JP2008251481A - 電極活物質およびリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
電極活物質およびリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 21
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 44
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 21
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 21
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- -1 LiPF 6 Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007578 melt-quenching technique Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000005300 metallic glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCC LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZRQPUVXXCWZMKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dioxane;1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1.C1COCCO1 ZRQPUVXXCWZMKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013372 LiC 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013131 LiN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004698 iron complex Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/12—Silica-free oxide glass compositions
- C03C3/14—Silica-free oxide glass compositions containing boron
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明は、電解液分解電位Veの電解液と共に用いられる電極活物質であって、一般式LixFeMyOzで表され(式中、xおよびyは独立に1<x≦2.5、0<y≦3を満たし、zは化学量論を満たすようにz=(x+(Feの価数)+(Mの価数)×y)/2で表される。Mは1種類または2種類以上のガラスフォーマー元素を表し、Mの平均電気陰性度は(Ve+6.74)/5.41未満である。)、かつ非晶質であることを特徴とする電極活物質を提供することにより、上記課題を解決する。
【選択図】図1
Description
まず、本発明の電極活物質について説明する。本発明の電極活物質は、電解液分解電位Veの電解液と共に用いられる電極活物質であって、一般式LixFeMyOzで表され(式中、xおよびyは独立に1<x、0<y≦3を満たし、zは化学量論を満たすようにz=(x+(Feの価数)+(Mの価数)×y)/2で表される。Mは1種類または2種類以上のガラスフォーマー元素を表し、Mの平均電気陰性度は(Ve+6.74)/5.41未満である。)、かつ非晶質であることを特徴とするものである。
以下、本発明の電極活物質について、電極活物質の構成、電極活物質と共に用いられる電解液、電極活物質の製造方法に分けて説明する。
本発明の電極活物質は、一般式LixFeMyOzで表され(式中、xおよびyは独立に1<x≦2.5、0<y≦3を満たし、zは化学量論を満たすようにz=(x+(Feの価数)+(Mの価数)×y)/2で表される。Mは1種類または2種類以上のガラスフォーマー元素を表し、Mの平均電気陰性度は(Ve+6.74)/5.41未満である。)、かつ非晶質であることを特徴とする。
(1)平均結晶子サイズが約1000Å以下(より好ましくは約100Å以下、さらに好ましくは50Å以下)である;
(2)完全に結晶質である場合の比重(理論値)に比べて、該電極活物質の比重が約3%以上(より好ましくは約5%以上)大きい;および
(3)X線回折パターンにおいて結晶質であることを裏付けるピークが観察されない;
のうち一または二以上の条件を満たす程度に非晶質であることが好ましい。すなわち、ここで開示される電極活物質は、上記(1)〜(3)のうち一または二以上を満たす電極活物質であることが好ましい。中でも、少なくとも上記(3)を満たす電極活物質であることが好ましい。なお、上記X線回折パターンは、例えば理学電機株式会社から入手可能なX線回折装置(型番「Rigaku RINT 2100HLR/PC」)等を用いて得ることができる。本発明の適用効果は、より非晶質性の高い(結晶性の低い)電極活物質であることによって、よりよく発揮される傾向にある。
次に、電極活物質と共に用いられる電解液について説明する。本発明の電極活物質は、電解液分解電位Veの電解液と共に用いられるものである。なお、電解液分解電位Veの単位は、(V vs Li−metal)であり、便宜上、単にVで表す場合がある。
次に、本発明の電極活物質の製造方法について説明する。本発明の電極活物質の製造方法としては、上述した電極活物質を得ることができる方法であれば特に限定されるものではないが、具体的には溶融急冷法等を挙げることができる。上記溶融急冷法としては、具体的には、一般式LixFeMyOzを構成する各原料を含む原料組成物を溶融混練し、溶融状態から急冷凝固させる方法等を挙げることができる。上記原料組成物は、通常、Li原料、Fe原料およびM原料を含有する。
上記Fe原料としては、Fe元素を有するものであれば特に限定されるものではないが、例えばFeOおよびFe2O3等を挙げることができ、中でもFeOが好ましい。本発明においては、上記Fe原料を一種または二種以上用いることができる。
次に、本発明のリチウム二次電池について説明する。本発明のリチウム二次電池は、上述した電極活物質を正極活物質として含有する正極層と、負極活物質を含有する負極層と、上記正極層および上記負極層の間に設置されたセパレータと、少なくとも上記セパレータに含浸された電解液分解電位Veの電解液と、を有することを特徴とするものである。
[合成例]
Li原料としてLiOH、Fe原料としてFeO、P原料としてP2O5、B原料としてB2O3を用意した。これらの原料を用い、構成成分が下記表1に示すモル比となるように混合し、原料組成物A〜Cを得た。
装置:Rigaku RAD−X
X線:CuKα、40kV、40mA
走査範囲:2θ=10°〜80°
その結果、電極活物質A〜Cのいずれも、X線回折パターンにおいて結晶質であることを裏付けるピークが観察されず、非晶質であることが確認された。
電極活物質A〜Cを用いて測定用セルを作製し、充放電特性を評価した。
まず、電極活物質Aを0.4g秤量し、ジルコニア製ポットに添加し、300rpmで3時間ボールミル処理を行った。次に、アセチレンブラックを0.1429g添加し、300rpmで3時間さらにボールミル処理を行った。得られた粉末に対して、PTFEを0.053g添加し、SUSメッシュに貼り付けることにより、正極を得た。
充電:4.5V CC 157μA
休止:5min
放電:1.5V CC 157μA
休止:5min
図2の結果のまとめを下記表2に示す。
Claims (4)
- 電解液分解電位Veの電解液と共に用いられる電極活物質であって、
一般式LixFeMyOzで表され(式中、xおよびyは独立に1<x≦2.5、0<y≦3を満たし、zは化学量論を満たすようにz=(x+(Feの価数)+(Mの価数)×y)/2で表される。Mは1種類または2種類以上のガラスフォーマー元素を表し、Mの平均電気陰性度は(Ve+6.74)/5.41未満である。)、かつ非晶質であることを特徴とする電極活物質。 - 上記平均電気陰性度が、2.07以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電極活物質。
- 上記MがB(ホウ素)であることを特徴とする請求項1または請求項2に記載の電極活物質。
- 請求項1から請求項3までのいずれかの請求項に記載の電極活物質を正極活物質として含有する正極層と、負極活物質を含有する負極層と、前記正極層および前記負極層の間に設置されたセパレータと、少なくとも前記セパレータに含浸された電解液分解電位Veの電解液と、を有することを特徴とするリチウム二次電池。
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EP08762884A EP2137778B1 (en) | 2007-03-30 | 2008-03-28 | Method to charge a lithium secondary battery |
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CA2682094A CA2682094C (en) | 2007-03-30 | 2008-03-28 | Electrode active material and lithium secondary battery |
US12/593,412 US8703334B2 (en) | 2007-03-30 | 2008-03-28 | Amorphous electrode active material and lithium secondary battery |
BRPI0809584-1A BRPI0809584A2 (pt) | 2007-03-30 | 2008-03-28 | Material eletrodo ativo e bateria secundária de lítio |
PCT/IB2008/001553 WO2008120106A2 (en) | 2007-03-30 | 2008-03-28 | Electrode active materialand lithium secondary battery |
RU2009135868/07A RU2433509C2 (ru) | 2007-03-30 | 2008-03-28 | Электродно-активный материал и литиевая вторичная батарея |
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WO2011039619A1 (en) | 2009-10-02 | 2011-04-07 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Lithium secondary battery |
JP2011124154A (ja) * | 2009-12-11 | 2011-06-23 | Panasonic Corp | 非水電解質電池用活物質および非水電解質電池 |
JP2016157674A (ja) * | 2015-02-25 | 2016-09-01 | 国立大学法人長岡技術科学大学 | アルカリイオン二次電池用正極活物質 |
WO2016136555A1 (ja) * | 2015-02-25 | 2016-09-01 | 国立大学法人長岡技術科学大学 | アルカリイオン二次電池用正極活物質 |
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WO2017073457A1 (ja) * | 2015-10-28 | 2017-05-04 | 日本電気硝子株式会社 | ナトリウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質 |
CN110521036A (zh) * | 2017-06-27 | 2019-11-29 | 日本电气硝子株式会社 | 钠离子二次电池用正极活性物质 |
JP6662353B2 (ja) * | 2017-07-18 | 2020-03-11 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 負極集電体、負極、及び、水系リチウムイオン二次電池 |
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