレをなくしたため、正極の非対向面は存在しない。
表1に示した正極活物質及び負極活物質、表2に示した電解質及び電解液溶媒を用いて、実施例1と同様に電池を作製した。但し、Q2/Q1、Q4/Q3、C/Aの値を所望の値とするために、正極用スラリー及び負極用スラリーの塗布量及び塗布面積、及び、正極層及び負極層の密度を変動させた。各比較例のQ2/Q1、Q4/Q3、C/Aおよび正極非対向面・非対向部の有無を所望の値・形は、表3に示したとおりである。
実施例1〜49及び比較例1〜7の電池について、Q2/Q1及びQ4/Q3の値を測定した。測定には、図20に示したような測定用セル50を用いた。測定用セル50は、作用極51(測定対象の正極又は負極)、対照極52(例えば金属リチウム)、参照極53、セパレータ54、及び電解質55から構成される。
実施例1〜50及び比較例1〜7の電池を、50℃の環境下において充放電を10000サイクル行い、その後の容量維持率を測定した。1サイクルは、満充電2.9Vの定電流定電圧充電で、1C電流で、0.05C電流に収束するまでの充電と、1.5Vまでの1C定電流放電とした。その結果を表3に示した。
Claims (12)
- 正極集電体と、前記正極集電体の少なくとも一方の面上に形成された正極層を含む正極と、
負極集電体と、前記負極集電体の少なくとも一方の面上に形成された負極層を含む負極と、
前記正極と前記負極の間に配置されるセパレータと、
非水電解質とを含み、
前記負極層に0.4 V(V.S. Li/Li+)以上でリチウムイオンを挿入脱離可能な負極活物質を含み、
下記(I)式及び(II)式を満たすことを特徴とする非水電解質電池:
1≦Q2/Q1 (I)
0.5≦C/A≦0.999 (II)
ここにおいて、前記負極層の前記セパレータを介して前記正極と対向する部分を負極の対向部とし、前記セパレータを介して前記正極と対向しない部分を負極の非対向部とし、前記正極層の前記セパレータを介して前記負極と対向する部分を正極の対向部とし、前記セパレータを介して前記負極と対向しない部分を正極の非対向部としたとき、
Q1は、満充電状態の前記電池の前記負極の対向部に、該負極の対向部の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV1から0.05 V還元側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該負極の対向部における電気容量の増加量であり、
Q2は、満充電状態の前記電池の前記正極の対向部に、該正極の対向部の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV2から0.05 V酸化側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該正極の対向部における電気容量の増加量であり、
Aは、前記負極層の前記負極の対向部及び非対向部を含む面の面積であり、
Cは、前記正極層の前記正極の対向部及び非対向部を含む面の面積である。 - 正極集電体と、前記正極集電体の少なくとも一方の面上に形成された正極層を含む正極と、
負極集電体と、前記負極集電体の少なくとも一方の面上に形成された負極層を含む負極と、
前記正極と前記負極の間に配置されるセパレータと、
非水電解質とを含み、
前記負極層に0.4 V(V.S. Li/Li+)以上でリチウムイオンを挿入脱離可能な負極活物質を含み、
下記(III)式及び(IV)式を満たすことを特徴とする非水電解質電池:
1≦Q4/Q3 (III)
0.5≦C/A≦0.999 (IV)
ここにおいて、前記負極層の前記セパレータを介して前記正極と対向する部分を負極の対向部とし、前記セパレータを介して前記正極と対向しない部分を負極の非対向部とし、前記正極層の前記セパレータを介して前記負極と対向する部分を正極の対向部とし、前記セパレータを介して前記負極と対向しない部分を正極の非対向部としたとき、
Q3は、完全放電状態の前記電池の前記負極の対向部に、該負極の対向部の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV3から0.05 V酸化側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該負極の対向部における電気容量の減少量であり、
Q4は、完全放電状態の前記電池の前記正極の対向部に、該正極の対向部の金属リチウムに対する開回路電圧OCV4から0.05 V還元側にずらした電位を与えたときの、該正極の対向部における電気容量の減少量であり、
Aは、前記負極層の前記負極の対向部及び非対向部を含む面の面積であり、
Cは、前記正極層の前記正極の対向部及び非対向部を含む面の面積である。 - 前記正極層が、前記正極の対向部を含まない面を有さないことを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の非水電解質電池。
- Q2/Q1又はQ4/Q3が5以上であることを特徴とする、請求項1〜3に記載の非水電解質電池。
- Q2/Q1又はQ4/Q3が10以上であることを特徴とする、請求項1〜3に記載の非水電解質電池。
- 前記非水電解質にLiPF6が含まれることを特徴とする、請求項1〜5の何れか一項に記載の非水電解質電池。
- 前記LiPF6が0.01 mol/L以上2 mol/L以下の濃度で含まれることを特徴とする、請求項1〜6に記載の非水電解質電池。
- 前記負極活物質にスピネル型のチタン酸リチウムが含まれることを特徴とする、請求項1〜7の何れか一項に記載の非水電解質電池。
- 前記正極活物質にLiMn2-xMxO4、LiCo1-yMyO2、LiNi1-yMyO2、LiNi0.5-zMn1.5-aMz+aO4、LiMPO4及びLiFe1-yMyPO4(0≦x<2、0≦y<1、0≦z<0.5、0≦a<1.5、Mは典型金属又は遷移金属である)から成る群より選択される少なくとも一種の複合酸化物が含まれることを特徴とする、請求項1〜8の何れか一項に記載の非水電解質電池。
- 前記正極の初回充放電効率が、前記負極の初回充放電効率より高いことを特徴とする、請求項1〜9の何れか一項に記載の非水電解質電池。
- 請求項1〜10の何れか一項に記載の非水電解質電池を含むことを特徴とする電池パック。
- 請求項1〜10の何れか一項に記載の非水電解質電池、又は、請求項11に記載の電池パックを含むことを特徴とする自動車。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2887433A1 (en) | 2015-06-24 |
KR101248332B1 (ko) | 2013-04-01 |
EP2306558B1 (en) | 2022-12-14 |
CN102035028B (zh) | 2015-07-08 |
CN102035028A (zh) | 2011-04-27 |
US9893377B2 (en) | 2018-02-13 |
EP2306558A2 (en) | 2011-04-06 |
EP2306558A3 (en) | 2014-06-18 |
US20110076557A1 (en) | 2011-03-31 |
EP2887433B1 (en) | 2020-09-16 |
KR20110033803A (ko) | 2011-03-31 |
JP5693902B2 (ja) | 2015-04-01 |
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