EP2420648B1 - Building and civil engineering support - Google Patents

Abstract

Construction has a seal secured at the outer side against traversing water or a anchor isolation against corrosion or a film with rough surface or a claw mat or an agent for spraying concrete with enclosed plastic foam particles. The film is held by means of sealing elements at the anchoring elements.

Description

The invention relates to an expansion in civil engineering, in particular an expansion of underground spaces such as tunnels and tunnels or pipelines in stable mountains.

Fasteners are frequently used in tunnel construction. There is a distinction between the tunnels in stable mountains and unstable mountains. A stable mountain does not collapse after the tunnel eruption. In contrast, in a non-stable mountains, a sustainable development of the tunnel is required, which partially absorbs the weight of the mountain. In non-stable mountains, both a steel construction and a concrete construction is common. It can also find combinations of steel and concrete application. The concrete construction can usually be made at the construction site. There are also concrete panels usual, which are manufactured in the factory and transported to the site.

In sturdy mountains eliminates the strength problem. There remains the problem of how to protect against falling stones. The problem is usually solved with shotcrete. In the process, concrete is sprayed against the mountain eruption, which hardens there and forms a protective skin.

Another problem is leaking mountain water. In winter, the water freezes. There is a danger of falling ice masses. This danger is usually met with a film seal. Depending on the thickness of the film is also spoken by webs. In part, there is also the name membrane.

The foil seal dissipates the water. At the same time a freezing of the water is prevented with a thermal insulation.

The film seal is composed of film webs. The film webs are laid overlapping at the mountain outbreak, so that the film edges can then be welded together. Preferably, a double seam is produced during welding. There are two welds next to each other. The gap can be pressurized with air pressure. When the gap is closed, a sufficient sealing effect can be assumed if the pressure drop in the intermediate space does not exceed certain limits over a certain period of time.

The attachment of the film takes place in different ways. With low strength requirements has in the past enforced a film attachment with a trained as a rondelle fastener made of plastic. The rondelle is nailed or shot to the mountains or to a first shotcrete layer applied. When shooting the roundels are not hit with a hammer or the like in the mountains, but driven by a blasting cartridge in the mountains or in the first applied shotcrete layer.

The known roundels are for example in the DE-3244000C1 . DE4100902A1 . DE19519595A1 . DE8632994.4U1 . DE8701969.8U1 . DE20217044U1 shown and described. The known roundels have been welded to the film. Rondelles with a predetermined breaking point were considered to be particularly favorable. The rondels should break at a load on the film at the predetermined breaking point. The strength of the predetermined breaking point is significantly lower than the film strength. This will cause the rondelle to break first if excessive tension is applied to the foil. That is, the film seal will remain intact upon excessive pull in the film while the disk ruptures.

However, the plastic rondels are only suitable if low forces arise during the attachment of the films and subsequent application of shotcrete.

However, especially in tunnels high forces occur. In railway tunnels, the passing trains generate an extreme air pressure and then an extreme induced draft. The pressures act on extremely large areas, so that total pressures arise, which requires a sufficiently strong connection of the tunnel construction with the mountains. The pressures depend on the speed of the trains. High-speed trains once again increase the pressures many times over normal railways. The same applies to motor vehicle tunnels.

At such load, steel rondelles have prevailed as fasteners, which are held with anchors in the mountains.

The known roundels have a diameter of about 150 mm and a thickness of 3 to 4 millimeters. Such rondels have great strength.

The known anchors have diameters of 12 or 14 or 16 or 20mm. They are preferably made of stainless steel and are profiled on the mountain side to develop a high tensile strength in the mountains. For the anchor corresponding holes are introduced into the mountains. Subsequently, the anchors are fixed with a mounting cement or other suitable mounting means in the holes.

Such anchors, unlike the known nail construction, can absorb really large forces. The loads are directed to the mountains. With the anchors, it is therefore possible to build a tunnel that can withstand the stresses of passing trains and passing vehicles.

At the free end of the anchor are usually provided with a thread, preferably according to the diameter with metric thread M12 or M 14 or M 16 or M20. At the thread-side end the steel rondels are held between two screws. The screws allow adjustment of the rondels on the anchor.

The anchors are usually so long that they protrude beyond the steel rondels out into the tunnel. This serves to attach a wire grid as a retention during injection of the concrete and to stiffen the tunnel lining by connecting to the mountains.

When spraying concrete against a film there is a risk that the film throws off the concrete or the concrete does not adhere to the film. Then it is expedient to provide at a distance in front of the film, a wire mesh or the like, which prevents falling of the concrete.

The wire mesh also serves to reinforce the shotcrete layer.

On the anchor, a spacer for the wire mesh can be mounted. Known spacers are star-shaped provided with rods to support the wire mesh as large as possible.

In the known construction pierce the anchor the film. The film is then clamped between the steel rondels. Of the two rondels is a rondelle on the outside of the film seal and the other Rondelle inside of the film seal.

In practice, it can be seen that the mountain water runs along the anchors. As a result, the anchors and the rondelles are subject to corresponding water pollution. Of the EP 1950375 is based on the finding that the water penetrates through the screw thread of rondelles and anchors. The water then also passes through the opening formed in the film. There are leaks. Even a dropwise leakage leads to significant amounts of water in a corresponding time. The water can escape at the inside of the tunnel. In winter, the invading water freezes. It forms icicles, which fall at the latest when entering thaw and a form a serious risk of accident. In addition, the ice can cause significant destruction of the tunnel.

In order to prevent the ingress of water on the thread of the Rondelle, it is known to insert a rubber ring in the passage opening of the Rondelle. However, the rubber ring has only a very limited effect, because he can not reach sufficiently into the threads of the anchor. Although it is known to provide the rubber ring on the thread side with knobs that should better grip between the threads than a smooth ring. However, this still does not cause sufficient seal.

Moreover, it is known to provide the inside of the tunnel with insulation to prevent ice formation.

The object of the invention has been found to improve the tunnel lining by a better film.
According to the invention, this is achieved with the features of the claims.
As explained above, the film is composed of individual film webs.
The individual film webs are conventionally laid on the circumference of the tunnel. The number of anchors and fasteners depends on their distance. It is advantageous to prepare all the outside fasteners in the described form.
Then the prepared film web is laid. For example, a tunnel side on the sole is started. The foil is led up on the tunnel side. As soon as the film touches a mandrel of the outside fastener, the mandrel is marked on the film or the mandrel can be felt on the film. This can be used to cut openings in the film exactly at the points. This can be done by hand or mechanized. Once there is an opening in the film, the film can be pushed over the mandrel.

Preferably, an attachment of the film is provided immediately on the frosting mandrel. In this case, a seal is optionally applied to the film and then pushed the inside fasteners on the mandrel. Subsequently, the bracing of the two fasteners.
This is done by screwing. Preferably, the screwing takes place with a nut on the mandrel, which has a corresponding thread.

According to the invention, gasket and foil are mechanically not overloaded during the tensioning of the fasteners and at the same time an optimally loadable anchor construction is created. This is done in particular by spacers between the fasteners. Preferably, rings are used as spacers.

Similar conditions also arise when, alternatively, the fastener is pushed without further seal on the mandrel and pressed against the film.

The length of the mandrel depends on the extent of the shotcrete construction. The structure can consist exclusively of concrete. The structure may also include an insulating layer. The insulating layer is then preferably arranged on the mountain side behind the concrete.
The mandrel must then protrude through the insulating layer to support the wireframe and spacer described above at the forward end.

For all sealing problems, a distinction is made between the external water load, the internal water load and water loads that act on the shotcrete removal from the outside and also from the inside.
To counter this, foil seals are often used. The foil seal can be enclosed on both sides in the shotcrete. But it can also be arranged on one side. In this case, the film seal may be arranged outside the shotcrete in order to seal against ingress of water. Likewise, the film seal be placed in front of the shotcrete to prevent in-standing sewage or other liquid at an outlet.

The shotcrete can be applied in one or more layers.

Frequent application is in underground rooms in stable mountains. These can be tunnels, storage rooms, bunkers, canals and more. Above-ground is a common use in open excavations.

• Zum Beispiel wird nach DE-3244000 C eine erste Spritzbetonschicht auf den Gebirgsausbruch gebracht. Die erste Spritzbetonschicht dient im wesentlichen der Versiegelung des Gebirgsausbruches. Auf der ersten Spritzbetonschicht wird die Foliendichtung verlegt. Für die erste Spritzbetonschicht ist zumeist eine relativ geringe Schichtdicke ausreichend. Das Verlegen der Foliendichtung erfolgt üblicherweise in Bahnen, die an dem Gebirge bzw. an der Spritzbetonschicht befestigt werden müssen. Die Bahnen werden nacheinander so verlegt, daß sie sich an den Rändern überlappen und zu der gewünschten Abdichtung ergänzen. An den sich überlappenden Rändern ist eine Verschweißung der Bahnen vorgesehen. Zur Befestigung der Bahnen ist vorgesehen, daß zunächst Anker in das Gebirge eingebracht werden. Die Foliendichtung kann von den Ankern durchstoßen werden, wenn damit verbundene Leckstellen anschließend abgedichtet werden. Das kann mittels zweier Flansche erfolgen, von denen mindestens einer zugleich mit der Folie dichtet. Das geschieht zum Beispiel durch Ausbildung des Flansches als Neoprenscheibe. Die Flansche sollen die Folie zwischen sich einklemmen. Von diesen beiden Flanschen ist vorzugsweise der gebirgsseitige Flansch fest angeordnet, während der andere Flansch verstellbar ist. Die Anker stellen den Verbund zum Gebirge her und halten die Betonbewehrung mit der Spritzbetonrücklange, welche den inneren Spritzbetonaufbau ermöglicht und stabilisiert. Die Betonbewehrung besteht üblicherweise aus Stahl, zum Beispiel in der Form von Betonstahlgewebematten. Die Spritzbetonrücklage wird nach der DE-3244000 durch ein Drahtnetz gebildet. Das Drahtnetz ist in einigem Abstand von der Folie angeordnet und soll verhindern, daß auftreffender Spritzbeton von der Foliendichtung zurückgeworfen wird.
• Im Übrigen offenbart die DE2833148 eine Abdichtung in Form von einer ersten und einer zweiten Schicht aus Weich-PVC-Plastisol. In diese zweite, im ungelierten Zustand befindliche Schicht wird eine Wirrfasermatte aus Polyamidfäden teilweise eingelegt, und danach wird durch Erwärmung das Weich-PVC-Plastisol ausgeliert, womit die Wirrfasermatte mit den Weich-PVC-Plastisol Schicht verankert und verbunden wird. Die Fasern in der Wirrfasermatte können zwar als Kunststoffpartikel betrachtet werden, die auf die spritzbetonseitige Folienseite aufgetragen werden, um dort zu haften.

The underground application has different variants:

• For example, after DE-3244000 C brought a first shotcrete layer on the mountain outbreak. The first shotcrete layer essentially serves to seal the rock outbreak. The film seal is laid on the first shotcrete layer. For the first shotcrete layer usually a relatively small layer thickness is sufficient. The laying of the film seal is usually carried out in tracks that need to be attached to the mountains or on the shotcrete layer. The webs are successively laid so that they overlap at the edges and complement the desired seal. At the overlapping edges a welding of the webs is provided. To attach the tracks is provided that initially anchors are introduced into the mountains. The foil seal can be pierced by the anchors when subsequently sealing leaks. This can be done by means of two flanges, of which at least one seals at the same time with the film. This happens, for example, by forming the flange as a neoprene disk. The flanges should clamp the film between them. Of these two flanges of the mountain-side flange is preferably fixed, while the other flange is adjustable. The anchors make the composite to the mountains and hold the concrete reinforcement with the shotcrete Rücklange, which allows the inner shotcrete construction and stabilized. The concrete reinforcement is usually made of steel, for example in the form of Reinforcing steel fabric mats. The shotcrete back is after the DE-3244000 formed by a wire net. The wire mesh is spaced from the film at some distance and is intended to prevent the impact of shotcrete from being reflected by the film seal.
• Incidentally, the DE2833148 a seal in the form of a first and a second layer of soft PVC plastisol. In this second, in the ungelated state befindlicher layer a random fiber mat of polyamide threads is partially inserted, and then the soft PVC plastisol is gelled by heating, with which the random fiber mat is anchored and connected to the soft PVC plastisol layer. Although the fibers in the random fiber mat can be considered as plastic particles, which are applied to the injection-concrete side of the film to adhere there.

In other applications, it is provided that the film seal is mounted at a distance from the mountains. This is done with the described anchors to which the film seal is attached. In this case, the problem of rebound of shotcrete is still greater than in the variant described above. Nevertheless, the wire mesh also helps in this case, so that with the described wire mesh technology a shotcrete expansion can be built up at a distance from the mountain eruption without further ado.

In a variation of the above spaced arrangement of the foil seal, a mesh or wire mesh is provided between the expansion and the mountain breakout. The wire mesh is preferably used as a safeguard against rockfall from the mountains.

From the Journal, Research + Practice, 1970, p.184 , It is known to tension the wire mesh directly against the film seal. Nevertheless, when the concrete is sprayed on, the wire mesh is distanced from the foil because the foil bulges to a completely different extent than the wire mesh.

From the DE-2400866A1 and the DE-36526980A1 It is known to cover the film sealing spritzbetonseitig with a nonwoven fabric. In this case, the nonwoven fabric can fulfill various tasks. After DE-3626980 the nonwoven fabric performs various functions, namely a protective function and a drainage function. After DE-2400866 Moreover, it is provided to first provide the nonwoven fabric with a primer before it comes to the actual order of sprayed concrete.

From the DE-3741699 the use of foil seals with a nub structure is known. The knobs are to keep a distance open on the outbreak side, through which the water leaving the mountains can flow.

From the DE-3823898 It is known to use the nub structure on a film seal for other purposes, namely the retention of the shotcrete.

According to the invention, a special design of the film seal is provided.

The minimum stiffness is represented by unfoamed olefin foil, in particular a polyolefin foil, eg polyethylene foil (PE foil). It is also possible to use copolymers, for example ethylene copolymer films. Each PE is suitable as a sealing foil. These include LDPE, HDPE.
Also suitable is polypropylene (PP).

The stiffness is formed by a minimum thickness of 1.5mm, preferably a minimum thickness of 1.8mm. For other film materials, the thickness is increased until an equal minimum stiffness is reached.

• AT 194605 , CH332229 , DE4207210A1 , DE19718035C , EP901408A oder in der WO 97/37772 bzw. PCT/US97/05029 , US 2987104 , US 5612081 , US 5075135 , US 3622422 , US 2936814 .

The surface roughness is created by applying particles of the same material as the film on the injection-concrete side foil surface. The particles can have different shapes. Favorable is an elongated shape. This includes a thread form or strand form. The material can be melted on the surface before application, so that the material adheres to it after contact with the film surface. At the core, the material should not become molten. The melting causes a surface temperature which is above the melting temperature of the respective material. The temperature of the medium used for melting should be even higher, so that there is a short-term warming.
The necessary heating to melt the surface can be applied to the material with an open flame or otherwise. The plastic particles are produced, for example, by grinding granules of from 2 to 8 mm to a diameter of up to 2 mm, preferably to a diameter of up to 1.5 mm and even more preferably to a diameter of from 0.2 to 1 mm. The order quantity is measured according to the basis weight of the order. Measurements by basis weight are also known from fabrics. According to the invention, preferably at least one application of at least 20 grams per square meter is provided, preferably an application of at least 50 grams per square meter, more preferably an order of 100 grams per square meter. In practice, order quantities of up to 500 grams per square meter and more are expected. Various details and variations on particle application are described in the following publications:

• AT 194605 . CH332229 . DE4207210A1 . DE19718035C . EP901408A or in the WO 97/37772 respectively. PCT / US97 / 05029 . US 2987104 . US 5612081 . US 5075135 . US 3622422 . US 2936814 ,

Optionally, the film surface is additionally preheated for the application of material in order to achieve a better connection of the particles with the film surface. Preheating is unnecessary if the heat from the film production is used.
The usual production of the film is based on an extrusion of the material. In this case, the molten resin is fed by means of an extruder through a nozzle into the nip of a pair of rollers.
The reaching into the nip plastic may already have a foil shape. This film form is achieved by means of a slot nozzle. The slot in the nozzle then has a corresponding length and a corresponding width.
Optionally, the molten resin is also given granular or acicular shape in the nip, so that there is Kunststoffknet, the continuous is pulled through the nip, so that a film is formed between the rollers.

Between the rolls of the pair of rolls, optionally also in one or more further rolling operations, the film is given the desired exact thickness.
The exact width of the film does not matter during the first rolling process. By rolling, a more or less serpentine running edge of the film sets. Therefore, the film is trimmed laterally at the end of the rolling process. The resulting edge strips are preferably returned to the extruder and formed there again in melted starting material for the rolling process. During the rolling process, the film has a significant temperature. Optionally, this temperature is used to apply the particles intended for roughening the surface.

In addition, optionally, a reheating is provided to improve the connection of the particles with the film surface. Optionally, the particles should also be pressed with roller pressure on the film surface, so that it comes to a better connection of the particles with the film surface.

Nevertheless, the EP901408A assume that the welding factor of the connection between particles and film surface is substantially less than 1. This is considered to be an advantage that the particles can peel off again under appropriate load, without causing the destruction of the film seal.

The heat can also be applied to the particles by mere hot gases. It is possible to meter in the particles in the hot gas stream. The residence time in the hot gas determines the degree of melting. The residence time depends on the distance of the particles to the impact on the film surface and on the gas velocity.

The heat can also be applied by mere radiation by the particles falling through a heating channel and are superficially melted by radiant heat during the case.

The usual production of the film is based on an extrusion of the material. In this case, the molten resin is fed by means of an extruder through a nozzle into the nip of a pair of rollers.
The reaching into the nip plastic may already have a foil shape. This film form is achieved by means of a slot nozzle. The slot in the nozzle then has a corresponding length and a corresponding width.
Optionally, the molten resin is also given granular or acicular shape in the nip, so that there is Kunststoffknet, the continuous is pulled through the nip, so that a film is formed between the rollers.

Between the rolls of the pair of rolls, optionally also in one or more further rolling operations, the film is given the desired exact thickness.
The exact width of the film does not matter during the first rolling process. By rolling, a more or less serpentine running edge of the film sets. Therefore, the film is trimmed laterally at the end of the rolling process. The resulting edge strips are preferably returned to the extruder and formed there again in melted starting material for the rolling process. During the rolling process, the film has a significant temperature.

Optionally, a profile is generated, as in the DE 19721799 is described.

The more rigid the foil seal is, the easier the sprayed concrete application becomes. The stiffness is determined on the one hand by the film thickness. On the other hand, the rigidity is determined by the construction of the foil seal. The higher the number of evenly distributed attachment points on the film seal, the greater the rigidity becomes. Preferably, the distribution is such that four adjacent attachment points form the vertices of a square. The edge length of the square is equal to the distance of two adjacent attachment points. The smaller the distance of the adjacent attachment points or the edge length of the square, the higher the number of attachment points. With a film thickness of 2 mm, a distance of 1.2 m between adjacent attachment locations is preferably provided. The distance should be at most 15%, preferably at most 7.5% greater. Adjacent are the next attachment points.
The permissible distance can change by changing the position of the attachment points. Then their distance is reduced until at least one of the same stiff construction as in distribution of the attachment points is achieved on the vertices of a square.

For larger film thicknesses, the allowable distance between adjacent attachment points becomes larger. The distance between the adjacent attachment points is increased at most so far and / or the position of the attachment points changed at most as far until, despite the larger film thickness again set the above-described structural rigidity.

If the film thickness is less than 2mm, the allowable distance between adjacent attachment points will be smaller. The distance between the attachment points is reduced so far and / or the position of the attachment points as far as even until, despite the lower film thickness again set the above-described structural rigidity.

The structure of the shotcrete construction is facilitated by the primer of the film seal.
The inventive use of a primer makes in addition to the surface design described above, a contribution to the connection of shotcrete to the film seal and the claw mat. The primer can be made with the same cement or adhesive or binder that is also used for the shotcrete, but without the benefits provided in the shotcrete. Cement / adhesive / binder are used in powder form are either mixed before application on the film surface with water and sprayed in fog-like form or sprayed together with the powdered cement / adhesive / binder in fog-like form.
Alternatively, a special primer in the form of a plastic adhesive with mineral admixture proportion is used. At the same time, the mineral mixture proportions of the adhesive improve the adhesion of the shotcrete.

The mist-shaped topping of the primer leads to a thin-layer wetting of the film surface. The layer thickness of the wetting becomes so adjusted so that the primer does not run down by its own weight. In practice, the order quantity is reduced until no run-down is observed. If the exit speed of the primer remains constant from the application nozzle, the application quantity is determined by the speed with which the application nozzle is moved. If the application is to be reduced, this can be achieved by increasing the speed with which the nozzle is moved over the application surface, in this case via the film seal.
In case of repeated spraying of the film seal at the same place of the respective order can be reduced by reducing the repetitions when spraying.

Optionally, water-absorbing materials are incorporated into the primer.

• DE69910173T2 , DE69801995T2 , DE69721121T2 , DE69718705T2 , DE69701890T2 , DE69700205T2 , DE69418316T2 , DE69407418T2 , DE69403183T2 , DE69122267T2 , DE69118723T2 , DE69010067T2 , DE69006589T2 , DE60010252T2 , DE60001390T2 , DE29825081U1 , DE29824292U1 , DE29824278U1 , DE29818934U1 , DE29724212U1 , DE29718950U1 , DE29710362U1 , DE29812769U1 , DE19854476C2 , DE19854476A1 , DE19851913A1 , DE19838710C2 , DE19819660A1 , DE19819148C1 , DE19754446A1 , DE19746958C1 , DE19733029C2 , DE19652811A1 , DE19650330A1 .

After priming, the shotcrete can be applied to the film seal in one or more layers. It is convenient to apply the shotcrete layer in layers and starting from below. This is achieved by a reciprocating movement of the sprayed concrete application tool. As shotcrete or concrete and additives and aggregates and reinforcing inserts and tools are tools into consideration, as described for example in the following publications:

• DE69910173T2 . DE69801995T2 . DE69721121T2 . DE69718705T2 . DE69701890T2 . DE69700205T2 . DE69418316T2 . DE69407418T2 . DE69403183T2 . DE69122267T2 . DE69118723T2 . DE69010067T2 . DE69006589T2 . DE60010252T2 . DE60001390T2 . DE29825081U1 . DE29824292U1 . DE29824278U1 . DE29818934U1 . DE29724212U1 . DE29718950U1 . DE29710362U1 . DE29812769U1 . DE19854476C2 . DE19854476A1 . DE19851913A1 . DE19838710C2 . DE19819660A1 . DE19819148C1 . DE19754446A1 . DE19746958C1 . DE19733029C2 . DE19652811A1 . DE19650330A1 ,

In the drawing, various embodiments of the invention are shown.

Fig. 1 shows a mountain outbreak 1 in stable mountains.
At regular intervals anchors have been introduced into the mountains.
For this purpose, appropriate holes were drilled and anchors were fixed with mounting cement in the holes. From the anchors, the central axes 2 are shown.

The mountain outbreak 1 is used to make a tunnel.
For the drainage of the escaping water and to protect against supporting stones a shotcrete construction is provided in the mountain outbreak.
The shotcrete construction consists roughly of a film layer 4 and a shotcrete layer 3. The film layer 4 is composed of individual webs, which are laid overlapping and are welded together at the overlapping edges. In this case, two adjacent welds are provided at a distance from each other. The cavity between the welds is pressurized with compressed air to check the tightness of the welds.

Details of the shotcrete construction are in the Fig. 2 shown.
In this case, an armature 5 is shown schematically. The armature 5 is connected to the protruding end of the mountains with a fastener 14. At the fastener 14, the film layer 4 is applied.
At the film layer side, which is opposite to the fastener 14 is a fastener 15. The fasteners 14 and 15 clamp the film layer 4 between them.
In addition, the fasteners carry a spacer 13 for a wire mesh 12. The wire mesh 12 has two purposes. It serves to build up the shotcrete layer 3 by preventing the concrete layer rebounding from falling off of the foil layer. In addition, the wire mesh 12 forms a reinforcement for the shotcrete layer.

In the shotcrete construction of the expansion in relation to the form so much weight that the expansion would collapse before reaching sufficient strength without the anchor. The anchors direct the weight of the shotcrete expansion into the mountains.
After solidification of the shotcrete construction, the anchors form a solid composite of the expansion with the mountains.

Fig. 5 shows a possible honeycomb 43 for the in Fig. 2 illustrated wire mesh.

Fig. 4 shows a spacer 40 for the positioning of the wire mesh. The spacer 40 is pressed with another nut against the nut 25.
The spacer 40 has various arms to which the wire mesh 43 can be hooked.

In Figure 6 is a suitable film for the shotcrete construction shown.
The film 110 has a thickness of 2 mm and is sprinkled with strands of material, the strands of material 111 have a thread-like structure with a thickness or diameter of 0.1 to 0.3 mm and a length of 5 to 50 mm. The material strands 112 have a thickness of 1 to 2 mm and a length of 10 to 30 mm.
The different material strands are applied in the exemplary embodiment in separate application operations in order to heat the material strands with a larger diameter differently than the material strands with a smaller diameter.
In other embodiments, the strands of material are applied in a common application process.
The material strands are superimposed on each other, so that in part there is a hollow layer of the material strands. In this situation arise with the material strands 112 surveys up to a height of 3mm.
In part, the film surface is uncovered.
The material spread has a basis weight of 250 grams per square meter. It can also be larger in other embodiments or lower basis weights occur. Lower basis weights may occur in particular if the film surface is additionally profiled. Thus, basis weights of, for example, 20 grams per square meter are possible.
Larger basis weights are appropriate if, depending on the type of shotcrete contract difficulties are to be overcome.

The different strands of material are sprinkled in the embodiment after heating on the surface of the previously superficially heated film 10. The superficial heating of the strands of material has taken place up to the molten liquid.
The heating is carried out by radiation by the material strands are removed by means of a rotary valve from a reservoir and fall through a heating channel down to the slow slow down past slide. The heating channel has in the exemplary embodiment a plurality of electrically operated heating wires and a temperature control. As a result, the temperature of the heating channel can be increased until the falling material strands have the correct surface temperature.

After mounting the film in the tunnel, in the exemplary embodiment, first a fast-binding cement milk is sprayed thinly onto the film. The dried cement slurry forms an advantageous primer for a subsequent application of shotcrete. The shotcrete is applied in layers, starting at the tunnel sole. In the exemplary embodiment, the tunnel runs horizontally, so that the shotcrete is laid in horizontal layers, which are superimposed from bottom to top of the film.
The layers have a width which corresponds to the desired shotcrete layer thickness.
In other Ausführungsbespielen a smaller width of the layers is provided so that first a first shotcrete layer is applied to the film, which completely covers the film side. Thereafter, another shotcrete layer is applied, which completely covers the previously discussed shotcrete layer. This is repeated until the desired thickness of the shotcrete layer is reached.

After creating the shotcrete layer, the anchors still protrude from the concrete layer. At the projecting ends cladding panels should be attached, especially panels for fire protection. The plates are secured in the exemplary embodiment with the anchors and nuts and washers on the shotcrete. So that the thread of the anchor is not unusable by the shotcrete, the thread has been protected by caps when applying the shotcrete.

Claims (12)

1. Lining for tunnel lining in stable rock (1),
   with a waterproof seal (4) in the form of a film,
   wherein anchors (5) are used which are inserted into the stable rock (1), wherein the film is held by means of fasteners (14,15) onto the anchors,
   wherein the film is clamped between each of two fasteners (14, 15), of which one is arranged externally on the film and the other on the inside of the film,
   wherein the external fastener (14) has a connection with the anchor (5),
   and wherein a shotcrete layer (3) is constructed on the film, characterised by the use of a film (11) with a roughened surface, wherein the roughening is provided on the side facing the shotcrete and is formed by an application of plastic particles (111,112),
   wherein the plastic particles (111,112) are in the form of fibres with a diameter of 0.1 to 2 mm and a length of 5 to 50 mm,
   wherein the plastic particles (111,112) are melted on the surface and then scattered or applied onto the side of the film facing the shotcrete so as to adhere there.
2. Lining according to claim 1, wherein

   a) a plurality of anchors (5) for fastening the film (110) are fixed on the rock face, the anchors, for a 2 mm thick film (110), being spaced apart at a distance of 1.2 m or deviating by at most by plus or minus 15% of 1.2 m from the neighbouring anchor and

   for a thinner film (110) thickness, the distance between the fastening points is reduced to an extent that the film (110) has the same rigidity as a 2 mm thick film between the fastening points spaced apart 1.2 m, plus or minus 15 %, and
   for a thicker film (110) thickness, the distance between the fastening points is increased to an extent that the film (110) has the same rigidity as a 2 mm thick film (110) between the fastening points spaced apart 1.2 m, plus or minus 15 %.
3. Lining according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that during the particle application the plastic particles (111,112) fall freely through a heated channel or are heated with a flame.
4. Lining according to claim 3, characterised in that during the particle application the plastic particles (111,112) are placed into a stream of heated gas and the plastic particles (111,112) are flung with the stream of heated gas against the side of the film.
5. Lining according to claim 3 or 4, characterised in that a fixedly arranged device is used for heating the plastic particles (111,112) and that the film (110) is moved past the device.
6. Lining according to claim 5, characterised in that the side of the film facing the shotcrete is heated before and/or after the application of the particles.
7. Lining according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that material strands of different diameters are heated separately and applied.
8. Lining according to claim 7, characterised in that material strands are used with a diameter of 0.1 to 0.3 mm and with a diameter of 1 to 2 mm.
9. Lining according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that material strands are randomly laid over one another.
10. Lining according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterised in that a material coating is produced with a grammage of at least 20 grams per square metre, preferably at least 50 grams per square metre and even more preferably at least 100 grams per square metre.
11. Lining according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterised in that not only horizontal shotcrete layers are laid down layer by layer on one another but also a plurality of layers are deposited over one another onto the film surface.
12. Lining according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterised by a primary coating of the film (110) on the surface that faces the shotcrete, wherein the primary coating is composed of a plastic adhesive and mixed mineral fractions of the adhesive.

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