ES2069004T3 - Procedimiento para la produccion y uso de sal de (co)polimero del acido maleico mejorada en cuanto a biodegradabilidad. - Google Patents

Procedimiento para la produccion y uso de sal de (co)polimero del acido maleico mejorada en cuanto a biodegradabilidad.

Info

Publication number
ES2069004T3
ES2069004T3 ES90304378T ES90304378T ES2069004T3 ES 2069004 T3 ES2069004 T3 ES 2069004T3 ES 90304378 T ES90304378 T ES 90304378T ES 90304378 T ES90304378 T ES 90304378T ES 2069004 T3 ES2069004 T3 ES 2069004T3
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
maleic acid
biodegradability
procedure
production
polymer salt
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
ES90304378T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Shigeru Yamaguchi
Tokihiro Yokoi
Shorbu Shioji
Yoshio Irie
Teruaki Fujiwara
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd filed Critical Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES2069004T3 publication Critical patent/ES2069004T3/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/37—Polymers
    • C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C11D3/3757—(Co)polymerised carboxylic acids, -anhydrides, -esters in solid and liquid compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
    • C02F5/08—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents
    • C02F5/10—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents using organic substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
    • C02F5/08—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents
    • C02F5/10—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents using organic substances
    • C02F5/14—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents using organic substances containing phosphorus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F22/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof
    • C08F22/02—Acids; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof, e.g. maleic acid or itaconic acid

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Biological Depolymerization Polymers (AREA)
  • Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
  • Polymerization Catalysts (AREA)

Abstract

UNA CANTIDAD DEFINIDA DE PEROXIDO DE HIDROGENO SE USA COMO CATALIZADOR DE UNA POLIMERIZACION, BAJO LA CONDICION DE QUE EXISTE UNA CANTIDAD DEFINIDA DE UNA SUSTANCIA ALCALINA, SOLO UN ACIDO MALEICO O UN COMPONENE MONOMERO COMPUESTO DE ACIDO MALEICO Y EL OTRO MOMOMERO NO SATURADO SOLUBLE EN AGUA SON POLIMERIZABLES EN AGUA, DONDE SE PRODUCE UNA SAL (CO-) POLIMERICA DE ACIDO MALEICO MEJORADA, DICHA SAL OBTENDIA ES SUPERIOR EN BIODEGRADABILIDAD, Y UNA PEQUEÑA CANTIDAD DEL MOMOMERO RESIDUAL ES UTIL COMO DETERGENTE.
ES90304378T 1989-04-28 1990-04-24 Procedimiento para la produccion y uso de sal de (co)polimero del acido maleico mejorada en cuanto a biodegradabilidad. Expired - Lifetime ES2069004T3 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP10720089 1989-04-28

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ES2069004T3 true ES2069004T3 (es) 1995-05-01

Family

ID=14453022

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ES90304378T Expired - Lifetime ES2069004T3 (es) 1989-04-28 1990-04-24 Procedimiento para la produccion y uso de sal de (co)polimero del acido maleico mejorada en cuanto a biodegradabilidad.

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5064563A (es)
EP (1) EP0396303B1 (es)
JP (1) JPH0627136B2 (es)
CA (1) CA2015489C (es)
DE (1) DE69015424T2 (es)
ES (1) ES2069004T3 (es)

Families Citing this family (70)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5476885A (en) * 1989-07-25 1995-12-19 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Cement additive, method for producing the same, and cement composition
DE69208976T2 (de) * 1991-08-23 1997-04-17 Nippon Shokubai Co. Ltd., Osaka Biologisch abbaubares, hydrophiles, vernetztes Polymer, Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und seine Verwendung
DE4239076A1 (de) * 1992-11-20 1994-05-26 Basf Ag Mischungen aus Polymerisaten von monoethylenisch ungesättigten Dicarbonsäuren und Polymerisaten ethylenisch ungesättigter Monocarbonsäuren und/oder Polyaminocarbonsäuren und ihre Verwendung
EP0875553A1 (en) * 1993-01-26 1998-11-04 National Starch And Chemical Investment Holding Corporation Detergent composition
US5866012A (en) * 1993-01-26 1999-02-02 National Starch And Chemical Investment Holding Corporation Multifunctional maleate polymers
DE69428927T2 (de) * 1993-07-20 2002-07-04 Nippon Shokubai Co. Ltd., Osaka Maleinsäurecopolymer und dessen Anwendung
US5442038A (en) * 1993-10-06 1995-08-15 Srchem, Inc. Polymers of maleic acid with amines
US5408029A (en) * 1993-10-06 1995-04-18 Srchem, Inc. Amino acid copolymers of maleic acid
US5451644A (en) * 1994-01-14 1995-09-19 Rohm And Haas Company Aqueous process for preparing water soluble polymers of monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids
US6335404B1 (en) 1994-04-05 2002-01-01 Rohm And Haas Company Aqueous process for preparing aqueous weight carboxyl containing polymers
CN1093560C (zh) * 1994-12-15 2002-10-30 株式会社日本触媒 洗涤剂助洗剂,其制备方法,和含有该洗涤剂助洗剂的洗涤剂组合物
DE19503546A1 (de) * 1995-02-03 1996-08-08 Basf Ag Wasserlösliche oder wasserdispergierbare Pfropfpolymerisate, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung
DE19516957C2 (de) 1995-05-12 2000-07-13 Stockhausen Chem Fab Gmbh Wasserlösliche Copolymere und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung
DE69602305T2 (de) * 1995-06-09 1999-11-04 Nippon Shokubai Co. Ltd., Osaka Polycarboxylmonomer, Polymer daraus, und dieses Polymer enthaltende reinigende Zusammensetzung
TW420653B (en) * 1995-08-11 2001-02-01 Nippon Catalytic Chem Ind An agent for water treatment
JPH09324018A (ja) * 1996-04-04 1997-12-16 Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd アクリル系重合体、その製造方法、生分解性ビルダー、洗剤組成物及び分散剤
JPH11124413A (ja) * 1997-07-07 1999-05-11 Idemitsu Petrochem Co Ltd アクリル酸系重合体、その製造方法及び生分解性ビルダー
JPH1121586A (ja) * 1997-07-07 1999-01-26 Asahi Denka Kogyo Kk 洗浄剤組成物
US6180589B1 (en) * 1999-01-05 2001-01-30 National Starch And Chemical Investment Holding Corporation Polyether hydroxycarboxylate copolymers
US6020297A (en) * 1999-04-06 2000-02-01 National Starch And Chemical Investment Holding Corporation Colorless polymaleates and uses thereof in cleaning compositions
ATE302834T1 (de) 2000-06-16 2005-09-15 Tenside auf der basis von oxoalkoholen
US6384166B1 (en) 2000-11-16 2002-05-07 National Starch And Chemical Investment Holding Corporation Colorless polymaleates and uses thereof
DK1976805T3 (da) * 2005-12-22 2013-10-14 Kemira Oyj Forbedret biologisk nedbrydelighed af kedelstensopløsningsmiddelformuleringer
JP5174680B2 (ja) * 2006-02-08 2013-04-03 ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピア 珪酸塩含有の水性系の濃稠化の制御
US8703859B2 (en) 2006-03-27 2014-04-22 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Production method for water-absorbing resin composition
EP2178933B1 (de) 2007-08-03 2014-01-08 Basf Se Assoziativverdicker-dispersion
CA2704568C (en) * 2007-11-09 2016-01-26 The Procter & Gamble Company Cleaning compositions with monocarboxylic acid monomers, dicarboxylic monomers, and monomers comprising sulfonic acid groups
EP2500326A1 (en) 2007-11-13 2012-09-19 Akzo Nobel N.V. Methods of minimizing sulfate scale in oil field
PH12010501063A1 (en) 2007-11-14 2009-05-22 Basf Se Method for producing a thickener dispersion
EP2083067A1 (de) 2008-01-25 2009-07-29 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Verwendung von organischen Komplexbildnern und/oder polymeren carbonsäuregruppenhaltigen Verbindungen in einer flüssigen Wasch- oder Reinigungsmittelzusammensetzung
EP2090599A1 (de) 2008-02-13 2009-08-19 Construction Research and Technology GmbH Copolymer mit Polyetherseitenketten und Dicarbonsäurederivatbausteinen
EP2260070B1 (en) * 2008-03-31 2015-07-22 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Sulfonic group-containing, maleic acid-based, water-soluble copolymer aqueous solution and powder obtained by drying the aqueous solution
TW201031743A (en) 2008-12-18 2010-09-01 Basf Se Surfactant mixture comprising branched short-chain and branched long-chain components
WO2011003904A1 (de) 2009-07-10 2011-01-13 Basf Se Tensidgemisch mit kurz- und langkettigen komponenten
JP5788414B2 (ja) 2010-02-12 2015-09-30 ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアＢａｓｆ Ｓｅ 灰色化傾向の低い液体洗剤における増粘剤としてのコポリマーの使用
WO2011117350A1 (de) 2010-03-25 2011-09-29 Basf Se Elektrochemisches textilwaschverfahren
US20110237484A1 (en) 2010-03-25 2011-09-29 Basf Se Electrochemical textile-washing process
KR101477935B1 (ko) 2010-06-17 2014-12-30 바스프 에스이 사카라이드 측기를 포함하는 중합체 및 그의 용도
KR101505334B1 (ko) 2010-08-03 2015-03-23 바스프 에스이 연마제용 캐리어 유체
JP5931920B2 (ja) 2011-01-13 2016-06-08 ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアＢａｓｆ Ｓｅ 洗剤及び清浄剤における、アルコールアルコキシレートの場合によって酸化されたチオエーテルの使用
US8951955B2 (en) 2011-01-13 2015-02-10 Basf Se Use of optionally oxidized thioethers of alcohol alkoxylates in washing and cleaning compositions
CA2822897A1 (en) 2011-01-13 2012-07-19 Basf Se Use of optionally oxidized thioethers of polyalkylene oxides in detergents and cleaning agents
US8987183B2 (en) 2011-01-13 2015-03-24 Basf Se Use of optionally oxidized thioethers of polyalkylene oxides in washing and cleaning compositions
CN103608380B (zh) 2011-06-15 2016-08-31 巴斯夫欧洲公司 具有磺酸盐基团的支化聚酯
US8846599B2 (en) 2011-06-15 2014-09-30 Basf Se Branched polyesters with sulfonate groups
CN103717627B (zh) * 2011-07-22 2016-05-25 巴斯夫欧洲公司 制备马来酸-异戊二烯醇共聚物的方法
CN103890022B (zh) * 2011-08-10 2016-10-12 巴斯夫欧洲公司 异戊二烯醇、单烯属不饱和一元羧酸和磺酸的共聚物及其生产方法和用途
US8993701B2 (en) 2011-08-10 2015-03-31 Basf Se Copolymers of isoprenol, monoethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, methods for production thereof and use thereof as deposit inhibitors in water-bearing systems
CN104204161B (zh) 2012-02-01 2017-05-17 巴斯夫欧洲公司 用于晶片生产的冷却和/或润滑流体
US9145340B2 (en) 2012-08-13 2015-09-29 Verdesian Life Sciences, Llc Method of reducing atmospheric ammonia in livestock and poultry containment facilities
US9961922B2 (en) 2012-10-15 2018-05-08 Verdesian Life Sciences, Llc Animal feed and/or water amendments for lowering ammonia concentrations in animal excrement
DE102013207778A1 (de) * 2013-04-29 2014-10-30 Cht R. Beitlich Gmbh Kammpolymere als Waschkraftverstärker für Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel
BR112015032997B1 (pt) 2013-07-03 2021-08-10 Basf Se Processo para preparar uma composição de polímero, composição de polímero, uso de uma composição de polímero, envoltório ou revestimento, e, composição adesiva
US11254620B2 (en) 2013-08-05 2022-02-22 Verdesian Life Sciences U.S., Llc Micronutrient-enhanced polymeric seed coatings
TW201522390A (zh) 2013-08-27 2015-06-16 特級肥料產品公司 聚陰離子聚合物
WO2015035031A1 (en) 2013-09-05 2015-03-12 Verdesian Life Sciences, Llc Polymer-boric acid compositions
CA2945823C (en) 2014-05-21 2022-04-26 Verdesian Life Sciences, Llc Polymer soil treatment compositions including humic acids
US10822487B2 (en) 2014-05-22 2020-11-03 Verdesian Life Sciences Llc Polymeric compositions
US20180057626A1 (en) * 2015-03-25 2018-03-01 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Copolymer
JP6433837B2 (ja) * 2015-03-25 2018-12-05 株式会社日本触媒 消臭繊維
WO2017158002A1 (de) 2016-03-16 2017-09-21 Basf Se Wasch- und reinigungsaktive polymerfolien, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und deren verwendung
BR112019011726A2 (pt) 2016-12-16 2019-10-22 Basf Se película multicamadas, processo para produzir uma película multicamadas, uso de uma película multicamadas, bainha ou revestimento, e, composições de lavagem ou de limpeza e de lavagem de louça.
CN110291119A (zh) 2016-12-16 2019-09-27 巴斯夫欧洲公司 洗涤和清洁多层膜、其生产方法和用途
CN111278960A (zh) 2017-09-06 2020-06-12 巴斯夫欧洲公司 洗涤和清洁活性聚合物膜、它们的生产方法和它们的用途
CN108559023B (zh) * 2018-05-19 2020-10-16 兰州交通大学 一种新型环保高效型水质稳定剂rg-9的制备
CN112384602A (zh) 2018-07-11 2021-02-19 巴斯夫欧洲公司 制备含乙烯基咪唑的稳定聚合物的方法
WO2020035567A1 (en) 2018-08-16 2020-02-20 Basf Se Water-soluble polymer films of ethylene oxide homo- or copolymers, calendering process for the production thereof and the use thereof
WO2020249706A1 (en) 2019-06-14 2020-12-17 Basf Se Aqueous polymer dispersions suitable as opacifiers in liquid formulations
WO2021191175A1 (en) 2020-03-24 2021-09-30 Basf Se Detergent formulation in form of a three dimensional body
CN112759113A (zh) * 2020-12-14 2021-05-07 广西大学 一种磷酸铁生产废水的零排放和磷酸根及硫酸根回收方法

Family Cites Families (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3635915A (en) * 1969-11-28 1972-01-18 Deering Milliken Res Corp Copolymers of maleic acid and acrylic acid
US4314044A (en) * 1979-01-22 1982-02-02 Rohm And Haas Company Process for preparing low molecular weight water-soluble polymers
JPS57168906A (en) * 1981-04-13 1982-10-18 Kao Corp Maleic acid/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer
JPS5964615A (ja) * 1982-10-06 1984-04-12 Kao Corp ポリマレイン酸塩の製造法
JPH0643469B2 (ja) * 1983-03-25 1994-06-08 花王株式会社 マレイン酸共重合体の製造方法
JPS59213714A (ja) * 1983-05-18 1984-12-03 Kao Corp マレイン酸共重合体の製造方法
JPS60212411A (ja) * 1984-04-06 1985-10-24 Kao Corp ポリマレイン酸及びその共重合体の製造方法
JPS59210913A (ja) * 1984-04-06 1984-11-29 Kao Corp マレイン酸塩共重合体の製造法
JPS60212410A (ja) * 1984-04-06 1985-10-24 Kao Corp マレイン酸塩共重合体の製造法
JPS60212412A (ja) * 1984-04-06 1985-10-24 Kao Corp 共重合体の製造方法
JPS61178097A (ja) * 1985-02-01 1986-08-09 Kao Corp スケ−ル抑制剤
JPS6291295A (ja) * 1985-10-16 1987-04-25 Kao Corp スケ−ル抑制剤
GB2181735A (en) * 1985-10-16 1987-04-29 Kao Corp Maleic acid polymer for use as scale inhibitor
JP2714376B2 (ja) * 1985-10-16 1998-02-16 花王株式会社 スケール抑制剤
US4659793A (en) * 1986-03-03 1987-04-21 Alco Chemical Corporation Preparation of aqueous solutions of copolymers of dicarboxylic acids having a low dicarboxylic acid monomer content
JPS63114986A (ja) * 1986-10-31 1988-05-19 Kao Corp マレイン酸系重合物を含有するアニオン界面活性剤
US4739008A (en) * 1986-11-18 1988-04-19 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Bi-phase initiator system for water-in-oil emulsion polymers
JPS63236600A (ja) * 1987-03-25 1988-10-03 Kao Corp スケ−ル抑制剤
JPS63235313A (ja) * 1987-03-25 1988-09-30 Kao Corp マレイン酸共重合体の製造方法
EP0337694B1 (en) * 1988-04-11 1993-12-29 Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. Process for producing acid-type maleic acid polymer and water-treating agent and detergent additive containing said polymer
ES2009284A6 (es) * 1988-06-15 1989-09-16 Miret Lab Un procedimiento de obtencion de copolimeros con propiedades secuestrantes y dispersantes.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH0627136B2 (ja) 1994-04-13
DE69015424T2 (de) 1995-08-17
EP0396303A3 (en) 1991-04-24
EP0396303B1 (en) 1994-12-28
JPH0372502A (ja) 1991-03-27
CA2015489C (en) 1996-11-19
DE69015424D1 (de) 1995-02-09
EP0396303A2 (en) 1990-11-07
CA2015489A1 (en) 1990-10-28
US5064563A (en) 1991-11-12

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
ES2069004T3 (es) Procedimiento para la produccion y uso de sal de (co)polimero del acido maleico mejorada en cuanto a biodegradabilidad.
DE2653135A1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung eines stark absorbierenden polymers
GB2081725A (en) A Process for the Production of a Hydrogel
JPS55721A (en) Aqueous dispersion of water-soluble high polymer complex
GB1512325A (en) Water absorbing resin
KR910000802A (ko) 흡수성 수지의 제조방법
KR890012657A (ko) 약용 세정 패드
US6107432A (en) Water-swellable, hydrophilic polymer compositions
ES2069664T3 (es) Un proceso para preparar polioles de injerto y los polioles preparados por el mismo.
ATE111924T1 (de) Vernetztes, wasserabsorbierendes polymer und verwendung zur herstellung von hygieneartikeln.
ES2001289A6 (es) Un procedimiento para la produccion continua de un complejo altamente absorbente de agua no tejido
JPS58127714A (ja) 高吸水性ポリマ−の製造法
JPS578210A (en) Production of water-absorbing resin
GB918626A (en) Membranes and shaped articles prepared from polyelectrolytes
JPS5497193A (en) Packaging of pesticides
JPS53130789A (en) Preparation of water absorbing resin
JPS5548204A (en) Resinous water-absorbing and -retentive agent
JPS5512826A (en) Production of cellulosic fiber having modified dyeability
JP2927871B2 (ja) 吸水性複合体の製造法
GB1274747A (en) A method of increasing the crease resistance of cellulosic fibres
KR930003797B1 (ko) 발포형 흡수성 수지의 제조방법
JPS56159225A (en) Soundproof material composed of hydrogel
JPH054764B2 (es)
CN117903369A (zh) 一种纳米纤维素高吸水树脂的制备方法
JPS6034562B2 (ja) 吸水性のすぐれたヒドロゲルを製造する方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FG2A Definitive protection

Ref document number: 396303

Country of ref document: ES